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AP US History Semester 1 Review Flashcards

APUSH semester 1

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8429339302Federalist PartyFirst American political party formed by George Washington and led by Alexander Hamilton. They were in support of the Constitution, as it gave the government more power. They believed in national banks, tariffs, an elite ruling class, and good relations with Britain. They had major influences and impacts on out national government and its debt.0
8429339303Anti-Federalist PartyA group of members that opposed the creation of a stronger US federal government and the Constitution. They were led by Patrick Henry and Thomas Jefferson. They believed in a weak central government and strong state governments. They supported small farmers and landowners. They helped in preventing the Federalists from creating a political system like that of the British.1
8429339304Whigs Partywere conservatives who supported government programs, reforms, and public schools. They called for internal improvements like canals, railroads, and telegraph lines.2
8429339305Marbury v Madison 1803William Marbury had not had his commission delivered by Adams. Even though this was illegal on Adams part, Congress could not force Marbury to bring the documents. The court was able to form a basis for exercise of judicial review. It defined the boundary between the constitutionally separate executive and judicial branches. (date)3
8429339306McCulloch v Maryland 1819Maryland attempted to impede operation of a branch of the second bank of the US by imposing a tax on all notes of banks not chartered in Maryland. It established that Congress could implement the Constitution's powers, and state action couldn't impede valid constitutional exercises of power by the government. (date)4
8429339307Plessy v Fergussoncase ruled that "separate but equal" public facilities were legal. reversed in Brown v Board of Ed. Racial segregation5
8429339308Louisiana Purchase 1803The acquisition by the USA of France's claim to the territory of Louisiana. They paid $15 million. It doubled the size of the US, removed France's presence in the region, and it protected US trade access and free passage. (date)6
8429339309Mexican Cession1848. Awarded as part of the Treaty of Guadalupe-Hidalgo after the Mexican American War. U.S. paid $15 million for 525,000 square miles.7
8429339310Gadsden Purchase 1853..A region of present day southern Arizona and southwestern New Mexico purchased by the US in a treaty. It proved the land necessary for a southern transcontinental railroad and attempted to resolve conflicts that lingered after the Mexican-American War. (date)8
8429339311Erie CanalA canal in New York running from Albany to Buffalo. It created a navigable water route from the Atlantic Ocean to the Great Lakes which gave the western states direct access tot he ocean without shipping goods downstream on Mississippi River.9
8429339312Boston Massacre 1770The killing of five colonists by British regulars. It was the culmination of the tensions in the American colonies. It made many colonists rally together to counter the evil British. Changed people's mind about the British. (date)10
8429339313Boston Tea Party 1773Political protest by the Sons of Liberty. They destroyed an entire shipment of tea sent by the East India company in defiance of the Tea Act by throwing the chests into the sea. It showed that the American colonies had grown tired of arbitrary taxation by the British. (date)11
8429339314Popular SovereigntyA belief that ultimate power resides in the people. The people are able to vote for if they want slavery or not.12
8429339315Second Great AwakeningA Protestant revival movement as a reaction against skepticism, deism, and rationalism. It enrolled new members in existing denominations and led to the formation of new denominations. It revived the emotional side of religion, weakened church authority, and played a role in social reform.13
8429339316French and Indian War 1754-1763Fought between the colonies of British America and New France, supported by military units from their parent countries. Hostilities intensified between the two as they both attempted to colonize land in the Ohio Valley. It marked the beginning of conflicts between Great Britain and the American colonists. (Dates)14
8429339317Revolutionary War 1775-1783War fought between the American colonies and England. American colonies won war and gained independence and British land in North America. (date)15
8429339318Nullification CrisisA sectional crisis with an ordinance declared by the power of the state that the Tariffs of 1828 and 1832 were unconstitutional and therefore void in South Carolina. It showed that the economic and political interests of the North and South were drifting, as they had opposing ideas.16
8429339319Mexican-American War 1846An armed conflict between the US and Mexico that started with the US annexation of Texas and was the result of a disagreement over where the Mexican-American border should be. the US received Mexican territory and it raised the question of slavery in the new territory. (date)17
8429339320Saratoga BattleA battle that took place in New York where the Continental Army defeated the British. It proved to be the turning point of the war. This battle ultimately had France to openly support the colonies with military forces in addition to the supplies and money already being sent.18
