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AP US History Chapter 30 Flashcards

5641015191	Berlin Wall Falls	Under Gorbachev; opened the entire order with the West; Hundreds of thousands of Germans swarmed across the border; marked the end of USSR domination.	0
5641015192	Ronald Reagan	1981-1989,"Great Communicator" Republican, conservative economic policies, replaced liberal Democrats in upper house with conservative Democrats or "boll weevils" , at reelection time, Jesse Jackson first black presidential candidate, Geraldine Ferraro as VP running mate.	1
5641015193	"New Right"	Conservative political movements in industrialized democracies that have arisen since the 1960's and stress "traditional values," often with a racist undertone.	2
5641018303	William F. Buckley	Conservative who launched the conservative National Review magazine in 1955 which helped restore conservative ideas in America; founded Young Americans for Freedom in 1960; and started a conservative TV talk show, Firing Line, in 1966.	3
5641009060	Milton Friedman	He wrote the article titled, "The Social Responsibility of Business Is to Increase Its Profits".	4
5641018304	Neo-conservatives	Principal concern was to reassert legitimate authority and reaffirm Western democratic, anticommunist values, and commitments. "Win back the culture." They also believed that they shouldn't work to ease tensions with the Soviet Union. That the Vietnam war was positive and we should not have pulled out.	5
5641020822	The Religious Right	Religious conservatives began to exert their political muscle in a cultural war. Rev. Jerry Falwell was a leading personality in this movement.	6
5641020823	Pat Robertson	Marion Gordon "Pat" Robertson is an American media mogul, executive chairman, and a former Southern Baptist minister, who generally supports conservative Christian ideals.	7
5641023832	Jerry Falwell	Leader of the Religious Right Fundamentalist Christians, a group that supported Reagan; rallying cry was "family values", anti-abortion, favored prayer in schools.	8
5641023833	Moral Majority	A movement begun in the early 1980's among religious conservatives that supported primarily conservative Republicans opposed to abortion, communism and liberalism.	9
5641034230	James Baker III	Of no party- was good friends with H.W. Bush and became his secretary of state.	10
5641034231	Supply Side Economics (Reaganomics)	An economic philosophy that advocates both tax and budget cuts to increase incentives to produce in order to expand the total supply of the nation's goods and services.	11
5641034232	Economic Recovery Tax Act	A measure signed by Reagan in 1981 which cut personal income taxes by 25 percent, lowered the maximum rate from 70 to 50 percent for 1982, cut the capital gains tax by a third, and offered the wealthy a broad array of other tax concessions.	12
5641036484	SDI	Reagan's proposed Strategic Defense Initiative (1983), also known as "Star Wars," called for a land- or space-based shield against a nuclear attack. Although SDI was criticized as unfeasible and in violation of the Antiballistic Missile (ABM) Treaty, Congress approved billions of dollars for development.	13
5641031215	James Watt	Invented the condenser and other improvements that made the steam engine a practical source of power for industry and transportation. The watt, an electrical measurement, is named after him.	14
5641036485	Iran-Contra Affair	Americans kidnapped in Beirut by Iranian govt, so deal, scandal including arms sales to the Middle East in order to send money to help the Contras in Nicaragua even though Congress had objected, Poindexter and North involved.	15
5641039044	Oliver North	Member of the National Security Council under President Ronald Reagan; Chief member of funneling arms to Iran and then transferring the money to the Contras in Nicaragua.	16
5641039045	"Evil Empire"	Ronald Reagan's description of Soviet Union because of his fierce anti-communist views and the USSR's history of violation of human rights and aggression.	17
5641041199	"Velvet Revolutions"	Was a non-violent transition of power in what was then Czechoslovakia. The period of upheaval and transition took place from November 16/17 to December 29, 1989. Popular demonstrations against the one-party government of the Communist Party of Czechoslovakia combined students and older dissidents. In response to the collapse of other Warsaw Pact governments and the increasing street protests, the Communist Party of Czechoslovakia announced on November 28 that it would relinquish power and dismantle the single-party state.	18
5641041198	Mikhail Gorbachev	Head of the Soviet Union from 1985 to 1991. His liberalization effort improved relations with the West, but he lost power after his reforms led to the collapse of Communist governments in eastern Europe.	19
5641049554	George HW Bush	President during the Gulf War, ability to quickly bring the war to a conclusion while suffering relatively few casualties resulted in the second-highest approval rating of any president, 89%.	20
5641052230	Rainbow Coalition	A non-profit organization formed as a merger of two non-profit organizations — Operation PUSH (People United to Save Humanity) and the National Rainbow Coalition — founded by Jesse Jackson. The organizations pursue social justice, civil rights and political activism.	21
5641052231	Americans With Disabilities Act	Passed by Congress in 1991, this act banned discrimination against the disabled in employment and mandated easy access to all public and commercial buildings.	22
5641052232	Webster v Reproductive Health Services 1989	Allowed states to ban abortions from public hospitals and permitted doctors to test to see if fetuses were viable.	23
5641049555	Planned Parenthood of Southeastern Pennsylvania v Casey 1992	A 24 hour wait period and parental consent for minors in an abortion is constitutional under the 14th amendment but obtaining spousal consent is an undue burden.	24
5641055816	Clarence Thomas	This man was an African American jurist, and a strict critic of affirmative action. He was nominated by George H. W. Bush to be on the Supreme Court in 1991, and shortly after was accused of sexual harassment by Anita Hill. Hearings were reopened, and he became the second African American to hold a seat in the Supreme Court.	25
5641055817	New World Order	A description of the international system resulting from the collapse of the Soviet Union in which the balance of nuclear terror theoretically no longer determined the destinies of states.	26
5641058593	Iran-Iraqi War	Conflict between Sunni Iraq and Shi'i iran over territory. Saddam Hussein, Iraq's prez was secular and the Ayatollah was conservative, 1980-1988, Iraq uses chemical weapons.	27
5641058594	UN Resolution 687	Council set the terms, in a comprehensive resolution, with which Iraq was to comply after losing the Gulf War. imposed economic sanctions against Iraq unless it allowed unfettered inspection of its weapon systems and destruction of all biological and chemical arms and unconditional pledge not to develop nuclear arms.	28
5641061192	Vietnam Syndrome	Is a term that describes how the domestic controversy over involvement in the war impacted U.S. foreign policy after the end of the war. To many, the Vietnam War represented a moral turning point in American foreign policy. The 'Vietnam Syndrome' lingered until the end of the Cold War. The country became far less willing to commit itself to military intervention abroad.	29
5641063666	Bill Clinton	42nd President advocated economic and healthcare reform; second president to be impeached.	30
5641063667	"New Democrats"	Ideologically centrist faction within the Democratic Party that emerged after the victory of Republican George H. W. Bush in the 1988 presidential election. They are identified with more pragmatic and centrist social/cultural/pluralist positions and neoliberal fiscal values.	31
5641066394	Al Gore	Served as the 45th Vice President of the United States from 1993 to 2001 under President Bill Clinton. Ran for President in 2000 and won popular vote but lost Electoral College.	32
5641066395	H. Ross Perot	Was the third party candidate in the 1992 election; he got 19% for the vote; the most for any independent since Teddy Roosevelt in 1912.	33
5641068873	Hilary Clinton	To the surprise of nearly all political pundits, the long series of winter and spring caucuses and primary elections resulted in the nomination not of Hillary Rodham Clinton, the initial favorite, but Barack Obama, a relatively little-known forty-seven-year-old senator from Illinois when the campaign began.	34
5641068874	Family and Medical Leave Act	1993 legislation that allows an employee to take unpaid leave due to illness or to care for a sick family member or to care for a new son or daughter including by birth, adoption or foster care.	35
5641068875	NAFTA	North American Free Trade Agreement, A trade agreement between Canada, the United States and Mexico that encourages free trade between these North American countries.	36
5641075006	Whitewater	An Amie political controversy that began with the real estate dealings of Bill and Hillary Clinton and their associates, [Jim and Susan McDougal] in the Whitewater Development Corporation, a failed business venture. David Hale, the source of criminal allegations against Clinton, claimed in November 1993 that Bill, while governor of AK, pressured him to provide an illegal $300,000 loan to Susan McDougal, Kenneth Starr major player.	37
5641075007	Newt Gingrich	Representative from Georgia who led the "Contract with America" and eventually became the Speaker of the House; he and Clinton battled many times while he demanded tax cuts and a balancing of the budget.	38
5641075008	"Contact with America"	1994 Newt Gingrich designed this to capture control of congress from democrats, specific legislations that the republicans pledged to pass if the voters sent a majority to Washington. Reform plans included real welfare reform, family tax cuts, job creation and limited term for congressmen.	39
5641078487	Aid to Families with Dependent Children	Federal funds, administered by the states, for children living with persons or relatives who fall below state standards of need; abolished in 1996.	40
5641081374	Monica Lewinsky	1990s; had affair with Clinton who denied it under oath, but there was physical evidence; he was impeached for perjury and his resulting political battles kept him from being productive in his final term paving way for the seemingly moral Bush in 2000.	41
5641081375	"ethnic cleansing"	Process in which more powerful ethnic group forcibly removes a less powerful one in order to create an ethnically homogeneous region.	42
5641081376	World Trade Center 1993	On February 26, 1993, terrorists parked a rental van in a garage underneath the World Trade Center's twin towers and lit the fuses on a massive homemade bomb stuffed inside. Six people died and more than 1,000 were injured in the subsequent explosion, which carved out a crater several stories deep and propelled smoke into the upper reaches of the quarter-mile-high skyscrapers.	43
5641083936	USS Cole	American warship that was docked near Middle Eastern country of Yemen that was crashed into by an al-Qaeda terrorists bought loaded with explosives in 2000.	44
5641009061	Al Qaeda	A network of Islamic terrorist organizations, led by Osama bin Laden, that carried out the attacks on the US embassies in Tanzania and Kenya in 1998, the USS Cole in Yemen in 2000, and the World Trade Center and the Pentagon in 2001.	45

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AP US History Period 4 (1800-1848) Flashcards

