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AMSCO AP US History Chapter 13 Flashcards

AMSCO United States History 2015 Edition, Chapter 13 The Union in Peril, 1848-1861

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8211864449free-soil movementThis movement did not oppose slavery in the South, but they did not want the Western states to allow slavery. (p. 247)0
8211864450Free-Soil partyIn 1848, Northerns organized this party to advocate that the new Western states not allow slavery and provide free homesteads. Their slogan was, "free soil, free labor, free men". (p. 248)1
8211864454bleeding KansasAfter 1854, the conflicts between antislavery and proslavery forces exploded in the Kansas Territory. (p. 252)2
8211864455Pottawatomie CreekIn 1856 Kansas, abolitionist John Brown and his sons attacked this proslavery farm settlement and killed five settlers. (p. 253)3
8211864456Lecompton constitutionIn 1857, President James Buchanan asked that Congress accept this document and admit Kansas as a slave state. Congress did not accept it. (p. 255)4
8211864457popular sovereigntyAround 1850, this term referred to the idea that each new territory could determine by vote whether or not to allow slavery would be allowed in that region. (p. 248)5
8211864458Lewis CassThis Democratic senator from Michigan, proposed popular sovereignty as the solution to the slavery question in the territories. (p. 248)6
8211864459Henry ClayHe proposed the Compromise of 1850. (p. 249)7
8211864460Zachary TaylorThe twelfth president of the United States from 1849 to 1850. He was a general and hero in the Mexican War. He was elected to the presidency in 1848, representing the Whig party. He died suddenly in 1850 and Millard Fillmore became the president. (p 248, 249)8
8211864461Compromise of 1850Henry Clay proposed and it was signed into law by President Millard Fillmore. It proposed: * Admit California to the Union as a free state * Divide the remainder of the Mexican Cession into New Mexico and Utah (popular sovereignty) * Ban slave trade in D. C., but permit slaveholding * New Fugitive Slave Law to be enforced (p. 249)9
8211864462Stephen A. DouglasIn 1854, he devised the Kansas-Nebraska Act, which in effect overturned the Missouri Compromise, and allowed the South the opportunity to expand slavery. In 1858, he debated Abraham Lincoln in a famous series of seven debates in the campaign for the Illinois senate seat. He won the campaign for reelection to the Senate, but he alienated Southern Democrats. In 1860, he won the Democratic presidential nomination, but Southern Democrats nominated their own candidate, John Breckinridge. He was easily defeated by Abraham Lincoln in the presidential election that year. (p. 252, 256, 258)10
8211864463Millard FillmoreThe thirteenth president of the United States, serving from 1850 until 1853, and the last member of the Whig Party to hold that office. He was the second Vice President to become president upon the death of a sitting President, when he succeeded Zachary Taylor. As vice president he helped pass the Compromise of 1850. (p. 249, 255)11
8211864464Kansas-Nebraska ActThis 1854 act, sponsored by Senator Stephen A Douglas, would build a transcontinental railroad through the central United States. In order gain approval in the South, it would divide the Nebraska territory into Nebraska and Kansas and allow voting to decide whether to allow slavery. This increased regional tensions because it effectively repealed the Missouri Compromise, which had already determined that this area would not allow slavery. (p. 252)12
8211864465Crittenden compromiseIn the winter of 1860-1861, Senator John Crittenden proposed a constitutional amendment to appease the South. He proposed that slavery would be allowed in all areas south of the 36 30 line. The Republicans rejected the proposal because it would allow extension of slavery into the new territories. (p. 260)13
8211864466Franklin PierceThe fourteenth President of the United States from 1853 to 1857. A Democrat from New Hampshire, he was acceptable to Southern Democrats because he supported the Fugitive Slave Law. (p. 252)14
8211864467Know-Nothing partyThis political party started in the mid-1850s. Also known as the American party, they were mostly native-born Protestant Americans. Their core issue was opposition to Catholics and immigrants who were entering Northern cities in large numbers. (p. 254)15
8211864468Republican partyThis political party formed in 1854, in response to the passage of the Kansas-Nebraska Act. It was composed of a coalition of Free-Soilers, antislavery Whigs, and Democrats. Although not abolitionist, it sought to block the spread of slavery in the territories. (p. 254)16
8211864469John C. FremontIn the presidential election of 1856, this California senator was the Republican nominee. The Republican platform called for no expansion of slavery, free homesteads, and a probusiness protective tariff. He lost the election to James Buchanan, but won 11 of the 16 free states, which foreshadowed the emergence of a powerful Republican party. (p. 255)17
8211864470James BuchananThe fifteenth President of the United States from 1857 to 1861. He tried to maintain a balance between proslavery and antislavery factions, but his moderate views angered radicals in both North and South, and he was unable to forestall the secession of South Carolina to December 20, 1860. During his term: "Bleeding Kansas" (1856), Caning of Senator Sumner (1856), Lecompton Constitution (1857), Dred Scott case (1857) (p. 255)18
8211864471election of 1860In this presidential election, the Republican candidate, Abraham Lincoln won. Lincoln won all the northern states, while John C. Breckinridge, a South Democrat, won all the southern states. The South felt like it no longer had a voice in national politics and a number of states soon seceded from the Union. (p. 258)19
8211864472secessionThe election of Abraham Lincoln was the final event that caused the southern states to leave the Union. In December 1860, South Carolina voted unanimously to secede. Within the next six weeks Georgia, Florida, Alabama, Mississippi, Louisiana, and Texas had all seceded. In February 1861, representatives of seven states met in Montgomery, Alabama to create the Confederate States of America. (p. 259)20
8211864473Fugitive Slave LawCongress passed a second version of this law in 1850. The law's chief purpose was to track down runaway slaves who had escaped to a Northern state, capture them, and return them to their Southern owners. Enforcement of the law in the North was sometimes opposed even though there were penalties for hiding a runaway slave or obstructing enforcement of the law. (p. 250)21
8211864474Underground RailroadA network of people who helped thousands of enslaved people escape to the North by providing transportation and hiding places. (p. 250)22
8211864475Harriet TubmanBorn a slave, she escaped to the North and became the most renowned conductor on the Underground Railroad, leading more than 300 slaves to freedom. (p. 250)23