8429339321Bull Run BattleWas the first meager battle of the civil war with the confederates winning against the north.19
8429339322Monroe Doctrine 1823A US foreign policy regarding Latin American countries. It stated that further efforts by European nations to colonize land or interfere with states in North or South American would be viewed as acts of aggression. It directed a clear warning towards all foreign countries telling them to leave the US alone and to stop settling within the country's borders. (date)20
8429339323Slave TradeEuropean trade agreement with Africa dealing with slaves brought from Africa. Integral part of Triangle Trade between the Americas, Africa, and Europe.21
8429339324Amendment 13 1864This abolished slavery and involuntary servitude, except as a punishment for crime. It formally released all slaves and prevented slavery to keep occurring. (date)22
8429339325Amendment 14 1868This granted citizenship to all persons born or naturalized in the US, which included former slaves. It defined citizenship within the US (date).23
8429339326Amendment 15 1870This stated that the rights of citizens to vote should not bed denied by the US in race or color. It allowed African American men to vote, though poll taxes and literacy tests still prevented them from doing so. (date)24
8429339327Proclamation Act 1763Issued by King George III following Great Britain's acquisition of French territory in North America. It forbade settlers from settling past a line drawn along the Appalachian Mountains. It organized Britain's empire and stabilized relations with Native Americans through trade, settlement, and land purchases. (date)25
8429339328Sugar Act 1764It reduced the tax to three pence (previously six pence). The tax was more enforced and it occurred on other goods like wine, coffee, and calico. It raised revenue for Britain through American colonists, not Europeans. (date)26
8429339329Stamp Act 1765An act of the Parliament of Great Britain that required the colonies have printed materials be produced on stamp paper. These were legal documents. It helped British troops who were stationed in North America, as the taxes went to their benefit. This angered the colonists. It was considered the last straw, leading to the Revolution. (date)27
8429339330Land Ordinance 1785The goal was to raise money through the sale of land in the territory west of the states. It was important because it established the precedent by which the US would expand westward across North America by the admission of new states. (date)28
8429339331Northwest Ordinance 1787It created the Northwest territory from lands beyond the Appalachian Mountains, between Canada and the Great Lakes. Rather than the expansion of existing states and their established sovereignty, it establish admission for new states. (date)29
8429339332Compromise of 1850This admitted California as a free state while it also created fugitive slave laws to capture escaped slaves. It created a way for slaves to not be able to go to the North and be free. The North had to help the South.30
8429339333Intolerable Acts 1774A series of laws passed by the British Parliament after the Boston Tea Party intending to punish the Massachusetts colonists for their defiance. It was a wake up call for the colonies. The Boston harbor closed. England took over all governmental activities. (date)31
8429339334Missouri Compromise 1820It involved primarily the regulation of slavery in the western territories. It prohibited slavery in the Louisiana Territory north of the southern Missouri border. It became precedent for settling subsequent North and South disagreements over slavery and duty issues. (date)32
8429339335Thomas Jefferson..., Virginian, architect, author, governor, and president. Lived at Monticello. Wrote the Declaration of Independence. Second governor of Virgina. Third president of the United States. Designed the buildings of the University of Virginia.33
8429339336John AdamsAmerica's first Vice-President and second President. Sponsor of the American Revolution in Massachusetts, and wrote the Massachusetts guarantee that freedom of press "ought not to be restrained."34
8429339337Thomas PaineAmerican Revolutionary leader and pamphleteer (born in England) who supported the American colonist's fight for independence and supported the French Revolution (1737-1809)35
8429339338Andrew JacksonSeventh president of the US. He opposed the national bank and did not support a strong federal government. He enforced the Indian Removal Act. He enforced the idea of a common man and sovereignty.36
8429339339John C CalhounVice President under Andrew Jackson; leading Southern politician; began his political career as a nationalist and an advocate of protective tariffs, later he becomes an advocate of free trade, states' rights, limited government, and nullification.37
8429339340Henry ClayAmerican lawyer, politician, and skilled orator who represented Kentucky. He is important because he was the founder and leader of the Whig Party and a leading advocate of programs for modernizing the economy, like tariffs to eliminate international competition, a national bank, and internal improvements to promote canals, ports, and railroads.38