Key events and terms for mastery of the time period 1800-1848

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4777845301	Era of Good Feelings	A name for President Monroe's two terms, a period of strong nationalism, economic growth, and territorial expansion. Since the Federalist party dissolved after the War of 1812, there was only one political party and no partisan conflicts.	0
4777845302	Sectionalism	Different parts of the country developing unique and separate cultures (as the North, South and West). This can lead to conflict.	1
4777845303	James Monroe	The fifth president of the United States. His administration was marked by the acquisition of Florida (1819); the Missouri Compromise (1820), in which Missouri was declared a slave state; and the profession of the Monroe Doctrine (1823), declaring U.S. opposition to European interference in the Americas.	2
4777845304	Nationalism	A devotion to the interests and culture of one's nation.	3
4777845305	tariff	A tax on imported goods	4
4777845306	Tariff of 1816	1st protective tariff; helped protect American industry from competition by raising the prices of British manufactured goods, which were often cheaper and of higher quality than those produced in the U.S.	5
4777845307	Henry Clay	Senator who persuaded Congress to accept the Missouri Compromise, which admitted Maine into the Union as a free state, and Missouri as a slave state.	6
4777845308	American System	An economic regime pioneered by Henry Clay which created a high tariff to support internal improvements such as road-building. This approach was intended to allow the United States to grow and prosper by themselves This would eventually help America industrialize and become an economic power.	7
4777845309	Second Bank of the US	States resent the main role of banks (present a state's bank notes for redemption that can easily ruin a bank). Thought banks didn't agree with local needs. Nicholas Biddle was president.	8
4777845310	Panic of 1819	1st major financial panic since the Constitution was ratified; marked the end of economic expansion and featured deflation (value of US money going down), depression, bank failures, foreclosures on western farms, unemployment, a slump in agriculture and manufacturing, and overcrowded debtor's prisons. Also risky lending practices of the state and local banks led to over speculation on lands in west- the national bank tightened its credit lending policies and eventually forced these state and local banks to foreclose mortgages on farms, which resulted in bankruptcies and prisons full of debtors.	9
4777845311	John Marshall	1755-1835. U.S. Chief Supreme Court Justice. Oversaw over 1000 decisions, including Marbury v Madison and McCulloch v. Maryland.	10
4777845312	Marbury v Madison	(1803) Marbury was a midnight appointee of the Adams administration and sued Madison for commission. Chief Justice Marshall said the law that gave the courts the power to rule over this issue was unconstitutional. established judicial review	11
4777845313	McCulloch v Maryland	Maryland was trying to tax the national bank and Supreme Court ruled that federal law was stronger than the state law	12
4777845314	Gibbons v Ogden	This case involved New York trying to grant a monopoly on waterborne trade between New York and New Jersey. Judge Marshal, of the Supreme Court, sternly reminded the state of New York that the Constitution gives Congress alone the control of interstate commerce. Marshal's decision, in 1824, was a major blow on states' rights.	13
4777845315	Worcester v Georgia	A case in which the United States Supreme Court vacated the conviction of Samuel Worcester and held that the Georgia criminal statute that prohibited non-Indians from being present on Indian lands without a license from the state was unconstitutional.	14
4777845316	Implied powers	Powers derived from the "Necessary and Proper" or "Elastic" clause.	15
4777845317	Tallmadge Amendment	Proposed slave ban in Missouri Territory, called for emancipation of children born to slave parents; bill was defeated but led to the Missouri Compromise of 1820.	16
4777845318	Missouri Compromise of 1820	Allowed Missouri to enter the union as a slave state, Maine to enter the union as a free state, prohibited slavery north of latitude 36˚ 30' within the Louisiana Territory	17
4777845319	Rush-Bagot Treaty	1817 - This treaty between the U.S. and Great Britain (which controlled Canada) provided for the mutual disarmament of the Great Lakes. This was later expanded into an unarmed Canada/U.S. border.	18
4777845320	Convention of 1818	Britain and the United States agreed to the 49th parallel as the northern boundary of the Louisiana Territory between Lake of the Woods and the Rocky Mountains. The two nations also agreed to joint occupation of the Oregon country for ten years.	19
4777845321	Adams Onis Treaty	1819. Settled land dispute between Spain and United States as a result of tensions brought on by weakening Spanish power in the New World. U.S. gained Florida in exchange for $5 million and renounced any claims on Texas and settled boundary between two countries to the Pacific Ocean.	20
4777845322	Monroe Doctrine	1823, 1823 - Declared that Europe should not interfere in the affairs of the Western Hemisphere and that any attempt at interference by a European power would be seen as a threat to the U.S. It also declared that a New World colony which has gained independence may not be recolonized by Europe. (It was written at a time when many South American nations were gaining independence). Only England, in particular George Canning, supported the Monroe Doctrine. Mostly just a show of nationalism, the doctrine had no major impact until later in the 1800s.	21
4777845323	National Road	First national road building project funded by Congress. It made travel and transportation of goods much easier because it was one continuous road that was in good condition.	22
4777845324	Lancaster Turnpike	Pennsylvania turnpike, built in the 1790s, which connected Philadelphia with the rich farmlands around Lancaster. Its success stimulated the construction of other privately built and relatively short toll roads that, by the mid-1820s, connected most of the country's major cities	23
4777845325	Erie Canal	A canal between the New York cities of Albany and Buffalo, completed in 1825. The canal, considered a marvel of the modern world at the time, allowed western farmers to ship surplus crops to sell in the North and allowed northern manufacturers to ship finished goods to sell in the West. Connected Great Lakes farms and western markets with New York City leading to its rise as a center of trade and commerce.	24
4777845326	Robert Fulton	1765-1815) American engineer and inventor, he built the first commercially successful full-sized steamboat, the Clermont, which lead to the development of commercial steamboat ferry services for goods and people	25
4777845327	Steamboat	A boat powered by a steam engine that turns a large paddle wheel.	26
4777845328	Eli Whitney	An American inventor who developed the cotton gin. Also contributed to the concept of interchangeable parts that were exactly alike and easily assembled or exchanged	27
4777845329	Interchangeable parts	1799-1800 - Eli Whitney developed a manufacturing system which uses standardized parts which are all identical and thus, interchangeable. Before this, each part of a given device had been designed only for that one device; if a single piece of the device broke, it was difficult or impossible to replace. With standardized parts, it was easy to get a replacement part from the manufacturer. Whitney first put used standardized parts to make muskets for the U.S. government.	28
4777845330	Samuel Slater	"Father of the Factory System" in America; escaped Britain with the memorized plans for the textile machinery; put into operation the first spinning cotton thread in 1791.	29
4777845331	Lowell System	Developed in the textile mills of Lowell, Massachusetts, in the 1820s, in these factories as much machinery as possible was used, so that few skilled workers were needed in the process, and the workers were almost all single young farm women, who worked for a few years and then returned home to be housewives. Managers found these young women were the perfect workers for this type of factory life.	30
4777845332	Industrialization	Development of a system which supports machine production of goods	31
4777845333	Specialization	Development of skills in a specific kind of work	32
4777845334	Market Revolution	Dramatic increase between 1820 and 1850 in the exchange of goods and services in market transactions. Resulted from thee combo impact of the increased output of farms and factories, the entrepreneurial activities of traders and merchants, and the development of a transportation network of roads, canals and railroads.	33
4777845335	Thomas Jefferson	Virginian, architect, author, governor, and president. Lived at Monticello. Wrote the Declaration of Independence. Second governor of Virginia. Third president of the United States. Designed the buildings of the University of Virginia. Purchased Louisiana for the US even though the purchase was outside of his belief in strict construction of the Constitution.	34
4777845336	Embargo Act of 1807	This act issued by Jefferson forbade American trading ships from leaving the U.S. It was meant to force Britain and France to change their policies towards neutral vessels by depriving them of American trade. It was difficult to enforce because it was opposed by merchants and everyone else whose livelihood depended upon international trade. It also hurt the national economy, so it was replaced by the Non-Intercourse Act.	35
4777845337	War of 1812	A war (1812-1814) between the United States and England which was trying to interfere with American trade with France. Caused by impressment of American sailors, British aid to Indians in the west with firearms, War Hawk Congressman wanted to invade Canada, and continued British interference with trade.	36
4777845338	Battle of New Orleans	A battle during the War of 1812 where the British army attempted to take New Orleans. Due to the foolish frontal attack, Jackson defeated them, which gave him an enormous popularity boost.	37
4777845339	Treaty of Ghent	December 24, 1814 - Ended the War of 1812 and restored the status quo. For the most part, territory captured in the war was returned to the original owner. It also set up a commission to determine the disputed Canada/U.S. border. The important result of the War of 1812 was that the US maintained its independence from Great Britain.	38
4777845340	Lewis and Clark	Sent on an expedition by Jefferson to gather information on the United States' new land and map a route to the Pacific. They kept very careful maps and records of this new land acquired from the Louisiana Purchase.	39
4777845341	Sacajawea	The Native American woman who was the personal guide and translator for Lewis and Clark and their expedition in northern Louisiana Territory	40
4777845342	Louisiana Purchase	In 1803, the purchase of the Louisiana territory from France. Made by Jefferson, this doubled the size of the US.	41
4777845343	James Madison	(1809-1813) and (1813-1817) The War of 1812, the US declares war on Great Britain. In 1814, the British (technically the Canadians) set fire to the Capitol. The Treaty of Ghent ends the war in 1814., The fourth President of the United States (1809-1817). A member of the Continental Congress (1780-1783) and the Constitutional Convention (1787), he strongly supported ratification of the Constitution and was a contributor to The Federalist Papers (1787-1788), which argued the effectiveness of the proposed constitution. Favored strict interpretation of the Constitution.	42
4777845344	Non-Intercourse Act	1809 - Replaced the Embargo of 1807. Unlike the Embargo, which forbade American trade with all foreign nations, this act only forbade trade with France and Britain. It did not succeed in changing British or French policy towards neutral ships, so it was replaced by Macon's Bill No. 2.	43
4777845345	Macon's Bill No 2	Reopened trade with Britain and France , America would lend its support to the first nation to drop trade restrictions; France acted first and America halted all British imports. The United States declared war on Britain.	44
4777845346	Napoleon	Overthrew French Directory in 1799 and became emperor of the French in 1804. Failed to defeat Great Britain and abdicated in 1814. When Napoleon gave up on western hemisphere territories after the Haitian Revolution, he sold the Louisiana Territory because he needed money in war with England. Returned to power briefly in 1815 but was defeated and died in exile.	45
4777845347	Haitian Revolution	A major influence of the Latin American revolutions because of its success; the only successful slave revolt in history; it is led by Toussaint L'Overture.	46
4777845348	Revolution of 1800	Jefferson's view of his election to presidency. Jefferson claimed that the election of 1800 represented a return to what he considered the original spirit of the Revolution. Jefferson's goals for his revolution were to restore the republican experiment, check the growth of government power, and to halt the decay of virtue that had set in under Federalist rule.	47
4777845349	Barbary Pirate Wars	The Barbary Wars (or Tripolitan Wars) were two wars between the United States of America and Barbary States in North Africa in the early 19th century. At issue was the pirates' demand of tribute from American merchant vessels in the Mediterranean Sea. American naval power attacked the pirate cities and extracted concessions of fair passage from their rulers.	48
4777845350	Tecumseh	A Shawnee chief who, along with his brother, Tenskwatawa, a religious leader known as The Prophet, worked to unite the Northwestern Indian tribes. The league of tribes was defeated by an American army led by William Henry Harrison at the Battle of Tippecanoe in 1811. Tecumseh was killed fighting for the British during the War of 1812 at the Battle of the Thames in 1813.	49