8211864476Dred Scott v. SandfordAn 1857 Supreme Court case, in which Chief Justice Roger Taney ruled that African Americans (free or slave), were not citizens of the United States, that Congress could not exclude slavery from any federal territory, and that the Missouri Compromise was unconstitutional. The ruling delighted Southern Democrats and infuriated Northern Republicans. (p. 255)24
8211864477Roger TaneyHe was a Southern Democrat and chief justice of the Supreme Court during the Dred Scott v. Sandford case. (p. 255)25
8211864478Abraham LincolnHe was elected president of the United States in 1860. He was a Republican, who ran on a platform that appealed to those in the North and the West. It called for the exclusion of slavery in the new territories, a protective tariff for industry, free land for homesteaders, and a railroad to the Pacific. (p. 258)26
8211864479Lincoln-Douglas debatesIn 1858, Stephen Douglas and Abraham Lincoln had seven debates in the campaign for the Illinois senate seat. Lincoln was not an abolitionist, but he attacked Douglas's seeming indifference to slavery as a moral issue. Although Lincoln lost the election to Douglas, he emerged as a national figure and leading contender for the Republican nomination for president. (p. 256)27
8211864480house-divided speechThe speech given by Abraham Lincoln when accepting the Republican nomination for the Illinois senate seat. He said, "This government cannot endure permanently half slave and half free". (p. 256)28
8211864481Freeport DoctrineDoctrine developed by Stephen Douglas that said slavery could not exist in a community if the local citizens did not pass laws (slave codes) maintaining it. This angered Southern Democrats. (p. 257)29
8211864482Sumner-Brooks incidentThis incident took place in 1856, when Congressman Preston Brooks severely beat Massachusetts Senator Charles Sumner. The attack occurred in the Senate chamber, after Sumner gave a vitriolic speech, "The Crime Against Kansas". (p. 254)30
8211864483John BrownHe led his four sons and some former slaves, in an attack on the federal arsenal, called the Harpers Ferry raid. (p. 257)31
8211864484Harpers Ferry raidIn October 1859, John Brown led his four sons and some former slaves, in an attack on the federal arsenal at Harpers Ferry. His impractical plan was to obtain guns to arm Virginia's slaves, whom he hoped would rise up in a general revolt. He and six of his followers were captured and hanged. Southern whites saw the raid as proof of the north's true intentions - to use slave revolts to destroy the South. (p. 257)32
8211864485Harriet Beecher Stowe, Uncle Tom's CabinIn 1852, she wrote this influential book about the conflict between a slave named Tom, and a brutal white slave owner, Simon Legree. It caused a generation of Northerners and many Europeans to regard all slave owners as cruel and inhuman. Southerners believed it to be proof of Northern prejudice against the Southern way of life. (p. 250)33
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AMSCO AP US History Chapter 12B Flashcards

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8577152453manifest destinyThe belief that the United States had a divine mission to extend its power and civilization across the breadth of North America. (p. 230)0
8577152454TexasThe Republic of Texas was an independent nation, it's annexation was by a joint resolution of Congress, supported by President-elect Polk, was approved in 1845. Land from the Republic of Texas later became parts of New Mexico, Colorado, Oklahoma, Kansas, and Wyoming. (p. 233)1
8577152455Stephen AustinKnown as the Father of Texas, led the second and ultimately successful colonization of the region by bringing 300 families from Missouri. (p. 231)2
8577152456Antonio Lopez de Santa AnnaA Mexican general and dictator, who dominated Mexican politics for a quarter of a century. He was elected president, but didn't serve; instead he overthrew the government and established himself as a dictator. He commanded the Mexican army that stormed The Alamo during the Texas Revolution of 1835 and 1836 and killed all 187 defenders, but he was shortly afterward defeated and captured by Sam Houston's Texans.3
8577152457Sam HoustonUnited States politician and military leader who fought to gain independence for Texas from Mexico and to make it a part of the United States; First president of the Republic of Texas4
8577152458Alamomission and fort that was the site of a siege and battle during the Texas Revolution, which resulted in the massacre of all its defenders; the event helped galvanize the Texas rebels and eventually led to their victory at the Battle of San Jacinto and independence from Mexico.5
8577152459John TylerHe was elected Vice President, then he became the tenth president (1841-1845) when Harrison died. He was responsible for the annexation of Mexico after receiving a mandate from Polk. He opposed many parts of the Whig program for economic recovery. (p. 231)6
8577152460Aroostook WarAn undeclared confrontation in 1838-39 between the United States and Great Britain (lumbermen) over the international boundary between British North America (Canada) and Maine. The dispute resulted in a mutually accepted border between the state of Maine and the provinces of New Brunswick and Quebec.7
8577152461Webster-Ashburton TreatyIn this 1842 treaty US Secretary of State Daniel Webster and British ambassador Lord Alexander Ashburton created a treaty splitting New Brunswick territory into Maine and British Canada. It also settled the boundary of the Minnesota territory. (p. 232)8
8577152462Oregon territoryFor twenty years, the British and the United States agreed to jointly occupy this region. But in the mid-1840s this region became a political issue in the United States, with many expansionists willing to risk war to get all of the territory, including present-day British Columbia (54 40 or fight!). In 1846, Britain and the United States agreed to extend the 49th Parallel, forming the modern border between Canada and the United States. The settlers quickly applied for territorial status, which Congress granted in 1849. The territory was gradually split up, and in 1859, it—with its present borders—became the 33rd state. (p. 232)9
8577152463Fifty-four Forty or FightThe slogan of the supporters of James K. Polk's plan for Oregon. They wanted the border of the territory to be on 54' 40° and were willing to fight Britain about it. Eventually 49 degrees was adopted as the border and there was no violence. (p. 232)10
8577152464James K. PolkThe eleventh U.S. president (1845-1849). Polk was a slave owning southerner dedicated to Democratic party. In 1844, he was a "dark horse" candidate for president. He favored American expansion, especially advocating the annexation of Texas, California, and Oregon. He was a protege of Andrew Jackson. (p. 232)11
