AP Spanish Test Terminology Flashcards
Terms : Hide Images
| 9797606623 | lograr | to achieve |  | 0 |
| 9797606624 | el reto | challenge |  | 1 |
| 9797606628 | despedir(se) | to fire someone (to say goodbye) |  | 2 |
| 9797606629 | según | according to |  | 3 |
| 9797606631 | se comprueba | confirm/verify |  | 4 |
| 9797606632 | está dirigido | is directed at |  | 5 |
| 9797606634 | el ensayo | essay |  | 6 |
| 9797606635 | el taller | workshop/class |  | 7 |
| 9797606636 | afirmación | statement |  | 8 |
| 9797606637 | el relato | story/account |  | 9 |
| 9797606638 | el hogar | home |  | 10 |
| 9797606639 | resumir | to summarize |  | 11 |
| 9797606640 | el informe | report |  | 12 |
| 9797606641 | ha sucedido | has happened |  | 13 |
| 9797606642 | anuncio | advertisement |  | 14 |
| 9797606643 | disponible | available |  | 15 |
| 9797606644 | el lector | reader |  | 16 |
| 9797606645 | consejos | advice |  | 17 |
| 9797606646 | aconsejar | to advise |  | 18 |
| 9797606647 | de acuerdo a | according to | 19 | |
| 9797606648 | la fuente | source |  | 20 |
| 9797606649 | acerca de | about |  | 21 |
| 9797606650 | se afirma | confirms |  | 22 |
| 9797606651 | la cifra | statistic/number |  | 23 |
| 9797606652 | se ubica | is located |  | 24 |
| 9797606653 | la tasa | rate |  | 25 |
| 9797606654 | la época | time period |  | 26 |
| 9797606655 | el dato | data |  | 27 |
| 9797606656 | se basa en | is based on |  | 28 |
| 9797606657 | entrevista | interview |  | 29 |
| 9797606659 | se transmitió | was broadcast |  | 30 |
| 9797606660 | trata sobre | is about |  | 31 |
| 9797606661 | actual | current |  | 32 |
| 9797606662 | discutir | to argue |  | 33 |
| 9797606663 | el crecimiento | growth |  | 34 |
| 9797606664 | el desarrollo | development |  | 35 |
| 9797606665 | radial | radio/relating to the radio |  | 36 |
| 9797606666 | el ocio | leisure |  | 37 |
| 9797606667 | diario | daily newspaper |  | 38 |
| 9797606668 | la empresa | business |  | 39 |
| 9797606669 | tener éxito | to be successful |  | 40 |
| 9797606670 | envía | sends |  | 41 |
| 9797606671 | aprender | to learn |  | 42 |
| 9797606672 | apoyar | to support |  | 43 |
| 9797606673 | reportaje | report |  | 44 |
| 9797606674 | cuenta (contar) | tell |  | 45 |
| 9797606675 | proponer | to propose |  | 46 |
| 9797606676 | contesta | answer/respond |  | 47 |
| 9797606677 | la brecha | gap/breach |  | 48 |
| 9797606678 | el promedio | average |  | 49 |
| 9797606679 | averiguar | to find out |  | 50 |
| 9797606680 | adivinar | to guess |  | 51 |
| 9797606681 | el asunto | issue/problem |  | 52 |
| 9797606682 | no obstante | nevertheless |  | 53 |
| 9797606683 | por lo tanto | therefore |  | 54 |
| 9797606684 | de hecho | in fact | 55 | |
| 9797606685 | en cambio | in contrast |  | 56 |
| 9797606686 | en realidad | actually |  | 57 |
| 9797606687 | además | moreover |  | 58 |
| 9797606688 | en pocas palabras | in short/in a few words |  | 59 |
| 9797606689 | por supuesto | of course |  | 60 |
| 9797606690 | ambos | both |  | 61 |
| 9797606691 | igualmente | similarly |  | 62 |
| 9797606692 | la natalidad | birth rate |  | 63 |
| 9797606693 | el pronóstico | forecast |  | 64 |
| 9797606694 | la población | population |  | 65 |
| 9797606695 | predecir | to predict |  | 66 |
| 9797606696 | la informática | computer science |  | 67 |
| 9797606697 | el desempleo | unemployment |  | 68 |
| 9797606698 | la pobreza | poverty |  | 69 |
| 9797606699 | la autoestima | self esteem |  | 70 |
| 9797606700 | las creencias personales | personal beliefs |  | 71 |
| 9797606701 | el filántropo | philanthropist |  | 72 |
| 9797606702 | el patrimonio | heritage |  | 73 |
| 9797606703 | las raíces | roots |  | 74 |
| 9797606704 | portarse | to behave |  | 75 |
| 9797606705 | la moda | style |  | 76 |
| 9797606706 | agraciada | attractive |  | 77 |
| 9797606707 | señalar | to point out |  | 78 |
| 9797606708 | soler | to be accustomed to |  | 79 |
| 9797606709 | merecer | to deserve |  | 80 |
| 9797606710 | perdurar | to remain |  | 81 |
| 9797606711 | destacar | to stand out |  | 82 |
| 9797606712 | concordar | to agree |  | 83 |
| 9797606713 | comprobar | to prove |  | 84 |
| 9797606714 | ponderar | to analyze |  | 85 |
Flashcards
AP Chemistry: Kinetics Flashcards
Terms : Hide Images
| 9465383336 | Zeroth order integrated rate law |  | 0 | |
| 9465383337 | First order integrated rate law |  | 1 | |
| 9465383338 | Second order integrated rate law |  | 2 | |
| 9465383339 | First order rate law for half life |  | 3 | |
| 9465383341 | First order half life |  | 4 | |
| 9465383343 | Zeroth order units of k |  | 5 | |
| 9465383344 | First order unit of k |  | 6 | |
