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AP US History, Chapter 19 Flashcards

8515366087	Uncle Tom's Cabin	(1852): Harriet Beecher Stowe's widely read novel that dramatized the horrors of slavery. It heightened Northern support for abolition and escalated the sectional conflict.	0
8515366088	The Impending Crisis of the South	(1857): Antislavery tract, written by white Southerner Hinton R. Helper, arguing that non- slaveholding whites actually suffered most in a slave economy.	1
8515366089	New England Emigrant Aid Company	(founded 1854): Organization created to facilitate the migration of free laborers to Kansas in order to prevent the establishment of slavery in the territory.	2
8515366090	Lecompton Constitution	(1857): Proposed Kansas constitution, whose ratification was unfairly rigged so as to guarantee slavery in the territory. Initially ratified by proslavery forces, it was later voted down when Congress required that the entire constitution be put up for a vote.	3
8515366091	Bleeding Kansas	(1856-1861): Civil war in Kansas over the issue of slavery in the territory, fought intermittently until 1861, when it merged with the wider national Civil War.	4
8515366092	Dred Scott v. Stanford	(1857): Supreme Court decision that extended federal protection to slavery by ruling that Congress did not have the power to prohibit slavery in any territory. Also declared that slaves, as property, were not citizens of the United States.	5
8515366093	panic of 1857	Financial crash brought on by gold-fueled inflation, overspeculation, and excess grain production. Raised calls in the North for higher tariffs and for free homesteads on western public lands.	6
8515366094	Tariff of 1857	Lowered duties on imports in response to a high Treasury surplus and pressure from Southern farmers.	7
8515366095	Lincoln-Douglas debates	(1858): Series of debates between Abraham Lincoln and Stephen Douglass during the U.S. Senate race in Illinois. Douglass won the election but Lincoln gained national prominence and emerged as the leading candidate for the 1860 Republican nomination.	8
8515366096	Freeport question	(1858): Raised during one of the Lincoln- Douglas debates by Abraham Lincoln, who asked whether the Court or the people should decide the future of slavery in the terri- tories.	9
8515366097	Freeport Doctrine	(1858): Declared that since slavery could not exist without laws to protect it, territorial legislatures, not the Supreme Court, would have the final say on the slavery question. First argued by Stephen Douglass in 1858 in response to Abraham Lincoln's "Freeport Question".	10
8515366098	Harpers Ferry	Federal arsenal in Virginia seized by abolitionist John Brown in 1859. Though Brown was later captured and exe- cuted, his raid alarmed Southerners who believed that Northerners shared in Brown's extremism.	11
8515366099	Constitutional Union party	(1860): Formed by moderate Whigs and Know-Nothings in an effort to elect a compromise candidate and avert a sectional crisis.	12
8515366100	Confederate States of America	(1861-1865): Government estab- lished after seven Southern states seceded from the Union. Later joined by four more states from the Upper South.	13
8515366101	Crittenden amendments	(1860): Proposed in an attempt to appease the South, the failed Constitutional amendments would have given federal protection for slavery in all territories south of 36°30' where slavery was supported by popular sover- eignty.	14
8515366102	Harriet Beecher Stowe	(1811-1896): Connecticut born abolitionist and author of best-selling Uncle Tom's Cabin, a novel that awakened millions of Northerners to the cruelty of slavery.	15
8515366103	Henry Ward Beecher	(1813-1887): Preacher, reformer and aboli- tionist, Beecher was the son of famed evangelist Lyman Beecher and brother of author Harriet Beecher Stowe. In the 1850s, he helped raise money to support the New England Emigrant Aid Company in its efforts to keep slavery out of Kansas territory. After the War, Beecher emerged as perhaps the best known Protestant minister, in part because of his ability to adapt Christianity to fit the times, emphasizing the compatibility of religion, science and modernity.	16