8429339341John Quincy Adams..., Secretary of State, He served as sixth president under Monroe. In 1819, he drew up the Adams-Onis Treaty in which Spain gave the United States Florida in exchange for the United States dropping its claims to Texas. The Monroe Doctrine was mostly Adams' work.39
8429339342Preston BrooksA hot tempered Congressman of South Carolina took vengeance in his own hands. He beat Sumner with a cane until he was restrained by other Senators over issue of slavery.40
8429339343CottonThe most important cash crop in the South by 1850 that needed a large labor force.41
8429339344Indian Removal ActPart of the Indian Removal policy that was signed into law by Andrew Jackson in 1830; strongly supported in the South where states were eager to gain access to lands occupied by the Five Civilized Tribes.42
8429339345American SystemAn economic regime pioneered by Henry Clay which created a high tariff to support internal improvements such as road-building. This approach was intended to allow the United States to grow and prosper by themselves This would eventually help America industrialize and become an economic power.43
8429339346Adams Onis Treaty1819. Settled land dispute between Spain and United States as a result of tensions brought on by weakening Spanish power in the New World. U.S. gained Florida in exchange for $5 million and renounced any claims on Texas and settled boundary between two countries to the Pacific Ocean.44
8429339347Interchangeable parts1799-1800 - Eli Whitney developed a manufacturing system which uses standardized parts which are all identical and thus, interchangeable. Before this, each part of a given device had been designed only for that one device; if a single piece of the device broke, it was difficult or impossible to replace. With standardized parts, it was easy to get a replacement part from the manufacturer. Whitney first put used standardized parts to make muskets for the U.S. government.45
8429339348Samuel SlaterHe was a British mechanic that moved to America and in 1791 invented the first American machine for spinning cotton. He is known as "the Father of the Factory System" and he started the idea of child labor in America's factories. -increased labor problem -only benefitted employers, not workers -forbid unions46
8429339349Spoils SystemJackson's patronage system, which allowed men to buy their way into office. This resulted in a very corrupt governmental office.47
8429339350"Lowell Girls"/Factory Girls 1820-30'sYoung single women that were the primary source of labor in the factory system in Lowell, Massachusetts48
8429339351Colombian exchangethe exchange between the new world and the old world consisting of the old world bringing wheat, cows, horses, sheep, pigs, sugar, rice, coffee, smallpox, malaria and yellow fever. while the new world sent gold, silver, corn, potatoes, tobacco, and syphills49
8429339352Encomienda SystemsSpanish government's policy to "commend", or give, Indians to certain colonists in return for the promise to Christianize them. Part of a broader Spanish effort to subdue Indian tribes in the West Indies and on the North American mainland.50
8429339353Tariff of 1828a protective tariff passed by the U.S. Congress that came to be known as the "Tariff of Abominations" to its Southern detractors because of the effects it had on the Antebellum Southern economy; it was the highest tariff in U.S. peacetime and its goal was to protect industry in the northern United States from competing European goods by increasing the prices of European products. Attempt to keep the American system running.51
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AMSCO AP US History Chapter 15 Flashcards

AMSCO United States History 2015 Edition, Chapter 15 Reconstruction, 1863-1877

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8070905453Civil Rights Act of 1866This act declared that all African Americans were U.S. citizens and also attempted to provide a shield against the operation of the Southern states' Black Codes. (p. 295)0
807090545414th AmendmentRatified in 1868, this Constitutional amendment, declares that all persons born or naturalized in the United States were citizens, and it obligated the states to respect the rights of U.S. citizens and provide them with "equal protection of the laws" and "due process of law". Other parts of the amendment related to Congress' plan for Reconstruction. (p. 295)1
8070905455equal protection of the lawsPart of the 14th amendment, it emphasizes that the laws must provide equivalent "protection" to all people. (p. 295)2
8070905456due process of lawPart of the 14 Amendment, it denies the government the right, without due process, to deprive people of life, liberty, and property. (p. 295)3
807090545715h AmendmentRatified in 1870, this Constitutional amendment, prohibited any state from denying or abridging a citizen's right to vote "on account of race, color, or previous condition of servitude." (p. 297)4
8070905458Civil Rights Act of 1875The last major piece of Reconstruction legislation, this law prohibited racial discrimination in all public accommodation and transportation. It also prohibited courts from excluding African Americans from juries. However, the law was poorly enforced. (p. 297)5
8070905459Jay GouldIn 1869, this Wall Street financier obtained the help of President Grant's brother in law, to corner the gold market. The Treasury Department broke the scheme, but after he had already made a huge profit. (p. 300)6