8577152465Mexican War (1846-1847)an armed conflict between the United States and Mexico from 1846 to 1848 because U.S. annexation of Texas, which Mexico considered part of its territory despite the 1836 Texas Revolution. Whig Party and anti-slavery elements strongly opposed. The War forced Mexican give Alta California and New Mexico in exchange for $18 million. Mexico accepted the Rio Grande as its national border, and the loss of Texas.12
8577152466Zachary TaylorCommander of the Army of Occupation on the Texas border. He took the Army into the disputed territory between the Nueces and Rio Grande Rivers and built a fort on the north bank of the Rio Grande River. When the Mexican Army tried to capture the fort, his force engaged in is a series of engagements that led to the Mexican War. His victories in the war and defeat of Santa Ana made him a national hero.13
8577152467Stephen KearneyHe was another leader in command during the Mexican War (although had an army smaller than Taylor's). He led a small army that captured Santa Fe successfully. He then went to California to help in the invasion there.14
8577152468John C. FremontOverthrew Mexican rule in northern California (June 1846) and proclaimed California to be an independent republic.15
8577152469California; Bear Flag RepublicIn June 1846 John C. Fremont quickly overthrew Mexican rule in Northern California to create this independent republic. (p. 234)16
8577152470Winfield ScottA general selected to invade central Mexico. The army of 14,000 under his command succeeded in taking the coastal city of Vera Cruz and then captured Mexico City in September 1847. (p. 234)17
8577152471Treaty of Guadalupe HidalgoTreaty that ended the Mexican War in 1848. Under its terms Mexico gave up all claims to Texas north of the Rio Grande and ceded California and the Utah and New Mexico territories to the United States. The United States paid Mexico fifteen million dollars and assumed responsibility for any claims of American citizens against Mexico. (p. 234)18
8577152472Mexican CessionHistorical name for the former Mexican provinces of California and New Mexico that was ceded to the U.S. by Mexico in 1848 under the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo following the Mexican-American War. It leads to slavery debate and breakup of Union. (p 234)19
8577152473Wilmot ProvisoIn 1846, the first year of the Mexican War, this bill would forbid slavery in any of the new territories acquired from Mexico. the bill passed the House twice, but was defeated in the Senate. (p. 234)20
8577152474Ostend ManifestoThe United States offer to purchase Cuba from Spain. When the plan leaked to the press in the United States it provoked an angry reaction from antislavery members of Congress, forcing President Pierce to drop the scheme. (p. 236)21
8577152475Franklin PierceHe was the fourteenth president. (p. 236)22
8577152476Walker ExpeditionAn expedition by a southern adventurer who tried to take Baja California from Mexico in 1853. He took over Nicaragua in 1855 to develop a proslavery empire. His scheme collapsed when he was killed by Honduran authorities. (p. 236)23
8577152477Clayton-Bulwer TreatyAn 1850 treaty between the U.S. and Great Britain agreeing that neither country would try to obtain exclusive rights to a canal across the Isthmus of Panama. (p. 236)24
8577152478Gadsden PurchaseIn 1853 the U.S. acquired land (present day southern New Mexico and Arizona) from Mexico for $10 million. (p. 236)25
8577152479Great American DesertIn the 1850s and 1860s these lands between the Mississippi River and the Pacific Coast, this vast arid territory included the Great Plains, the Rocky Mountains, and the Western Plateau. (p. 236)26
8577152480mountain menThe first non-native people to open the Far West. These fur trappers who spent most of their time in the Rocky Mountains, included James Beckwourth, Jim Bridger, Kit Carson, and Jedediah Smith. (p. 237)27
8577152481overland trailsThe long and arduous trek usually began in St. Joseph or Independence Missouri or in Iowa and followed the river valleys through the Great Plains, months later, the wagon trains would finally reach the foothills of the Rockies or face the hardships of the southwestern deserts. Disease was a much greater threat than Indian attack.28
8577152482mining frontierThe discovery of gold in California in 1848 caused the first flood of newcomers to the West. A series of gold strikes and silver strikes in what became the states of Colorado, Nevada, Idaho, Montana, Arizona, and South Dakota kept a steady flow of hopeful young prospectors pushing into the West. (p. 237)29
8577152483gold rush; silver rushThe gold rush to California (1848-1850) was followed by gold or silver rushes in Colorado, Nevada, the Black Hills of the Dakotas, and other western territories, created a mining boom. (p 237)30
8577152484farming frontierIn the 1830s and 1840s pioneer families moved west to start homesteads and begin farming. Government programs allowed settlers to purchase inexpensive parcels of land. (p. 237)31
8577152485urban frontierWestern cities that arose as a result of railroads, mineral wealth, and farming. They included San Francisco, Denver, and Salt Lake City. (p. 238)32
8577152486Elias HoweThe U.S. inventor of the sewing machine, which moved much of clothing production from the home to factories. (p. 238)33
8577152487Samuel F. B. MorseIn 1844 he invented the electric telegraph which allowed communication over longer distances. (p. 238)34
8577152488federal land grantsIn 1850 the U.S. government gave 2.6 million acres of federal land to build the Illinois Central railroad from Lake Michigan to Gulf of Mexico. (p. 238)35
8577152489industrial technologyAfter 1840 industrialization spread to Northeast, new factories produced shoes, sewing machines, ready-to-wear clothing, firearms, precision tools, and iron products. (p. 238)36
8577152490railroadsThis became America's largest industry, it required immense amounts of capital and labor and gave rise to complex business organizations. Local and state governments gave the industry tax breaks and special loans to finance growth. (p. 238)37
8577152491foreign commerce; exports and importsThe growth in manufactured goods as well as in agriculture products caused a significant growth of exports and imports. Other factors also players a role in the expansion of US trade during this time. (p. 238, 239)38
8577152492Matthew C. Perry; JapanCommodore of the U.S. Navy who was sent by federal government to persuade Japan to open up a port for trade. (p. 239)39
8577152493Panic of 1857Financial crash sharply lowered Midwest farmers prices and cause unemployment in the Northern cities. The South was not affected as much because cotton prices remained high. (p. 239)40
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AP US History Chapter 18 Review Flashcards

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8854601677Plessy v. FergusonAn 1896 Supreme Court case that ruled that "separate but equal" facilities were permissible according to the 14th amendment.0
8854601678Young Men's Christian AssociationIntroduced in Boston in 1851, this organization promoted muscular Christianity, combining evangelism with athletic facilities.1