8515366104	James Buchanan	(1791-1868): Fifteenth president of the United States, Buchanan, a Pennsylvania-born Democrat, sympathized with the South and opposed any federal interference with its "pecu- liar institution." As president, he supported Kansas' Lecompton Constitution and opposed the Homestead Act, antagonizing north- ern Democrats and hopelessly splitting the Democratic Party.	17
8515366105	Charles Sumner	(1811-1874): Massachusetts senator and aboli- tionist, Sumner opposed the extension of slavery, speaking out pas- sionately on the civil war in Kansas. Sumner is best known for the caning he received at the hands of Preston Brooks on the Senate floor in 1856. After his recovery he returned to the Senate, leading the Radical Republican coalition in the Senate against Andrew Johnson during Reconstruction.	18
8515366106	Preston S. Brooks	(1819-1857): Fiery South Carolina congressman who senselessly caned Charles Sumner on the Senate floor in 1856. His violent temper flared in response to Sumner's "Crime Against Kansas" speech, in which the Massachusetts senator threw bitter insults at the Southern slaveocracy, singling out Brooks' South Carolina colleague, Senator Andrew Butler.	19
8515366107	Dred Scott	(1800-1858): Black slave who sued his master for free- dom, triggering the landmark Supreme Court decision that extended federal protection for slavery in the territories. Scott, backed by abolitionists, based his case on the five years he spent with his master in free soil Illinois and Wisconsin.	20
8515366108	Roger B. Taney	(1777-1864): Chief Justice of the Supreme Court from 1836-1864, Taney overturned Marshall's strict emphasis on contract rights, ruling in favor of community interest in the famous Charles River Bridge case in 1837. Maryland-born Taney also pre- sided over the landmark Dred Scott decision, which ruled that Congress had no power to restrict slavery in the territories.	21
8515366109	Stephen A. Douglas	(1813-1861): U.S. senator and Democratic presidential candidate, Douglas played a key role in passing the Compromise of 1850, though he inadvertently reignited sec- tional tensions in 1854 by proposing the Kansas-Nebraska Act. In 1858, Douglas famously sparred with Abraham Lincoln in the Lincoln-Douglas debates, defeating Lincoln in the senate race that year but losing to the Illinois republican in the presidential election of 1860.	22
8515366110	Abraham Lincoln	(1809-1865): Sixteenth president of the United States. An Illinois lawyer and politician, Lincoln briefly served in Congress from 1847-1848, introducing the famous "spot" resolu- tions on the Mexican war. He gained national prominence in 1858 during the Lincoln-Douglas debates in the Illinois senate race and emerged as the leading contender for the Republican nomination in 1860. Lincoln's election in 1860 drove South Carolina from the Union, eventually leading to the Civil War.	23
8515366111	John Brown	(1800-1859): Radical abolitionist who launched an attack on a federal armory at Harper's Ferry, Virginia in an effort to lead slaves in a violent uprising against their owners. Brown, who first took up arms against slavery during the Kansas civil War, was captured shortly after he launched his ill-conceived raid on the armory and sentenced to hang.	24
8515366112	John C. Breckinridge	(1821-1875): Vice president under James Buchanan, Breckenridge ran as the candidate of the Southern wing of the Democratic party in 1860, losing the election to Abraham Lincoln. A Kentucky slave owner, Breckenridge acknowledged the South's right to secede but worked tirelessly to hammer out a com- promise in the weeks before Lincoln's inauguration. Once the Civil War began, he served as a Confederate General, briefly serving as Jefferson Davis's Secretary of War in 1865.	25
8515366113	John Jordan Crittenden	(1876-1863): U.S. senator from Kentucky who introduced a compromise in 1860 in an effort to avoid a civil war. Crittenden proposed to amend the constitution, prohibiting slavery in territories north of 36° 30' but expending federal protec- tion to slavery in territories to the south.	26

