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AP US History 2 Chapter 32 & 33 Vocabulary Terms Flashcards

A list of terms, acts, policies, and more from Chapter 32 of the American Pageant 13th Edition APUSH textbook.

8561668045	Merchant Marine Act of 1920	Authorized the Shipping Board, which controlled about 1,500 vessels, to get rid of a lot of ships at bargain prices, thus reducing the size of the navy.	0
8561668046	Veteran's Bureau	Created to operate hospitals and provide rehabilitation for the disabled.	1
8561668047	Adjusted Compensation Act	Gave every former soldier a paid-up insurance policy due in 20 years.	2
8561668048	Washington Conference of 1921-22	Resulted in a plan that kept a 5:3:3 ratio of ships that could be held by the U.S., Britain, and Japan (in that order).	3
8561668049	Four-Power Treaty	Bound Britain, Japan, France, and the U.S. to preserve the status quo in the Pacific.	4
8561668050	Kellogg-Briand Pact	This was a 1929 agreement that promised to never make war again and settle all disputes peacefully. Sixty-two nations signed this agreement. Though idealistic, the treaty was hard to enforce and had no provisions for the use of economic or military force against a nation that may break the treaty.	5
8561668051	Fordney-McCumber Tariff Law	Raised the tariff as high as 38.5%. This was designed to equalize the price of American and foreign products.	6
8561668052	Teapot Dome Scandal	Secretary of Interior Albert B. Fall leased land to oilmen Harry F. Sinclair and Edward L. Doheny, but not until Fall had received a bribe of $100,000 from Doheny and three times that from Sinclair. This action polluted the government's prestige and made the public wonder about the sufficiency of government and undermined people's faith in the courts	7
8561668053	McNary-Haugen Bill	This was favored by agricultural states. It was pushed to keep high prices on agricultural products by authorizing the government to purchase agricultural surpluses and selling them. The losses of the government could be repaid by a special tax on the farmers. It was passed twice by Congress and vetoed twice by Coolidge.	8
8561668054	Dawes Plan	This was an attempt to pay off the damages from WWI. This intricate monetary "merry-go-round," as it was often called, had the U.S. give money to Germany who then paid France and Britain for debts of the war. Former allies then paid the U.S. When the Depression hit, the "merry-go-round" stopped. Finland was the only nation to pay off their debts to the very last penny in 1976. The U.S. never received the money it was owed.	9
8561668055	Rugged Individualism	Hoover's view that America was made great by strong, self-sufficient people.	10
8561668056	Hawley-Smoot Tariff of 1930	This tariff began as a protective measure to assist farmers, but turned out to be the highest protective tariff in the nation's peacetime history. It raised the duty on goods from 38.5 percent to 60 percent in 1930	11
8561668057	Reconstruction Finance Corporation	This became a government lending bank in 1932. It was designed to provide indirect assistance to insurance companies, banks, agricultural organizations, railroads, and even hard-pressed state and local governments. Passed under President Hoover, this marked a changed in his normal laissez faire outlook.	12
8561668058	Bonus Expeditionary Force	This was a group of almost 20,000 World War I veterans who were hard-hit victims of the depression. They wanted what the government owed them for their services and "saving" democracy. They marched to Washington and set up public camps and erected shacks on vacant lots. They tried to intimidate Congress into paying them, but Hoover had them removed by the army, which shed a negative light on Hoover.	13
8561668059	Black Tuesday	Occurred on October 29, 1929, when 16,410,030 shares of stocks were sold in a save-what can scramble. It marked the beginning of the Great Depression	14
8561668060	Hoover-Stimson Doctrine	This said that the United States would not recognize any territorial acquisitions that were taken over by force. This is related to Japanese aggression in Manchuria in 1931.	15
8561668061	The Ohio Gang	Was a group of poker-playing, men that were friends of President Warren Harding. Harding appointed them to offices and they used their power to gain money for themselves. They were involved in scandals that ruined Harding's reputation, even though he wasn't involved.	16
8561668062	New Deal	FDR's policy that focused on Relief, Recovery, and Reform in response to the New Deal	17
8561668063	Emergency Banking Relief Act of 1933	Gave the president the power to regulate banking transactions and reopen solvent banks	18
8561668064	"Fireside Chats"	FDR's radio addresses, gave assurances about safety of banks	19
8561668065	Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC)	Guaranteed a person's savings in the event of a bank failure	20
8561668066	Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC)	Provided employment for 3 million men; jobs included firefighting, reforestation, flood control, etc.	21
8561668067	Works Progress Administration	Spent $11 billion on public buildings, bridges, roads, etc. 9 million people were employed	22
8561668068	National Recovery Act (NRA)	This act was created in 1933 as a helping hand for industry, labor, and the unemployed. It granted labor additional benefits and guaranteed the right to organize through representatives of their own choosing. It was a part of FDRs New Deal plan, but was later declared unconstitutional. It's symbol was the "Blue Eagle" and its slogan was "We Do Our Part" since it encouraged cooperation between businesses rather than competition.	23
8561668069	Public Works Administration (PWA)	Built dams such as the Grand Coulee, helped create electrical power and irrigation for farmland	24
8561668070	Twenty-First Amendment	Ended Prohibition and allowed the distribution of alcoholic beverages to commence once again	25
8561668071	Agricultural Adjustment Act (AAA)	Paid farmers to not grow crops, later declared unconstitutional	26
8561668072	Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA)	Was the first government-owned corporation. It was started to create jobs and build dams to supply electricity to poor areas.	27
8561668073	Social Security Act	This law created a federal insurance program based on the automatic collection of taxes from employees and employers throughout people's working careers. They would receive this money in a monthly pension when they reached the age of 65. The unemployed, disabled, and mothers with dependent children would also receive this money.	28
8561668074	Court Packing Plan	FDR's plan to increase size of Supreme Court in order to favor his New Deal policies; he could appoint a new judge for every judge over 70 years of age	29
8561668075	Twenty Amendment	Changed the calendar of Congressional sessions and the date of the presidential inauguration to January 20th. In short, it shortened the length of lame duck presidents.	30
8561668076	Wagner Act/National Labor Relations Act	This act set up the National Labor Relations Board. It reasserted the right of labor to engage in self-organization and to bargain collectively.	31
8561668077	Congress of Industrial Organizations	This labor union formed in the ranks of the AF of L. It consisted of unskilled workers. The AF of L got scared of their influence on workers and suspended all members of the CIO. In 1938 it broke with the AF of L. By 1940 it had 4 million members.	32
8561668078	Liberty League	Consisted of the conservatives that opposed the New Deal introduced by FDR. Their common opinion was that FDR was pushing the United States too close to socialism. They saw the New Deal as being more apt to hurt United States economy than to help it.	33

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AP US History Period 2 (1607-1754) Flashcards

Important vocabulary of the colonization of North America in the 17th century.

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7622133968	Jamestown	1st permanent English settlement in North America in 1607.	0
7622133969	John Smith	A captain famous for world travel. As a young man, he took control in Jamestown. He organized the colony and saved many people from death the next winter and coined the phrase "he who shall not work, shall not eat". He also initiated attacks on Natives.	1
7622133970	John Rolfe	He was one of the English settlers at Jamestown (and he married Pocahontas). He discovered how to successfully grow tobacco in Virginia and cure it for export, which made Virginia an economically successful colony. Eventually, he was killed in a Pequot attack.	2
7622133971	Pocohontas	An American Indian princess who saved the life of John Smith and helped form more peaceful relations with the Powhatan when she married John Rolfe but died of smallpox in England on a visit to Rolfe's family. Her remains are still there as the English government refuses to send her remains back to North America.	3
7622133972	Mayflower Compact	1620 - The first agreement for self-government in America. It was signed by the 41 men on the Mayflower and set up a government for the Plymouth colony	4
7622133973	John Winthrop	As governor of Massachusetts Bay Colony, Winthrop (1588-1649) was instrumental in forming the colony's government and shaping its legislative policy. He envisioned the colony, centered in present-day Boston, as a "city upon a hill" from which Puritans would spread religious righteousness throughout the world.	5
7622133974	Puritans	A religious group who wanted to purify the Church of England. They came to America for religious freedom and settled Massachusetts Bay.	6
7622133975	Pilgrims	English Puritans who founded Plymouth colony in 1620	7
7622133976	Massachusetts Charter	Allowed Puritans to take a charter with them and establish their own government in the New World.	8
7622133977	Loss of Massachusetts Charter	Revoking of Mass. Charter by King George II due to the colonists refusal to obey by the Navigation Acts leading to anti-British feeling in the New England region.	9
7622133978	New Amsterdam	A settlement established by the Dutch near the mouth of Hudson River and the southern end of Manhattan Island as a trade port for the Dutch trade empire.	10
7622133979	New York	It was founded by the Dutch for trade and furs and became an English Colony in 1664, when the English were determined to end Dutch trade dominance, and took over the colony by invading New Amsterdam without having to fire a shot.	11
7622133980	Peter Stuyvesant	The governor of the Dutch colony of New Amsterdam, hated by the colonists. They surrendered the colony to the English on Sept. 8, 1664.	12
7622133981	House of Burgesses	1619 - The Virginia House of Burgesses formed, the first legislative body in colonial America. It was made up of two representatives from teach town voted on by men who owned property. Later other colonies would adopt the Houses of Burgesses concept creating self-governing bodies in the colonies.	13
7622133982	Headright system	Headrights were parcels of land consisting of about 50 acres which were given to colonists who brought indentured servants into America. They were used by the Virginia Company to attract more colonists.	14
7622133983	Indentured servants	Colonists who received free passage to North America in exchange for working without pay for a certain number of years	15
7622133984	Bacon's Rebellion	1676 - Nathaniel Bacon and other western Virginia settlers were angry at Virginia Governor Berkley for trying to appease the Doeg Indians after the Doegs attacked the western settlements. The frontiersmen formed an army, with Bacon as its leader, which defeated the Indians and then marched on Jamestown and burned the city. The rebellion ended suddenly when Bacon died of an illness.	16
7622133985	King Phillip's War	Under the leadership of Metacom, or King Phillip, the Wampanoag destroyed colonial towns, the colonists destroyed native farms, leading to the most deadly of Indian Wars. The war was disastrous for the natives leading to few surviving the war, and those that did left New England.	17
7622133986	royal colony	A colony ruled by governors appointed by a king	18
7622133987	proprietary colony	English colony in which the king gave land to proprietors in exchange for a yearly payment	19
7622133988	town meetings	A purely democratic form of government common in the colonies, and the most prevalent form of local government in New England. In general, the town's voting population would meet once a year to elect officers, levy taxes, and pass laws.	20
7622133989	Salem Witch Trials	1629 outbreak of witchcraft accusations in a Puritan village marked by an atmosphere of fear, hysteria, and unfounded accusations in courts with Puritan ministers who served as judges. 19 women were executed.	21
7622133990	Roger Williams	A dissenter who clashed with the Massachusetts Puritans over separation of church and state and was banished in 1636, after which he founded the colony of Rhode Island to the south.	22
7622133991	Intolerant	Not willing to accept ways of thinking different from one's own. The expansion of colonies in New England was a direct result of Puritan intolerance as dissenters were exiled and created new settlements.	23
7622133992	Anne Hutcheson	One of the dissenters in Puritan Massachusetts held bible studies at her house and believed in a personal relationship with god. She moved to New Hampshire where she died along with her children from an Indian attack.	24
7622133993	Sir William Berkeley	The royal governor of Virginia. Adopted policies that favored large planters and neglected the needs of recent settlers in the "backcountry." One reason was that he had fur trade deals with the natives in the region. His shortcomings led to Bacon's Rebellion	25
7622133994	William Penn	Established the colony of Pennsylvania as a "holy experiment". Freemen had the right to vote, provided leadership for self- government based on personal virtues and Quaker religious beliefs. His colony was religiously tolerant leading to diversity in the region.	26
7622133995	James Oglethorpe	Founded colony of Georgia as a chance for poor immigrants who were in debt to have a second chance at a comfortable life	27
7622133996	Lord Baltimore	1694- He was the founder of Maryland, a colony which offered religious freedom, and a refuge for the persecuted Roman Catholics.	28
7622133997	Halfway Covenant	A Puritan church document; In 1662, the Halfway Covenant allowed partial membership rights to persons not yet converted into the Puritan church; It lessened the difference between the "elect" members of the church from the regular members; Women soon made up a larger portion of Puritan congregations.	29
7622133998	Dominion of New England	1686 - The British government combined the colonies of Massachusetts, Rhode Island, New Hampshire, and Connecticut into a single province headed by a royal governor (Edmund Andros). The Dominion ended in 1692, when the colonists revolted and drove out Governor Andros.	30
7622133999	Acts of Trade and Navigation	Three acts that regulated colonial trade: 1st act: closed the colonies to all trade except that from English ships, and required the colonists to export certain goods, such as tobacco, to only English territories, 2nd act: (1663) demanded that everything being shipped from Europe to the colonies had to pass through England so they could tax the goods. 3rd act: 1673, was a reaction to the general disregard of the first two laws; it forced duties on the coastal trade among the colonies and supplied customs officials to enforce the Navigation Acts.	31
7622134000	Mercantilism	An economic policy under which nations sought to increase their wealth and power by obtaining large amounts of gold and silver and by selling more goods than they bought.	32
7622134001	Triangular Slave Trade	A practice, primarily during the eighteenth century, in which European ships transported slaves from Africa to Caribbean islands, molasses from the Caribbean to Europe, and trade goods from Europe to Africa.	33
7622134002	Middle Passage	A voyage that brought enslaved Africans across the Atlantic Ocean to North America and the West Indies. The conditions on the ships from Africa to the west led to the loss of hundreds of thousands of lives.	34
7622134003	Social mobility	Movement of individuals or groups from one position in a society's stratification system to another	35
7622134004	Ben Franklin	A colonial businessman and scientist who was an example of American social mobility and individualism. He was a delegate from Pennsylvania in colonial meetings, and proposed the "Albany Plan of the Union" as a way to strengthen the colonies in the French and Indian War. He was a leading figure in the movement toward revolution, and as a diplomat to France to get help during the American Revolution	36
7622134005	Great Awakening	(1730s and 1740s) Religious movement characterized by emotional preaching (Jonathan Edwards & George Whitefield). It established American religious precedents such as camp meetings, revivals, and a "born again" philosophy. The first cultural movement to unite the thirteen colonies. It was associated with the democratization of religion, and a challenge to existing authorities and was an influence leading to the American Revolution.	37
7622134006	Jonathan Edwards	A leading minister during the Great Awakening, he delivered the famous sermon "Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God" promising that evildoers would pay a price on judgement day.	38
7622134007	African American Culture	Slave communities were rich with music, dance, basket-weaving, and pottery-making. Enslaved Africans brought them the arts and crafts skills of their various tribes.	39
7622134008	George Whitfield	English preacher who led the Great Awakening by traveling through the colonies	40