8070905460Credit MobilierIn this affair, insiders gave stock to influential members of Congress, to avoid investigation of the huge profits they were making from government subsidies for building the transcontinental railroad. (p. 300)7
8070905461William (Boss) TweedThis New York City politician, arranged schemes that allowed he and his cronies to steal about $200 million dollars from New York. He was eventually sentenced to prison in 1871. (p. 301)8
8070905462spoilsmenIn the 1870s, political manipulators such as Senator Roscoe Conkling and James Blaine, used patronage - giving jobs and government favors to their supporters. (p. 300)9
8070905463patronageTerm for one of the key inducements used by party machines. A job, promotion, or contract that is given for political reasons rather than for merit or competence. (p. 300)10
8070905464Thomas NastNew York Times political cartoonist who exposed the abuses of the "Boss" Tweed ring. Tweed was eventually arrested and imprisoned in 1871. (p. 310)11
8070905465Liberal RepublicansIn 1872, this party advocated civil service reform, an end of railroad subsidies, withdrawal of troops from the South, reduced tariffs, and free trade.12
8070905466Horace GreeleyIn the presidential election of 1872, both the Liberal Republicans and the Democrats made this newspaper editor their nominee. He lost the election to Ulysses S. Grant, he died just days before the counting of the electoral vote count. (p. 301)13
8070905467Panic of 1873Economic panic caused by over speculation by financiers and over building by industry and railroads. In 1874, President Grant sided with the hard-money bankers who wanted gold backing of the money supply. He vetoed a bill calling for the release of additional greenbacks. (p. 302)14
8070905468greenbacksName given to paper money issued by the government, so called because the back side was printed with green ink. They were not redeemable for gold. (p 302)15
8070905469redeemersBy 1877, these Southern conservatives had taken control of state governments in the South. Their foundation rested on states rights, reduced taxes, reduced social programs, and white supremacy. (p. 302)16
8070905470Rutherford B. HayesHe won the presidential election of 1876, which was a highly contested election. He was a Republican governor from Ohio. (p. 302)17
8070905471Samuel J. TildenIn the presidential election of 1876, this New York reform governor was the Democrat nominee. He had gained fame for putting Boss Tweed behind bars. He collected 184 of the necessary 185 electoral votes, but was defeated by Rutherford B. Hayes, when all of the electoral votes from the contested states of South Carolina, Florida, and Louisiana went to Hayes. (p. 303)18
8070905472Compromise of 1877This informal deal settled the 1876 presidential election contest between Rutherford Hayes (Republican) and Samuel Tilden (Democrat). It was agreed that Hayes would become president. In return, he would remove all federal troops from the South and support the building of a Southern transcontinental railroad. (p. 303)19
8070905473presidential reconstructionPresident Abraham Lincoln believed that the Southern states could not leave the Union and therefore never did leave. He consider them a disloyal minority. After Lincoln's assassination, President Andrew Johnson attempted to carry out Lincoln's plan for reconstruction. (p. 292)20
8070905474Proclamation of Amnesty and ReconstructionIn 1863, President Lincoln's proclamation set up a process for political reconstruction, creating state governments in the South so that Unionists were in charge rather than secessionists. It include a full presidential pardon for most Confederates who took an oath of allegiance to the Union and the U.S. Constitution, and accepted the emancipation of slaves. It also reestablished state governments as soon as at least 10 percent of the voters in the state took the loyalty oath. In practice, the proclamation meant that each Southern state would need to rewrite its state constitution to eliminate existence of slavery. (p. 292)21
8070905475Wade-Davis BillIn 1864, this harsh Congressional Reconstruction bill stated that the president would appoint provisional governments for conquered states until a majority of voters took an oath of loyalty to the Union. It required the abolition of slavery by new state constitutions, only non-Confederates could vote for a new state constitution. President Lincoln refused to sign the bill, pocket vetoing it after Congress adjourned. (p. 292)22
8070905476Andrew JohnsonThe 17th President of the United States from 1865 to 1869. This Southerner from Tennessee was Lincoln's vice president, and he became president after Lincoln was assassinated. He opposed radical Republicans who passed Reconstruction Acts over his veto. The first U.S. president to be impeached, he survived the Senate removal by only one vote. (p. 297)23
8070905477Freedmen's BureauIn March 1865, an organization created at end of Civil War, which provided aid to the both black and whites in the South. It provided food, shelter, and medical aid for those made destitute by the Civil War. (p. 292)24
8070905478Black CodesSouthern state legislatures created these codes after the Civil War. They restricted the rights and movements of newly freed African Americans. 1) prohibited blacks from either renting land or borrowing money to buy land, 2) placed freemen into a form of semi bondage by forcing them, as "vagrants" and "apprentices" to sign work contracts, 3) prohibited blacks from testifying against whites in court. (p. 294)25