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AP US History Period 2 (1607-1754) Flashcards

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7459025560	headright	The right to acquire a certain amount of land granted to the person who finances the passage of a laborer.	0
7459025561	middle passage	That portion of a slave ship's journey in which slaves were carried from Africa to the Americas.	1
7459025562	elite	The smaller group at the top of a society or institution, usually possessing wealth, power, or special privileges.	2
7459025563	indentured servants	A person under contract to work for another person for a definite period of time, usually without pay but in exchange for free passage to a new country. During the seventeenth century most of the white laborers in Maryland and Virginia came from England as indentured servants.	3
7459025564	Puritan	A member of a group of English Protestants of the late 16th and 17th centuries who regarded the Reformation of the Church of England under Elizabeth as incomplete and sought to simplify and regulate forms of worship.	4
7459025565	Metacomet's War (King Phillip's War)	An armed conflict between Native American inhabitants of present-day New England and English colonists and their Native American allies in 1675-78. King Phillip (Metacomet) reacted against European encroachment onto the Wampanoag territory, was defeated and humiliated by colonists, forced him to sign a new peace agreement that included the surrender of Indian guns.	5
7459025566	Pueblo Revolt	1680 - An uprising of most of the indigenous Pueblo people against the Spanish colonizers in the province of Santa Fe de Nuevo México, present day New Mexico. The Pueblo Revolt killed 400 Spanish and drove the remaining 2,000 settlers out of the province.	6
7459025567	Enlightenment	The Enlightenment included a range of ideas centered on reason as the primary source of authority andlegitimacy. Advanced ideals such as liberty, progress, tolerance, fraternity, constitutional governmentand ending the perceived abuses of the church and state.	7
7459025568	Separatists	People who believed the Church of England retained too many traces of its Catholic origin and thus, could not be made holy again. Those who formally left the established state church.	8
7459025569	Congregationalism	A system of organization among Christian churches whereby individual local churches are largely self-governing.	9
7459025570	John Winthrop	Puritan leader credited with the establishment of the Massachusetts Bay Colony	10
7459025571	Virginia	The first colony of the original thirteen. The birthplace of both presidents and future generals, but also the birthplace of African slavery in English America. This company eventually went bankrupt and was salvaged by becoming a royal colony with a royal governor, William Berkeley, in 1642.	11
7459025572	House of Burgesses	Frist representative assembly in the Western Hemisphere, established in Jamestown to protect the property and other rights of Englishmen.	12
7459025573	Plymouth Colony	A short-lived but symbolically important colony founded in 1620 at Cape Cod by Separatists and other more secularly-minded colonists. There, 100 surviving colonists signed the Mayflower Compact to increase obligation to stand together. This colony was eventually absorbed by its much larger neighbor, the Massachusetts Bay Colony. William Bradford, the long-term governor of the colony, recorded this history in Of Plymouth Plantation.	13
7459025574	Mayflower Compact	Considered the first written constitution of the English-speaking world. Signed by members of the Plymouth colony upon arrival to the New World.	14
7459025575	Massachusetts Bay Colony	A Puritan Colony founded by the Massachusetts Bay Company in 1629. Made up of Puritans coming to America during the Great Migration.	15
7459025576	Anne Hutchinson	A Bostonian who taught doctrines the Puritans believed to be heretical in her home with several men, even ministers, in attendance. For these acts, she was put on trial for heresay and was banished from Massachusetts.	16
7459025577	Maryland	Founded by George Calvert, the Lord Baltimore, as a refuge for Roman Catholics facing persecution from Anglican Church.	17
7459025578	John Locke	Political philosopher that theorized governments were instituted among men for the preservation of life, liberty and property and that they should employ balance of powers. Wrote the Constitution for the Carolina colony as secretary to one of its eight proprietors.	18
7459025579	Cash-Crop Economy	An economic system based on the exportation of certain crops such as sugar, cotton, and coffee.	19
7459025580	First Great Awakening	A revival of the Christian Religion as an act of God through the Holy Spirit. The first unifying event int he history of colonial America.	20
7459025581	Jonathan Edwards	Preacher from Northampton, Massachusetts, that spread the First Great Awakening through famous sermons, notably "Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God."	21

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AP US History 2 Chapter 27 Vocabulary Terms Flashcards

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8057753220	imperialism	A policy in which a strong nation seeks to dominate other countries poitically, socially, religiously and/or economically.	0
8057753221	yellow journalism	Sensational, biased and often false journalism. helped fuel desire for the Sp-Am War	1
8057753222	The Anti-Imperialist League	An organization that fought the McKinley administration's expansionist moves; included the presidents of Stanford and Harvard Universities, and novelist Mark Twain, Gompers, Carnegie, Jane Addams, and W J Bryan	2
8057753223	Hawaiian annexation	Intended to extend US territory into the Pacific. Resulted from economic integration and rise of US as a Pacific power.	3
8057753224	The Influence of Sea Power Upon History	An influential treatise on naval warfare written in 1890. It details the role of sea power throughout history and discusses the various factors needed to support a strong navy.	4
8057753225	Spanish American War	In 1898, a conflict between the United States and Spain, in which the U.S. supported the Cubans' fight for independence	5
8057753226	Splendid Little War	Nickname for Spanish American war coined by Hay, indicative of US attitude and cockiness	6
8057753227	USS Maine	President McKinley sent this ship to Havana, Cuba, to protect the American citizens and property (eventually blew up and the U.S. blamed Spain)	7
8057753228	Teller Amendment	U.S. declared Cuba free from Spain, but this amendment disclaimed any American intention to annex Cuba	8
8057753229	Platt Amendment	Amendment to the Cuban constitution (passed because of pressure from the US) that allowed the United States to intervene in Cuba and gave the United States control of the naval base at Guantanamo Bay.	9
8057753230	Philippine-American War	The conflict that arose when the US tried to annex this Pacific Island chain	10
8057753231	insular cases	Court cases that determined that inhabitants of U.S. territories had some, but not all, of the rights of U.S. citizens.	11
8057753232	spheres of influence	Areas in which countries have some political and economic control but do not govern directly (ex. Europe and U.S. in China during Open Door era)	12
8057753233	Open Door Policy	A policy that asked powerful and influential countries to respect Chinese rights and promote fair trade with low tariffs. This policy was accepted by other countries and prevented any country from creating a monopoly on Chinese trade.	13
8057753234	Boxer Rebellion	A rebellion in Beijing, China, in 1899, started by a secret society of Chinese who opposed the "foreign devils". Was ended by British troops	14
8057753235	Big Stick Diplomacy	Diplomatic policy developed by Teddy Roosevelt that emphasizes US power and TR's readiness to use military force if necessary. It is a way of intimidating countries without actually harming them and was the basis of U.S. imperialistic foreign policy.	15
8057753236	Roosevelt Corollary	A 1904 extension of the Monroe Doctrine, stating that the United States has the right to protect its economic interests in South And Central America by using military force.	16
8057753238	Panama Canal	Ship canal cut across the isthmus of by United States Army engineers; it opened in 1915.	17
8057753239	Dollar Diplomacy	President Taft's policy of linking American business interests to diplomatic interests abroad	18

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AP US History Ch. 14 Cause/Effect Flashcards

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5985882503	The open, rough-and-tumble society of the American West	Made Americans strongly individualistic and self-reliant	0
5985882504	Natural population growth and increasing immigration from Ireland and Germany	Made the fast-growing United States the fourth most populous nation in the Western world	1
5985882505	The poverty and Roman Catholic faith of most Irish immigrants	Aroused nativist hostility and occasional riots	2
5985882506	Eli Whitney's invention of the cotton gin	Transformed southern agriculture and gave new life to slavery	3
5985882507	The passage of general incorporation and limited-liability laws	Enabled businesspeople to create more powerful and effective joint-stock capital ventures	4
5985882508	The early efforts of labor unions to organize and strike	Aroused fierce opposition from businesspeople and guardians of the law	5
5985882509	Improved western transportation and the new McCormick reaper	Encouraged western farmers to specialize in cash-crop agricultural production for eastern and European markets	6
5985882510	The completion of the Erie Canal in 1825	Opened the Great Lakes states to rapid economic growth and spurred the development of major cities	7
5985882511	The development of a strong east-west rail network	Bound the two northern sections together across the mountains and tended to isolate the South	8
5985882512	The replacement of household production by factory-made, store-bought goods	Weakend many women's economic status and pushed them into a separate sphere of home and family	9

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AP US History 1 Chapter 11 Vocabulary Terms Flashcards