8854601679Negro LeaguesAll-African American professional baseball teams where black men could showcase athletic ability and race pride.2
8854601680Sierra ClubAn organization founded in 1892, dedicated to preserving and enjoying America's great mountains and wilderness environments.3
8854601681National Park ServiceA federal agency founded in 1916 that provided comprehensive oversight of the growing system of national parks.4
8854601682National Audubon SocietyNamed in honor of antebellum naturalist John James Audubon, a national organization formed in 1901 that advocated for broader government protections for wildlife.5
8854601683Comstock ActAn 1873 law that prohibited circulation of "obscene literature" defined as including most information about sex and birth control.6
8854601684liberal artsA form of education pioneered by President Charles W. Eliot at Harvard University, whereby students chose from a range of electives, shaping their own curricula as they developed skills in research, critical thinking, and leadership.7
8854601685Atlanta CompromiseAn 1895 address to the Cotton States Exposition by Booker T. Washington that urged whites and African Americans to work together for the progress of all.8
8854601686MaternalismThe belief that women should contribute to civic and political life through their special talents as mothers, Christians, and moral guides. Maternalists put this ideology into action by creating dozens of social reform organizations.9
8854601687Women's Christian Temperance UnionAn organization advocating the prohibition of liquor.10
8854601688National Association of Colored WomenAn organization that arranged for the care of orphans, found homes for the elderly, advocated temperance and undertook public health campaigns.11
8854601689National American Woman Suffrage AssociationPro-suffrage organization formed by the joining of the National Woman Suffrage Association and the American Woman Suffrage Association.12
8854601690feminismThe ideology that women should enter the public sphere not only to work on behalf of others, but also for their own equal rights and advancements.13
8854601691natural selectionCharles Darwin's theory that the features of an organism that help it survive and reproduce are more likely than other features to be passed on to subsequent generations.14
8854601692Social DarwinismAn idea based on the theory of Herbert Spencer that human society advanced through competition and "the survival of the fittest".15
8854601693eugenicsAn emerging "science" of human breeding in the late 19th century that argued that mentally deficient people should be prevented from reproducing.16
8854601694realismA movement that called for writers and artists to picture daily life in the most precise and exact manner possible17
8854601695naturalismA literary movement that suggested that human beings were not so much rational agents and shapers of their own destinies, but blind victims of forces beyond their control.18
8854601696modernismA movement that questioned the ideals of progress and order, rejected realism, and emphasized new cultural norms, the first great literary and artistic movement of the 20th century.19
8854601697American Protective AssociationA powerful political organization of militant Protestants, which for a brief period in the 1890s counted more than two million members. In its virulent anti-Catholicism and calls for restrictions on immigrants, it prefigured the revived Ku Klux Klan of the 1920s.20
8854601698Social GospelA movement to renew religious faith through dedication to public welfare and social justice, reforming both society and self through Christian service.21
8854601699fundamentalismA term adopted by Protestants who rejected modernism and historical interpretations of scripture and asserted the literal truth of the Bible.22
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AP US History unit 2 Flashcards

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7283737110Middle ColoniesNew York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, and Delaware0
7283749453Susquehannathe river that allowed the middle colonies to tap the fur trade.1
7283762030Benjamin Franklincame to Philadelphia broke but he was prosperous because he is smart. owned a printing press and was an inventor.2
72837685051600England underwent a population boom in this year3
728377775275%percent of English immigrants that were indentured servants (most were young men from the middle class4
7283792310what caused indentured servants to leave Englandthe cloth trade slump in the early 1600's or being forced off their land due to the enclosure movement5
7283803343why did African slaves become usedthe supply of indentured servants ran out & had to get black slaves to replace them6
728381086940%what percent of indentured servants died before their indenture was up7
7283820273Massachusetts Bay Colony1629-42 11,000 Puritans swarmed to here8
7283827504puritans brought __________ to the New Worldbrought culture, religion, work ethic, and thrift to the new world9
7283836150farmersmost of the colonial work force10
7283863838immigrants from Europe werelower class looking for religion and wealth11
72838680476;1male-female ratio in the colonies12
7283875631climate, soil, region, resourcesshaped the economical development in the colonies13
7283884418CHARACTERIZED COLONIAL LIFEstrong belief of land ownership and free enterprise14
7283889787CavaliersEnglish nobility in Virginia that got large land grants15
7283895528First Families of Virginiaowned large land and and dominated the house of burgesses16
7283919820Names of FFV'sCustis, Jefferson, Randolph, Lee, & Washington17
72839710421693when Va established William & Mary18
7288882250the CarolinasRice and indigo were grown widely here19
72888914107 yearsperiod of typical indentured servitude.20
7288897037Nathanial Baconled a rebellion of free, poor, landless, and single men frustrated by lack of money and women21
72889063701676Year of Bacon's Rebellion22
7288911869William BerkelyVA governor that created peaceful relations with Indians directly after a bloody war with them.23
7288922719Berkely refused to retaliate against savage Indian attacksBacon's men murderously attacked Indian settlements because...24
7288936344DysentaryBacon died in the middle of the rebellion from...25
72889442081619The first group of African slaves arrived in America in this year26
7288950392Mid 1680'sAfrican slaves outnumbered white servants27
7288956062half of Virginia's population1750 Africans were28
7288962558West Africa (Senegal and Angola)Most slaves were from29
7288968440Sugar and Rice cultivationDeep South slave work30
7288977937English, Spanish, and FrenchAfricans blended their own languages with...31
7288984060Banjo and BongoContributions of Africans to American music32
7288994307A slave revolt killed a dozen whites and 21 blacksWhat happened in 1712 in New York33
7289003696"Stono Rebellion"slaves rebelled in South Carolina and tried to march to Spanish Florida but failed34
7289021334led to an eventual civil warthe slavery based agricultural society35