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AP US History Period 4 (1800-1848) Flashcards

Key events and terms for mastery of the time period 1800-1848

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7833135534	Era of Good Feelings	A name for President Monroe's two terms, a period of strong nationalism, economic growth, and territorial expansion. Since the Federalist party dissolved after the War of 1812, there was only one political party and no partisan conflicts.	0
7833135535	Sectionalism	Different parts of the country developing unique and separate cultures (as the North, South and West). This can lead to conflict.	1
7833135536	James Monroe	The fifth president of the United States. His administration was marked by the acquisition of Florida (1819); the Missouri Compromise (1820), in which Missouri was declared a slave state; and the profession of the Monroe Doctrine (1823), declaring U.S. opposition to European interference in the Americas.	2
7833135537	Nationalism	A devotion to the interests and culture of one's nation.	3
7833135538	tariff	A tax on imported goods	4
7833135539	Tariff of 1816	1st protective tariff; helped protect American industry from competition by raising the prices of British manufactured goods, which were often cheaper and of higher quality than those produced in the U.S.	5
7833135540	Henry Clay	Senator who persuaded Congress to accept the Missouri Compromise, which admitted Maine into the Union as a free state, and Missouri as a slave state.	6
7833135541	American System	An economic regime pioneered by Henry Clay which created a high tariff to support internal improvements such as road-building. This approach was intended to allow the United States to grow and prosper by themselves This would eventually help America industrialize and become an economic power.	7
7833135542	Second Bank of the US	States resent the main role of banks (present a state's bank notes for redemption that can easily ruin a bank). Thought banks didn't agree with local needs. Nicholas Biddle was president.	8
7833135543	John Marshall	1755-1835. U.S. Chief Supreme Court Justice. Oversaw over 1000 decisions, including Marbury v Madison and McCulloch v. Maryland.	9
7833135544	Marbury v Madison	(1803) Marbury was a midnight appointee of the Adams administration and sued Madison for commission. Chief Justice Marshall said the law that gave the courts the power to rule over this issue was unconstitutional. established judicial review	10
7833135545	McCulloch v Maryland	Maryland was trying to tax the national bank and Supreme Court ruled that federal law was stronger than the state law	11
7833135546	Gibbons v Ogden	This case involved New York trying to grant a monopoly on waterborne trade between New York and New Jersey. Judge Marshal, of the Supreme Court, sternly reminded the state of New York that the Constitution gives Congress alone the control of interstate commerce. Marshal's decision, in 1824, was a major blow on states' rights.	12
7833135547	Implied powers	Powers derived from the "Necessary and Proper" or "Elastic" clause.	13
7833135548	Tallmadge Amendment	Proposed slave ban in Missouri Territory, called for emancipation of children born to slave parents; bill was defeated but led to the Missouri Compromise of 1820.	14
7833135549	Missouri Compromise of 1820	Allowed Missouri to enter the union as a slave state, Maine to enter the union as a free state, prohibited slavery north of latitude 36˚ 30' within the Louisiana Territory	15
7833135550	Adams Onis Treaty	1819. Settled land dispute between Spain and United States as a result of tensions brought on by weakening Spanish power in the New World. U.S. gained Florida in exchange for $5 million and renounced any claims on Texas and settled boundary between two countries to the Pacific Ocean.	16
7833135551	Monroe Doctrine	1823, 1823 - Declared that Europe should not interfere in the affairs of the Western Hemisphere and that any attempt at interference by a European power would be seen as a threat to the U.S. It also declared that a New World colony which has gained independence may not be recolonized by Europe. (It was written at a time when many South American nations were gaining independence). Only England, in particular George Canning, supported the Monroe Doctrine. Mostly just a show of nationalism, the doctrine had no major impact until later in the 1800s.	17
7833135552	Steamboat	A boat powered by a steam engine that turns a large paddle wheel.	18
7833135553	Eli Whitney	An American inventor who developed the cotton gin. Also contributed to the concept of interchangeable parts that were exactly alike and easily assembled or exchanged	19
7833135554	Market Revolution	Dramatic increase between 1820 and 1850 in the exchange of goods and services in market transactions. Resulted from thee combo impact of the increased output of farms and factories, the entrepreneurial activities of traders and merchants, and the development of a transportation network of roads, canals and railroads.	20
7833135555	Thomas Jefferson	Virginian, architect, author, governor, and president. Lived at Monticello. Wrote the Declaration of Independence. Second governor of Virginia. Third president of the United States. Designed the buildings of the University of Virginia. Purchased Louisiana for the US even though the purchase was outside of his belief in strict construction of the Constitution.	21
7833135556	Embargo Act of 1807	This act issued by Jefferson forbade American trading ships from leaving the U.S. It was meant to force Britain and France to change their policies towards neutral vessels by depriving them of American trade. It was difficult to enforce because it was opposed by merchants and everyone else whose livelihood depended upon international trade. It also hurt the national economy, so it was replaced by the Non-Intercourse Act.	22
7833135557	War of 1812	A war (1812-1814) between the United States and England which was trying to interfere with American trade with France. Caused by impressment of American sailors, British aid to Indians in the west with firearms, War Hawk Congressman wanted to invade Canada, and continued British interference with trade.	23
7833135558	Battle of New Orleans	A battle during the War of 1812 where the British army attempted to take New Orleans. Due to the foolish frontal attack, Jackson defeated them, which gave him an enormous popularity boost.	24
7833135559	Treaty of Ghent	December 24, 1814 - Ended the War of 1812 and restored the status quo. For the most part, territory captured in the war was returned to the original owner. It also set up a commission to determine the disputed Canada/U.S. border. The important result of the War of 1812 was that the US maintained its independence from Great Britain.	25
7833135560	Louisiana Purchase	In 1803, the purchase of the Louisiana territory from France. Made by Jefferson, this doubled the size of the US.	26
7833135561	James Madison	(1809-1813) and (1813-1817) The War of 1812, the US declares war on Great Britain. In 1814, the British (technically the Canadians) set fire to the Capitol. The Treaty of Ghent ends the war in 1814., The fourth President of the United States (1809-1817). A member of the Continental Congress (1780-1783) and the Constitutional Convention (1787), he strongly supported ratification of the Constitution and was a contributor to The Federalist Papers (1787-1788), which argued the effectiveness of the proposed constitution. Favored strict interpretation of the Constitution.	27
7833135562	Non-Intercourse Act	1809 - Replaced the Embargo of 1807. Unlike the Embargo, which forbade American trade with all foreign nations, this act only forbade trade with France and Britain. It did not succeed in changing British or French policy towards neutral ships, so it was replaced by Macon's Bill No. 2.	28
7833135563	Revolution of 1800	Jefferson's view of his election to presidency. Jefferson claimed that the election of 1800 represented a return to what he considered the original spirit of the Revolution. Jefferson's goals for his revolution were to restore the republican experiment, check the growth of government power, and to halt the decay of virtue that had set in under Federalist rule.	29
7833135564	Tecumseh	A Shawnee chief who, along with his brother, Tenskwatawa, a religious leader known as The Prophet, worked to unite the Northwestern Indian tribes. The league of tribes was defeated by an American army led by William Henry Harrison at the Battle of Tippecanoe in 1811. Tecumseh was killed fighting for the British during the War of 1812 at the Battle of the Thames in 1813.	30

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AP US History Period 3 (1754-1800) Flashcards