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7341808749	War Hawks	Southerners and Westerners who were eager for war with Britain. They had a strong sense of nationalism, and they wanted to takeover British land in North America and expand.	0
7341808750	Chesapeake Incident	Occurred on June 22, 1807. A US frigate was boarded by a the British who seized four alleged deserters. This is the most famous example of impressment, in which the British seized American sailors and forced them to serve on British ships.	1
7341808753	Marbury v. Madison	Sec. of State James Madison held up one of John Adams' "Midnight Judges" appointments. The appointment was for a Justice of the Peace position for William Marbury. Marbury sued. This case cleared up controversy over who had final say in interpreting the Constitution: the states did not, the Supreme Court did.	2
7341808754	impeachment	to accuse a public official of misconduct in office.	3
7341808755	Judiciary Act of 1801	reorganized the federal judiciary and established the first circuit judgeships in the country.	4
7341808760	economic coercion	Jefferson hoped this would force the English to come to his terms and stop stealing American sailors. This, however, did not work and greatly hurt American trade.	5
7341808761	Macon's Bill No. 2	Intended to motivate Britain and France to stop seizing American vessels during the Napoleonic Wars. The law lifted all embargoes with Britain or France	6
7341808762	"Midnight judges"	A nick name given to group of judges that was appointed by John Adams the night before he left office. He appointed them to go to the federal courts to have a long term federalist influence, because judges serve for life instead of limited terms	7
7341808764	patronage	When an elected official fills appointed positions with friends that helped him or her get elected. Is like the "spoils system".	8
7341808765	judicial review	A constitutional doctrine that gives to a court system the power to annul legislative or executive acts which the judges declare to be unconstitutional	9
7341808767	impressment	The act of taking men into a military or naval force by compulsion, with or without notice.	10
7341808769	Judicial Act of 1801	Passed in the last days of the John Adams administration (1797-1801), that reorganized the federal judiciary and established the first circuit judgeships in the country.	11
7341808770	Orders of Council	The British closed off all port vessels that France went through so they couldn't get supplies. American ships headed to France were required to first check-in at England, Americans were impressed into the British navy. This largely led to the War of 1812.	12
7341808771	Embargo Act	A law passed by Congress forbidding all exportation of goods from the United States.	13
7341808772	Non-Intercourse Act	This law formally reopened trade with all nations except England and France on March 1, 1809. It was made by the Republican Congress in an attempt to make England and France stop harassing the American ships and recognize American neutrality	14
7341808773	Louisiana Purchase	This land mass stretched from the Gulf of Mexico all the way to the Rocky Mountains and Canada. The purchase of this land sprouted national pride and ensured expansion.	15

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AMSCO AP US History Chapter 16 Flashcards

AMSCO United States History 2015 Edition, Chapter 16 The Rise of Industrial America, 1865-1900

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6736197112	nation's first big business	Railroads created a nationwide market for goods. This encouraged mass production, mass consumption, and economic specialization. (p. 320)	0
6736197113	Cornelius Vanderbilt	He merged local railroads into the New York Central Railroad, which ran from New York City to Chicago. (p. 320)	1
6736197114	Eastern Trunk Lines	In the early days of the railroads, from the 1830s to the 1860s, railroad lines in the east were different incompatible sizes which created inefficiencies. (p. 320)	2
6736197115	transcontinental railroads	During the Civil War, Congress authorized land grants and loans for the building of the first transcontinenal railroad. Two new companies were formed to share the task of building the railroad. The Union Pacific started in Omaha, Nebraska, and the Central Pacific started in Sacramento, California. On May 10, 1869, at Promontory Point, Utah, a golden spike was driven into the rail ties to mark the completion of the railroad. (p. 321)	3
6736197116	Union Pacific and Central Pacific	Two railroad companies, one starting in Sacramento, California and the other in Omaha, Nebraska were completed in Utah in 1869 to create the first first transcontinental railroad. (p. 321)	4
6736197117	American Railroad Association	In 1883, this organization divided the country into four different time zones, which would become the standard time for all Americans. (p. 320)	5
6736197118	railroads and time zones	The United States was divided into four time zones by the railroad industry. (p. 320)	6
6736197119	speculation and overbuilding	In the 1870s and 1880s railroad owners overbuilt. This often happens during speculative bubbles, created by exciting new technology. (p. 321)	7
6736197120	Jay Gould, watering stock	Entered railroad business for quick profits. He would sell off assets inflate the value of a corporation's assets and profits before selling its stock to the public. (p. 321)	8
6736197121	rebates and pools	In a scramble to survive, railroads offered rebates (discounts) to favored shippers, while charging exorbitant freight rates to smaller customers. They also created secret agreements with competing railroads to fix rates and share traffic. (p. 321)	9
6736197122	bankruptcy of railroads	A financial panic in 1893 forced a quarter of all railroads into bankruptcy. J.P. Morgan and other bankers moved in to take control of bankrupt railroads and consolidate them. (p.321)	10
6736197123	Panic of 1893	In 1893, this financial panic led to the consolidation of the railroad industry. (p. 321)	11
6736197124	causes of industrial growth	After the Civil War, a "second Industrial Revolution" because of an increase in steel production, petroleum, electrical power, and industrial machinery. (p. 323)	12
6736197125	Andrew Carnegie	A Scottish emigrant, in the 1870s he started manufacturing steel in Pittsburgh. His strategy was to control every stage of the manufacturing process from mining the raw materials to transporting the finished product. His company Carnegie Steel became the world's largest steel company. (p. 323)	13
6736197126	vertical integration	A business strategy by which a company would control all aspects of a product from raw material mining to transporting the finished product. Pioneered by Andrew Carnegie. (p. 323)	14
6736197127	U.S. Steel	In 1900, Andrew Carnegie sold Carnegie Steel to a group headed by J. P. Morgan. They formed this company, which was the largest enterprise in the world, employing 168,000 people, and controlling more than three-fifths of the nation's steel business. (p. 323)	15
6736197128	John D. Rockefeller	He started Standard Oil in 1863. By 1881, Standard Oil Trust controlled 90 percent of the oil refinery business. His companies produced kerosene, which was used primarily for lighting at the time. The trust that he created consisted of various acquired companies, all managed by a board of trustees he controlled. (p. 323)	16
6736197129	horizontal integration	Buying companies out and combining the former competitors under one organization. This strategy was used by John D. Rockefeller to build Standard Oil Trust. (p. 323)	17
6736197130	Standard Oil Trust	In 1881, the name of John D. Rockefeller's company, which controlled 90 percent of the oil refinery business in the United States. (p. 323)	18
6736197131	interlocking directorates	The term for the same directors running competing companies. (p. 322)	19
6736197132	J. P. Morgan	A banker who took control and consolidated bankrupt railroads in the Panic of 1893. In 1900, he led a group in the purchase of Carnegie Steel, which became U.S. Steel. (p. 321, 323)	20
6736197133	leading industrial power	By 1900, the United States was the leading industrial power in the world, manufacturing more than an of its rivals, Great Britain, France, or Germany. (p. 319)	21
6736197134	Second Industrial Revolution	The term for the industrial revolution after the Civil War. In the early part of the 19th century producing textiles, clothing, and leather goods was the first part of this revolution. After the Civil War, this second revolution featured increased production of steel, petroleum, electric power, and industrial machinery. (p. 323)	22
6736197135	Bessemer process	In the 1850s, Henry Bessemer discovered this process. By blasting air through molten iron you could produce high-quality steel. (p. 323)	23
6736197136	transatlantic cable	In 1866, Cyrus W. Field's invention allowed messages to be sent across the oceans. (p. 325)	24
6736197137	Alexander Graham Bell	In 1876, he invented the telephone. (p. 325)	25
6736197138	Thomas Edison	Possibly the greatest inventor of the 19th century. He established the first modern research labratory, which produced more than a thousand patented inventions. These include the phonograph, first practical electric light bulb, dynamo for electric power generation, mimeograph machine, and a motion picture camera. (p. 326)	26
6736197139	Menlo Park Research Lab	The first modern research laboratory, created in 1876, by Thomas Edison in Menlo Park, New Jersey. (p. 326)	27
6736197140	electric power, lighting	In 1885, George Westinghouse produced a transformer for producing high-voltage alternating current, which made possible the lighting of cities, electric streetcars, subways, electrically powered machinery, and appliances. (p. 326)	28
6736197141	George Westinghouse	He held more than 400 patents. He invented the high-voltage alternating current transformer, which made possible the nationwide electrial power system. (p. 326)	29
6736197142	Eastman's Kodak camera	In 1888, George Eastman invented the camera. (p. 325)	30
6736197143	large department stores	R.H. Macy and Marshall Field made these stores the place to shop in urban centers. (p. 326)	31
6736197144	R.H. Macy	He created a New York department store. (p. 326)	32
6736197145	mail-order companies	Two companies, Sears Roebuck, and Montgomery Ward, used the improved rail system to ship to rural customers to sell many different products. The products were ordered by mail from a thick paper catalog. (p. 326)	33
6736197146	Sears-Roebuck	Mail order company that used the improved rail system to ship to rural customers. (p. 326)	34
6736197147	packaged foods	Brand name foods created by Kellogg and Post became common items in American homes. (p. 326)	35
6736197148	refrigeration; canning	These developments in the food industry changed American eating habits. (p. 326)	36
6736197149	Gustavus Swift	He changed American eating habits by making mass-produced meat and vegetable products. (p. 326)	37
6736197150	advertising	This new technique was important to creating the new consumer economy. (p. 326)	38
6736197151	consumer economy	Advertizing and new marketing techniques created a new economy. (p. 326)	39
6736197152	federal land grants and loans	The federal government provided land and loans to the railroad companies in order to encourage expansion of the railroads. (p. 320)	40
6736197153	fraud and corruption, Credit Mobilier	Insiders used construction companies to bribe government officials and make huge profits. (p. 321)	41
6736197154	Interstate Commerce Act of 1886	This act, created in 1886, did little to regulate the railroads. (p. 322)	42
6736197155	anti-trust movement	Middle class people feared a growth of new wealth due to the trusts. In the 1880s trust came under widespread scrutiny and attack. In 1890, the Sherman Antitrust Act was passed, but it was too vaguely worded to stop the development of trusts. Not until the Progressive era, would the trusts be controlled. (p. 324)	43
6736197156	Sherman Antitrust Act of 1890	In 1890, Congress passed this act, which prohibited any "contract, combination, in the form of trust or otherwise, or conspiracy in restraint of trade or commerce." The U.S. Department of Justice secured few convictions until the law was strenghted during the Progressive era. (p. 324)	44
6736197157	federal courts, U.S. v. E.C. Knight	In 1895, the Supreme Court ruled that the Sherman Antitrust Act could be applied only to commerce, not manufacturing. (p. 324)	45
6736197158	causes of labor discontent	Worker's discontent was caused by performing monotonous task required completion within a certain time, dangerous working conditions, and exposure to chemicals and pollutants. (p. 328)	46
6736197159	iron law of wages	David Ricardo developed this theory which stated that low wages were justified. He argued that raising wages would only increase the working population, the availability of more workers would cause wages to fall, thus creating a cycle of misery. (p. 327)	47
6736197160	anti-union tactics	Employers used the following tactics to defeat unions: the lockouts (closing the factory), blacklists (lists circulated among employers), yellow dog contracts (contracts that forbade unions), private guards to quell strikes, and court injunctions against strikes. (p. 329)	48
6736197161	railroad strike of 1877	In 1887, this strike spread across much of the nation and shut down two-thirds of the country's railroads. An additional 500,000 workers from other industries joined the strike. The president used federal troops to end the violence, but more than 100 people had died in the violence. (p. 329)	49
6736197162	Knights of Labor	Started in 1869 as a secret national labor union. It reached a peak of 730,000 members. (p. 330)	50
6736197163	Haymarket bombing	On May 4, 1886 workers held a protest in which seven police officers were killed by a protester's bomb. (p. 330)	51
6736197164	American Federation of Labor	The labor union focused on just higher wages and improved working conditions. By 1901 they had one million members. (p. 330)	52
6736197165	Samuel Gompers	He led the American Federation of Labor until 1924. (p. 330)	53
6736197166	Pullman Stike	In 1894, workers at Pullman went on strike. The American Railroad Union supported them when they refused to transport Pullman rail cars. The federal government broke the strike. (p. 331)	54
6736197167	Eugene Debs	The American Railroad Union leader, who supported the Pullman workers. The government broke the strike and he was sent to jail for six months. (p. 331)	55
6736197168	railroad workers: Chinese, Irish, veterans	In the construction of the first transcontinental railroad, the Union Pacific, starting in Omaha, employed thousands of war veterans and Irish immigrants. The Central Pacific, starting from Sacramento, included 6,000 Chinese immigrants among their workers. (p. 321)	56
6736197169	old rich vs. new rich	The trusts came under widespread scrutiny and attack in the 1880s, urban elites (old rich) resented the increasing influence of the new rich. (p. 324)	57
6736197170	white-collar workers	The growth of large corporation required thousands of white-collar workers (jobs not involving manual labor) to fill the highly organized administrative structures. (p. 327)	58
6736197171	expanding middle class	Industrialization helped expand the middle class by creating jobs for accountants, clerical workers, and salespeople. The increase in the number of good-paying jobs after the Civil War significantly increased the size of the middle class. (p. 327)	59
6736197172	factory wage earners	By 1900, two-thirds of all working Americans worked for wages, usually at jobs that required them to work ten hours a day, six days a week.(p. 327)	60
6736197173	women and children factory workers	By 1900, 20 percent of adult woman working for wages in the labor force. Most were young and single women, only 5 percent of married women worked outside the home. (p. 327)	61
6736197174	women clerical workers	As the demand for clerical workers increased, women moved into formerly male occupations as secretaries, bookkeepers, typists, and telephone operators. (p. 328)	62
6736197175	Protestant work ethic	The believe that hard work and material success are signs of God's favor. (p. 325)	63
6736197176	Adam Smith	In 1776, this economist wrote "The Wealth of Nations" which argued that business should not be regulated by government, but by the "invisible hand" (impersonal econmic forces). (p. 324)	64
6736197177	laissez-faire Capitalism	In the late 19th century, american industrialists supported the theory of no government intervention in the economy, even as they accepted high tariffs and federal subsidies. (p. 324)	65
6736197178	concentration of wealth	By the 1890s, the richest 10 percent of the U.S. population controlled 90 percent of the nation's wealth. (p. 326)	66
6736197179	Social Darwinism	The belief that government's helping poor people weakened the evolution of the species by preserving the unfit. (p. 324)	67
6736197180	William Graham Sumner	An English social philosopher, he argued for Social Darwism, the belief that Darwin's ideas of natural slection and survival of the fittest should be applied to the marketpalce and society. (p. 324)	68
6736197181	survival of the fittest	The belief that Charles Darwin's ideas of natural selection in nature applied to the economic marketplace. (p. 324)	69
6736197182	Gospel of Wealth	Some Americans thought religion ideas justified the great wealth of successful industrialists. (p. 325)	70
6736197183	Horatio Alger Stories self-made man	His novels portrayed young men who became wealth through honesty, hard work and a little luck. In reality these rags to riches stories were somewhat rare. (p. 327)	71