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AP US History 1 Chapter 8 People Flashcards

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7105435959	George Washington	He was initially a military leader in the French and Indian War who pulled his small force back into Fort Necessity where he was overwhelmed by the French. He was the commander of Virginia's frontier troops as a colonel. Later, he was Commander of the Continental Army during the American Revolution.	0
7105437958	William Howe	He was a British Army officer who rose to become Commander-in-Chief of British forces during the American War of Independence.	1
7105440943	Nathanael Greene	He was a colonial general who fought in the American Revolution. He used the fighting tactic of retreating and getting the English to pursue him for miles, biding his time and waiting for the chance to make a move. The significance was that he helped clear Georgia and South Carolina of British troops.	2
7105445934	Benedict Arnold	He was an American General during the Revolutionary War. He prevented the British from reaching Ticonderoga and thus delayed the British assault on New York. Later, in 1778, he tried to help the British take West Point and the Hudson River but he was found out and declared a traitor.	3
7105448077	John Burgoyne	He was a British general that submitted a plan for invading New York state from Canada. He was then given charge of the army. He surrendered at Saratoga on Oct. 17, 1777. This battle helped to bring France into the war as an ally for the colonies.	4
7105451532	Charles Cornwallis	He was a British general who fought in the Seven Years War, was elected to the House of Commons in 1760, and lost battles to George Washington on December 26, 1776 and on January 3, 1777. On October 19, 1781, he surrendered his troops at Yorktown signaling the end of the American Revolution.	5
7105456583	Thomas Paine	He wrote the pamphlet Common Sense saying the colonies should set up America as an independent, democratic, republic away from England. Over 120,000 copies of his pamphlet were sold and this helped spark the colonists' call for independence.	6
7105459569	Barry St. Leger	He was a British officer in the American Revolutionary War. He led a British advance into New York's Mohawk Valley in the summer of 1777. Hoping to join the British army of General John Burgoyne at Albany. He was halted by American forces and retreated to Canada.	7
7105467022	George Rogers Clark	He was a frontiersman who led the seizing of 3 British forts in 1777 along the Ohio River. This later led to the British giving the region north of the Ohio River to the United States	8
7105468272	Richard Henry Lee	He was a member of Philadelphia's Continental Congress during the late 1770's. On June 7, 1776 he declared, "These United colonies are, and of right ought to be, free and independent states." This resolution was the start of the Declaration of Independence.	9
7105470589	Horatio Gates	He was a retired British soldier who served as an American general during the Revolutionary War. He took credit for the American victory in the Battles of Saratoga (1777) - a matter of contemporary and historical controversy - and was blamed for the defeat at the Battle of Camden in 1780.	10
7105475921	John Paul Jones	He was the America's first well-known naval commander in the American Revolutionary War.	11
7105478856	Thomas Jefferson	He was a member of the House of Burgesses, wrote the Declaration of Independence, was ambassador to France, and was the third president of the United States of America.	12
7105481113	Marquis de Lafayette	He was a French aristocrat and military officer who fought in the American Revolutionary War on the side of the colonists.	13
7105486566	Admiral de Grasse	He was a French admiral best known for his command of the French fleet at the Battle of the Chesapeake, which led directly to the British surrender at Yorktown.	14
7105490404	Patrick Henry	He was a fiery lawyer during Revolutionary War times. Supporting a break from Great Britain, he is famous for the words, "...give me liberty, or give me death!" which concluded a speech given to the Virginia Assembly in 1775.	15
7105492316	Comte de Rochambeau	He commanded a powerful French army of 6,000 troops in the summer of 1780 and arrived in Newport, Rhode Island. He was planning a Franco-American attack on New York.	16
7105495383	John Jay	He was the First Chief Justice of the United States, and also an American statesman and jurist. Elected to the Continental Congress, he also helped negotiate the Treaty of Paris with Great Britain, ending the American Revolution.	17