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7734602176	Seven Years' (French and Indian) War	fought between the colonies of British America and New France, with both sides supported by military units from their parent countries of Great Britain and France, as well as Native American allies	0
7734602177	"No Taxation Without Representation."	a phrase, generally attributed to James Otis about 1761, that reflected the resentment of American colonists at being taxed by a British Parliament to which they elected no representatives and became an anti-British slogan before the American Revolution; in full, "Taxation without representation is tyranny.".	1
7734602178	Enlightenment	a philosophical movement which dominated the world of ideas in Europe in the 18th century. The Enlightenment included a range of ideas centered on reason as the primary source of authority andlegitimacy, and came to advance ideals such as liberty, progress, tolerance, fraternity, constitutional governmentand ending the perceived abuses of the church and state	2
7734602179	Benjamin Franklin	One of the founding fathers, famous for presence in the American Enlightenment. earned the title of "The First American" for his early and indefatigable campaigning for colonial unity, initially as an author and spokesman in London for several colonies.	3
7734602180	The Patriot Movement	Movement or push toward independence in the colonies. Those that supported colonial independence were referred to as "Patriots" while those that were loyal to the British crown were called "Loyalists."	4
7734602181	Colonial Militias	Groups of able-bodied colonialist men without proper military training that banded together to revolt against British tyrannny.	5
7734602182	The Continental Army	formed by the Second Continental Congress after the outbreak of the American Revolutionary War by the colonies, created to coordinate the military efforts of the Thirteen Colonies in their revolt against the rule of Great Britain. Commanded by General George Washington (Commander-in-Chief)	6
7734602183	George Washington	General, Commander-in-Chief of the Continental Army during the American Revolution. Later named the first President of the United States.	7
7734602184	Thomas Paine's Common Sense	Published in 1776. Pamphlet that challenged the authority of the British government and the royal monarchy. Used "Common Sense" and plain language to appeal to the average colonist. First work to ask for independence outright.	8
7734602185	The Declaration of Independence	the statement adopted by the Second Continental Congress meeting atPhiladelphia, Pennsylvania on July 4, 1776, which announced that the thirteen American colonies,[2] then at war with the Kingdom of Great Britain, regarded themselves as thirteen newly independent sovereign states, and no longer under British rule.	9
7734602186	Republican Motherhood	Predominant conception of women's roles before, during and after the American Revolution: the "Republican Mother" was considered a custodian of civic virtue responsible for upholding the morality of her husband and children. Though this idea emphasized the separation of women's and men's roles, it did weight heavily the influence of the mother on the family and advocated for this influence to be taken seriously.	10
7734602187	Legislative Branch	The branch of government tasked with writing laws.	11
7734602188	Judicial Branch	The branch of government tasked with interpreting laws.	12
7734602189	Executive Branch	The branch of government tasked with enforcing laws.	13
7734602190	The Articles of Confederation	An agreement among all thirteen original states in the United States of America that served as its first constitution. Drafted by a committee appointed by the Second Continental Congress, ratified in late 1777. Later replaced by the Constitution of the United States of America.	14
7734602191	Constitutional Convention	Took place from May 25 to September 17, 1787, in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Although the Convention was intended to revise the Articles of Confederation, the intention from the outset of many of its proponents, chief among them James Madison and Alexander Hamilton, was to create a new government rather than fix the existing one. The delegates elected George Washington to preside over the Convention. The result of the Convention was the creation of the United States Constitution, placing the Convention among the most significant events in the history of the United States.	15
7734602192	Federalism	a system of government in which entities such as states or provinces share power with a national government.	16
7734602193	Separation of Powers	Inspired by Montesquieu in The Spirit of the Laws, the idea of a constitutional government with three separate branches of government. Each of the three branches would have defined abilities to check the powers of the other branches.	17
7734602194	The Federalist Papers	a collection of 85 articles and essays written by Alexander Hamilton, James Madison, and John Jay promoting the ratification of the United States Constitution.	18
7734602195	Alexander Hamilton	Founder of the Federalist Party, Co-author of The Federalist Papers, First Secretary of the Treasury	19
7734602196	James Madison	Co-Author of the Federalist Papers, hailed as "the Father of the Constitution," Fourth President of the United States	20
7734602197	Bill of Rights	the collective name for the first ten amendments to the United States Constitution. These amendments add to the Constitution specific guarantees of personal freedoms and rights, clear limitations on the government's power in judicial and other proceedings, and explicit declarations that all powers not specifically delegated to Congress by the Constitution are reserved for the states or the people.	21
7734602198	Democratic-Republican Party	formed by Thomas Jefferson and others who believed in an agrarian-based, decentralized,democratic government. The party was established to oppose the Federalists who had supported and pushed through the ratification of the US Constitution.	22
7734602199	National Identity	one's identity or sense of belonging to one state or to one nation. It is the sense of a nation as a cohesive whole, as represented by distinctive traditions, culture, language and politics.	23
7734602200	The Northwest Ordinance	created the Northwest Territory, the first organized territory of the United States, from lands beyond the Appalachian Mountains, between British North America and the Great Lakes to the north and the Ohio River to the south.established the precedent by which the Federal government would be sovereign and expand westward with the admission of new states, rather than with the expansion of existing states and their established sovereignty under the Articles of Confederation.	24
7734602201	French Revolution	a period of far-reaching social and political upheaval in France that lasted from 1789 until 1799, and was partially carried forward by Napoleon during the later expansion of the French Empire. The Revolution overthrew the monarchy, established a republic, experienced violent periods of political turmoil, and finally culminated in a dictatorship under Napoleon that rapidly brought many of its principles to Western Europe and beyond.	25
7734602202	Popular Sovereignty	the principle that the authority of a state and its government is created and sustained by the consent of its people, through their elected representatives (Rule by the People), who are the source of all political power.	26
7734602203	Public Virtue	Sacrificing one's self-interest for the public good.	27
7734602204	insurrection	Rebellion against political authority.	28
7734602205	mercantilism	The economic theory that all parts of an economy should be coordinated for the good of the whole state; hence, that colonial economics should be subordinated for the benefit of an empire.	29
7734602206	depreciate	To decrease in value, as in the decline of the purchasing power of money.	30
7734602207	protective tariffs	Taxes places on imported goods, often to raise prices and thus protect domestic producers.	31
7734602208	admiralty courts	In British law, special administrative courts designed to handle maritime cases without a jury.	32
7734602209	virtual representation	The political theory that a class of persons is represented in a lawmaking body without direct vote.	33
7734602210	nonimportation agreement	A pledge to boycott, or decline to purchase, certain goods from abroad.	34
7734602211	duty	A customs tax on the export or import of goods.	35
7734602212	propaganda	A systematic program or particular materials designed to spread certain ideas; sometimes but not always the term implies the use of manipulative or deceptive means.	36
7734602213	boycott	An organized refusal to deal with some person, organization, or product.	37
7734602214	inflation	An increase in the supply of currency relative to the goods available, leading to a decline in the purchasing power of money.	38
7734602215	mercenary	A professional soldier who serves in a foreign army for pay.	39
7734602216	indictment	A formal written accusation charging someone with a crime.	40
7734602217	dictatorship	A form of government characterized by absolute state power and the unlimited authority of the ruler.	41
7734602218	neutral	A nation or person not taking sides in a war.	42
7734602219	civilian	A citizen not in military service.	43
7734602220	confiscate	To seize private property for public use, often as a penalty.	44
7734602221	envoy	A messenger or agent sent by a government on official business.	45
7734602222	rabble	A mass of disorderly and crude common people.	46
7734602223	isolationist	Concerning the belief that a country should take little or no part in foreign affairs, especially through alliances or wars.	47
7734602224	hereditary	Passed down from generation to generation.	48
7734602225	blockade	The isolation of a place by hostile ships or troops.	49
7734602226	privateer	A private vessel temporarily authorized to capture or plunder enemy ships in wartime.	50
7734602227	disestablish	To separate an official state church from its connection with the government.	51
7734602228	emancipation	Setting free from servitude or slavery	52
7734602229	abolitionist	favoring the end of slavery	53
7734602230	ratification	The confirmation or validation of an act (such as the constitution) by authoritative approval.	54
7734602231	aliens	Foreigners; also, persons resident in but not citizens of a country.	55
7734602232	township	in America, a surveyed territory six miles square; the term also refers to a unit of social government, smaller than a country that is often based on these survey units.	56
7734602233	territory	In America, government an organized political entity not yet enjoying full equal terms of a state.	57
7734602234	annex	To make a smaller territory or political unit part of a larger one.	58
7734602235	quorum	The minimum number of persons who must be present in a group before it can conduct valid business.	59
7734602236	anarchy	The theory that formal government is unnecessary and wrong in principle; the term is also used generally for lawlessness or anti-governmental disorder.	60
7734602237	bicameral	Referring to a legislative body with two houses	61
7734602238	census	An official count of population; in the United States, the federal census occurs every ten years.	62
7734602239	public debt	The debt of a government or nation to individual creditors, also called the national debt.	63
7734602240	cabinet	The body of official advisers to the head of a government; in the United States, it consists of the heads of the major executive departments.	64
7734602241	fiscal	Concerning public finances-expenditures and revenues.	65
7734602242	excise	A tax on the manufacture, sale, or consumption of certain products.	66
7734602243	stock	The shares of capital ownership gained from investing in a corporate enterprise; the term also refers to the certificates representing such shares.	67
7734602244	despotism	Arbitrary or tyrannical rule.	68
7734602245	impressment	To force people or property into public service without choice.	69
7734602246	assimilation	The merging of diverse cultures or peoples into one.	70
7734602247	witch-hunt	An investigation carried on with much publicity, supposedly to uncover dangerous activity but actually intended to weaken the political opposition.	71
7734602248	compact	An agreement or covenant between states to perform some legal act.	72
7734602249	nullification	In American politics, the assertion that a state may legally invalidate a federal act deemed inconsistent with its rights or sovereignty.	73

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Period 5 (1844-1877) AP US History Flashcards