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AP US History, Chapter 10 Flashcards

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8512818549	Bill of Rights (1791)	Popular term for the first ten amendments to the U.S. Constitution. The amendments secure key rights for individuals and reserve to the states all powers not explicitly delegated or prohibited by the Constitution.	0
8512818550	Judiciary Act of 1789	Organized the federal legal system, establishing the Supreme Court, federal district and circuit courts, and the office of the attorney general.	1
8512818551	funding at par	Payment of debts, such as government bonds, at face value. In 1790, Alexander Hamilton proposed that the federal government pay its Revolutionary war debts in full in order to bolster the nation's credit.	2
8512818552	assumption	Transfer of debt from one party to another. In order to strengthen the union, the federal government assumed states' Revolutionary War debts in 1790, thereby tying the interests of wealthy lenders with those of the national government.	3
8512818553	tariff	Tax levied on imports. Traditionally, manufacturers support tariffs as protective and revenue-raising measures, while agricultural interests, dependent on world markets, oppose high tariffs.	4
8512818554	excise tax	Tax on goods produced domestically. Excise taxes, particularly the 1791 tax on whiskey, were a highly controversial component of Alexander Hamilton's financial program.	5
8512818555	Bank of the United States (1791)	Chartered by Congress as part of Alexander Hamilton's financial program, the bank printed paper money and served as a depository to Treasury funds. It drew opposition from Jeffersonian Republicans, who argued that the bank was unconstitutional.	6
8512818556	Whiskey Rebellion (1794)	Popular uprising of whiskey distillers in southwestern Pennsylvania in opposition to an excise tax on whiskey. In a show of strength and resolve by the new central government, Washington put down the rebellion with militia drawn from several states.	7
8512818557	Reign of Terror (1793-1794)	Ten-month period of brutal repression when some forty thousand individuals were executed as enemies of the French Revolution. While many Jeffersonians maintained their faith in the French Republic, Federalists withdrew their already Lukewarm support once the Reign of Terror commenced.	8
8512818558	Neutrality Proclamation (1793)	Issued by George Washington, it proclaimed America's formal neutrality in the escalating conflict between England and France, a statement that enraged pro-French Jeffersonians.	9
8512818559	Battle of Fallen Timbers (1794)	Decisive battle between the Miami Confederacy and the U.S. Army. British forces refused to shelter the routed Indians, forcing the latter to attain a peace settlement with the United States.	10
8512818560	Treaty of Greenville (1795)	Under the terms of the treaty, the Miami Confederacy agreed to cede territory in the Old Northwest to the United Stated in exchange for cash payment, hunting rights, and formal recognition of their sovereign status.	11
8512818561	Jay's Treaty (1794)	Negotiated by Chief Justice John Jay in an effort to avoid war with Britain, the treaty included a British promise to evacuate outposts on US soil and pay damages for seized American vessels, in exchange for which Jay bound the United States to repay pre-Revolutionary war debts and to abide by Britain's restrictive trading policies toward France.	12
8512818562	Pinckney's Treaty (1795)	Signed with Spain, which, fearing an Anglo-American alliance, granted Americans free navigational of the Mississippi and the disputed territory of Florida.	13
8512818563	Farewell Address (1796)	George Washington's address at the end of his presidency, warning against "permanent alliances" with other nations. Washington did not oppose all alliances, but believed that the young, fledgling nation should forge alliances only on a temporary basis, in extraordinary circumstances.	14
8512818564	XYZ Affair (1797)	Diplomatic conflict between France and the United States when American envoys to France were asked to pay a hefty bribe for the privilege of meeting with the French foreign minister. Many in the United States called for war against France, while American sailors and privateers waged an undeclared war against French merchants in the Caribbean.	15
8512818565	Convention of 1800	Agreement to formality dissolve the United States' treaty with France, originally signed during the Revolutionary War. The difficulties posed by America's peacetime alliance with France contributed to Americans' long-standing opposition to entangling alliances with foreign powers.	16
8512818566	Alien Laws (1798)	Acts passed by a Federalist Congress raiding the residency requirement for citizenship to fourteen years and granting the president the power to deport dangerous foreigners in times of peace.	17
8512818567	Sedition Act (1798)	Enacted by the Federalist Congress in an effort to clamp down on Jeffersonian opposition, the law made anyone convicted of defaming government officials or interfering with government policies liable to imprisonment and a heavy fine. The act drew heavy criticism from Republicans, who let the act expire in 1801.	18
8512818568	Virginia and Kentucky resolutions (1798-1799)	Statements secretly drafted by Jefferson and Madison for the legislatures of Kentucky and Virginia. Argued that states were the final arbiters of whether the federal government overstepped its boundaries and could therefor nullify, or refuse to accept, national legislation they deemed unconstitutional.	19
8512818569	George Washington	Was unanimously drafted as president by the Electoral College in 1789. Balanced rather than brilliant, he commanded his followers by strength of character rather than by the arts of the politician.	20
8512818570	Alexander Hamilton	A native of the British West Indies, who was the Secretary of the Treasury. He favored a central government with a weak legislature to unify the infant nation and encourage industry. He set out immediately to correct the economic vexations that had crippled the Articles of Confederation by proposing that the federal government pay its Revolutionary war debts, which would bolster the nation's credit. He also proposed a bank of the United States.	21
8512818571	Louis XVI	Was the absolute monarch of France (1774-1792). He was forced to surrender after the storming of the Bastille and was executed in front of the people of France (accused of High Treason and Crimes against the State) in 1793.	22
8512818572	Edmond Genêt	Thirty year old representative of the French Republic who foolishly came to the United States to believe that the Neutrality Proclamation did not reflect the true wishes of the American people, and he consequently embarked upon unneutral activity not authorized by the French alliance--including the recruitment of armies to invade Spanish Florida and Louisiana. George Washington later demanded his withdrawal and the Frenchmen was replaced by a less impulsive emissary.	23
8512818573	Little Turtle	War chief of the Miamis who defeated, with his braves, Ramos led by Generals Josiah Harmar and Arthur St. Clair, killing hundreds of soldiers in 1790 and 1791 [possibly in the Old Northwest].	24
8512818574	"Mad Anthony" Wayne	Led a new army in 1794, routing the Miamis at the Battle of Fallen Timbers. Since the Indians were abandoned by the British, they offered this general a peace pipe.	25
8512818575	John Jay	Chief Justice who negotiated with the British to avoid going to war with them, known as Jay's treaty.	26
8512818576	John Adams	A Federalist who was Vice President under Washington in 1789, and later became President by three votes in 1796. Known for his quarrel with France, and was involved in the XYZ Affair, Quais War, and the Convention of 1800. Later though he was also known for his belated push for peace with France in 1800. Regarding his personality he was a "respectful irritation."	27
8512818577	Charles Maurice de Talleyrand	French foreign minister who demanded an unneutral loan of 32 million florins, plus what amounted to a bribe of $250,000, for the privilege of merely talking with him once approached by "X", "Y", and "Z".	28