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AP US History, Chapter 23 Flashcards

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8515395899	"waving the bloody shirt"	The use of Civil War imagery by political candidates and parties to draw votes to their side of the ticket.	0
8515395900	Tweed Ring	A symbol of Gilded Age corruption, "Boss" Tweed and his deputies ran the New York City Democratic party in the 1860s and swindled $200 million from the city through bribery, graft, and vote-buying. Boss Tweed was eventually jailed for his crimes and died behind bars.	1
8515395901	Crédit Mobilier scandal	1872; A construction company was formed by owners of the Union Pacific Railroad for the purpose of receiving government contracts to build the railroad at highly inflated prices - and profits. In 1872 a scandal erupted when journalists discovered that the Crédit Mobilier Company had bribed congressmen and even the vice president to allow the ruse to continue.	2
8515395902	panic of 1873	A worldwide depression that began in the United States when one of the nation's largest banks abruptly declared bankruptcy, leading to the collapse of thousands of banks and businesses. The crisis intensified debtors' calls for inflationary measures such as the printing of more paper money and the unlimited coinage of silver. Conflicts over monetary policy greatly influenced politics in the last quarter of the nineteenth century.	3
8515395903	Gilded Age	A term given to the period 1865-1896 by Mark Twain, indicating both the fabulous wealth and the widespread corruption of the era.	4
8515395904	patronage	A system, prevalent during the Gilded Age, in which political parties granted jobs and favors to party regulars who delivered votes on election day. Patronage was both an essential wellspring of support for both parties and a source of conflict within the Republican party.	5
8515395905	Compromise of 1877	The agreement that finally resolved the 1876 election and officially ended Reconstruction. In exchange for the Republican candidate, Rutherford B. Hayes, winning the presidency, Hayes agreed to withdraw the last of the federal troops from the former Confederate states. This deal effectively completed the southern return to white-only, Democratic-dominated electoral politics.	6
8515395906	Civil Rights Act of 1875	The last piece of federal civil rights legislation until the 1950s, the law promised blacks equal access to public accommodations and banned racism in jury selection, but it provided no means of enforcement and was therefore ineffective. In 1883, the Supreme Court declared most of the act unconstitutional.	7
8515395907	sharecropping	An agricultural system that emerged after the Civil War in which black and white farmers rented land and residences from a plantation owner in exchange for giving him a certain "share" of each year's crop. Sharecropping was the dominant form of southern agriculture after the Civil War, and landowners manipulated this system to keep tenants in perpetual debt and unable to leave their plantations.	8
8515395908	Jim Crow	System of racial segregation in the American South from the end of Reconstruction until the mid-twentieth century. Based on the concept of "separate but equal" facilities for blacks and whites, the Jim Crow system sought to prevent racial mixing in public, including restaurants, movie theaters, and public transportation. An informal system, it was generally perpetuated by custom, violence, and intimidation.	9
8515395909	Plessy v. Ferguson	A Supreme Court case that upheld the constitutionality of segregation laws, saying that as long as blacks were provided with "separate but equal" facilities, these laws did not violate the Fourteenth Amendment. This decision provided legal justification for the Jim Crow system until the 1950s.	10
8515395910	Chinese Exclusion Act	1882 federal legislation that prohibited most further Chinese immigration to the United States. This was the first major legal restriction on immigration in US history.	11
8515395911	Pendleton Act	1883 Congressional legislation that established the Civil Service Commission, which granted federal government jobs on the basis of examinations instead of political patronage, thus reining in the spoils system.	12
8515395912	Homestead Strike	1892; A strike at a Carnegie steel plant in Homestead, Pennsylvania, that ended in an armed battle between the strikers, three hundred armed Pinkerton detectives hired by Carnegie, and federal troops, which killed ten people and wounded more than sixty. The strike was part of a nationwide wave of labor unrest in the summer of 1892 that helped the Populists gain some support from industrial workers.	13
8515395913	grandfather clause	A regulation established in many southern states in the 1890s that exempted from voting requirements (such as literacy tests and poll taxes) anyone who could prove that his ancestors ("grandfathers") had been able to vote in 1860. Because slaves could not vote before the Civil War, these clauses guaranteed the right to vote to many whites while denying it to blacks.	14
8515395914	Jay Gould	United States financier who gained control of the Erie Canal and who caused a financial panic in 1869 when he attempted to corner the gold market.	15
8515395915	Horace Greeley	An American newspaper editor and founder o the Republican party. His New York Tribune was America's most influential newspaper 1840-1870. Greeley used it to promote the Whig and Republican parties, as well as antislavery and a host of reforms.	16
8515395916	Rutherford B. Hayes	19th president of the United States who was famous for being part of the Hayes-Tilden election in which electoral votes were contested in 4 states; the most corrupt election in US history	17
8515395917	James A. Garfield	He was remembered as one of the four "lost presidents" after the civil war. He was elected to the Ohio Senate in 1859 as a Republican. During the secession crisis, he advocated coercing the seceding states back into the Union. As President, he strengthened Federal authority over the New York Customs House. Less than four months of taking office in 1881, he was assassinated. His assassination led to the Pendleton Civil Service Reform of 1883.	18
8515395918	Chester Arthur	Appointed customs collector for the port of New York - corrupt and implemented a heavy spoils system. He was chosen as Garfield's running mate. Garfield won but was shot, so Arthur became the 21st president.	19
8515395919	Grover Cleveland	22nd and 24th president; Democrat; honest and hardworking; as a Republican fought corruption; as president he vetoed hundreds of wasteful bills, achieved the Interstate Commerce Commission and civil service reform; violent suppression of strikes	20
8515395920	Thomas B. Reed	Republican Speaker of the House in 1888, he gained a reputation for an iron grip over Congress and kept Democrats in line.	21
8515395921	Tom Watson	Elected to the US Congress; became known as a champion of Georgia's farmers, and he sponsored and pushed through a law providing for RFD-rural free delivery	22
8515395922	William Jennings Bryan	Democratic candidate who ran for president in 1896 and again in 1900; his goal of "free silver" (unlimited coinage of silver) won him the support of the Populist Party. Though a gifted orator, he lost the election to Republican Willam McKinley. He ran again for president and lost again in 1900. Later he opposed America's imperialist actions, and in the 1920s, he made his mark as a leader of the fundamentalist cause and prosecuting attorney in the Scopes Monkey Trial.	23
8515395923	J. P. Morgan	Banker who buys out Carnegie Steel and renames it to US Steel. Was a philanthropist in a way: he gave all the money needed for WWI and was payed back. Was one of the "robber barons"	24