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8289294468	California Gold Rush	(1849) Gold discovered in California attracted a rush of people all over the country and world to San Francisco; arrival of the Chinese; increased pressure on federal government to establish a stable government	0
8292751930	Mormons	Church of Latter-Day Saints; Founded by Joseph Smith in 1830; Sought religious refuge in the West -- Salt Lake City, Utah.	1
8289294470	Kansas Nebraska Act	(1854) Created Nebraska and Kansas as states and gave the people in those territories the right to chose to be a free or slave state through popular sovereignty.	2
8289294472	Republican Party	(Formed 1854) Anti-slavery Whigs and Democrats, Free "Soilers" and reformers from the Northwest met and formed party in order to keep slavery out of the territories	3
8289294473	Abraham Lincoln	16th President of the United States; Saved the Union during and emancipated the slaves; assassinated by Booth	4
8292852922	Henry David Thoreau	New England transcendentalist; Author of "Walden" and "Civil Disobedience".	5
8292904001	Homestead Acts	Several federal laws that gave an applicant ownership of land at no cost; an expression of the "Free Soil" policy of Northerners who wanted individual farmers to own and operate their own farms, as opposed to Southern slave-owners who wanted to buy up large tracts of land and use slave labor, thereby shutting out free white men.	6
8293058753	nativism	A policy of favoring native-born individuals over foreign-born ones.	7
8293098077	Know Nothing movement	AKA American Party; Anti-Catholic movements responded to influx of Irish immigration in the 1840s and 1850s that were aimed at limiting the new immigrants' political power and cultural influence.	8
8289321239	Free-soil party	Formed in 1847 - 1848; People who wanted individual farmers to own and operate their own farms, as opposed to Southern slave-owners who wanted to buy up large tracts of land and use slave labor, thereby shutting out free white men.	9
8293239423	abolitionism	a movement to end slavery	10
8293247056	William Lloyd Garrison	Prominent abolitionist who published the anti-slavery journal The Liberator (1805-1879)	11
8293265804	American Antislavery Society	Formed 1833; Northern abolitionist group that sought immediate abolition of slavery with no compensation to slave owners; Garrison was founder and Frederick Douglass was a key leader.	12
8289294476	Uncle Tom's Cabin	Written by Harriet Beecher Stowe in 1853; A novel promoting abolition.	13
8289294477	sectionalism	Strong identification with a particular region; Extends to culture, politics, and economics.	14
8293422310	gag rule	formal resolutions passed by the House of Representatives in 1836 to prevent the legislature from discussing abolitionism; Opposed by John Quincy Adams and repealed in 1844.	15
8293499324	Mexican cession	1848 Lands sold to the US following war; Later became the states of California, Nevada, Utah, Arizona, New Mexico, and Colorado.	16
8289321243	The Compromise of 1850	Drafted by Clay and Douglas; Slavery outlawed in Washington D.C.; California is admitted as a free state; Utah and New Mexico will determine whether slavery is allowed through popular sovereignty; the Fugitive Slave Law is passed.	17
8293536184	Lecompton Constitution	The second constitution drafted for Kansas Territory, written by proslavery supporters.	18
8293590725	Election of 1860	Abraham Lincoln's victory on the Republicans' free-soil platform was accomplished without any Southern electoral votes; After a series of contested debates about secession, most slave states voted to secede from the Union, precipitating the Civil War.	19
8289294474	secession	Formal withdrawal of states or regions from a nation	20
8293638319	Radical Republicans	Extreme faction that opposed to slavery during the war, and after the war supported equal rights for freedmen; E.g. John C. Frémont, Charles Sumner, Thaddeus Stevens, Ulysses S. Grant	21
8289294479	Robert E. Lee	Distinguished soldier (Mexican War); Commander of the Confederate States Army.	22
8289294480	Fort Sumter	Federal fort in the harbor of Charleston, South Carolina; the Confederate attack on the fort marked the start of the Civil War	23
8289294482	Vicksburg	Grant besieged the city from May 18 to July 4, 1863, until it surrendered, yielding command of the Mississippi River to the Union.	24
8289294484	Appomattox Courthouse	The Virginia town where Robert E. Lee surrendered to Ulysses S. Grant in 1865, ending the Civil War	25
8289294485	Ulysses S Grant	Commanding General of the Union Army; 18th President of the United States (1869-1877).	26
8289294486	William Tecumseh Sherman	Union General who destroyed South during "march to the sea" from Atlanta to Savannah, example of total war	27
8289294487	habeas corpus	Constitutional protection against unlawful imprisonment	28
8289294488	Presidential Reconstruction	President's idea of reconstruction : all states had to end slavery, states had to declare that their secession was illegal, and men had to pledge their loyalty to the U.S.	29
8289294489	Radical Reconstruction	Congressional Republican plan to rebuild the South after the Civil War.	30
8289294490	Black Codes	Laws denying civil rights to newly freed slaves; Passed by southern states following the Civil War	31
8289294491	Military Reconstruction Act	1867; divided the South into five districts and placed them under military rule; required Southern States to ratify the 14th amendment; guaranteed freedmen the right to vote in convention to write new state constitutions	32
8289294492	Reconstruction Amendments	13th: abolished and continues to prohibit slavery and involuntary servitude, 14th: secured the rights of former slaves after reconstruction, 15th: prohibits each government in the United States to prevent a citizen from voting based on their race	33
8289294494	Compromise of 1877	Commonly cited as an end to reconstruction; Republicans promise 1) Remove military from South, 2) Appoint Democrat to cabinet (David Key postmaster general), 3) Federal money for railroad construction and levees on Mississippi river	34
8289294495	Ku Klux Klan	One of the "redeemers" groups that was formed after the Civil War. They masked themselves and burned black churches, schools, and terrorized black people.	35
8289294496	carpetbagger	A northerner who went to the South immediately after the Civil War; especially one who tried to gain political advantage or other advantages from the disorganized situation in southern states	36
8289294497	scalawag	A derogatory term for Southern whites who supported Republican policy through reconstruction	37
8289294498	sharecropper	A person who works fields rented from a landowner and pays the rent and repays loans by turning over to the landowner a share of the crops.	38
8289321227	"peculiar institution"	southern euphemism for slavery	39
8289321228	John C. Calhoun	South Carolina Senator; advocate for state's rights, limited government, and nullification	40
8289321229	Harriet Tubman	United States abolitionist born a slave on a plantation in Maryland and became a famous conductor on the Underground Railroad leading other slaves to freedom in the North (1820-1913)	41
8289321230	Fredrick Douglas	Former slave, abolitionist, and social reformer; Fought for freedom and civil rights for blacks and women	42
8289321231	Nat Turner's Rebellion	1831 slaves in Virginia; Unsuccessful attempt to overthrow and kill planter families	43
8289321233	Underground Railroad	abolitionists secret aid to escaping slaves	44
8289321234	James K. Polk	11th president (1845-1849) Advocate of territorial expansion.	45
8289321235	Wilmot Proviso	Bill that would ban slavery in the territories acquired after the War with Mexico	46
8289321236	Harriet Beecher Stowe	(1811-1896) Abolitionist and author of Uncle Tom's Cabin	47
8289321237	John Brown	abolitionist who was hanged after leading an unsuccessful raid at Harper's Ferry, Virginia (1800-1858)	48
8289321238	apologists	Christian thinkers who defended slavery and explained its "positive good" through Christian beliefs	49
8289321240	Confederate States of America	a republic formed in February of 1861 and composed of the eleven Southern states that seceded from the United States	50
8289321241	Gadsden Purchase	purchase of land from mexico in 1853 that established the present U.S.-mexico boundary	51
8289321242	Fugitive Slave Law	Enacted by Congress in 1793 and 1850, these laws provided for the return of escaped slaves to their owners. The North was lax about enforcing the 1793 law, with irritated the South no end. The 1850 law was tougher and was aimed at eliminating the underground railroad.	52
8289321244	The Kansas-Nebraska Act	1854; sponsored by Senator Stephen Douglas; repealed the Missouri Compromise of 1820, and allowed for popular sovereignty in new territories.	53
8289321245	Dred Scott v. Sanford	1857 Supreme Court case that decided US Congress did not have the power to prohibit slavery in federal territories and slaves, as private property, could not be taken away without due process.	54
8289321246	"Bleeding Kansas"	A sequence of violent events involving abolitionists and pro-Slavery elements that took place in Kansas-Nebraska Territory. The dispute further strained the relations of the North and South, making civil war imminent.	55
8289321247	Harper's Ferry	Setting of John Brown's failed 1859 revolt intended to invade the South with armed slaves.	56
8289321248	popular sovereignty	The doctrine advocated by Stephen Douglas that stated that the people of a territory had the right to decide their own laws by voting. In the Kansas-Nebraska Act, this would decide whether a territory allowed slavery.	57
8289321252	John Wilkes Booth	American stage actor who, as part of a conspiracy plot, assassinated Abraham Lincoln at Ford's Theatre in Washington, D.C. on April 14, 1865.	58
8289321253	Copperheads	northern democrat who during the Civil War advocated making peace with the Confederacy	59
8289321254	New York Draft Riots	July 1863; Irish working-class men and women violently resist Federal army draft	60
8289321255	Antietam	the first major battle in the American Civil War to take place on Northern soil. It was the bloodiest single-day battle in American history, with almost 23,000 casualties. After this "win" for the North, Lincoln announced the Emancipation Proclamation	61
8289321256	Gettysburg	a small town in southern Pennsylvania, The most violent battle of the American Civil War and is frequently cited as the war's turning point, fought from July 1 - July 3, 1863.	62
8289321258	Emancipation Proclamation	Executive order issued by Abraham Lincoln on September 22, 1862; Reframed the purpose of the war and helped prevent the Confederacy from gaining full diplomatic support from European powers; Many African Americans fled southern plantations and enlisted in the Union Army, helping to undermine the Confederacy.	63
8293719804	Massachusetts 54th Regiment	An all black regiment in Civil War; Authorized by the Emancipation Proclamation.	64
8289321259	Thirteenth Amendment	The constitutional amendment ratified after the Civil War that forbade slavery and involuntary servitude.	65
8289321260	Freedmen's Bureau	1865 - Agency set up to aid former slaves in adjusting themselves to freedom. It furnished food and clothing to needy blacks and helped them get jobs	66
8289321263	Redeemer Governments	Largely former slave owners who were the bitterest opponents of the Republican program in the South. Staged a major counterrevolution to "redeem" the south by taking back southern state governments.	67
8289321264	Reconstruction	the period after the Civil War in the United States when the southern states were rebuilt, reorganized, and reintegrated into the Union; Opened up political opportunities and other leadership roles to former slaves, but it ultimately failed, due both to determined Southern resistance and the North's waning resolve.	68
8289321265	Proclamation of Amnesty and Reconstruction	(Dec. 1863) issued by Lincoln: offered full pardon to Southerners who would take oath of allegiance to the Union and acknowledge emancipation	69
8289321268	Civil Rights Bill of 1866	first congressional attempt to guarantee black rights in the south, passed over johnson's veto	70
8289321269	Fourteenth Amendment	made "all persons born or naturalized in the United States" citizens of the country	71
8289321272	Fifteenth Amendment	The right of citizens of the United States to vote shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or by any State on account of race, color, or previous condition of servitude.	72
8293907176	impeachment of President Johnson	1868 attempt by the House to remove Johnson from office	73
8289321273	Enforcement Acts	1870 and 1871 laws that made it a federal offense to interfere with a citizen's right to vote	74
8289321275	black codes	Southern laws designed to restrict the rights of the newly freed black slaves	75
8289321276	sharecroppers	People who rent a plot of land from another person, and farm it in exchange for a share of the crop	76
8293147831	Battle of the Little Bighorn	AKA Custer's Last Stand; 1876 battle in which Sioux and Cheyenne killed an entire force of U.S. troops	77
8293829279	National Woman Suffrage Association	(F. 1869) Organization formed by Elizabeth Cady Stanton and others to promote the vote for women; Founded after being emboldened by the Reconstruction Amendments.	78
8610548039	"Lost Cause"	A movement that describes the Confederate cause as a heroic one against great or impossible odds; The belief that the war was fought over states' rights and not slavery, slavery was a benevolent institution that offered Christianity to African "savages", and the war was a just cause in the eyes of God.	79

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AMSCO AP US History Ch. 11 Flashcards

AMSCO United States History 2015 Edition, Chapter 11 Society, Culture, and Reform, 1820-1860

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8011629685	utopian communities	Over one hundred of these experimental communities were started in the 1820s to 1860s period. (p. 210)	0
8011629686	Shakers	This early religious communal movement held property in common and separated men and women. (p. 210)	1
8011629689	New Harmony	Nonreligious experimental socialist community founded to solve problems of inequity and alienation caused by the Industrial Revolution. (p. 210)	2
8011629691	Oneida community	This community, started in 1848, was dedicated to social and economic equality. They shared property and spouses, and prospered by manufacturing silverware. (p. 210)	3
8011629693	Horace Mann	He was the leading advocate of the public school movement. (p. 213)	4
8011629694	temperance	Reformers targeted alcohol as the cause of social ills. The movement started by using moral exhortation, then shifted to political action. Business leaders and politicians supported it because it improved productivity of industrial workers. (p. 212)	5
8011629695	American Temperance Society	Founded in 1826, by Protestant ministers and others, they encouraged total alcohol abstinence. (p. 212)	6
8011629697	Women's Christian Temperance Union	In the late 1870s, this women's organization was part of the temperance movement. (p. 212)	7
8011629698	asylum movement	In the 1820s and 1830s, this movement sought to improve the conditions for criminals, emotionally disturbed people, and paupers. They proposed setting up state-supported prisons, mental hospitals, and poorhouses. (p. 212)	8
8011629699	Dorothea Dix	A reformer who was responsible for improving conditions in jails, poorhouses and insane asylums throughout the U.S. and Canada. She succeeded in persuading many states to assume responsibility for the care of the mentally ill. (p. 212)	9
8011629704	public school movement	In the 1840s, this movement to provide free education for all children spread rapidly throughout the nation. (p. 213)	10
8011629707	American Colonization Society	Founded in 1817, this organization transported free black people to an African colony. This appealed to moderates, racists, and politicians. However, only 12,000 people were actually settled in Africa. (p. 215)	11
8011629708	American Antislavery Society	The organization was founded in 1833 by William Lloyd Garrison and others. They advocated the immediate abolition of all slavery in every state. (p. 215)	12
8011629709	The Liberator	A newspaper that advocated the immediate abolition of all slavery in every state. (p. 215)	13
8011629710	Liberty party	In 1840, this political party was formed in reaction to the radical abolitionists. They pledged to bring an end to slavery by political and legal means. (p. 215)	14
8011629711	Frederick Douglass; The North Star	In 1847, this former slave started the antislavery journal, "The North Star". (p. 215)	15
8011629712	Harriet Tubman	Famous abolitionist, born a slave, she assisted fugitive slaves to escape to free territory. (p. 215)	16
8011629714	Sojourner Truth	A United States abolitionist and feminist who was freed from slavery and became a leading advocate for the abolition of slavery and the rights of women. (p. 215)	17
8011629718	Nat Turner	In 1831, he led the largest slave rebellion in which 55 whites were killed. (p. 215)	18
8011629719	antebellum period	The period before the Civil War started in 1861. (p. 207)	19
8011629721	transcendentalists	They questioned the doctrines of established churches and business practices of the merchant class. They encouraged a mystical and intuitive way of thinking to discover the inner self and look for essence of God in nature. Artistic expression was more important than pursuit of wealth. They valued individualism and supported the antislavery movement. (p. 209)	20
8011629722	Ralph Waldo Emerson, "The American Scholar"	The best known transcendentalist, his essays and lectures expressed the individualistic and nationalistic spirit of Americans. He urged self-reliance, and independent thinking. (p. 209)	21
8011629723	Henry David Thoreau, "Walden", "On Civil Disobedience"	A pioneer ecologist and conservationist. He was an advocate of nonviolent protest against unjust laws. (p. 209)	22
8011629729	George Caleb Bingham	An American realist artist, whose paintings depicted life on the frontier. (p. 211)	23
8011629733	Hudson River school	In the 1830s, this genre of painting founded in the Hudson River area, portrayed everyday life of ordinary people in the natural world. (p. 211)	24
8011629735	James Fenimore Cooper	This author wrote novels that glorified the frontiersman as nature's nobleman. (p. 211)	25
8011629736	Nathaniel Hawthorne	Author of "The Scarlet Letter", which questioned the intolerance and conformity in American life. (p. 211)	26
8011629739	Second Great Awakening	A religious movement that occurred during the antebellum period. It was a reaction against rationalism (belief in human reason). It offered the opportunity of salvation to all. (p. 207)	27
8011629741	revivalism; revival camp meetings	In the early 1800s, this movement was a reaction against the rationalism of the Enlightenment. Successful preachers were audience-centered and easily understood by the uneducated. (p. 207)	28
8011629743	Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints; Mormons	Founded by Joseph Smith in 1830. It was based on the Book of Mormon which traced a connection between the American Indians and the lost tribes of Israel. After Joseph Smith was murdered, Brigham Young led the religious group to establish the New Zion on the Great Salt Lake in Utah. (p. 208)	29
8011629744	Joseph Smith	Founded the Church of Jesus Christ of the Latter-Day Saints in New York in 1830. The church moved to Ohio, Missouri, Illinois, then finally to Utah. (p. 208)	30
8011629745	Brigham Young	After Joseph Smith was killed, he led the Mormon followers to Utah. (p. 208)	31
8011629747	women's rights movement	Women started this movement because they resented the way men relegated them to secondary roles in the reform movements. (p. 214)	32
8011629748	cult of domesticity	After industrialization occurred women became the moral leaders in the home and educators of children. Men were responsible for economic and political affairs. (p. 214)	33
8011629752	Elizabeth Cady Stanton	A women's rights reformer who helped organize the Seneca Falls convention. (p. 214)	34
8011629753	Seneca Falls Convention	In 1848, this was the first women's rights convention in U.S. history. They wrote a "Declaration of Sentiments", modeled after the Declaration of Independence, which declared all men and women equal and listed grievances. (p. 214)	35
8011629754	Susan B. Anthony	Social reformer who campaigned for womens rights, the temperance, and was an abolitionist. She helped form the National Woman Suffrage Association. (p. 214)	36