7289026951New Englanderstended to migrate as families36
7289035695ship building, fishing, lumbering, small farms, and rumNew England's economy was based on37
7289095247Puritans established Harvard as a religious college to become ministers1636 Massachusetts38
7289107620Puritansintolerant of dissenters who challenged their religion and they believed in connection between religion and government39
7289128107Rhode Island and new havenfounded by dissenters40
7289133698JermiadsPuritans worried about their child being loyal and faithful so these people scolded them for their waning piety to improve faith41
72891635101662 Half Way CovenantAll were welcome to come to the church even if they fell short of the 'visible saint' status42
7289170748Titubaa slave Salem girls blamed for trying to get them to marry Satan.43
728918071120 people died (19 hanged 1 pressed)witch hunt deaths44
728918426615th CenturyWhen witch hunts started in Europe.45
7289189547the governor's wife was accused of being a witchwhy the witch hunts ended in 169346
7289235547New York and Philadelphiagrew as seaports and commercial centers47
7289239979Quakersreligious group from Pennsylvania48
7289247845Jews & Huguenotsreligious group in New York49
7289250885Scottish Presbyterianreligious group in New Jersey50
7289260019Scots Irish7% of the population 175,000 people in 1775 most were Presbyterian some were pioneers51
7310383999became squatters because of their lack of money, moved into the Shenandoah Valley quarreling with Indians and white land ownersthe Scots-Irish reached America and52
7310416676led the armed march of the Parton boys1763-64 Scots Irish53
7310425872the Paxton'sled a march on Philadelphia to protest attacks in the Lehigh Valley and the Quakers peaceful treatment of the Indians. (led to Conestoga Massacre)54
7310453494NC regulator movement (1765)led by Scots-Irish, it was aimed against the Tuscarora and the domination by eastern whites in the colony55
7310475689Germans6% of the population in 1775 (most protestant)56
7310495063African Indentured Servants, slaves, and/or free blacksIn 1775 were 30% of the population57
7310519475Aristocrats had much powerclass differences emerged and58
7310527564Rum, Whiskey, Weapons,and goodsenriched merchants in New England and Middle Colonies59
7310539076Yeoman (small farmers)owned their land and owned few slaves. Landless whites rented from them.60
7310551397Irish Scotsthe paupers and criminals sent to the new world. this system was phased out in the 1700s61
7310567999Clergymost honored profession62
7310569398bleeding"solution to illness"63
7310571158inoculationintroduced in 1721 by Dr. Boylston of Boston64
7310600096Hunting, trading, small farmingmountain laboring65
7310604994"Triangular Trade"rum from England, got slaves from West Africa, traded molasses for slaves in the West Indies66
7310612032skilled craftspeopleprized over doctors and lawyers67
7310617334small enterprise in NERum, lumber, and textiles68
7310639296Britain Navymarked tall trees for ship's masts & colonists hated it even though there were countless good trees69
7310716153colonies forced into mercantile systemcolonies produced the resources, England produced the finished goods.70
7310740838Molasses Acthindered trade with the West Indies71
7310747592smugglingpopular and profitable in Colonial America (John Hancock made a fortune)72
7310766043official church of GA, NC, SC, VA, MD, and NYAnglican Church (where was it the official church of)73
7310754684Anglican Church and Puritan Churchthe two established churches of the New World74
7310777295Anglican sermons and beliefsshorter sermons, hell was less frightening, amusements were less sacred75
7310789126Congregational churchgrew from the puritan church established in New England colonies.76
7310802138Quakersdominated Pennsylvania77
7310803813Presbyteriansdominated New Jersey78
7310806597"The Great Awakening"people were worried they weren't devout enough in the 1700's79
7318316923Englandwhere the great awakening started80
7318336959"Doctrine of Armenians"Protestant Preachers adopted this81
7318350241Dutch reformistschallenged the orthodox calvinists82
7318364183congregational preacher with emotionally moving preaching methods. spoke of eternal damnation nonbelievers faced after deathJonathan Edwards83
7318370686Jonathan EdwardsHarvard educated and started preaching in 1734 "Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God"84
7318383714Edwards describes a man dangling a spider over a blazing flame being able to drop it in at any time"Sinners in the hands of an angry god"85
7318405239better orator (preacher) than Edwards, moved him to tearsGeorge Whitfield86
7318408333circuit ridersspreading the word of god copied Whitfield87
7318465303orthodox clergymanskeptical of new light preachers88
7318471496Princeton, Brown, Rutgers, and Dartmouth"new light" centers of education89
7318485776the great awakeningthe first religious experience shared by all Americans90
7318504751New England and the Middle Atlanticeducation was most important here and kindergarten and primary schools arose for those able to go (wealthy)91
7318514660New Englandmore literate people in this colony than any other92
7318521459religion and classical languagesColonial schools emphasized on93
7318528544more focus on liberal arts and science due to the enlightenment in Europechanges in the colonial curriculum in the mid 1700's94
7318534942created high school and the University of PennsylvaniaBen Franklin95
7333119930Swedenlog cabin came from96
7333135012Virginia in 1720Georgian red-bricked style dominated this colony97
7333147091Phillis Wheatleyan African slave (never formally educated) published a book of verse (poems) very popular98
7333168378Poor Richard's almanacBen Franklin published this and it was the most influential in the colonies, most read second to the Bible99
7333178967first public librarydeveloped by Ben Franklin100
7333190308John ZengerNew York newspaper printer taken to court and charged with slander against governor William Cosby.101
7333220443Cosby removed a judge in order to make more of a profit and Zenger wrote about it and was acquitted of slander because the accusations were truepremise of the Zenger v. Cosby case102
7333225170Andrew HamiltonZenger's lawyer103
73332392878 of 13how many colonies were royal104
73332427663how many colonies have governors chosen by propieters105
73332468632 house legislative bodyeach colony had a (as a form of gov't)106
7333252563upper houserepresented the king and the royal body107
7333255659lower houserepresented the people- chosen by the people108
7333266882self taxation with representationa value colonists cherished109
7333275091white male landowners 21 years oldrequirements for sufferage110
7333284083lotteriesuniversally approved because it raised money for churches and universities111
7333293003beaver pelt and lumbermost valuable resource of New France (Canada)112
7333300863QuebecNew France's capital established by Samuel de Champlain in 1608113
7333309569"Coureirs de Bois"(runners of the woods) name for French hunter trappers114