8070905479Congressional ReconstructionIn the spring of 1866, many in Congress were unhappy with President Andrew Johnson's policies and this led to the second round of reconstruction. Its creation was dominated by Congress and featured policies that were harsher on Southern whites and more protective of freed African Americans. (p. 295)26
8070905480Radical RepublicansIn the 1860s, this was the smaller portion of the Republican party than the moderates. They were led by Senator Charles Sumner and Congressman Thaddeus Stevens. They supported various programs that were most beneficial to the newly freed African Americans in the South. (p. 295)27
8070905481Charles SumnerThe leading Radical Republican in the Senate from Massechusetts. (p. 295)28
8070905482Thaddeus StephensThis Pennsylvania Congressman was a Radical Republican. He hoped to revolutionize Southern society through an extended period of military rule in which blacks would be free to exercise their civil rights, receive education, and receive lands confiscated from planter class. (p. 295)29
8070905483Benjamin WadeRadical Republican who endorsed woman's suffrage, rights for labor unions, and civil rights for northern blacks. (p. 295)30
8070905484Reconstruction ActsIn 1867, Congress passed three acts which placed the South under military occupation. They created five military districts in the former Confederate states, each under control of the Union army. To rejoin the Union, ex-Confederate states were required to ratify the 14th amendment and place guarantees in their state constitution that all adult males of all races would be guaranteed the right to vote. (p. 296)31
8070905485Tenure of Office ActIn 1867, this act prohibited the president from removing a federal official or military commander, without the approval of the Senate. The purpose of the law was purely political, to protect the Radical Republicans in Johnson's cabinet from dismissal. (p. 297)32
8070905486Edwin StantonHe was President Andrew Johnson's secretary of war. President Johnson believed the new Tenure of Office Act was unconstitutional and he challenged the law, by dismissing him from his position. This led to Johnson's impeachment. (p. 297)33
8070905487impeachmentPresident Johnson was the first president impeached, for the charge of High Crimes and Misdemeanors on February 24, 1868. One of the articles of impeachment was violating the Tenure of Office Act. He had removed Edwin M. Stanton, the Secretary of War, from office. The impeachment failed, falling just one vote short. (p. 297)34
8070905488scalawagsThe term for White Republican Southerners who cooperated with and served in Reconstruction governments. (p. 298)35
8070905489carpetbaggersThe term for Northern newcomers who came to the South during Reconstruction. (p. 298)36
8070905490Blanche K. BruceDuring the Reconstruction era, he represented Mississippi as a Republican U.S. Senator, from 1875 to 1881. He was the first black to serve a full term in the Senate. (p. 298)37
8070905491Hiram RevelsDuring the Reconstruction era, this black politician, was elected to the Mississippi senate seat that had been occupied by Jefferson Davis before the Civil War. (p. 298)38
8070905492sharecroppingCommon form of farming for freed slaves in the South. They received a small plot of land, seed, fertilizer, tools from the landlord who usually took half of the harvest. It evolved into a new form of servitude. (p. 300)39
8070905493Ku Klux KlanFounded in 1867, by ex-Confederate general, Nathaniel Bedford Forrest. This organization of white supremacists used lynchings, beatings, and threats to control the black population in the South. (p. 302)40
8070905494Force Acts (1870, 1871)These act passed in 1870 and 1871, gave power to federal authorities to stop Ku Klux Klan violence and to protect the civil rights of citizens in the South. (p. 302)41
8070905495Amnesty Act of 1872This act removed the last of the restrictions on ex-Confederates, except for the top leaders. Allowed southern conservatives to vote for Democrats to retake control of state governments. (p. 302)42
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AMSCO AP US History Chapter 16 Flashcards

AMSCO United States History 2015 Edition, Chapter 16 The Rise of Industrial America, 1865-1900

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8564647332railroadThe nation's first big business, created a nationwide market for goods. This encouraged mass production, mass consumption, and economic specialization. (p. 320)0
8564647333Cornelius VanderbiltCalled "Commodore", he used his millions earned from a steamboat business to merge local railroads into the New York Central Railroad, which ran from New York City to Chicago, operating 4,500 miles of track. (p. 320)1
8564647334transcontinental railroadsDuring the Civil War, Congress authorized land grants and loans for the building of the first railroad that crossed the entire country. The Union Pacific started in Omaha, Nebraska, and the Central Pacific started in Sacramento, California. On May 10, 1869, at Promontory Point, Utah, a golden spike was driven into the rail ties to mark the completion of the railroad. (p. 321)2
8564647335time zonesThe United States was divided into four sections according to time in 1883 by the American Railroad Association in order to create standard and accurate arrival and departure times (p. 320)3