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APUSH Period 5 Key Terms, AP US History: Period 5: 1844-1877 Flashcards

First semester APUSH terms Period 5 (chapter 18, 19, 20, 21, 22)

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5736324692	Manifest Destiny	A notion held by a nineteenth-century Americans that the United States was destined to rule the continent, from the Atlantic the Pacific.	0
5736324693	Texas Annexation	1845. Originally refused in 1837, as the U.S. Government believed that the annexation would lead to war with Mexico. Texas remained a sovereign nation. Annexed via a joint resolution through Congress, supported by President-elect Polk, and approved in 1845. Land from the Republic of Texas later became parts of NM, CO, OK, KS, and WY.	1
5736324694	Fifty Four Forty or Fight	The phrase used in James K Polk's 1844 presidential election dealing with the Oregon Territory Dispute.	2
5736324695	Oregon Trail	2000 mile long path along which thousands of Americans journeyed to the Willamette Valley in the 1840's.	3
5736324696	Mountain Men	Fur trappers of the northwest who paved the way for continuous settlement of the great west	4
5736324697	California Gold Rush	1849 (San Francisco 49ers) Gold discovered in California attracted a rush of people all over the country and world to San Francisco; arrival of the Chinese; increased pressure on federal government to establish a stable government	5
5736324698	Mexican American War	1846 - 1848 - President Polk declared war on Mexico over the dispute of land in Texas. At the end, American ended up with 55% of Mexico's land.	6
5736324699	Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo	(1848) treaty signed by the U.S. and Mexico that officially ended the Mexican-American War; Mexico had to give up much of its northern territory to the U.S (Mexican Cession); in exchange the U.S. gave Mexico $15 million and said that Mexicans living in the lands of the Mexican Cession would be protected	7
5736324700	Gadsden Purchase	Agreement w/ Mexico that gave the US parts of present-day New Mexico & Arizona in exchange for $10 million; all but completed the continental expansion envisioned by those who believed in Manifest Destiny.	8
5736324702	Kansas Nebraska Act	1854 - Created Nebraska and Kansas as states and gave the people in those territories the right to chose to be a free or slave state through popular sovereignty.	9
5736324703	Free "Soiler"	People who opposed expansion of slavery into western territories	10
5736324704	Republican Party	1854 - anti-slavery Whigs and Democrats, Free "Soilers" and reformers from the Northwest met and formed party in order to keep slavery out of the territories	11
5736324705	Stephen A Douglas	Senator from Illinois who ran for president against Abraham Lincoln. Wrote the Kansas-Nebraska Act and the Freeport Doctrine	12
5736324706	Freeport Doctrine	Idea authored by Stephen Douglas that claimed slavery could only exist when popular sovereignty said so	13
5736324707	Abraham Lincoln	16th President of the United States saved the Union during the Civil War and emancipated the slaves; was assassinated by Booth (1809-1865)	14
5736324708	secession	Formal withdrawal of states or regions from a nation	15
5736324709	Dred Scott Decision	A Missouri slave sued for his freedom, claiming that his four year stay in the northern portion of the Louisiana Territory made free land by the Missouri Compromise had made him a free man. The U.S, Supreme Court decided he couldn't sue in federal court because he was property, not a citizen.	16
5736324711	Sectionalism	Loyalty to a region	17
5736324712	John Brown's Raid	Began when he and his men took over the arsenal in Harpers Ferry, Virginia, in hopes of starting a slave rebellion.	18
5736324713	Robert E Lee	Confederate general who had opposed secession but did not believe the Union should be held together by force	19
5736324714	Fort Sumter	Federal fort in the harbor of Charleston, South Carolina; the confederate attack on the fort marked the start of the Civil War	20
5736324715	Antietam	A battle near a sluggish little creek, it proved to be the bloodiest single day battle in American History with over 26,000 lives lost in that single day.	21
5736324716	Vicksburg	Grant besieged the city from May 18 to July 4, 1863, until it surrendered, yielding command of the Mississippi River to the Union.	22
5736324717	Gettysburg	A large battle in the American Civil War, took place in southern Pennsylvania from July 1 to July 3, 1863. The battle is named after the town on the battlefield. Union General George G. Meade led an army of about 90,000 men to victory against General Robert E. Lee's Confederate army of about 75,000. Gettysburg is the war's most famous battle because of its large size, high cost in lives, location in a northern state, and for President Abraham Lincoln's Gettysburg Address.	23
5736324718	Appomattox Courthouse	April 1865., the Virginia town where Robert E. Lee surrendered to Ulysses S. Grant in 1865, ending the Civil War	24
5736324719	Ulysses S Grant	an American general and the eighteenth President of the United States (1869-1877). He achieved international fame as the leading Union general in the American Civil War.	25
5736324720	William Tecumseh Sherman	Union General who destroyed South during "march to the sea" from Atlanta to Savannah, example of total war	26
5736324721	Thomas "Stonewall" Jackson	He was a confederate general who was known for his fearlessness in leading rapid marches bold flanking movements and furious assaults. he earned his nickname at the battle of first bull run for standing courageously against union fire. During the battle of Chancellorsville his own men accidently mortally wounded him.	27
5736324722	habeas corpus	Constitutional protection against unlawful imprisonment	28
5736324723	martial law	rule by the army instead of the elected government	29
5736324724	emergency powers	Wide-ranging powers a president may exercise during times of crisis or those powers permitted the president by Congress for a limited time.	30
5736324725	Lincoln 1st Inaugural Address	Lincoln tries to appease the south and avoid war	31
5736324726	Gettysburg Address	A 3-minute address by Abraham Lincoln during the American Civil War (November 19, 1963) at the dedication of a national cemetery on the site of the Battle of Gettysburg	32
5736324727	Lincoln 2nd Inaugural Address	"with malice toward none, and charity for all"	33
5736324728	Presidential Reconstruction	President's idea of reconstruction : all states had to end slavery, states had to declare that their secession was illegal, and men had to pledge their loyalty to the U.S.	34
5736324729	Radical Reconstruction	Reconstruction strategy that was based on severely punishing South for causing war	35
5736324730	Black Codes	Laws denying most legal rights to newly freed slaves; passed by southern states following the Civil War	36
5736324731	Military Reconstruction Act	1867; divided the South into five districts and placed them under military rule; required Southern States to ratify the 14th amendment; guaranteed freedmen the right to vote in convention to write new state constitutions	37
5736324732	Reconstruction Amendments	13th: abolished and continues to prohibit slavery and involuntary servitude, 14th: secured the rights of former slaves after reconstruction, 15th: prohibits each government in the United States to prevent a citizen from voting based on their race	38
5736324733	Freedmen's Bureau	1865. help former black slaves after civil war Organization run by the army to care for and protect southern Blacks after the Civil War	39
5736324734	Compromise of 1877	Ended Reconstruction. Republicans promise 1) Remove military from South, 2) Appoint Democrat to cabinet (David Key postmaster general), 3) Federal money for railroad construction and levees on Mississippi river	40
5736324735	Election of 1876	Ended reconstruction because neither candidate had an electoral majority. The Democrat Sam Tilden loses the election to Rutherford B Hayes, Republican, was elected, and then ended reconstruction as he secretly promised.	41
5736324736	KKK	Stands for Ku Klux Klan and started right after the Civil War in 1866. The Southern establishment took charge by passing discriminatory laws known as the black codes. Gives whites almost unlimited power. They masked themselves and burned black churches, schools, and terrorized black people. They are anti-black and anti-Semitic.	42
5736324737	carpetbagger	A northerner who went to the South immediately after the Civil War; especially one who tried to gain political advantage or other advantages from the disorganized situation in southern states	43
5736324738	scalawag	A derogatory term for Southerners who were working with the North to buy up land from desperate Southerners	44
5736324739	sharecropper	A person who works fields rented from a landowner and pays the rent and repays loans by turning over to the landowner a share of the crops.	45
5736324740	Morehouse College	Founded in Atlanta in 1867 for black education for professional careers such as lawyers, ministers, and educators.	46
5736324847	peculiar institution	southern euphemism for slavery	47
5736324848	John C. Calhoun	South Carolina Senator - advocate for state's rights, limited government, and nullification	48
5736324849	Harriet Tubman	United States abolitionist born a slave on a plantation in Maryland and became a famous conductor on the Underground Railroad leading other slaves to freedom in the North (1820-1913)	49
5736324850	Sojourner Truth	United States abolitionist and feminist who was freed from slavery and became a leading advocate of the abolition of slavery and for the rights of women (1797-1883)	50
5736324851	Fredrick Douglas	former slave + abolitionist, stood up for his beliefs, fought for womens + blacks rights, runaway slave, newspaper-the north star	51
5736324852	Sarah and Angelina Grimke	Quaker sisters from South Carolina who came north and became active in the abolitionist movement; Angelina married Theodore Weld, a leading abolitionist and Sarah wrote and lectured on a variety of reforms including women's rights and abolition.	52
5736324853	Nat Turner's Rebellion	Rebellion in which Nat Turner led a group of slaves through Virginia in an unsuccessful attempt to overthrow and kill planter families	53
5736324854	Declaration of Sentiments	declared that all "people are created equal"; used the Declaration of Independence to argue for women's rights	54
5736324855	Underground Railroad	abolitionists secret aid to escaping slaves	55
5736324856	James K. Polk	president in March 1845. wanted to settle Oregon boundary dispute with Britain. wanted to acquire California. wanted to incorporate Texas into union.	56
5736324857	Bear Flag Republic	aka the California republic; the result of a revolt by Americans on June 14, 1846, in the town of Sonoma against the authorities of the Mexican province of California; the Republic lasted less than a month. The republic eventually became the present-day state of California.	57
5736324858	Wilmot Proviso	Bill that would ban slavery in the territories acquired after the War with Mexico	58
5736324859	Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo	Treaty that ended the Mexican War, granting the U.S. control of Texas, New Mexico, and California in exchange for $15 million	59
5736324860	Oregon Trail	pioneer trail that began in missouri and crossed the great plains into the oregon country	60
5736324861	Harriet Beecher Stowe	United States writer of a novel about slavery that advanced the abolitionists' cause (1811-1896)	61
5736324863	John Brown	abolitionist who was hanged after leading an unsuccessful raid at Harper's Ferry, Virginia (1800-1858)	62
5736324864	apologists	Christian thinkers who defended slavery and explained its "positive good" through Christian beliefs	63
5736324865	Free-soil party	Formed in 1847 - 1848, dedicated to opposing slavery in newly acquired territories such as Oregon and ceded Mexican territory.	64
5736324866	49ers	People who rushed to california in 1849 for gold.	65
5736324867	Republican Party	the younger of two major political parties in the United States	66
5736324868	Confederate States of America	a republic formed in February of 1861 and composed of the eleven Southern states that seceded from the United States	67
5736324869	Gadsden Purchase	purchase of land from mexico in 1853 that established the present U.S.-mexico boundary	68