| 9465383345 | Second order unit of k |  | 7 | |
| 9465383346 | Zeroth order linear graph |  | 8 | |
| 9465383347 | First order linear graph |  | 9 | |
| 9465383348 | Second order linear graph |  | 10 | |
| 9465383349 | Arrhenius equasion |  | 11 | |
| 9465383350 | General form for first-order reaction |  | 12 | |
| 9465383351 | Half life for zero order |  | 13 | |
| 9465383352 | Half life for first order |  | 14 | |
| 9465383353 | Half life for second order |  | 15 | |
| 9465386048 | Half life definition | the time taken for the radioactivity of a specified isotope to fall to half its original value. | 16 | |
| 9465390093 | Integrated Rate Law | used to find the link between concentrations of reactants or products and time directly. | 17 | |
| 9465392860 | Instantaneous Rate | The rate at a given time. Found by calculating the slope of the tangent line on the time v. concentration graph. | 18 | |
| 9465401423 | Rate Law | Shows the relationship between concentration and rate (M/s). Must be determined experimentally (not using coefficients) | 19 | |
| 9465430125 | Factors that affect rate of reaction | Surface area (high is faster), Temperature (heat), volume (of a gas), concentration (of a solution) | 20 | |
| 9465431679 | Factor that affects the rate constant k | Temperature | 21 |
Flashcards
APES 1st Semester Review Flashcards
Vocab from chapters 3-12, 15-16 of Living in the Environment 15th edition
Terms : Hide Images
| 5704279666 | tragedy of the commons | The depletion of the world's marine fish stocks due to overfishing is a classic example of _____. | 0 | |
| 5704279671 | Everglades | The largest wetlands restoration project in the US is in the _____. | 1 | |
| 5704279672 | US Army Corps of Engineers | The _____ is responsible for undoing the development of the Everglades that the same agency has done since the 1940s. | 2 | |
| 5704279674 | Columbia River | The worlds largest hydroelectric power system is located on the _____. | 3 | |
| 5704279675 | Zebra mussel | _____ was introduced into the Great Lakes and has now spread through most of the major river systems in central and eastern U.S. | 4 | |
| 5704279676 | national wild and scenic rivers act | Under _____ protection can be offered to rivers and river segments with cultural and historic value, wildlife and scenic value, and recreational value. | 5 | |
| 5704279677 | biodiversity | the genetic, species, and ecological diversity of the organisms in a given area | 6 | |
| 5704279678 | biodiversity hot spots | Areas with exceptionally high numbers of endemic species | 7 | |
| 5704279679 | endangered species | A species considered to be in imminent danger of extinction | 8 | |
| 5704279680 | intrinsic value | Value of an organism, species, ecosystem, or the earth's biodiversity based on its existence, regardless of whether it has any usefulness to us. | 9 | |
| 5704279681 | extinction | The irrevocable elimination of species; can be a normal process of the natural world as species out-compete and kill off others or as environmental conditions change | 10 | |
| 5704279682 | habitat conservation plan | Agreements under which property owners are allowed to harvest resources or develop land as long as habitat is conserved or replaced in ways that benefit resident endangered or threatened species in the long run. Some incidental "taking" or loss of endangered species is generally allowed in such plans | 11 | |
| 5704279683 | invasive species | Organisms that thrive in new territory where they are free of predators, diseases, or resource limitations that may have controlled their population in their native habitat | 12 | |
| 5704279684 | threatened species | While still abundant in parts of its territorial range, this species has declined significantly in total numbers and may be on the verge of extinction in certain regions or localities | 13 | |
| 5704279685 | vulnerable species | Naturally rare organisms or species whose numbers have been reduced by human activities that they are susceptible to actions that could push them into threatened or endangered status | 14 | |
| 5704279686 | crude oil | the form petroleum takes when in the ground | 15 | |
| 5704279687 | energy | the capacity to work | 16 | |
| 5704279688 | fission | a nuclear reaction in which an atomic nucleus, especially a heavy nucleus such as an isotope of uranium, splits into fragments, usually two fragments of com¬parable mass, releasing from 100 million to several hundred million electron volts of energy. | 17 | |
| 5704279689 | fossil fuel | a hydrocarbon deposit, such as petroleum, coal, or natural gas, derived from living matter of a previous geologic time and used for fuel. | 18 | |