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AMSCO AP US History Chapter 28 Flashcards

AMSCO United States History 2015 Edition, Chapter 28 Promise and Turmoil, The 1960s

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5309694281	Election of 1960	In this election, Democrat John F. Kennedy ran against Republican Richard M. Nixon. Television was perhaps the most decisive factor in this very close race which Kennedy won. (p. 601)	0
5065277773	John F. Kennedy	In 1960, this 43 year old senator from Massachusetts appeared more vigorous and comfortable on the first televised debates than Richard Nixon. He won the presidency in a very close election, that many Republicans including Nixon, said had been stolen by illegal voting in some Democrat controlled polls. (p. 601)	1
5065277775	New Frontier	President Kennedy proposed new domestic programs such as aid to education, federal support of health care, urban renewal, and civil rights. These programs did not become law until many of them passed in the Lyndon Johnson administration. (p. 601)	2
5065277774	Jacqueline Kennedy	As first lady in the early 1960s, she brought style, glamor, and appreciation of the arts to the White House. (p. 601)	3
5065277836	Robert Kennedy	He was attorney general during his brother John Kennedy's administration. In 1964, he was elected as a senator in New York. In 1968, he decided to enter the presidential race after Eugene McCarthy's strong showing in New Hampshire. On June 5, 1968, he won a major victory in the California Democratic primary but was shot and killed just after his victory speech. (p. 616)	4
5309700693	race to the moon	President Kennedy committed the U.S. to land on the moon by the end of the 1960s decade. (p. 602)	5
5309702040	assassination in Dallas	On November 22, 1963, in Dallas, Texas, after just two and a half years in office, President John Kennedy was shot and killed. (p. 603)	6
5065277784	Warren Commission	Chief Justice Earl Warren headed this commission which concluded that Lee Harvey Oswald was the lone assassin in President Kennedy's murder. Many unanswered questions lead to various theories about the assassination. For many Americans, this marked the beginning of the loss of credibility in government. (p. 604)	7
5065277776	Peace Corps	In 1961, President Kennedy set up this organization, which recruited young American volunteers to give technical aid to developing countries. (p. 602)	8
5065277777	Alliance for Progress	In 1961, President Kennedy created this organization to promote land reform and economic development in Latin America. (p. 602)	9
5065277778	Trade Expansion Act	In 1962, this act authorized tariff reduction with the recently formed European Economic Community (Common Market) of Western European nations. (p. 602)	10
5065277779	Bay of Pigs	In April 1961, the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) trained Cuban exiles to attempt the invasion of Cuba and the overthrow of Fidel Castro. The invasion failed and Castro tightened his grip on Cuba. (p. 602)	11
5065277780	Berlin Wall	In 1961, the East Germans, with Soviet backing built this wall around West Berlin to stop East Germans from escaping to West Germany. (p. 602)	12
5065277781	Cuban missile crisis	In October 1962 the United States discovered that the Soviets were building underground offensive missile sites in Cuba. President Kennedy responded by announcing a naval blockade of Cuba until the missiles were removed. Nuclear war seemed possible until Soviet premier Nikita Khrushchev agreed to remove the missiles in exchange for a pledge that the U.S. would not invade Cuba and the U.S. would remove some missiles from Turkey. (p. 602)	13
5065277782	flexible response	President Kennedy increased spending on conventional arms and mobile military forces. This type of military force could be used in response to smaller wars in Africa and Southeast Asia and avoid the possibility of having to use nuclear weapons in these conflicts. (p. 603)	14
5065277783	Nuclear Test Ban Treaty	In 1963, the United States and 100 other nations signed this agreement to end the testing of nuclear weapons in the atmosphere. (p. 603)	15
5065277785	Lyndon Johnson	On November 22, 1963, just two hours after John Kennedy's assassination he took presidential oath of office aboard an airplane at the Dallas airport. In the 1964 presidential election he easily defeated Senator Barry Goldwater. In 1968, he decided to not run for president again. (p. 604)	16
5065277786	Great Society	President Lyndon Johnson was determined to expand the social reforms of the New Deal and passed a long list of new programs that would have a lasting effect on American society. (p. 604)	17
5065277787	War on Poverty	In 1964, President Johnson declared "an unconditional war on poverty". (p. 604)	18
5309712883	Michael Harrington, "The Other America"	In 1962 this best-selling book that focused on the 40 million Americans living in poverty. (p. 604)	19
5309714204	Election of 1964	In this presidential election, Democrats Lyndon Johnson and Hubert Humphrey ran against the very conservative Senator Barry Goldwater of Arizona. Johnson and Humphrey easily won, capturing 61 percent of the popular vote. (p. 605)	20
5065277789	Barry Goldwater	The Republican presidential candidate in 1964. He was an Arizona Senator who advocated ending the welfare state, including TVA and Social Security. (p. 605)	21
5065277790	Medicare; Medicaid	This first program provides health insurance program for all people 65 years of age and older. This second program provides funds to states to pay for medical care for the poor and disabled. (p. 605)	22
5065277791	Elementary and Secondary Education Act	This 1965 act provided federal funds to poor school districts, funds for special education, and funds to expand Head Start. (p. 605)	23
5309725754	Immigrant Act	This 1965 act abolished discriminatory quotas based on national origins. (p. 605)	24
5309730674	National Foundation on the Arts and Humanities	This agency formed in 1965 provided federal funding for the arts and for creative and scholarly projects. (p. 605)	25
5309733358	DOT and HUD	President Lyndon Johnson established the Department of Transportation (DOT) and the Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD). (p. 606)	26
5065277792	Ralph Nader, "Unsafe at Any Speed"	His 1965 book lead Congress to pass automobile industry regulations that would save thousands of lives. (p. 606)	27
5065277793	Rachel Carson, "Silent Spring"	Her 1962 book exposed the use of pesticides and would lead Congress to pass clean air and water laws. (p. 606)	28
5065277794	Lady Bird Johnson	This first lady contributed to improving the environment with her Beautify America campaign which lead to the Highway Beautification Act. (p. 606)	29
5065277795	Civil Rights Act of 1964	This act made segregation illegal in all public facilities and gave the federal government additional powers to enforce school desegregation. (p. 606)	30
5065277796	Equal Employment Opportunity Commission	This agency was created to end discrimination in employment on the basis of race, religion, sex, or national origin. (p. 606)	31
5065277797	24th Amendment	In 1964, this amendment abolished the practice of collecting a poll tax, one of the measures that discouraged poor people from voting. (p. 606)	32
5065277798	Voting Rights Act of 1965	In 1965, this act ended literacy tests and provided federal registrars in areas in which blacks were kept from voting. (p. 606)	33
5065277799	James Meredith	In 1962, a young African American air force veteran who attempted to enroll in the University of Mississippi. President Kennedy sent 400 federal marshals and 3,000 troops to protect his rights to attend the university. (p. 607)	34
5065277837	George Wallace	In 1968, he was the American Independent party presidential candidate. The growing hostility of many whites to federal desegregation, antiwar protests, and race riots was tapped by his campaign. (p. 616)	35
5065277800	Martin Luther King Jr.	In August 1963, he led 200,000 people in a peaceful March on Washington. (p. 607)	36
5065277801	March on Washington	In August 1963, Dr. Martin Luther King led one of the largest and most the successful demonstrations in U.S. history when about 200,000 blacks and whites took part in this peaceful march. The highlight was Dr. King's famous "I Have a Dream Speech" at the Lincoln Memorial. (p. 607)	37
5065277802	"I Have a Dream" Speech	The greatest speech in American history (according to americanrhetoric.com). It was the highlight of the August 1963 March on Washington in which Dr. Martin Luther King in front of the Lincoln Memorial made an emotional appeal for the end of racial prejudice. (p. 607)	38
5309746446	March to Montgomery	In 1965, this was a voting rights march from Selma Alabama to the capitol in Montgomery. Television showed protesters being beaten and tear gassed and the march was a turning point in the civil rights movement. President Johnson sent federal troops to protect the marchers. (p. 607)	39
5065277803	Black Muslims	Their leader Elijah Muhammad preached black nationalism, separatism, and self-improvement. (p. 608)	40
5065277804	Malcom X	He acquired a reputation as the Black Muslim movement's most controversial voice. He criticized Martin Luther King as "an Uncle Tom" and advocated self-defense against white violence. (p. 608)	41
5065277805	Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee	This civil rights organization of young blacks, influenced by Malcolm X, repudiated non-violence and advocated "black power" and racial separatism. (p. 608)	42