5736324870	Fugitive Slave Law	Enacted by Congress in 1793 and 1850, these laws provided for the return of escaped slaves to their owners. The North was lax about enforcing the 1793 law, with irritated the South no end. The 1850 law was tougher and was aimed at eliminating the underground railroad.	69
5736324871	The Compromise of 1850	Slavery becomes outlawed in Washington D.C., California is admitted as a free state, and Utah and New Mexico will determine whether slavery is allowed through popular sovereignty. Also, the Fugitive Slave Law is passed.	70
5736324872	The Kansas-Nebraska Act	..., 1854; sponsored by Senator Stephen Douglas, this would rip open the slavery debate; and create the territories of Kansas and Nebraska, opened new lands, repealed the Missouri Compromise of 1820, and allowed settlers in those territories to determine if they would allow slavery within their boundaries.	71
5736324873	Dred Scott v. Sanford	..., Supreme Court case that decided US Congress did not have the power to prohibit slavery in federal territories and slaves, as private property, could not be taken away without due process - basically slaves would remain slaves in non-slave states and slaves could not sue because they were not citizens	72
5736324874	Bleeding Kansas	..., A sequence of violent events involving abolitionists and pro-Slavery elements that took place in Kansas-Nebraska Territory. The dispute further strained the relations of the North and South, making civil war imminent.	73
5736324875	Harper's Ferry	..., John Brown's scheme to invade the South with armed slaves, backed by sponsoring, northern abolitionists; seized the federal arsenal; Brown and remnants were caught by Robert E. Lee and the US Marines; Brown was hanged	74
5736324876	popular sovereignty	..., The doctrine that stated that the people of a territory had the right to decide their own laws by voting. In the Kansas-Nebraska Act, popular sovereignty would decide whether a territory allowed slavery.	75
5736324877	Robert E. Lee	..., Confederate general who had opposed secession but did not believe the Union should be held together by force	76
5736324878	Ulysses S. Grant	..., an American general and the eighteenth President of the United States (1869-1877). He achieved international fame as the leading Union general in the American Civil War.	77
5736324879	Abraham Lincoln	..., 16th President of the United States saved the Union during the Civil War and emancipated the slaves; was assassinated by Booth (1809-1865)	78
5736324880	John Wilkes Booth	..., was an American stage actor who, as part of a conspiracy plot, assassinated Abraham Lincoln, the 16th President of the United States, at Ford's Theatre in Washington, D.C. on April 14, 1865.	79
5736324881	Copperheads	..., northern democrat who advocated making peace with the Confederacy during the Civil War	80
5736324882	New York Draft Riots	..., July 1863 just after the Battle at Gettysburg. Mobs of Irish working-class men and women roamed the streets for four days until federal troops suppressed them. They loathed the idea of being drafted to fight a war on behalf of slaves who, once freed, would compete with them for jobs.	81
5736324883	Bull Run	..., either of two battles during the American Civil War (1861 and 1862)	82
5736324884	Second Battle of Bull Run	..., Lee and Pope fought and Lee came out victorious and then continued onto MD in hope of striking a blow that would not only encourage foreign intervention but also seduce the still wavering Border State and its sisters from the Union	83
5736324885	Antietam	..., the first major battle in the American Civil War to take place on Northern soil. It was the bloodiest single-day battle in American history, with almost 23,000 casualties. After this "win" for the North, Lincoln announced the Emancipation Proclamation	84
5736324886	Gettysburg	..., a small town in southern Pennsylvania, The most violent battle of the American Civil War and is frequently cited as the war's turning point, fought from July 1 - July 3, 1863.	85
5736324887	Anaconda Plan	..., Union war plan by Winfield Scott, called for blockade of southern coast, capture of Richmond, capture Mississippi R, and to take an army through heart of south	86
5736324888	Emancipation Proclamation	..., Issued by Abraham Lincoln on September 22, 1862 it declared that all slaves in the confederate states would be free	87
5736324889	Thirteenth Amendment	..., The constitutional amendment ratified after the Civil War that forbade slavery and involuntary servitude.	88
5736324890	The Homestead Act of 1862	..., provided a settler with 160 acres of land if he promised to live and work for it at least five years, about 500,000 families took advantage of it	89
5736324891	The Morrill Land Grant of 1862	..., The act gave federal lands to states for the purpose of building schools that would teach agriculture and technical trades	90
5736324892	The Pacific Railway Act of 1862	..., This act apporved the building of a transcontinental railroad that would utterly transform the West by linking the Atlantic Ocean with the Pacific	91
5736324893	Appomattox Court House	..., famous as the site of the surrender of the Confederate Army under Robert E. Lee to Union commander Ulysses S. Grant	92
5736324894	writ of habeas corpus	..., court order that the authorities show cause for why they are holding a prisoner in custody. Deters unlawful imprisonment	93
5736324895	Freedmen's Bureau	..., 1865 - Agency set up to aid former slaves in adjusting themselves to freedom. It furnished food and clothing to needy blacks and helped them get jobs	94
5736324896	carpetbaggers	..., northern whites who moved to the south and served as republican leaders during reconstruction	95
5736324897	ku klux klan	..., a secret society of white Southerners in the United States	96
5736324898	redeemers	..., Largely former slave owners who were the bitterest opponents of the Republican program in the South. Staged a major counterrevolution to "redeem" the south by taking back southern state governments. Their foundation rested on the idea of racism and white supremacy. Redeemer governments waged and agressive assault on African Americans.	97
5736324899	exodusters	..., African Americans who moved from post reconstruction South to Kansas.	98
5736324900	rutherford B. hayes	..., 19th president of the united states, was famous for being part of the Hayes-Tilden election in which electoral votes were contested in 4 states, most corrupt election in US history	99
5736324901	reconstruction	..., the period after the Civil War in the United States when the southern states were reorganized and reintegrated into the Union	100
5736324902	proclamation of amnesty and reconstruction	..., (Dec. 1863) issued by Lincoln: offered full pardon to Southerners who would take oath of allegiance to the Union and acknowledge emancipation	101
5736324903	wade-davis bill	opposed 10% plan and called for more that 50%	102
5736324904	10 percent plan	..., It was a reconstruction plan that decreed that a state could be reintegrated into the union when 10 percent of voters in the presidential election of 1860 had taken an oath of allegiance to the United States and pledged to abide by emancipation. The next step would be erection of a state gov. and then purified regime. (Lincoln)	103
5736324905	civil rights bill of 1866	..., first congressional attempt to guarantee black rights in the south, passed over johnson's veto	104
5736324906	fourteenth amendment	..., made "all persons born or naturalized in the United States" citizens of the country	105
5736324907	military reconstruction act	..., It divided the South into five military districts that were commanded by Union generals. It was passed in 1867. It ripped the power away from the president to be commander in chief and set up a system of Martial Law	106
5736324908	tenure of office act	..., 1866 - enacted by radical congress - forbade president from removing civil officers without senatorial consent - was to prevent Johnson from removing a radical republican from his cabinet	107
5736324911	the compromise of 1877	it withdrew federal soldiers from their remaining position in the South, enacted federal legislation that would spur industrialization in the South, appointed Democrats to patronage positions in the south, and appointed a Democrat to the president's cabinet.	108
5736324912	black codes	Southern laws designed to restrict the rights of the newly freed black slaves	109
5736324913	sharecroppers	..., people who rent a plot of land from another person, and farm it in exchange for a share of the crop	110
5736324741	Harriet Beecher Stowe	author of Uncle Tom's Cabin, a book depicting slave life in the South that essentially set off the Civil War.	111
5736324742	William Lloyd Garrison	published the first edition of The Liberator, an abolitionist newspaper, on January 1st, 1831.	112
5736324744	Nat Turner	a black preacher who in 1831, led a revolt on a summer night in Southampton County, Virginia. They killed 60 whites and 100+ blacks were executed.	113
5736324745	Sojourner Truth	a freed black woman who fought for black emancipation and women's rights.	114
5736324746	Frederick Douglass	an escaped slave who spoke publicly for the Black cause. He wrote his autobiography, depicting the harsh realities of Southern slavery. He also looked to politics to help abolish slavery.	115
5736324747	"Positive Good"	what Proslavery whites said about slavery as a response to the abolitionist outcry. Claimed slavery provided safe housing and meals for African Americans.	116
5736324748	Cotton Kingdom	areas in the south where cotton farming developed because of the high demand for cotton.	117
5736324749	Gag Resolution	Strict rule passed by prosouthern Congressmen in 1836 to prohibit all discussion of slavery in the House of Representatives	118
5736324750	American Colonization Society	created in 1817, its purpose was to transport Blacks back to Africa.	119
5736324751	John Tyler	successor to William H. Harrison, a Whig; Southern Democrat beliefs. Didn't really have a party/ lack of support.	120
5736324752	Winfield Scott	"Old Fuss and Feathers," whose conquest of Mexico City brought U.S. victory in the Mexican War. Nominated for president for the Whigs in 1852.	121
5736324753	Zachary Taylor	general who fought in the Mexican American War who was later nominated for president by the Whigs in 1848.	122
5736324754	James K. Polk	Democratic president after John Tyler who was best known for Manifest Destiny.	123
5736324755	David Walker	a black abolitionist who wrote Appeal to the Colored Citizens of the World in 1829 and called for a bloody end to white supremacy.	124
5736324756	David Wilmont	a member of Congress from Pennsylvania, called for a law to ban slavery in any territories won from Mexico [Wilmont Proviso].	125
5736324757	John C. Fremont	an American military officer, explorer, the first candidate of the Republican Party for the office of President of the United States, and the first presidential candidate of a major party to run on a platform in opposition to slavery.	126
5736324758	Manifest Destiny	a concept that the United States was defined to expand across the continent and get as much land as possible.	127
5736324759	Webster-Ashburton Treaty	(1842) this treaty settled the northern boundary of Maine; signed between the United States and Great Britain; also settled the boundary of the United States and Canada near Lake Superior and joint occupation of Oregon.	128
5736324760	"Conscience" Whigs	anti-slavery whigs who opposed both the Texas annexation and the Mexican War on moral grounds.	129
5736324761	Bear Flag Revolt	(1846) a revolt that took place during the Mexican American War when 500 Americans (Anglos) in Mexican California took the city of Sonoma, CA in the spirit of Manifest Destiny and declared California to be an independent nation	130
5736324762	Treaty of Guadalupe-Hidalgo	treaty negotiated on February 2, 1848 ending the Mexican-American War that a) gave America all Mexican territory from Texas to California that was north of the Rio Grande; b) US only paid $15 million to Mexico; c) $3.5 million in debt from Mexico to US was absolved	131
5736324763	Californios	descendants of Spanish and Mexican conquerors; Spanish speaking inhabitants of California they were culture of Mexico carried to California.	132
5736324764	Liberty Party	a former political party in the United States; formed in 1839 to oppose the practice of slavery; merged with the Free Soil Party in 1848.	133