7333319866French voyagersrecruited indians to help them trap and hunt beaver115
7333327871Ohio Valley,French settled here116
7333331038Antoine Cadillacfounded Detroit in 1701117
7333351904founded Louisiana in 1682 to halt Spanish expansion into the Gulf of MexicoRobert de LaSalle118
7333356863King Louis XIVwho Louisiana was named for119
7333379950ends up in Spanish Mexico and was murdered in 1687Robert de La Salle tried to return to Louisiana but120
7333394828Illinois countryFrench set up trading posts and forts here121
7333414702English captain Robert Jenkins upset the Spanish, got his ear cut off, and it was presented to Parliament in 1731the war of Jenkins ear122
7333420435naval warconfined to the Caribbean Sea and Georgia through the 1730's and early 1740's123
7333431074the war of Austrian Successionthe war of Jenkins ear merged with this war and was called King George's War in America (largely a European War after 1742)124
7333485894Cape Breton Island, CanadaDuring King George's War, France allied with Spain and English captured and reputes the fortress of125
7333517397Treaty of Aix-la Chapellebrought peace terms to the war- gave Louisburg fort back to France126
7333525304The Ohio valleyBattleground among the Spanish, British, and French127
7333557325Governor DinwiddieIn 1754, this governor sent Washington to the Ohio Valleys a colonel in command of 150 minutemen128
7333566425Fort DequesneIn the Ohio River Valley, a fort controlled by the French.129
7333583756Killed the French leaderWashington and his men encountered French 40 miles from for Duquesne and opened fire ...130
7333594640Washington's fort Necessity and fought "Indian Style" and made him surrender after a 10 hr siegeIn the Washinton Inaugurates War after their leader died, the French returned and surrounded ...131
73336170077 years warfourth of the wars between English and French, this one started in America132
7333625763Washington's battle with the French7 Years War began with133
7333635474England and Prussia v. France, Spain, Austria, and Russiasides in the 7 years war134
7333638685FrenchMore Indians sided with the135
7333642642Albany CongressIn 1754, 7 of the 13 colonies met to unite136
7333651088the Join or Die snake flag in pieces representing the coloniesFranklin published this before the congress in Albany137
7333709131the states were reluctant to give up sovereignty or powerwhy did the Plan of Union in Albany fail138
7333719795English, colonists, Iroqouis v. French and Indianssides in the French Indian War139
7336879121Edward BraddockIn 1775, the British sent whom to lead inexperienced soldiers with slow and heavy artillery140
7336886950"Indian Tactics"French ambushed the English using this in a battle near present day Pittsburgh (Great Meadows)141
7336889835Battle of Fort NeccesityIn this battle, Washington had 2 horses shot from under him, 4 bulletholes in his jacket- Braddock died and gave his military sash to Washington142
7336935927William Pitttook control of the British143
7336948568Moved major assaults to the French West Indies, concentrated on Quebec and Montreal (supply routes to New France), replaced old officers with new (daring) ones.Changes William Pitt Made144
7336953114they conquered Fort Louisburg which blocked supply to New FranceIn 1758 what did the British do145
7336964135James Wolfeled one of the most legendary attack of all time in which his men (British) scaled cliffs in the dark to surprise attack the French at Quebec and the Plains of Abraham. French were defeated and Quebec suffered146
7336987236James Wolfe and Marquis de Montcalm2 people that died in the French Indian War (In Quebec battle)147
73370234881759 Battle of Quebeca decisive victory of the French/Indian War of America148
7337057030French kicked out of the Americas, British got Canada and land to the Mississippi River, French could keep small sugar islands in the West Indies and St. Lawrence, France gave up Louisiana to Spain as compensation for war lossesconditions of the Peace Treaty at Paris 1763149
7337099744Americans felt equal with the redcoats and no longer saw them as invincible.resulted of the French/Indian war150
7337115279trade with enemy tradersThe British were concerned about this during the war151
7339299257he had to pay themwhat'd Pitt have to do to get the colonists to fight against the French152
7339326936less military presence in the coloniesafter the French/Indian war was over the French were defeated so153
7339352800Ottowa Chief Pontiacled French-alliedtribes in a brief, bloody campaign through the Ohio Valley- the whites cruelly retaliated154
7339391861Jeffery Amherstordered blankets infected with smallpox to be distributed to Pontiac's men155
7339415923Proclamation of 1763a document that kept colonists from settling west of the Appalachian Mountains (Indians got the Ohio River Valley)156
73394491861,000 wagons rolled through the town in defiance of the proclamation of 17631765 Salisbury North Carolina157
7339461560Revolutionary WarWar that lasted 8 years, caused by the independence and oppression felt across the colonies.158
7339475187GeorgiaOnly colony planted by the royal government. the rest were done privately or by propieters159
7339485065Mercantalismmade money for the crown, justified having control of the colonies160
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AP US History: Colonization & Settlement Flashcards

Important vocabulary of the colonization of North America in the 17th century

Terms : Hide Images
4829847456Jamestown1st permanent English settlement in North America in 1607.0
4829847457John SmithA captain famous for world travel. As a young man, he took control in Jamestown. He organized the colony and saved many people from death the next winter and coined the phrase "he who shall not work, shall not eat". He also initiated attacks on Natives.1
4829847458John RolfeHe was one of the English settlers at Jamestown (and he married Pocahontas). He discovered how to successfully grow tobacco in Virginia and cure it for export, which made Virginia an economically successful colony. Eventually, he was killed in a Pequot attack.2
4829847460Mayflower Compact1620 - The first agreement for self-government in America. It was signed by 41 men and set up a government for the Plymouth colony3
4829847461John WinthropAs governor of Massachusetts Bay Colony, he was instrumental in forming the colony's government and shaping its legislative policy. He envisioned the colony, centered in present-day Boston, as a "city upon a hill" from which Puritans would spread religious righteousness throughout the world.4
4829847462PuritansA religious group who wanted to reform the Church of England. They came to America for religious freedom and settled Massachusetts Bay.5
4829847463PilgrimsEnglish Separatists who founded Plymouth colony in 16206
4829847466New AmsterdamA settlement established by the Dutch near the mouth of Hudson River and the southern end of Manhattan Island as a trade port for the Dutch trade empire.7
4829847467Great Migration of Puritans1630s- 70,000 refugees left England for New World increasing population of New England.8