5065277806	Congress of Racial Equality	This civil rights organization of young blacks was influenced by Malcolm X. (p. 608)	43
5065277807	Stokely Carmichael	The leader of the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC) repudiated non-violence and advocated "black power" and racial separatism. (p. 608)	44
5065277808	Black Panthers	In 1966, this organization was founded by Huey Newton, Bobby Seale and other militants as a revolutionary socialist movement advocating self-rule for American blacks. (p. 608)	45
5065277809	Watts riots, race riots	In the summer of 1965 the arrest of a black motorist in the Watts neighborhood of Los Angeles led to a six-day riot that resulted in the deaths of 34 people and the destruction of 700 buildings. (p. 608)	46
5309753263	de facto segregation	Segregation and discrimination caused by racists attitudes in the North and the West. (p. 608)	47
5065277810	Kerner Commission	In 1968, this federal investigation of many riots concluded that racism and segregation were chiefly responsible and that the U.S. was becoming "two societies, one black, one white-separate and unequal". (p. 608)	48
5309757449	King assassination	In April 1968, while standing on a motel balcony in Memphis, Tennessee Martin Luther King was shot and killed by a white man. Riots erupted in hundreds of cities across the U.S. and resulted in 46 deaths. (p. 609)	49
5065277811	Warren Court	The Supreme Court under Earl Warren. It had an impact on the nation comparable to that of the John Marshall Court. (p. 609)	50
5309761413	Mapp v. Ohio	In 1961, this Supreme Court case ruled that illegally seized evidence cannot be used in court against the accused. (p. 609)	51
5065277813	Gideon v. Wainwright	In 1966, this Supreme Court case ruled that that state courts must provide counsel for poor defendants. (p. 609)	52
5065277814	Escobedo v. Illinois	In 1964, the Supreme Court ruling that required the police to inform an arrested person of his or her right to remain silent. (p. 609)	53
5065277815	Miranda v. Arizona	In 1966, the Supreme Court extended the ruling in Escobedo to include the right to a lawyer being present during questioning by the police. (p. 609)	54
5065277816	reapportionment	The process of reallocating seats in the House of Representatives. (p. 609)	55
5065277817	Baker v. Carr	In 1962, the Supreme Court declared it was unconstitutional for one house of a state legislature to draw district lines that strongly favored rural areas, to the disadvantage of large cities. (p. 609)	56
5065277818	one man, one vote	This principle meant that election districts would have to be redrawn to provide equal representation for all of a state's citizens. (p. 609)	57
5065277819	Yates v. Unted States	In 1957, the Supreme Court ruled that the first amendment protected radical and revolutionary speech, even by Communists, unless it was a "clear and present danger" to the safety of the country. (p. 610)	58
5065277820	separation of church and state	Engel vs. Vitale ruled that state laws requiring prayers and Bible readings in the public schools violated the first amendments provision for this. (p. 610)	59
5065277821	Engel v. Vitale	In 1962, the Supreme Court ruled that state laws requiring prayers and Bible readings in the public schools violated the first amendment's provision for separation of church and state. (p. 610)	60
5309778627	Griswold v. Connecticut	In 1965, the Supreme Court ruled that in recognition of a citizen's right to privacy, a state could not prohibit the use of contraceptives by adults. (p. 610)	61
5309781347	privacy and contraceptives	In 1965, the Supreme Court ruled in Griswold v. Connecticut case that a citizen's had the right to privacy, and a state could not prohibit the use of contraceptives by adults. (p. 610)	62
5065277822	Students for a Democratic Society	In 1962, this group of radical students led by Tom Hayden issued a declaration of purposes known as the Port Huron Statement. It called for university decisions to be made through a participatory democracy. (p. 610)	63
5065277823	New Left	Activists and intellectuals who supported Tom Hayden's ideas. (p. 610)	64
5561661208	Weathermen	They were the most radical fringe of the SDS, they embraced violence and vandalism in their attacks on American institutions. (p. 611)	65
5065277824	counterculture	Expressed by young people in their rebellious styles of dress, music, drug use, and for some, communal living. (p. 611)	66
5309781348	Woodstock	In the summer of 1969, about 500,000 million young people descended on upper New York State farm for what turned into a free music festival. In the early morning hours of the last day Jimi Hendrix played his jaw dropping version of the "Stars Spangled Banner" featuring amplifier feedback to convey bombs falling, jets overhead, and cries of human anguish. (p. 611)	67
5309782950	Alfred Kinsey	In the late 1940s he did pioneering surveys of sexual practice. (p. 611)	68
5065277825	sexual revolution	One aspect of counterculture that continued beyond the 1960s was a change in many Americans' attitudes toward sexual expression. (p. 611)	69
5065277826	women's movement	The increased education and employment of women in the 1950s, the civil rights movement, and the sexual revolution all contributed to a renewal of this movement in the 1960s. (p. 612)	70
5065277827	Betty Friedan, "The Feminine Mystique"	She gave the women's movement a new direction by encouraging middle-class women to seek fulfillment in professional careers rather than confining themselves to the roles of wife, mother, and homemaker. (p. 612)	71
5065277828	National Organization for Women	In 1966, this organization was formed. They adopted activist tactics of other civil rights movements to secure equal treatment of women, especially for job opportunities. (p. 612)	72
5065277829	Equal Pay Act	In 1963, this act prohibited discrimination in employment and compensation on the basis of gender. (p. 612)	73
5065277830	Equal Rights Amendment (ERA)	This proposed constitutional amendment stated that "equality of rights under the law shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or by any state on account of sex". It just missed being passed. (p. 612)	74
5309788794	military advisors	By 1963, the United States was becoming more involved in helping South Vietnam. President Kennedy provided military advisors and 16,000 support troops, but not combat troops. (p. 613)	75
5309791505	fall of Diem	In 1963, South Vietnam's leader was overthrown and killed by South Vietnamese generals. (p. 613)	76
5065277832	Tonkin Gulf Resolution	In 1964, North Vietnamese gunboats allegedly fired on U.S. warships off the coast of Vietnam. Congress gave approval for President Johnson to wage war in Vietnam. (p. 613)	77
5309797540	escalation of troops	In April 1965, President Johnson used U.S. combat troops in Vietnam for the first time. Johnson continued a step-by-step escalation and by March 1969 there were 540,000 troops deployed to Vietnam. (p. 613)	78
5309799115	General Westmoreland	Commander of U.S. armed forces in Vietnam. (p. 614)	79
5309799116	credibility gap	The media's term for President Johnson's reluctance to speak frankly with the American people about the scope and costs of the Vietnam war. (p. 614)	80
5065277833	Tet Offensive	In January 1968, the Vietcong (North Vietnam troops) launched an all-out surprise attack on almost every provincial capital and American base in South Vietnam. The U.S. military counterattacked and recovered the lost territory. However, the destruction viewed on television in the United States, appeared as a setback for the U.S. efforts. (p. 615)	81
5065277834	hawks and doves	Hawks believed that the Vietnam War was part of a Soviet-backed Communist master plan to conquer all of Southeast Asia. Doves believed it was a civil war, fought by Vietnamese nationalists and some Communists who wanted to unite their country by overthrowing a corrupt Saigon government. (p. 615)	82
5309803108	LBJ withdraws	On March 23, 1968, President Johnson made a television address in which he said that the U.S. would limit bombing of North Vietnam and negotiate peace. He also announced that he would not run for president in 1968. (p. 615)	83
5065277835	Eugene McCarthy	The first antiwar candidate to challenge for the 1968 Democratic presidential nomination. (p. 615)	84
5309805972	RFK assassination	On June 5, 1968, after he had won the California Democratic primary Robert F. Kennedy (RFK) was shot and killed by an Arab nationalist. (p. 616)	85
5065277838	Hubert Humphrey	The liberal Democratic candidate in the presidential election of 1968. He had been Lyndon Johnson's vice president. (p. 616)	86
5309826980	Chicago convention	The 1968 Democratic Convention was held in Chicago. Television showed what looked like a "police riot" as antiwar protesters were brutally beaten. (p. 616)	87
5309831769	white backlash	In the 1968 presidential election, the growing hostility of many whites to federal desegregation, antiwar protests, and race riots was tapped by Governor George Wallace of Alabama. He became the American Independent party's presidential candidate. (p. 616)	88
5309848046	Richard Nixon	He served as vice president under Eisenhower from 1953 to 1960. He was nominated as the Republican candidate for president in 1960, but lost the close election to John Kennedy. In 1968 he was elected president, and again in 1972. However, he was forced to resign the presidency in 1974. (p. 600)	89