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How to get a date in AP US History Flashcards

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9401311172	1607	Jamestown- The first permanent English settlement in the Americas.	0
9401311173	1754-1763	French and Indian War- resulted from frontier tensions in North America as both the French, Am. colonists, and the British imperial sought to extend into and control the Ohio River Valley.	1
9401315493	1776	Declaration of Independence- adopted by the 2nd Continental Congress. It announced that the 13 colonies were at war with Great Britain.	2
9401319243	1783	Treaty of Paris- ended the Revolutionary War and recognized American sovereignty.	3
9401319244	1787	Constitutional Convention- met to address the problems of the weak central government that existed under the Articles of Confederation and wrote a new government.	4
9401329040	1803	Louisiana Purchase- to acquire the territory around the Mississippi River the U.S. paid 50 million francs ($11.2 M) and a cancellation of debts worth 18 million francs ($3.7 M) for a total of 68 million francs ($15 M, equivalent to $300 M in 2016).	5
9401329041	1820	Missouri Compromise- to preserve the balance of power in Congress between slave and free states, Missouri was admitted as a slave state and Maine as a free state.	6
9401330761	1828-1830	Tariff/Nullification Crisis- South Carolina declared that the tariffs of 1828 and 1832 were unconstitutional and unenforceable within the state and that attempts to use force to collect the taxes would lead to the state's secession.	7
9401332934	1830-1850	Manifest Destiny- belief that the expansion of the US throughout the American continents was both justified and inevitable.	8
9401341215	1845-1848	Mexican-Am War- this evidence of Manifest Destiny pitted the U.S. against a much weaker Mexico after a border scuffle in Texas. Led to the seizing of 1/2 of Mexico as part of the Treaty of Guadeloupe.	9
9401341216	1848	Seneca Falls Convention- the 1st woman's rights convention- drew more than 200 men and women in support of women's legal and voting equality.	10
9401343857	1861-1865	Civil War- The long-standing controversy over slavery broke into full armed rebellion between the Union and the Confederacy.	11
9401347613	1862	Homestead Act- parcels of 160 acres given to settlers who lived on the land for 5 years farming it. Used to prevent land speculation and encourage settlement instead.	12
9401347666	1890	Ghost Dance and Massacre at Wounded Knee- U.S. gov. were worried about the increasing influence of the Ghost Dance spiritual movement, a pan Indian traditional group. The U.S. gov. demanded that Plains Indians disarm, and led to a massacre of 150 natives. This was the last major confrontation on the Great Plains.	13
9401351931	1890	Sherman Anti-Trust Act- the federal anti-monopoly and anti-trust law that was trying to promote competition and capitalism.	14
9401351932	1896	Plessy vs. Ferguson- upheld the constitutionality of racial segregation laws for public facilities as long as the segregated facilities were equal in quality.	15
9401352963	1898	Spanish American War- started as a Cuban independence movement that ended Spanish colonial rule in the Americas and resulted in U.S. acquisition of territories in the western Pacific and Latin America.	16
9401358181	1917	US enters WW1 [WW1 1914-1918]- the U.S. entered the conflict, 2 1/2 years after the war had started as a result of increasing German aggression.	17
9401358182	1929	Stock Market Crash- the largest loss on the U.S. stock market in history, led directly to a worldwide depression for the next 12 years.	18
9401362153	1941	Pearl Harbor-US enters WW2 [WW2 1939-1945]- WW2 was considered Europe's problem and the U.S. will remain largely isolationist until the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor.	19
9401364033	1954	Brown vs. Board of Education of Topeka, KS- the Supreme Court declared state laws segregating public schools were inherently unequal and unconstitutional.	20
9401366730	1962	Cuban Missile Crisis- a tense, 13-day political and military standoff over the installation of nuclear-armed Soviet missiles on Cuba.	21
9401366731	1965	Voting Rights Act- the MLK and LBJ sponsored law that outlawed racial discrimination in voting.	22
9401370474	1968	Tet Offensive- a series of large surprise attacks against the U.S. and South Vietnamese areas. Convinced the American public that the U.S. couldn't win the war.	23
9401370475	1972	Watergate Break-In- burglars in the pay of Nixon's reelection campaign broke into offices of the Democratic party, that led to his resignation.	24
9401372458	1989	Cold War Ends- the Berlin Wall came down, borders opened, and free elections ousted Communist regimes everywhere in eastern Europe.	25