5736324765	Wilmot Proviso	proposal that stated that slavery would not exist in any of the Mexican Cession territories. Never passed in the Senate, but opened discussion on slavery once again.	134
5736324767	Stephen A. Douglas	a moderate who introduced the Kansas-Nebraska Act in 1854 and popularized the idea of popular sovereignty. He also ran against Abe Lincoln for a senate seat and the presidency.	135
5736324768	John C. Calhoun	senator who argued for states' rights for the South. He asked for slavery to be left alone, slaves to be returned to the South, and state balance to be kept intact.	136
5736324769	Martin Van Buren	...	137
5736324770	Daniel Webster	senator from the North who opposed the expansion of slavery. In his "Seventh of March" speech, he called for the North to compromise.	138
5736324771	Matthew C. Perry	military leader who convinced the Japanese to sign a treaty in 1853 with the U.S. The treaty allowed for a commercial foot in Japan which was helpful with furthering a relationship with Japan.	139
5736324773	Henry Clay	the "Great Compromiser"; senator who pushed for compromise between the North and South and worked with Stephen Douglas. Ran for president for the Whigs against Polk.	140
5736324774	Filibustering	trying to declare independence of one's own nation/ take over Spanish territory.	141
5736324775	Free Soil Party	party that emerged in 1848 when many Notherners were upset that neither party took a position on the expansion of slavery. They nominated Martin Van Buren. They were against the expansion of slavery and supported the American System.	142
5736324776	Fugitive Slave Law	law that required Notherners to "round up" runaway slaves and ship them back South.	143
5736324777	Underground Railroad	secret route that led many slaves to freedom in the North and eventually Canada.	144
5736324778	Compromise of 1850	compromise between the North and South in which the North received a) the admission of California as a free state; b) loss of slave trade in DC. The South received a) popular sovereignty in Mexican Cession lands; b) a stricter Fugitive Slave Act	145
5736324780	Kansas-Nebraska Act	an act proposed by Senator Stephen Douglas that stated that slavery in Kansas and Nebraska would be decided by popular sovereignty. It repealed the Missouri Compromise.	146
5736324782	John Brown	man who led a group of followers to Pottawatomie Creek in May 1856, killing 5 pro-slaveryites	147
5736324783	Charles Sumner	Senator who spoke out for black freedom and racial equality post-Civil War. Publicly beaten by Preston Brooks for speaking out against the violence in Kansas.	148
5736324784	Dred Scott	slave who sued for his freedom after his master took him to live in free states for several years. Appealed by the Supreme Court, what was decided was: no slave could be a citizen of the US, legislature/Congress could not outlaw slavery because property cannot be taken without due process, and Missouri Compromise deemed unconstitutional.	149
5736324785	Roger Taney	chief justice of the Supreme Court who wrote an opinion in the 1857 Dred Scott case that declared the Missouri compromise unconstitutional.	150
5736324786	John C. Breckenridge	southern Democrat presidential nomination in 1860.	151
5736324787	John Bell	"Know-Nothing" Party presidential candidate in 1860.	152
5736324788	Abraham Lincoln	politician who debtated Stephen Douglas and was nominated for the presidency by the Republican party in 1860. Inaugurated as president on March 4, 1861	153
5736324789	Jefferson Davis	president of the Confederate States of America	154
5736324792	Lecompton Constitution	constitution written in Kansas by pro-slaveryites that stated that people were only allowed to vote for the consitution "with slavery" or "without slavery". Even if the constitution was voted to be without slavery, current slaveholders were allowed to stay.	155
5736324793	"Bleeding Kansas"	nickname for the violent uprisings in Kansas between pro-slaveryites and abolitionists	156
5736324794	Know-Nothing Party (American Party)	party created during the 1856 election run by Nativists who were anti-Catholic and anti-foreign.	157
5736324795	Panic of 1857	economic panic due to California gold inflation, over-growth of grain, and over-speculation. Affected the North more than the South.	158
5736324796	Lincoln-Douglas Debates	Lincoln challenged Stephen Douglas to debates during the senatorial race of 1858	159
5736324797	Freeport Doctrine	doctrine that stated that no matter how the Supreme Court ruled, slavery would stay down if the people voted it down since power was held by the people.	160
5736324798	Harpers Ferry Raid	John Brown planned to free slaves by taking over an arsenal, giving weapons to slaves, and encouraging them to revolt. He was captured by the US Marines under the command of Col. Robert E. Lee. Brown was hanged and became a symbol of martyrdom for abolitionists.	161
5736324799	Constitutional Union Party	name for the Know-Nothing Party during the election of 1860 with John Bell as its nominee. Its platform simply offered the Constitution.	162
5736324801	Bleeding Summer	when Senator Charles Sumner of Massachusets denounced "the crime against kansas" in a widely publicized speech, a member of congress from south carolina, Preston Brooks, attacked him on the senate floor and beat him with a cane.	163
5736324803	Morrill Tariff Act	act that increased tariff rates by 5-10%.	164
5736324804	Draft Riots	uprisings in response to the draft; poor people were angered by the fact that the rich could buy a substitute.	165
5736324806	Border States	Missouri, Kentucky, Maryland	166
5736324807	Fort Sumter	Union fort in South Carolina. When Lincoln sent provisions to the fort, SC soldiers opened fire on the fort. Soldiers in the fort surrendered.	167
5736324810	Andrew Johnson	17th President of the United States, A Southerner form Tennessee, as V.P. when Lincoln was killed, he became president. He opposed radical Republicans who passed Reconstruction Acts over his veto. The first U.S. president to be impeached, he survived the Senate removal by only one vote. He was a very weak president.	168
5736324811	John Wilkes Booth	Southerner who assasinated Abraham Lincoln on April 14, 1865	169
5736324812	Robert E. Lee	general of the Confederate Army.	170
5736324813	Ulysses S. Grant	an American general and the eighteenth President of the United States (1869-1877). He achieved international fame as the leading Union general in the American Civil War.	171
5736324814	George B. McClellan	first commander of the Army of the Potomac	172
5736324815	William T. Sherman	a successful Union general who implemented the tactic of "total war" in order to defeat the South. Led successful military campaign to conquer Georgia, South Carolina, and North Carolina.	173
5736324816	Merrimack (the Virginia)	old wooden U.S. warship that the Confederacy plated with old iron railroad rails. Won battles. Destroyed to save it from the advancing Union troops	174
5736324817	Monitor	an iron-clad vessel built by Federal forces to do battle with the Merrimac	175
5736324818	Emancipation Proclamation	(1862) an order issued by President Abraham Lincoln freeing the slaves in areas rebelling against the Union; took effect January 1, 1863	176
5736324819	Thirteenth Amendment	the constitutional amendment ratified after the Civil War that forbade slavery and involuntary servitude.	177
5736324820	Copperheads	nickname for Northerners who were Pro-Confederacy	178
5736324821	First Battle of Bull Run	(July 1861) first major conflict of the Civil War. Southern victory led to overconfidence.	179
5736324822	Battle of Antietam	(September 1862) bloodiest battle of the Civil War. Win of a kind for the Union because they prevented the Confederates from invading Maryland.	180
5736324823	Battle of Gettysburg	(1863) this three day battle was the bloodiest of the entire Civil War, ended in a Union victory, and is considered the turning point of the war.	181
5736324824	Battle of Vicksburg	(1863) Union gains control of Mississippi, confederacy split in two, Grant takes lead of Union armies, total war begins.	182
5736324825	Gettysburg Address	(1863) a speech given by Abraham Lincoln after the Battle of Gettysburg, in which he praised the bravery of Union soldiers and renewed his commitment to winning the Civil War; supported the ideals of self-government and human rights	183
5736324827	Thaddeus Stevens	radical Congressman from PA who defended runaway slaves in court for free and insisted on being buried in a black cemetery; hated white Southerners. Leading figure on the Joint Committee on Reconstruction.	184
5736324828	Freedmen's Bureau	welfare agency created by Congress on March 5, 1865 to provide food, clothing, medical care, and education to freed blacks and white refugees. It was headed by Oliver O. Howard. Expired in 1872 due to a lack of support from white supremacist President Johnson.	185
5736324830	Wade-Davis Bill	bill pushed by Congress in 1864 that required 50 percent of a state's voters take the oath of allegiance and demanded stronger safe-guards for emancipation than proposed in Lincoln's 10 percent plan. Pocket-vetoed by Lincoln.	186
5736324831	10 Percent Plan	Lincoln's plan for re-admitting the Southern states into the Union: a state could be reintegrated into the Union when 10 percent of its voters in the presidential election of 1860 had taken an oath of allegiance to the United States and pledged to abide by emancipation.	187
5736324832	Moderate/ Radical Republicans	Divergence in the Republican party in which one side wanted to re-admit the Southern states swiftly on Congress's terms and the other wanted the Southerners to atone for their sins against the US and freed blacks to be protected by the Federal government.	188
5736324833	Black Codes	laws designed to regulate the affairs of the newly emancipated blacks.	189
5736324834	Sharecropping	A system used on southern farms after the Civil War in which former landowners "rented" plots of land to blacks and poor whites who worked the land owned by someone else in return for a small portion of the crops. Renters did this in such a way that the farmers were always in debt and therefore tied to the land.	190
5736324835	Civil Rights Act	a bill passed in March 1866 which gave blacks American citizenship and struck at the Black Codes.	191
5736324836	Fourteenth Amendment	amendment drawn from the Civil Rights Act that a) granted citizenship, excluded right to vote, to freedmen; b) reduced proportionately the representation of a state in Congress and the Electoral College if it denied blacks the ballot; c) disqualified ex-confederate officers from running for public office; and d) guaranteed the federal debt.	192
5736324837	"Swing Around the Circle"	a disastrous speaking campaign undertaken by President Andrew Johnson summer of 1866, in which he tried to gain support for his mild Reconstruction policies and for his preferred candidates (mostly Democrats) in the forthcoming midterm Congressional election. The tour received its nickname due to the route that the campaign took.	193
5736324838	Fifteenth Amendment	ratified in 1870, extended suffrage to adult male blacks.	194
5736324839	Redeemers	largely former slave owners who were the bitterest opponents of the Republican program in the South. Staged a major counterrevolution to "redeem" the south by taking back southern state governments. Their foundation rested on the idea of racism and white supremacy.	195
5736324840	Scalawags	nickname for Southerners, often former Unionists and Whigs. Ex-Confederates accused them of plundering treasuries of the Southern states.	196
5736324841	Carpetbaggers	nickname for Northerners who were accused of packing all of their goods into a carpetbag at war's end and moving South to seek personal power and profit, when in reality they wished to help modernize the "New South".	197
5736324842	Ku Klux Klan	the "Invisible Empire of the South", founded in Tennessee in 1866, made up of embittered white Southerners who resented the success and ability of Black legislators. They would terrorize, mutilate, and even murder "upstart" blacks to "keep them in their place".	198
5736324843	Force Acts	laws that banned the use of terror, force or bribery to prevent someone from voting because of their race. Also banned the KKK entirely and brought forth military help to enforce these laws.	199
5736324844	Tenure of Office Act	(1867) law requiring the president to secure the consent of the senate before he could remove his appointees once they had been approved by that body.	200