4829847468New YorkIt was founded by the Dutch for trade and furs and became an English Colony in 1664, when the English were determined to end Dutch trade dominance, and took over the colony by invading New Amsterdam without having to fire a shot.9
4829847470House of Burgesses1619 - the first legislative body in colonial America. It was made up of two representatives from each town voted on by men who owned property.10
4829847471Headright systemParcels of land consisting of about 50 acres which were given to colonists who brought indentured servants into America. They were used by the Virginia Company to attract more colonists.11
4829847472Indentured servantsColonists who received free passage to North America in exchange for working without pay for a certain number of years12
4829847473Bacon's Rebellion1676 - western Virginia settlers were angry at Virginia Governor Berkeley for trying to appease the Doeg Indians after the Doegs attacked the western settlements. The frontiersmen formed an army which defeated the Indians and then marched on Jamestown and burned the city. The movement ended suddenly.13
4829847474King Philip's War/Metacom's WarThe Wampanoag destroyed colonial towns, the colonists destroyed native farms, leading to the most deadly of Indian Wars. The war was disastrous for the natives leading to few surviving the war, and those that did left New England.14
4829847476proprietary colonyEnglish colony in which the king gave land to individuals in exchange for a yearly payment15
4829847477town meetingsA purely democratic form of government common in the colonies, and the most prevalent form of local government in New England. In general, the local voting population would meet once a year to elect officers, levy taxes, and pass laws.16
4829847478Salem Witch Trials1692 outbreak of accusations in a Puritan village marked by an atmosphere of fear, hysteria, and unfounded accusations in courts with Puritan ministers who served as judges. 19 women were executed.17
4829847479Roger WilliamsA dissenter who clashed with the Massachusetts Puritans over separation of church and state and was banished in 1636, after which founded the colony of Rhode Island to the south.18
4829847481Anne HutchinsonOne of the dissenters in Puritan Massachusetts held bible studies at house and believed in a personal relationship with god. Moved to New Netherlands where died along with children from an Indian attack.19
4829847484William PennEstablished a "holy experiment". Freemen had the right to vote, provided leadership for self- government based on personal virtues and Quaker religious beliefs. His colony was religiously tolerant leading to diversity in the region.20
4829847486Toleration Act of 1649Permitted Catholics to worship as they pleased in Maryland--first protection of religious freedom in modern day U.S.21
4829847488Halfway CovenantA Puritan church document; In 1662, it allowed partial membership rights to persons not yet converted into the Puritan church; It lessened the difference between the "elect" members of the church from the regular members; Women soon made up a larger portion of Puritan congregations.22
4829847491MercantilismAn economic policy under which nations sought to increase their wealth and power by obtaining large amounts of gold and silver and by selling more goods than they bought.23
4829847492Triangular Slave TradeA practice, primarily during the eighteenth century, in which European ships transported slaves from Africa to Caribbean islands, molasses from the Caribbean to Europe, and trade goods from Europe to Africa.24
4829847493Middle PassageA voyage that brought enslaved Africans across the Atlantic Ocean to North America and the West Indies. The conditions on the ships from Africa to the west led to the loss of hundreds of thousands of lives.25
4829847495Ben FranklinA colonial businessman and scientist who was an example of American social mobility and individualism. He was a delegate from Pennsylvania in colonial meetings, and proposed the "Albany Plan of the Union" as a way to strengthen the colonies in the French and Indian War. He was a leading figure in the movement toward revolution, and as a diplomat to France to get help during the American Revolution26
4829847496Great Awakening(1730s and 1740s) Religious movement characterized by emotional preaching (Jonathan Edwards & George Whitefield). It established American religious precedents such as camp meetings, revivals, and a "born again" philosophy. The first cultural movement to unite the thirteen colonies. It was associated with the democratization of religion, and a challenge to existing authorities and was an influence leading to the American Revolution.27
4829847497Jonathan EdwardsA leading minister during the Great Awakening, he delivered the famous sermon "Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God" promising that evildoers would pay a price on judgement day.28
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AP Us History Final Flashcards

Terms : Hide Images
5736573348Roanokefirst English settlement, established by sir walter Raleigh in 1584, he named the region Virginia after the Virgin Queen0
5736953129Jamestown100 men land, 40 die on the way, swarming with mosquitoes, a ship lost its leaders and supplies, cannablism1
5736969409MarylandUp the coast from Jamestown, tobacco is the main crop, in 1664 soldiers arrived from England2
5745785898Toleration Actany religion will be tolerated in Maryland, whites, christians3
5736972031William Pennestablished Pennsylvania, also was attracted to the Quaker faith4
5736972032John Rolfesaves Johnstown by growing tobacco, makes a ton of money5
5736972033Pochahontassaved John Smith from dying, marries John Rolfe6
5736974903Mercantilismthe more colonies you have, the more richer/powerful you are7
5736974904Dutch/New AmsterdamThe dutch settle in New York and New York becomes owned by the English/Britain8
5736978178Stamp (Tax) Actplaced excise taxes on printed matter, 1765, Direct tax, catalyst to unite opposition, done to pay for 7 years war9
5736978179Sons of LibertyGroup dressed as Indians threw tea into the harbor, led by Sam Adams10
5736980293Boston MassacreMarch 5, 1770, Troops filled, population infuriated, tax on tea, sons of liberty dumped tea into harbor, British opened fire11
5736982624Declaration of Independencewrote on July 4th, 1776 by Thomas Jefferson, created equal, life, liberty, and pursuit of happiness12
5736982625Common SenseWrote to tell people to fight for their rights, 150,000 copies were sold, written by Thomas Pain13
5736987181Yorktown1781, in Virginia, the last battle, joined my Lafayette and troops from de Grase's fleet, Washington surrounds it, British lose biggest army14
5741719652Valley ForgeMilitary camp for Continental army, 1778 winter15
5736987182Articles of ConfederationNovember 1777, submitted to states for ratification16
5736989149Branches of GovernmentLegislature-house of rep, Judicial-supreme court, Executive-president17