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AMSCO AP US History Chapter 29 Flashcards

AMSCO United States History 2015 Edition, Chapter 29 Limits of a Superpower, 1969-1980

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5065292890	Henry Kissinger	Nixon's national security adviser, he later become secretary of state during Nixon's second term. He helped Nixon to fashion a realistic foreign policy that generally succeeded in reducing the tensions of the Cold War. (p. 625)	0
5065292891	Vietnamization	President Nixon announced that he would gradually withdraw U.S. troops from Vietnam and give the South Vietnamese the money, the weapons, and the training that they needed to take over the full conduct of the war. Under this policy, U.S. troops in South Vietnam went from over 540,000 in 1969 to under 30,000 in 1972. (p. 626)	1
5065292892	Nixon Doctrine	This doctrine declared that Asian allies would receive U.S. support but without the extensive use of U.S. ground forces. (p. 626)	2
5065292893	Kent State	In April 1970, President Nixon expanded the war by using U.S. forces to invade Cambodia. A nationwide protest against this action on U.S. college campuses resulted in the killing of four youths by National Guard troops at Kent State in Ohio. (p. 626)	3
5065292894	My Lai	The American public was shocked to learn about a 1968 massacre of women and children by U.S. troops in the Vietnamese village of My Lai. (p. 626)	4
5065292895	Pentagon Papers	The New York Times published the Pentagon Papers, a secret government history documenting the mistakes and deceptions of government policy-makers in dealing with Vietnam. (p. 626)	5
5065292896	Paris Accords of 1973	In January 1973, the North Vietnamese agreed to an armistice, in which the United States would withdraw the last of its troops and get back over 500 prisoners of war (POWs). The agreement also promised a cease-fire and free elections. However, the armistice did not end the war, but it allowed the United States to extricate itself. (p. 627)	6
5065292897	detente	President Nixon and Kissinger strengthened the U.S. position in the world by taking advantage of the rivalry between the two Communist giants, China and the Soviet Union. Their diplomacy was praised for bringing about detente, a reduction of Cold War tensions. (p. 627)	7
5065292898	China visit	After a series of secret negotiations with Chinese leaders, in February of 1972 Nixon astonished the world by traveling to Beijing to meet with Mao Zedong, the leader of Communist China. His visit initiated diplomatic exchanges that ultimately led to U.S. recognition of the Communist government. (p. 627)	8
5322801942	antiballistic missiles	President Nixon used his new relationship with China to put pressure on the Soviets to agree to a treaty limiting antiballistic missiles (ABMs). (p. 627)	9
5065292899	Strategic Arms Limitation Talks	President Nixon used his new relationship with China to put pressure on the Soviets to agree to a treaty limiting antiballistic missiles (ABMs), a new technology that would have expanded the arms race. After the first round of Strategic Arms Limitations Talks (SALT I), U.S. diplomats secured Soviet consent to a freeze on the number of ballistic missiles carrying nuclear warheads. While this agreement did not end the arms race, it was a significant step toward reducing Cold War tensions and bringing about detente. (p. 627)	10
5065292909	Middle East War (1973)	On October 6, 1973, the Syrians and Egyptians launched a surprise attack on Israel in an attempt to recover the lands lost in the Six-Day War of 1967. President Nixon ordered the U.S. nuclear forces on alert and airlifted almost $2 billion in arms to Israel to stem their retreat. The tide of battle quickly shifted in favor of the Israelis. (p. 631)	11
5065292910	OPEC; oil embargo	After October 1973 Arab Israel War, the Arab members of the Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) placed an embargo on oil sold to Israel's supporters. The embargo caused a worldwide oil shortage and long lines at gas stations in the United States. (p. 631)	12
5065292900	New Federalism	In a program known as revenue sharing, or the New Federalism, Congress approved giving local governments $30 billion in block grants over five years to address local needs as they saw fit. Republicans hoped revenue sharing would check the growth of the federal government and return responsibility to the states, where it had rested before the New Deal. (p. 628)	13
5065292901	stagflation	The U.S. economy in the 1970s faced an unusual combination of economic slowdown and high inflation. To slow inflation, President Nixon at first tried to cut federal spending. When this policy contributed to a recession and unemployment, he adopted Keynesian economics and deficit spending. He surprised the nation by imposing a 90-day wage and price freeze. Next, he took the dollar off the gold standard, which helped to devalue it relative to foreign currencies. (p. 628)	14
5065292902	southern strategy	Having received just 43 percent of the popular vote in 1968, President Nixon was well aware of being a minority president. To win over the South, he asked the federal courts in that region to delay integration plans and busing orders. He also nominated two southern conservatives to the Supreme Court. The Senate refused to confirm them, and the courts rejected his requests for delayed integration. Nevertheless, his strategy played well with southern white voters. (p. 629)	15
5322807005	wage and price controls	In 1971, President Nixon imposed a 90-day wage and price freeze to slow inflation. (p. 628)	16
5322807006	off the gold standard	In 1971, President Nixon took the U.S. off the gold standard, which helped to devalue the U.S. dollar relative to foreign currencies. (p. 628)	17
5322807456	cost of living indexed	In 1972, Congress approved automatic increases for Social Security benefits based on the rise in the cost of living. (p. 628)	18
5322807801	Title IX	In 1972, Congress passed this statue to end sex discrimination in schools that received federal funding. (p. 628)	19
5065292903	Burger Court	In 1969, President Nixon appointed Warren E. Burger of Minnesota as chief justice to succeed the retiring Earl Warren. The Burger Court was more conservative than the Warren Court, but some of its decisions angered conservatives. (p. 629)	20
5322809330	Roe v. Wade	In 1973, the Supreme Court struck down many state laws prohibiting abortions as a violation of a women's right to privacy. (p. 629)	21
5322809331	election of 1972	In the 1972 presidential election Richard Nixon easily won a second term by defeating Democratic Senator George McGovern of South Dakota. Nixon won every state except Massachusetts. (p. 629)	22
5065292904	George McGovern	In 1972, this Democratic Senator from South Dakota was a very liberal, antiwar, antiestablishment candidate for president. He was defeated easily by Richard Nixon. (p. 629)	23
5065292905	Watergate cover-up	In June 1972, a group of men hired by Nixon's reelection committee were caught breaking into the offices of the Democratic national headquarters in the Watergate complex. This break-in and attempted bugging were only part of a series of illegal activities. No proof demonstrated that Nixon had ordered the illegal activities. However, it was shown that Nixon participated in the illegal cover up of the scandal. (p. 630)	24
5322811018	plumbers	The president's aides created this group to stop leaks to the press as well as to discredit opponents. (p. 630)	25
5322811356	enemies list	The White House created this list of prominent Americans who opposed Nixon or the Vietnam War. (p. 630)	26
5322811638	United States v. Nixon	In the last days of the Watergate scandal, the court denied Nixon's claims to executive privilege and ordering him to turn over the Watergate tapes. (p. 629)	27
5065292908	War Powers Act	It was found that President Nixon had authorized 3,500 secret bombing raids in Cambodia, a neutral county. In November 1973, after a long struggle, Congress finally passed this act over Nixon's veto. This law required Nixon and any future president to report to Congress within 48 hours after taking military action and to obtain Congressional approval for any military action lasting more than 60 days. (p. 631)	28
5065292906	impeachment and resignation	The start of impeachment hearings in the House forced Nixon to eventually turn over the Watergate tapes, tape recordings of Nixon in his office. The tapes clearly implicated Nixon in the cover-up. The House Judiciary Committee voted three articles of impeachment: (1) obstruction of justice, (2) abuse of power, and (3) contempt of Congress. On August 9, 1974 Nixon resigned. (p. 632)	29
5322816715	imperial presidency	Cold War presidents had used national security, secrecy, executive privileged, and the mystique of the office to concentrate power into the White House. (p. 640)	30
5065292911	Gerald Ford	As vice president, he became president when Richard Nixon resigned on August 1, 1974. He was a likeable and unpretentious man, but his ability to be president was questioned by many in the media. (p. 632)	31
5322817378	pardon of Nixon	In his first month in office President Gerald Ford granted Richard Nixon a full and unconditional pardon for any crime he might have committed in office. (p. 632)	32
5322817783	reform of CIA	Former Congressman George H. W. Bush was appointed by President Ford to reform this agency after it had been accused of assassinating foreign leaders. (p. 633)	33
5322820144	fall of Saigon	In April 1975, the U.S supported government in Saigon fell and Vietnam became one country under Communist rule. (p. 633)	34
5065292912	Cambodia genocide	In 1975, the U.S. supported government in Cambodia fell to the Khmer Rouge, a radical Communist faction that killed over one million of its people in an effort to rid the country of western influence. (p 633)	35
5322820603	battle over inflation	In 1979-1980, inflation seemed completely out of control and reached the unheard of rate of 13 percent. (p. 636)	36
5065292913	Bicentennial	In 1976 the United States celebrated its 200th birthday. (p. 633)	37
5322820811	election of 1976	In 1976 presidential election Democrat James Earl (Jimmy) Carter won a close election by defeating Gerald Ford. He was helped by running as an outsider and the voters memory of Watergate. (p. 634)	38
5322821065	James Earl (Jimmy) Carter	He was elected president in 1976. He was a former Democratic governor of Georgia. (p. 634)	39
5322821600	human rights	President Carter championed the cause of human rights around the world. He opposed the all-white oppressive governments of South Africa and Rhodesia. He cut aid to Argentina and Chile for their human rights violations. (p. 634)	40
5322821830	Panama Canal Treaty	In 1978, the Senate ratified a treaty that would gradually transfer control of the Panama Canal from the U.S. to Panama. (p. 634)	41
5322821831	Camp David Accords	In September 1978, President Carter arranged for leader of Egypt and Israel to met at the Camp David presidential retreat to provide a framework for a peace settlement between the two countries. (p. 635)	42
5322822153	Iranian hostage crisis	In November 1979, Iranian militants seized the U.S. embassy in Tehran, Iran and held more than 50 of the U.S. staff as hostages. The hostage crisis dragged on for the rest of Carter's presidency. (p. 635)	43
5322822154	recognition of China	In 1979, the U.S. ended its official recognition of the Chinese government in Taiwan and completed an exchange of ambassadors with the People's Republic of China. (p. 635)	44
5322823640	Soviet Afghanistan invasion	In December 1979, Soviet troops invaded Afghanistan, an action that ended a decade of improving U.S.-Soviet relations. (p. 635)	45
5322824127	Paul Volcker, high interest rates	In 1980, the chairman of the Federal Reserve Board pushed interest rates to 20 percent in order to combat inflation. (p. 636)	46
5322824275	malaise speech	In 1979, President Jimmy Carter gave a speech in which he blamed the U.S. problems on a "moral and spiritual crisis". (p. 636)	47
5322824849	cultural pluralism	The U.S. population became more racial diverse and diverse ethnic and cultural groups strove to celebrate their unique traditions. (p. 637)	48
5322825285	impact of 1965 immigration law	The end of ethnic quotas favoring Europeans opened the United States to immigrants from all parts of the world. (p. 637)	49
5322825964	Immigration Reform and Control Act of 1986	This act penalize employers for hiring immigrants who had entered the country illegally or had overstayed their visas, while granting amnesty to undocumented immigrants arriving by 1982. (p. 637)	50
5322826295	Hispanic Americans	In 2000, they became the country's largest minority group. (p. 637)	51
5322826563	Cesar Chavez	In 1975, as leader of the United Farm Workers Organization he organized boycotts and eventually gained collective bargaining rights for farm workers. (p. 637)	52
5322826955	American Indian Movement	To achieve American Indian self-determination and revival of tribal traditions this organization was founded in 1968. (p. 638)	53
5322827252	Indian Self-Determination Act	In 1975, this act gave American Indian reservations and tribal lands greater control over internal programs, education, and law enforcement. (p. 638)	54
5322827253	gaming casinos	The American Indians attacked widespread unemployment and poverty on reservations by building these facilities. (p. 638)	55
5322827672	Asian Americans	In the 1980s, this group became the fastest growing minority population. (p. 639)	56
5322827981	gay liberation movement	By the mid 1970s, homosexuality was no longer classified as a mental illness and the federal Civil Service ended its ban on unemployment of homosexuals. (p. 639)	57
5322827982	Earth Day	In 1970, this annual celebration day, was created to show concerns about pollution and the destruction of the natural environment. (p. 639)	58
5322828517	Exxon Valdez accident	In 1989, this oil tanker ran aground and created a massive oil spill off the coast of Alaska. (p. 639)	59
5322828518	Three Mile Island	In 1979, this nuclear power plant accident in Pennsylvania turned public opinion against nuclear power. (p. 639)	60
5322829054	Chernobyl meltdown	In 1986, this nuclear plant in the Soviet Union exploded killing many people. (p. 639)	61
5322829055	Clean Air Act	In 1970, Congress passed this act to protect the air. (p. 639)	62
5322831703	Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)	In 1970, Congress created this agency to protect the environment. (p. 639)	63
5322832118	Clean Water Act	In 1972, Congress passed this act to protect the water. (p. 639)	64
5322832483	Environmental Superfund	In 1980, Congress created this fun to clean up toxic dumps, such as Love Canal in New York state. (p. 639)	65
5322833155	Endangered Species Act	In 1973, Congress passed this act to protect endangered species. (p. 639)	66