8564647336Panic of 1893Forced a quarter of all railroads into bankruptcy. J.P. Morgan and other bankers moved in to take control of bankrupt railroads and consolidate them. (p. 321)4
8564647337Andrew CarnegieA Scottish emigrant, in the 1870s he started manufacturing steel in Pittsburgh. His strategy was to control every stage of the manufacturing process from mining the raw materials to transporting the finished product. His company Carnegie Steel became the world's largest steel company. (p. 323)5
8564647338vertical integrationA business strategy by which a company would control all aspects of a product from raw material mining to transporting the finished product. Pioneered by Andrew Carnegie. (p. 323)6
8564647339U.S. SteelIn 1900, Andrew Carnegie sold Carnegie Steel to a group headed by J. P. Morgan. They formed this company, which was the largest enterprise in the world, employing 168,000 people, and controlling more than three-fifths of the nation's steel business. (p. 323)7
8564647340John D. RockefellerHe started Standard Oil in 1863. By 1881, Standard Oil Trust controlled 90 percent of the oil refinery business. His companies produced kerosene, which was used primarily for lighting at the time. The trust that he created consisted of various acquired companies, all managed by a board of trustees he controlled. (p. 323)8
8564647341horizontal integrationBuying companies out and combining the former competitors under one organization. This strategy was used by John D. Rockefeller to build Standard Oil Trust. (p. 323)9
8564647342J. P. MorganA banker who took control and consolidated bankrupt railroads in the Panic of 1893. In 1900, he led a group in the purchase of Carnegie Steel, which became U.S. Steel. (p. 321, 323)10
8564647343Second Industrial RevolutionThe name of a revolution that featured increased production of steel, petroleum, electric power, and industrial machinery. (p. 323) By 1900, the United States was the leading industrial power in the world, manufacturing more than an of its rivals, Great Britain, France, or Germany. (p. 319)11
8564647344Bessemer processIn the 1850s, Henry Bessemer discovered the process of producing high quality steel by blasting air through molten iron. (p. 323)12
8564647346Alexander Graham BellIn 1876, he invented the telephone. (p. 325)13
8564647347Thomas EdisonHe established the first modern research laboratory: Menlo Park Research Lab in 1876, which produced more than a thousand patented inventions: including the phonograph, light bulb, dynamo for electric power generation, mimeograph machine, and a motion picture camera. (p. 326)14
8564647349large department storesR.H. Macy and Marshall Field made these stores the place to shop in urban centers. (p. 326)15
8564647350mail-order companiesTwo companies, Sears Roebuck, and Montgomery Ward, used the improved rail system to ship to rural customers to sell many different products. The products were ordered by mail from a thick paper catalog. (p. 326)16
8564647352refrigeration and canningThese two developments in the food industry changed American eating habits. (p. 326)17
8564647353consumer economyA new economy that was characterized by increased advertising and new marketing techniques. (p. 326)18
8564647354Sherman Antitrust Act of 1890In 1890, Congress passed this act, which prohibited any "contract, combination, in the form of trust or otherwise, or conspiracy in restraint of trade or commerce." The U.S. Department of Justice secured few convictions until the law was strenghted during the Progressive era. (p. 324)19
8564647357anti-union tacticsEmployers used the following tactics to defeat unions: the lockouts (closing the factory), blacklists (lists circulated among employers), yellow dog contracts (contracts that forbade unions), private guards to quell strikes, and court injunctions against strikes. (p. 329)20
8564647358Great Railroad Strike of 1877In 1887, this strike spread across much of the nation and shut down two-thirds of the country's railroads. An additional 500,000 workers from other industries joined the strike. The president used federal troops to end the violence, but more than 100 people had died in the violence. (p. 329)21
8564647359Knights of LaborStarted in 1869 as a secret national labor union. It reached a peak of 730,000 members. (p. 330)22
8564647360Haymarket BombingOn May 4, 1886 workers held a protest in which seven police officers were killed by a protester's bomb. (p. 330)23
8564647361American Federation of LaborThe labor union focused on just higher wages and improved working conditions. By 1901 they had one million members. (p. 330)24
8564647362Pullman StrikeIn 1894, workers at the Pullman Company, that made train cars, went on strike. The American Railroad Union supported them when they refused to transport Pullman rail cars. The federal government broke the strike. (p. 331)25
8564647363Eugene DebsThe American Railroad Union leader, who supported the Pullman workers. The government broke the strike and he was sent to jail for six months. (p. 331)26
8564647364railroad workersIn the construction of the first transcontinental railroad, the Union Pacific, starting in Omaha, employed thousands of war veterans and Irish immigrants. The Central Pacific, starting from Sacramento, included 6,000 Chinese immigrants among their workers. (p. 321)27