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AP US History, Chapter 2 Flashcards

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8512751870	Protestant Reformation	(16th Century) Movement to reform the Catholic Church launched in Germany by Martin Luther. Reformers questioned the authority of the Pope, sought to eliminate the selling of indulgences, and encouraged the translation of the Bible from Latin, which few at the time could read. The reformation was launched in England in the 1530s when King Henry VIII broke with the Roman Catholic Church.	0
8512751871	Roanoke Island	(1585) Sir Walter Raleigh's failed colonial settlement off the coast of North Carolina.	1
8512751872	Spanish Armada	(1588) Spanish fleet defeated in the English Channel in 1588. The defeat of the Armada marked the beginning of the decline of the Spanish Empire.	2
8512751873	primogeniture	Legal principle that the oldest son inherits all family property or land. Landowner's younger sons, forced to seek their fortunes elsewhere, pioneered early exploration and settlement of the Americas.	3
8512751874	joint-stock company	Short-term partnership between multiple investors to fund a commercial enterprise; such arrangements were used to fund England's early colonial ventures.	4
8512751875	Virginia Company		5
8512751876	charter	Legal document granted by a government to some group or agency to implement a stated purpose, and spelling out the attending rights and obligations. British colonial charters guaranteed inhabitants all the rights of Englishmen, which helped solidify colonists' ties to Britain during the early years of settlement.	6
8512751877	Jamestown	(1607) First permanent English settlement in North America founded by the Virginia Company.	7
8512751878	First Anglo-Powhatan War	(1614) Series of clashes between the Powhatan Confederacy and English settlers in Virginia. English colonists torched and pillaged Indian villages, applying tactics used in England's campaigns against the Irish.	8
8512751879	Second Anglo-Powhatan War	(1644-1646) Last-ditch effort by the Indians to dislodge Virginia settlements. The resulting peace treaty formally separated white and Indian areas of settlement.	9
8512751880	House of Burgesses		10
8512751881	Act of Toleration	(1649) Passed in Maryland, it guaranteed toleration to all Christians but decreed the death penalty for those, like Jews and atheists, who denied the divinity of Jesus Christ. Ensured that Maryland would continue to attract a high proportion of Catholic migrants throughout the colonial period.	11
8512751882	Barbados slave code	(1661) First formal statute governing the treatment of slaves, which provided for harsh punishments against offending slaves but lacked penalties for the mistreatment of slaves by masters. Similar statutes were adopted by Southern plantation societies on the North American mainland in the 17th and 18th cen- turies.	12
8512751883	squatters	Frontier farmers who illegally occupied land owned by others or not yet officially opened for settlement. Many of North Carolina's early settlers were squatters, who contributed to the colony's reputation as being more independent-minded and "democratic" than its neighbors.	13
8512751884	Iroquois Confederacy	(late 1500s) Bound together five tribes— the Mohawks, the Oneidas, the Onondagas, the Cayugas, and the Senecas—in the Mohawk Valley of what is now New York State.	14
8512751885	Tuscarora War	(1711-1713) Began with an Indian attack on Newbern, North Carolina. After the Tuscaroras were defeated, remaining Indian survivors migrated northward, eventually joining the Iroquois Confederacy as its sixth nation.	15
8512751886	Yamasee Indians	Defeated by the south Carolinans in the war of 1715-1716. The Yamasee defeat devastated the last of the coastal Indian tribes in the Southern colonies.	16
8512751887	buffer	In politics, a territory between two antagonistic powers, intended to minimize the possibility of conflict between them. In British North America, Georgia was established as a buffer colony between British and Spanish territory.	17
8512751888	Henry VIII	(1491-1547) Tudor monarch who launched the Protestant Reformation in England when he broke away from the Catholic Church in order to divorce his first wife, Catherine of Aragon.	18
8512751889	Elizabeth I	(1533-1603) Protestant Queen of England, whose forty-five year reign from 1558 to 1603 firmly secured the Anglican Church and inaugurated a period of maritime exploration and conquest. Never having married, she was dubbed the "Virgin Queen" by her contemporaries.	19
8512751890	Sir Francis Drake	(c.1542-1595) English sea captain who completed his circumnavigation of the globe in 1580, plundering Spanish ships and settlements along the way.	20
8512751891	Sir Walter Raleigh	English courtier and adventurer who sponsored the failed settlements of North Carolina's Roanoke Island in 1585 and 1587. Once a favorite of Elizabeth I, he fell out of favor with the Virgin Queen after secretly marrying one of her maids of honor. He continued his colonial pursuits until 1618, when he was executed for treason.	21
8512751892	James I	(1566-1625) Formerly James VI of Scotland, he became _______ of England at the death of Elizabeth I. He supported overseas colonization, granting a charter to the Virginia Company in 1606 for a settlement in the New World. He also cracked down on both Catholics and Puritan Separatists, prompting the latter to flee to Holland and, later, to North America.	22
8512751893	Captain John Smith	(1580-1631) English adventurer who took control of Jamestown in 1608 and ensured the survival of the colony by directing gold-hungry colonists toward more productive tasks. He also established ties with the Powhatan Indians through the Chief's daughter, Pocahontas, who had "saved" him from a mock execution the previous year.	23
8512751894	Powhatan	(c.1540s-1618) Chief of the Powhatan Indians and father of Pocahontas. As a show of force, he staged the kidnapping and mock execution of Captain John Smith in 1607. He later led the Powhatan Indians in the first Anglo-Powhatan War, negotiating a tenuous peace in 1614.	24
8512751895	Pocahontas	(c.1595-1617) Daughter of Chief Powhatan, she "saved" Captain John Smith in a dramatic mock execution and served as a mediator between Indians and the colonists. In 1614, she married John Rolfe and sailed with him to England, where she was greeted as a princess, and where she passed away shortly before her planned return to the colonies.	25
8512751896	Lord De La Warr	(1577-1618) Colonial governor who imposed harsh military rule over Jamestown after taking over in 1610. A veteran of England's brutal campaigns against the Irish, He applied harsh "Irish" tactics in his war against the Indians, sending troops to torch Indian villages and seize provisions. The colony of Delaware was named after him.	26
8512751897	John Rolfe	(1585-1622) English colonist whose marriage to Pocahontas in 1614 sealed the peace of the First Anglo-Powhatan War.	27
8512751898	Lord Baltimore	(1605-1675) Established Maryland as a haven for Catholics. He unsuccessfully tried to reconstitute the English manorial system in the colonies and gave vast tracts of land to Catholic relatives, a policy that soon created tensions between the seaboard Catholic establishment and backcountry Protestant planters.	28
8512751899	Oliver Cromwell	(1599-1658) Puritan general who helped lead parliamentary forces during the English Civil War, and ruled England as Lord Protector from 1653 until his death in 1658.	29
8512751900	James Oglethorpe	(1696-1785) Soldier-statesman and leading founder of Georgia. A champion of prison reform, he established Georgia as a haven for debtors seeking to avoid imprisonment. During the War of Jenkins's Ear, he successfully led his colonists in battle, repelling a Spanish attack on British territory.	30
8512751901	Hiawatha	(dates unknown) Along with Deganawidah, legendary founder of the Iroquois Confederacy, which united the Mohawk, Oneida, Onondaga, Cayuga and Seneca tribes in the late sixteenth century.	31

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AP US History- World War 1 Flashcards