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AP US History: Unit 4 Flashcards

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5648293543	Seneca Falls Convention	The first convention of women for women's rights, with Susan B. Anthony and Elizabeth Cady Stanton	0
5648293544	Horace Mann	Advocate for public education and implemented the tax for public school	1
5648294579	2nd Great Awakening	2nd revival of protestant values which caused the uprise of more groups against things like war, slavery, and drinking during the early 19th century	2
5648294580	American Temperance Society	Society formed against drinking	3
5648298060	Cult of Domesticity	Ideologies of most people about women, such as that they should stay at home, be more religious than men, etc...	4
5648298061	New Immigrants	Immigrants from Europe coming in recently to the North because of extreme poverty in their native countries	5
5648298062	Old Immigrants	Immigrants of mostly British descent which have roots in Americans before the New immigrants came in	6
5648299870	Fredrick Douglass	Former slave-turned-speaker in the North, his friends bought his freedom and he spoke against slavery, Abolitionist and friends	7
5648299871	William Lloyd Garrison	Abolitionist and friends with Fredrick Douglass	8
5648301838	American Colonization Society	Founded to send all the freed slaves back to Africa, not very popular with the African American because they no longer spoke their native languages and have changed themselves to be better suited in America	9
5648301839	Transcendentalism	Divinity pervades all nature and humanity, and has progressive views on feminism and communal living	10
5648305128	Martin Van Buren	In Andrew Jackson's cabinet, and Andrew Jackson's vice president then first president of the United States. Inherited financial crisis of 1837; inability to deal with this financial problem and the Whig led to his loss in 1840	11
5648305129	Panic of 1837	Financial crisis caused by Andrew Jackson when he tried to get rid of the National bank but didn't know what to do	12
5648308243	Walt Whitman	Transcendentalist and American poet	13
5648308244	Elizabeth Cady Stanton	Feminist presents in the Seneca convention who was Susan B. Anthony's role model and friend who lost most of her popularity when she blamed woman's role in society on Christianity and the Bible	14
5648310146	Ralph Waldo Emerson	Poet and lecturer who led the transcendentalism movement	15
5648313193	California Gold Rush	Gold found in California which led to a lot of people settling there and California applying for statehood earlier than expected leading to the Crisis of 1850	16
5648314200	Susan B. Anthony	Feminist leader and friends with Elizabeth Cady Stanton. Advocated for the woman's right to vote and was more famous than her partner (ECS)	17
5648314201	Dorothea Dix	Advocate for the rights of mental patients went up before many senates of different states and proposed her plan to not consider mentally ill patients as criminals	18
5648316428	"The Liberator"		19
5648316429	American Anti-Slavery Society	A society of abolitionist formed after the second great awakening	20
5648317623	Harriet Beecher Stowe	Author of Uncle Tom's cabin	21
5648319577	Harriet Tubman	Former slave who started the underground railroad and personally saved over three hundred slaves	22
5648321356	Aspects of Slave Culture	Gospel music Night time culture Blend of Catholicism and native African religions	23
5648321357	Commodore Matthew Perry	Person who made trade relations with Japan by threatening them with America's navy	24
5648324156	William Henry Harrison	Randa log cabin campaign president of America for one month died of pneumonia	25
5648324157	"Tippecanoe and Tyler too"	Slogan of the log cabin campaign	26
5648332926	Log Cabin Campaign	Refers to the fact that Harrison was the first president to campaign activity for office	27
5648332927	John Tyler	Vice President of William Henry Harrison who became president of the United States after he died; tried to annex Texas wduring his lame duck period, so he passed a joint resolution	28
5648334103	Texas Revolution	The province of Texas revolted against Mexico because of Santa Anna's new rule as a dictator	29
5648334104	Sam Houston	Leader of the Texas revolt and president of the Republic of Texas. Was also friends with Andrew Jackson	30
5648334105	Austin Family	Family who propose that Texas allow American citizens to enter into Texas as long as they follow the following three rules; must become Mexican citizens must become Catholic and cannot have slaves	31
5648336988	Oregon Trail: 54'50" line or Fight	Four countries had claim to oregon but Russia and Spain backed out because of internal issues leaving it to America and Brtiain; Compromise was the boundary was set at the 54'50" line	32
5648336989	War with Mexico	After the United States try to annex Texas Mexico cut off all relations with America and went to war immediately America one this is where the Alamo happened	33
5648338155	James K Polk	President who follows John Tyler and Millard Fillmore he inherited the war with Mexico. Had four goals which were to lower the tariff and then stab Lish independent treasury and to solve the Oregon question and the Mexico question	34
5648338156	Tariff of 1842	Restored the the	35
5648341066	Treaty of Guadalupe-hidalgo	Treaty between Mexico and the United States: Mexico recognizes the Rio Grande as southern Texas border; USA pays Mexico $15 million for what becomes California Nevada and parts of present-day Utah Arizona Colorado New Mexico in Wyoming; promises that US will protect Mexican nationals living a newly American land but no provisions for letting them keep their property	36
5648341067	Oregon Treaty		37
5648343710	California Bear Flag Republic		38
5648344529	Gadsden Purchase		39
5648344530	Manifest Destiny	Ideology that Americans have the right to manifest the rest of the continent all the way to the Pacific	40
5648346864	Mexican Cession		41
5648348234	Spot Resolutions		42
5648348235	Wilmot Proviso	Treaty proposed which said that the states which currently have slavery can keep up at slavery will not spread throughout the newly obtained land	43
5648350179	"King Cotton"	Cotton which is usually grown in the south which needed Eli Whitney's cotton gin and a lot of labor and slaves	44
5648351356	Eli Whitney's Cotton Gin	Invention which revitalize slavery because it made cotton easier to produce but still difficult and labor intensive	45
5648351357	Nativism		46
5648353252	German and Irish Immigrants	Immigrants who flooded the north because they were in poverty and their home countries this gave the north more people which helped them during the Civil War and helped industrialize the north	47
5648353253	Popular Sovreignty	Political ideology which allowed states to decide whether or not they would be a slave states or free states	48
5648355229	Uncle Tom's Cabin	Book written by Harriet Beecher Stowe which showed the life of a slave although not entirely accurate helped people realize the horrors of slavery	49
5648359864	Free-Soil Party	Political party which believed that slavery can exist but only in the states in which it currently exists and cannot spread	50
5648359865	Shakers		51
5648359866	Know-nothing party	Southern part of the former whig party, they were pro-slavery	52
5648362064	Underground railroad	Established by Harriet Tubman and helped slaves run away from their owners to the north or to Canada	53
5648363179	Compromise of 1850	Compromise made by Henry Clay and Stephen Douglas to solve the crisis of 1850 which save the union and postpone the Civil War of the north could industrialize compromise provided that California as a free state Utah and New Mexico is the determined by popular so variety fugitive slave law and boundary of Texas pays off debt and abolishes the DC slave trade	54
5648363180	Fugitive Slave Law	Provision of the compromise of 1850 which meant that the north had to return any run away slaves to the south	55
5648364688	Kansas-Nebraska Act		56
5648366035	Stephen Douglas	Lawyer from Illinois who had debates with Lincoln and also helped henry Clay with the compromise of 1850	57
5648366036	Republican Party	Party founded by northern whigs, anti-slavery	58
5648367751	"Bleeding Kansas"	Term for Kansas because since it was determined by population of variety both Republicans and Democrats settled there and began to fight a lot	59
5648367752	John Brown		60
5648368755	Lecompton Constitution	First constitution voted on in Kansas but was deemed corrupt because the Democrats had cheated	61
5648369638	Dred Scott Descision	One of the worst decisions of the Supreme Court where Roger Teini ruled that Dred Scott could not sue because he was not a citizen of America; set precedent that blacks weren't citizens and the Missouri compromise was illegal by c of 1850and Kansas-Nebraska	62
5648371716	Roger Taney	Chief Supreme Court Justice during the Dred scott decision	63
5648372865	Lincoln-Douglas debates	Debates versus Abraham Lincoln and Stephen Douglas which were usually on the subject of the morality of slavery	64
5648373947	Raid at Harper's Ferry		65
5648373948	Panic of 1857		66
5648374644	Tariff of 1857		67
5648376225	Freeport Doctirine		68
5648376226	Abraham Lincoln	Lawyer in Illinois ran for congressman but lost to Stephen Douglas soon to be president of the United States	69
5648377538	Zachary Taylor	President who ran during the election of 1848 for slavery was not a central issue because people thought that they had more time to solve that issue he was against the compromise of 1850 but he died before he could go against it and was replaced by Millard Fillmore	70

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5439809189	Free Soil Party	This was a minor but influential party that emerged in 1848. It followed the ideas of the Wilmot Proviso which banned slavery. This party wanted to ban slavery in the territories acquired from Mexico.	0
5439809190	American Party	This party was another name for the Know-Nothing party and had ideas that opposed immigration and current immigrants in the United States. It was short-lived and only lasted for a year starting in 1855.	1
5439811726	Uncle Tom's Cabin	This book was written by Harriet Beecher Stowe and demonstrated the cruelty of slavery and swayed many Northerners against it. This book was copied thousands of times and the Northerners rallied behind it. It debated slavery, the Fugitive Slave Laws, and racism.	2
5439811727	Compromise of 1850	This was a compromise to end the debates about the Mexican Cession. It added California as a free state, allowed for popular sovereignty in the Utah and New Mexico territories, banned slave trade in the District of Columbia, and remade the Fugitive Slave Laws. This was an obvious win for the North. It was the last compromise made by Henry Clay. It went against the Missouri Compromise by allowing the possibility of a slave state above the 36' 30' line.	3
5439815849	Fugitive Slave Act	These laws were part of the Compromise of 1850. Part of this compelled citizens to assist in the capturing of slaves which angered many Northerners. If the citizen did not agree to help arrest the slave, they would be fined $1000 and be sentenced to six months in jail. It also denied slaves the right to a trial. This infuriated many Northerners because it made them arrest slaves even though many people did not want to.	4
5439988867	Kansas-Nebraska Act	This bill was proposed by Stephen Douglas and passed in 1854. It allowed popular sovereignty in the Kansas and Nebraska, a clear violation of the Missouri Compromise. This angered many Northerners and people from both regions began to flock to these regions to influence its position on slavery. The Republican Party also formed out of denial for this act.	5
5439992943	Scott v. Sandford	When a slave master moved to a free state with his slave, the slave thought he would be free. He took this case to the Supreme Court. Chief Justice Roger Taney ruled that he could not sue in courts because he was property, not a citizen, thus ending the case in the favor of the slave owner. The court then went further and denied the right of the federal government to end slavery in territories, only the territory could decide that for itself. The court went even further and declared the Missouri Compromise to be unconstitutional because of this. This angered many Northerners and deepened the sectional divide.	6
5439992944	Bleeding Kansas	This was a massacre where John Brown murdered Southerners in Kansas in their sleep. This happened because the Kansas-Nebraska Act allowed popular sovereignty and many people came to Kansas from the North and the South. These people erupted in violence against each other because of their differing beliefs on slavery.	7
5439995198	Harper's Ferry	John Brown (from Bleeding Kansas) was funded by abolitionists in the North to go down to Harper's Ferry, (West) Virginia and start a slave revolt. He took hold of a federal arsenal and started killing people. This was relatively unsuccessful because many slaves did not know it was going on, and therefore did not participate. Southerners were outraged and called on the North to punish him. Moderate Northerners did not condone his actions and thought he went a little too far. Radicals in the North applauded him and cheered.	8
5439997876	Homestead Act	This was signed into law in 1862. It allowed any American, including freed slaves, to move to the West and claim 160 free acres of land. This passed now because the Southern states opposed it and they were not in Congress to vote the Northern states down. The South opposed it because they knew that a large population would move there and there would be more free states.	9
5440206724	Tenure of Office Act	This forbade the President to remove civil officers without the consent of the Senate. It passed in 1867. Congress passed this because they did not like Johnson's leniency on the South and wanted to have strict military enforcements in the military districts.	10
5440209902	Transcontinental Railroad	Two railroad companies, the Central Pacific and Union Pacific, strived to connect the United States from east to west. They connected San Francisco to Omaha.	11
5440209903	Black Codes	These were instituted by many Southern states who wanted to reinforce white supremacy over freed slaves. They maintained a cheap labor force in the South and made them inferior.	12
5440214089	Lincoln's 10% Plan	This was proclaimed in 1863. It allowed all Southerners to get their property back except for high Confederate officials. It allowed a new state government to be formed when 10% of the population of that state took an oath of allegiance to the Union. States who joined were encouraged to make laws regarding freed slaves as long as they did not take away their liberty.	13
5440214090	Wade-Davis Bill	This was the Congress' belief regarding the punishment of the South. It appointed military governors to each of the seceded states. A majority of the state population had to take the oath of allegiance. It took away voting rights to all people who voluntarily fought for the Confederate army. It also required each state to abolish slavery.	14
5440392329	Freedmen's Bureau	This was established in 1865 by Congress to aid freed slaves in poor whites. The Freedmen's Bureau provided food, housing and medical aid, established schools and offered legal assistance. It also attempted to settle former slaves on Confederate lands confiscated or abandoned during the war.	15
5440395951	13th Amendment	This amendment abolished slavery in all parts of the country. States that seceded from the Union were required to pass this law when they were readmitted.	16
5440395952	14th Amendment	This amendment allowed African-Americans to become citizens. It guaranteed them rights and privileges.	17
5440395953	15th Amendment	This amendment gave African-Americans the right to vote. This angered some Southerners who had fought in the war because the blacks were allowed to vote but some of them were not.	18
5440398456	Civil Rights Act of 1866	This act granted citizenship and rights to all males, regardless of race, color, or previous condition of slavery or involuntary servitude.	19
5440491263	Scalawags	These were Southerners who supported the Republican Party. They supported this party because they knew that they could not resist the changes during reconstruction, so they might as well embrace them.	20
5440493196	Carpetbaggers	These were Northerners who moved to the South for economic gain. The South thought they moved here to exploit the misfortune of the South and did not like them.	21
5440493197	Jim Crow Laws	These were state and local laws that enforced racial segregation in the South. These lasted until the 1960's.	22
5440495255	Election of 1876	Tilden won the popular vote and won the electoral vote. He won by 19 electoral votes but there were still 20 uncounted ones. This is the most disputed election in American history. Hayes ended up winning because of the Compromise of 1877.	23
5440495256	Compromise of 1877	This compromise was struck between the Republican and Democrat parties. The Republican candidate would win the election of 1876 even though he did not win the popular or electoral vote. The Republican party in turn offered to remove all federal troops from Southern states.	24

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