57370018213/5 Compromise3/5th of slaves were counted for purposes of taxation and representation18
5737018725Bills of Rights 1, 2, 5, 81- freedom of speech, 2- right to bear arms, 5-plead the 5th, 8- no cruel or unusual punishment19
5737024635Louisiana Purchasebuys Louisiana purchase for $15 million in 1803 from France, region between the Mississippi and Rocky Mountains20
5737030647Lewis & ClarkStarted the journey to the Pacific in May 1804, on the way they established friendly relationships with several Native American tribes21
5737034056SacajaweaShoshone woman, helped Lewis and Clark as interpreter22
5737043635TecumsehShawnee chief that attempted to unite all tribes east of the Mississippi23
5737043636Texas IndependenceTexas becomes their own country from battling with mexico24
5745879055Sam Houstonwon and got Texas their independence25
5737047306Treaty of Guadalupe HidalgoMexico gave up Texas above Rio Grande River, US gave Mexico 15 million and pay claims of American citizens against Mexico26
5737047307James K Polkpersuaded congress to lower tariff and restore independent treasury27
5742517980Manifest Destinybetween 1840-1860 more than 250 thousand people made the trip westward, Oregon trail28
5737051423Mexican American Warstarts in Texas, we get New Mexico, Nevada, Arizona, and California from this war, American brought troops in Mexico and started from that29
57370514241848 California Gold RushOver 200,000 people went to California in search for gold30
5737053338Missouri Compromiselegislative deal, preserved the balance of slave and free states, admitted Missouri as a slave state and Maine as a free state, which banned slavery from the part of the Louisiana territory31
5737053339Wilmot Provisowanted no slaves, but this law not being passed leads to the civil war32
5737055800Henry David Thoreaua hippie that refused to pay his state poll tax to protest the Mexican war, refused to participate in practical reform movements33
5737055801Edgar Allen Poemaster short story writer and poet, obsessed with death, wrote the raven34
5737060140Slave Rebellionsused tools, burned plantations35
5737060141Nat Turnerkilled 57 whites36
5737060142Dred Scott Caseslave who sues because he lives in Illinois where slavery is banned but blacks are still not considered citizens37
5737062605Whitney, Cotton Gincotton became more profitable so the demand for land and slave labor increased38
5737066548Fugitive Slave Act 1850, Harriet Tubmancompelled citizens to assist in the return of runaway slaves39
5737072411Compromise of 18501California would be brought into the union as a free state, retain the right to bring slaves to southern territories, slave trade abolished40
5737072412Anaconda PlanGeneral Winfield Scott's strategy for defeating the confederacy; its central elements included a naval blockade in seizure of the Mississippi river valley41
5737075275Kansas, John Brown, Border RuffiansBorder war with Missouri, murdered 5 men in the middle of the night42
5737078958Uncle Tom's Cabin, Harriet Beecher Stowestory of life of a slave, inspired by the fugitive slave act43
5737086235Antietam, Emancipation Proclamationlees advance northward halted, Lincoln issues emancipation proclamation freeing slaves in rebel areas, first union victory44
5737086236CopperheadsNorthern Democrats who resisted republican war measures and advocated negotiation with the confederacy45
5737086237Black Codesspecial laws passed by southern states and municipal governments after the civil war that denied free blacks many rights of citizenship46
5737088851Carpetbaggerswhite southern republicans, mainly small landowning farmers and well off merchants and planters, who cooperated with the congressionally imposed reconstruction governments set up in the south following the civil war47
5737088852Klu Klux Klanfounded by confederate soldiers in Tennessee, used violence and intimidation to drive African Americans out of politics48
5737092648Loyalty Oathreadmit states that had seceded once 10% of their prewar voters swore allegiance to the union and state constitutions outlawing slavery49
5737095494Andrew Johnson, Reconstructionfrom the south so very easy on them, never owned any slaves because he was too poor, when Lincoln was shot there was no punishment to the south and freed slaves were still discriminated against50
5737097233Grant Presidencyone of the worst in history, weak; cost government millions, failed to press for civil service reform51
5737097234Homestead ActGave 160 acres to any settler who would farm the land for five years52
5737101682Jim Crow Act, Plessy Vs Fergusonseparate but equal, Plessy refused to sit in Jim Crow car53
5737104902W.E.B. Dubois, Booker T Washingtonafrican american that gave a speech that blacks should be patient and trust the process54
5737104903Sitting BullChief after Red Cloud, medicine man, had a vision before battle55
5737104904Red Cloudkept all in line for a while until he got old, defeated custer56
5737107073Custer, Little Big HornCuster was arrogant, Custer rode in with his men at Little Big Horn and Indians surrounded him and won the battle but lost the war57
5737110540Sand Creek Massacre, ChivingtonChivington didn't know they were good indians and attacked and killed women and children58
5737110541Dawes Acttried to break up tribes, gave 160 acres of farmland to them, which didn't work59
5737113764Chinese Exclusion Act, Nativismlaw in 1882 that prevents chinese immigrants from entering the U.S. and overtaking the jobs, we wanted America for ourselves60
5737113765Union PacificOmaha-Sacramento61
5742924590Central PacificChinese labor, went through mountains62
5737116224Knights of Laborwanted 8 hour work days, safety, no child labor63
5737116225American Federation of Labora union formed in 1886 that organized skilled workers along with craft lines. it focued on worokplace issues rather than political and social reform.64
5737119711Strikes, scabs, Pinkertonssecret agency into Unions and stop unionists from going on strike65
5745886352Thomas Edisonlight bulb66
5745886353Alexander Graham BellTelephone67
5745895709Pullmancomfortable, nice train cars68
5745904446George WestinghouseAir brake and AC69
5737122070Interstate Commerce Actfederal law establishing interstate commerce commission of 1887, the nations first regulatory agency.said railaroad couldnt charge whatever they wanted70
5737124351Sherman Anti Trust Acta federal law, passed in 1890 that outlawed monopolistic organizations that functioned to restrain trade71
5737124352John D Rockefeller, Standard Oilowned standard oil,72
5737126032JP Morgancontrolled many railroads, largest steel, and dominated everything else by banking.73
5737126033Laissez Faire"hands off" used in economic contexts to signify the absence of governmental interference or regulation of economic matters74
5737128683Populists, William Jennings Bryanpolitical from Nebraska, school in Omaha named after him, lost in the 1896 election75
5737131133Mark Twainwrite who published humurous pieces during the gilded age, wrote hucklebery finn76
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