8564647366women factory workersBy 1900, 20 percent of adult woman worked for wages in the labor force. Most were young and single women, only 5 percent of married women worked outside the home. (p. 327)28
8564647369laissez-faire capitalismA partial French phrase that means "let go". In the late 19th century, American industrialists supported the theory of no government intervention in the economy, even as they accepted high tariffs and federal subsidies (corporate welfare). (p. 324)29
8564647370concentration of wealthBy the 1890s, the richest 10 percent of the U.S. population controlled 90 percent of the nation's wealth. (p. 326)30
8564647371Social DarwinismThe belief that Darwin's ideas of natural selection and survival of the fittest should be applied to the marketplace. The concentration of wealth with the "fit" benefited everyone; that government's help for poor people only preserved the "unfit". It also encouraged racism. (p. 324)31
8564647372gospel of wealthPhilosophy that combines the Protestant Work Ethic (hard work and material success are signs of God's favor) with the idea of then using obtained riches to benefit society (p. 325). Andrew Carnegie gave away $350 million.32
8564647374inventions of Second Industrial Revolutiontypewriter, telephone, cash register, calculating machine, adding machine, transatlantic cable, Kodak camera, fountain pen, Gillette safety razor and blade, phonograph, incandescent light bulb, motion picture camera, railroad air brakes, electric light and power33
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AP Psychology: History and Approaches Flashcards

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8420010280BiopsychologicalPerspective that attributes human and animal behavior to biological events occurring in the body, such as genetic influences, hormones and the activity of the nervous system.0
8420010281BehaviorismThe science of behavior that focuses on only observable behavior. John Watson is considered the "father" of this approach and conditioning is the main technique used.1
8420010282Cognitive PerspectiveModern perspective that focuses on memory, intelligence, perception, problem solving, and learning.2
8420010283Case StudyIn depth, detailed study of one individual or a small group. Usually done on rare/new conditions.3
8420010284CorrelationA measure of the relationship between two variables. It DOES NOT show cause and effect.4
8420010285Correlation CoefficientA number derived from the formula for measuring a correlation and indicating the strength and direction of correlation. The range is -1 to +15
8420010286Control GroupSubjects in an experiment who are not subjected to the independent variable and who may receive a placebo treatment.6
8420010287Double- Blind StudyStudy in which neither the experimenter nor the subjects know it the subjects are in the experimental or control group. This is done to reduce bias.7
8420010288Dependent VariableVariable in a experiment that represents the measurable response or behavior of the subjects in the experiment. It "depends" on/is a function of the independent variable8
8420010289Evolutionary PerspectivePerspective that focuses on the biological bases of universal mental characteristics that all humans share. Charles Darwin was a main thinker of this perspective.9
8420010290ExperimentA deliberate manipulation of a variable of a variable to see if corresponding changes in behavior result, allowing the determination of cause-and-effect relationships. It is the ONLY method that can show cause-effect.10
8420010291Experimental GroupSubjects in a experiment who are subjected to the independent variable.11
8420010292Experimenter EffectTendency of the experimenter's expectations for a study to unintentionally influence the results of the study.12
8420010293FunctionalismEarly perspective in psychology associated with William James, in which the focus of study is how the mind allows people to adapt, live, work, and play.13
8420010294Gestalt PsychologyEarly perspective in psychology focusing on perception and sensation, particularly the perception of patterns and whole figures.14
8420010295HypothesisTentative explanation of a phenomenon based on observations.15
8420010296Independent VariableVariable in a experiment that is manipulated by the experimenter. What the experimental group receives and the control group doesn't receive.16
8420010297Objective IntrospectionThe process of examining and measuring one's own thoughts and mental activities. Part of the school of structuralism.17
8420010298Operational DefinitionDefinition of a variable of interest that allows it to be directly measured. Essential for the replication of experiment.18
8420010299Observer BiasTendency of observers to see what they expect to see.19
8420010300Observer EffectTendency of people or animals to behave differently from normal when they know they are being observed.20
8420010301PsychologyThe scientific study of behavior and mental processes.21
8420010302PsychoanalysisThe theory and therapy based on the work of Sigmund Freud. Goal is to make the unconscious conscious.22
8420010303Psychodynamic PerspectiveModern version of psychoanalysis that is more focused on the development of a sense of self and the discovery of other unconscious motivations behind a person's behavior than sexual motivations.23