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7694799647	Allied Powers	Great Britain, Russia, Serbia, France	0
7694799648	Central Powers	Germany, Ottoman Empire, Austria Hungray, Bulgaria	1
7694799649	Trench Warfare	WWI strategy of defending your territory from deep ditches	2
7694799650	Machine guns	shoots in rapid succession, changing how wars are fought	3
7694799651	Poison gas	new form of warfare using biological or chemical weapons	4
7694799652	Tanks	new technology allowing soldiers to advance across No Man's Land	5
7694799653	Airplanes	New technology allowing aerial support	6
7694799654	War of Attrition	warfare where one side tried to wear down the other	7
7694799655	Neutrality	original U.S. position toward WWI	8
7694799656	Lusitania	British passenger ship sunk by the Germans, 128 Americans died, turned public opinion in the war	9
7694799657	Zimmerman Telegram	decoded message from German diplomat to Mexico offering U.S. territory (Texas) if Mexico fought the U.S. in WWI.	10
7694799658	Henry Cabot Lodge	Rejected President Wilson's 14 points and was the main driving force behind the U.S. not approving the Treaty of Versailles	11
7694799659	Espionage and Sedition Act	Congress made it illegal to speak out against the government's war efforts, incite disloyalty or persuade men from avoiding the draft, and outlawed disloyal or profane language directed against the constitution, military uniforms & flag	12
7694799660	Wilson's 14 Points	plan for organizing post-war Europe in order to avoid future wars	13
7694799661	League of Nations	international organization of nations formed in 1919 to prevent future wars	14
7694799662	Reparations	war payments made by a losing country after war	15
7694799663	Treaty of Versailles	treaty that ended WWI and was one of the main driving forces for WWII	16
7694799664	General John Pershing	leader of the U.S. AEF forces in Europe	17
7694799665	American Expeditionary Force	the U.S. armed forces sent over to fight in Europe during WWI. Not a legitimate army	18
7694799666	War to End All Wars	the idea that WWI would, with all its destruction & devastation, end warfare	19
7694799667	no man's land	A strip of land between the trenches of opposing armies along the Western Front during WW1	20
7694799668	total war	A conflict in which the participating countries devote all their resources to the war effort	21
7694799669	propaganda	Ideas spread to influence public opinion	22
7694799670	armistice	A temporary peace agreement to end fighting.	23
7694799671	Von Schlieffen Plan	A strategy drawn up by Germany to avoid fighting a war on two fronts	24
7694799672	Eastern Front	In WWI, the region along the German-Russian Border where Russians and Serbs battled Germans, Austrians, and Turks.	25
7694799673	Western Front	in WWI, the region of northern France where the forces of the Allies and the Central Powers battled each other	26
7694799674	U-Boat warfare	A policy that the Germans announced on January 1917 which stated that their submarines would sink any ship in the British waters	27
7694799675	Treaty of Versailles	Treaty that ended WW I. It blamed Germany for WW I and handed down harsh punishment.	28
7694799676	Fourteen Points	A series of proposals in which U.S. president Woodrow Wilson outlined a plan for achieving a lasting peace after World War I.	29
7694799677	League of Nations	an international organization formed in 1920 to promote cooperation and peace among nations	30
7694799678	reparations	As part of the Treaty of Versailles, Germany was ordered to pay fines to the Allies to repay the costs of the war. Opposed by the U.S., it quickly lead to a severe depression in Germany.	31
7694799679	ultimatum	A demand or threat that is final	32
7694799680	main causes of the war	militarism, alliances, nationalism, imperialism	33
7694799681	Allies of World War I	Composed of France, Britain, and Russia, and later Japan and Italy, the Allies fought the Central Powers in World War I. The United States joined the Allies in 1917.	34
7694799682	Central Powers	A military alliance between Germany, Austria-Hungary, Bulgaria, and the Ottoman Empire.	35
7694799683	Woodrow Wilson	28th president of the United States, known for World War I leadership, Treaty of Versailles, sought 14 points post-war plan, League of Nations (but failed to win U.S. ratification), won Nobel Peace Prize	36
7694799684	Kaiser Wilhelm	militaristic and nationalistic leader of Germany during the last decade of the 1800's and most of WWI	37
7694799685	Zimmerman Telegram	A coded message sent by Germany to try to get Mexico to attack the US	38
7694799686	Lusitania	British passenger boat sunk by a German submarine that claimed 1,000 lives. One of main reasons US decided to join the war.	39
7694799687	stalemate	A deadlock in which neither side is able to defeat the other.	40
7694799688	Versailles Peace Treaty	The Treaty of Versailles (French: Traité de Versailles) was one of the peace treaties at the end of World War I. It ended the state of war between Germany and the Allied Powers. It was signed on 28 June 1919, exactly five years after the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand.	41
7694799689	U-boat	German submarine - u boat is short of the German word, Unterseeboot (Under Sea Boat)	42
7694799690	barbed wire	was laid out between the trenches to slow down advancing enemy forces	43

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AP US History Flashcards

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7779010115	George Washington	1789-1797 Federalist Whiskey Rebellion; Judiciary Act; Farewell Address	0
7779010116	John Adams	1797-1801 Federalist XYZ Affair; Alien and Sedition Acts	1
7779010117	Thomas Jefferson	1801-1809 Democratic-Republican Marbury v. Madison; Louisiana Purchase; Embargo of 1807	2
7779010118	James Madison	1809-1817 Democratic-Republican War of 1812; First Protective Tariff	3
7779010119	James Monroe	1817-1825 Democratic-Republican Missouri Compromise of 1820; Monroe Doctrine	4
7779010120	John Quincy Adams	1825-1829 Democratic-Republican "Corrupt Bargain"; "Tariff of Abominations"	5
7779010121	Andrew Jackson	1829-1837 Democrat Nullification Crisis; Bank War; Indian Removal Act	6
7779010122	Martin Van Buren	1837-1841 Democrat Trail of Tears; Specie Circular; Panic of 1837	7
7779010123	William Henry Harrison	1841 Whig "Tippecanoe and Tyler too!"; First Whig President	8

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AP US History - US Presidents Flashcards