8420010304Placebo EffectThe phenomenon in which the expectations of the participants in a study can influence their behavior.24
8420010305PsychiatristA medical doctor who has specialized in the diagnosis and treatment of the psychological disorders and can proscribe medication.25
8420010306PsychoanalystEither a psychiatrist or a psychologist who has a special training in the theories of Sigmund Freud and his method of psychoanalysis.26
8420010307Psychiatric Social WorkerA social worker with some training in therapy methods who focuses on the environmental conditions that can have an impact on mental disorders, such as poverty, overcrowding, stress, and drug abuse.27
8420010308PsychologistA professional with a PhD and specialized training in one or more areas of psychology. Cannot prescribe medication.28
8420010309Participant ObservationA naturalistic observation in which the observer becomes a participant in the group being observed.29
8420010310PopulationThe entire group of people or animals in which the researcher is interested.30
8420010311Representative SampleRandomly selected sample of subjects from a larger population of subjects.31
8420010312Random AssignmentProcess of assigning subjects to the experimental or control groups randomly, so that each subject has an equal chance of being in either group. Can be done by choosing from a hat, or rolling dice.32
8420010313ReplicateIn research, repeating a study or experiment to see if the same results will be obtained in an effort to demonstrate reliability of results.33
8420010314Single- Blind StudyStudy in which only he subjects do not know if they are in the experimental or the control group.34
8420010315Scientific MethodSystem of gathering data so that bias and error in measurement are reduced.35
8420010316Sociocultural PerspectivePerspective that focuses on the influence of social psychology (groups, social roles, social relationships) and culture (cultural norms, values and expectations)36
8420010317StructuralismEarly perspective in psychology associated with Wilhelm Wundt and Edward Titchener, in which the focus of study is the structure or basic elements of the mind. They believed every experience could be broken down into individual emotions and sensations through introspection.37
8420010318HumanismApproach to psychology that believes humans have free will to choose their own destiny and reach self actualization. Carl Rogers and Abraham Maslow were "fathers" of this approach.38
8420010319Biopsychosocial PerspectiveNewest approach that focuses on the interplay of biology (for example genetics) psychology (for example though processes) and social interactions can shape behavior.39
8420010320Positive CorrelationWhen one variable rises, the other tends to rise. When one variable falls, the other tends to fall. This does not show cause-effect.40
8420010321Negative CorrelationWhen one variable rises, the other tends to fall. When one variable falls, the other tends to rise. This does not show cause-effect.41
8420010322Random Selection42
8420010323Descriptive StatisticsOrganizing and summarizing data so they can be understood. Central tendency, measures of variability, frequency distributions are examples43
8420010324Inferential StatisticsAllow researchers to make conclusions about the results of research. Determine if the results are statistically significant and if they can be generalized to the larger population.44
8420010325Statistical Significanceif results are statistically significant, it means they were not likely due to chance; that the IV likely caused the DV. Inferential statistics are used to determine this. If p< .05, then the results are statistically significant.45
8420010326Central TendencyGives a score that seems typical of the sample. Mean, median, and mode are the three measures of central tendency.46
8420010327Positive SkewWhen scores are concentrated in the low end of the curve. The tail is pointing to the right. The test was impossible.47
8420010328Negative SkewWhen scores are concentrated in the high end of the curve. The tail is pointing to the left. The test was easy.48
8420010329Extraneous VariableAny variable that is not the independent variable but that may influence the results. For instance, participants showing a color preference in a blind taste test of sodas.49
8420010330Control VariableVariables that might impact the results of the experiment but are not what is being examined so they are held constant. Temperature, directions, time given to complete the task are examples.50
8420010331Ethical ViolationWhen one or more of the following doesn't happen: Informed Consent obtained, potential for harm is minimized, people come first, research second, deception must be justified, participants may withdraw at any time, participants must be informed of any risks, data must remain confidential, participants must be debriefed and told of any deception and about the expected results.51
8420010332Design FlawMeans that the experiment was poorly designed and the results may not be valid or generalize as a result. Examples include presence of extraneous variables, lack of control, lack of random selection, lack of random assignment.52
8420010333Generalizemeans it can be assumed that the wider population would experience the same results as the smaller, specific sample that participated in the research. Results can generalize only when there is random assignment.53
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