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9643865335	George Washington	1789-1797 Federalist Whiskey Rebellion; Judiciary Act; Farewell Address	0
9643865336	John Adams	1797-1801 Federalist XYZ Affair; Alien and Sedition Acts	1
9643865337	Thomas Jefferson	1801-1809 Democratic-Republican Marbury v. Madison; Louisiana Purchase; Embargo of 1807	2
9643865338	James Madison	1809-1817 Democratic-Republican War of 1812; First Protective Tariff	3
9643865339	James Monroe	1817-1825 Democratic-Republican Missouri Compromise of 1820; Monroe Doctrine	4
9643865340	John Quincy Adams	1825-1829 Democratic-Republican "Corrupt Bargain"; "Tariff of Abominations"	5
9643865341	Andrew Jackson	1829-1837 Democrat Nullification Crisis; Bank War; Indian Removal Act	6
9643865342	Martin Van Buren	1837-1841 Democrat Trail of Tears; Specie Circular; Panic of 1837	7
9643865343	William Henry Harrison	1841 Whig "Tippecanoe and Tyler too!"; First Whig President	8
9643865344	John Tyler	1841-1845 Whig "His Accidency"; Webster-Ashburton Treaty	9
9643865345	James Polk	1845-1849 Democrat Texas annexation; Mexican War	10
9643865346	Zachary Taylor	1849-1850 Whig Mexican War hero and staunch Unionist	11
9643865347	Millard Fillmore	1850-1853 Whig Compromise of 1850	12
9643865348	Franklin Pierce	1853-1857 Democrat Kansas-Nebraska Act; Gadsden Purchase	13
9643865349	James Buchanan	1857-1861 Democrat Dred Scott decision; Harpers Ferry raid	14
9643865350	Abraham Lincoln	1861-1865 Republican Secession and Civil War; Emancipation Proclamation	15
9643865351	Andrew Johnson	1865-1869 Democrat 13th and 14th amendments; Radical Reconstruction; Impeachment	16
9643865352	Ulysses Grant	1869-1877 Republican 15th amendment; Panic of 1873	17
9643865353	Rutherford Hayes	1877-1881 Republican Compromise of 1877; labor unions and strikes	18
9643865354	James Garfield	1881, Republican Brief resurgence of presidential authority; Increase in American naval power; Purge corruption in the Post Office	19
9643865355	Chester Arthur	1881-1885 Republican Standard Oil trust created Edison lights up New York City	20
9643865356	Grover Cleveland	1885-1889 (1st term), 1893-1897 (2nd term) Democrat Interstate Commerce Act; Dawes Act; Panic of 1893; Pullman Strike	21
9643865357	Benjamin Harrison	1889-1893 Republican Sherman Anti-Trust Act; Closure of the frontier	22
9643865358	William McKinley	1897-1901 Republican Spanish-American War; Open Door policy	23
9643865359	Theodore Roosevelt	1901-1909 Republican Progressivism; Square Deal; Big Stick Diplomacy	24
9643865360	William Howard Taft	1909-1913 Republican Dollar diplomacy NAACP founded	25
9643865361	Woodrow Wilson	1913-1921 Democrat WWI; League of Nations; 18th and 19th amendments; Segregation of federal offices; First Red Scare	26
9643865362	Warren Harding	1921-1923 Republican "Return to normalcy", return to isolationism; Tea Pot Dome scandal; Prohibition	27
9643865363	Calvin Coolidge	1923-1929 Republican Small-government (laissez-faire) conservative	28
9643865364	Herbert Hoover	1929-1933 Republican "American individualism"; Stock Market Crash; Dust Bowl; Hawley-Smoot Tariff	29
9643865365	Franklin Delano Roosevelt	1933-1945 Democrat New Deal; WWII; Japanese Internment; "Fireside Chats"	30
9643865366	Harry Truman	1945-1953 Democrat A-bomb; Marshall Plan; Korean War; United Nations	31
9643865367	Dwight Eisenhower	1953-1961 Republican Brown v. Board of Education; Second Red Scare; Highway Act and suburbanization ("white flight"); Farewell Address warning of the military industrial complex	32
9643865368	John Kennedy	1961-1963 Democrat Camelot; Bay of Pigs; Cuban Missile Crisis; Space program; Peace Corps	33
9643865369	Lyndon Johnson	1963-1969 Democrat Civil and Voting Rights acts; Gulf of Tonkin Resolution; Great Society	34
9643865370	Richard Nixon	1969-1974 Republican Environmental Protection Act; China visit; Moon Landing; Watergate	35
9643865371	Gerald Ford	1974-1977 Republican Pardoning of Nixon; OPEC crisis	36
9643865372	Jimmy Carter	1977-1981 Democrat stagflation / energy crisis; Iran hostage crisis; Camp David Accords	37
9643865373	Ronald Reagan	1981-1989 Republican Conservative revolution; Iran-Contra scandal	38
9643865374	George H. W. Bush	1989-1993 Republican Persian Gulf War	39
9643865375	Bill Clinton	1993-2001 Democrat NAFTA; Lewinsky scandal and impreachment	40
9643865376	George W. Bush	2001-2008 Republican War on terrorism; Patriot Act; Tax cuts; "No Child Left Behind"	41
9643865377	Barack Obama	2008-2017 Democrat Affordable Care Act	42
9643865378	Donald Trump	2017-? Republican "Make America Great Again"	43