| 5704279690 | First Law of Thermodynamics | says that energy can neither be created nor destroyed; it can only be transferred and transformed. | 19 | |
| 5704279691 | fly ash | a waste product produced by the burning of coal. | 20 | |
| 5704279692 | half life | the amount of time it takes for half of a radioactive sample to disappear. | 21 | |
| 5704279693 | fusion | the process of fusing two nuclei. | 22 | |
| 5704279694 | overburden | the rocks and Earth that is removed when mining for a commercially valuable mineral resource. | 23 | |
| 5704279695 | petroleum | a hydrocarbon that forms as sediments are buried and pressurized. | 24 | |
| 5704279696 | scrubbers | devices containing alkaline substances that precipitate out much of the sulfur dioxide from industrial plants. | 25 | |
| 5704279697 | Second Law of Thermodynamics | when energy is changed from one form to another, some useful energy is always degraded into lower quality energy (usually heat) | 26 | |
| 5704279698 | strip mining | involves the removal of the Earth's surface all the way down to the level of the mineral seam. | 27 | |
| 5704279699 | underground mining | involves the sinking of shafts to reach underground deposoits. In this type of mining, networks of tunnels are dug or blasted and humans enter these tunnels in order to manually retrieve the coal. | 28 | |
| 5704279700 | Surface mining | removing shallow deposits such as nonfuel mineral and rock resources and 60% of U.S. coal | 29 | |
| 5704279701 | Open-pit mining | is used to create large pits to extract iron, copper, sand, gravel, and stone | 30 | |
| 5704279702 | Strip mining | used for extracting mineral deposits that lie close to the earth's surface in large horizontal beds | 31 | |
| 5704279703 | Contour strip mining | used on mountainous terrain; Terraces cut into the sides of hills; highwalls | 32 | |
| 5704279704 | Ore | the material that is extracted from the ground | 33 | |
| 5704279706 | Tailings | solid waste left over from ore mineral removal | 34 | |
| 5704279707 | Smelting | the process of heating ores to remove metals | 35 | |
| 5704279709 | Surface Mining Control and Reclamation Act | requires mining companies to restore most surface-mined land by grading and replanting it | 36 | |
| 5704279710 | Net energy | the amount of high-quality energy that is available to be used from a resource after subtracting the energy needed to make it usable | 37 | |
| 5704279711 | Crude oil | a thick liquid hydrocarbon that is extracted from underground deposits and separated into a wide variety of products | 38 | |
| 5704279712 | Hydrocarbons | made of long chains of carbon atoms bonded together and also bonded to hydrogen, as well as smaller amounts of sulfur, oxygen, and nitrogen | 39 | |
| 5704279713 | Peak production | passes when the pressure starts to decline and more and more energy is expended to get oil to the surface (Generally only 35-50% of oil is retrieved from any particular well) | 40 | |
| 5704279714 | Natural gas | is a mixture of gases, with a majority of methane (CH4) | 41 | |
| 5704279715 | Conventional natural gas | found above most reservoirs of crude oil | 42 | |
| 5704279716 | Peat | Partially decayed plant matter in swamps and bogs, low heat content | 43 | |
| 5704279717 | Lignite | brown coal; coal with a low heat content; low sulfur content; limited supplies in most areas | 44 | |
| 5704279718 | Bituminous | soft coal; Coal that is extensively used as a fuel because of its high heat content and large supplies; normally has a high sulfur content | 45 | |
| 5704279719 | Anthracite | hard coal; highly desirable fuel because of its high heat content and low sulfur content; supplies are limited in most areas | 46 | |
| 5704279720 | Coal gasification | the process behind the concept of "clean coal," and is designed to remove carbon dioxide from the emissions produced by burning coal and turn coal into liquid gas fuel | 47 | |
| 5704279723 | Biomes | A broad, regional type of ecosystem characterized by distinctive climate and soil conditions and a distinctive kind of biological community adapted to those conditions. | 48 | |
| 5704279724 | Bogs | An area of waterlogged soil that tends to be peaty; fed mainly by precipitation; low productivity; some are acidic. | 49 | |
| 5704279725 | Boreal Forrest | A broad band of mixed coniferous and deciduous trees that stretches across northern North America (and also Europe and Asia); its northernmost edge, the taiga, intergrades with the arctic tundra, | 50 | |
| 5704279726 | Chaparral | Thick, dense, thorny evergreen scrub found in Mediterranean climates. | 51 | |
| 5704279727 | Cloud Forest | High mountain forests where temperatures are uniformally cool and fog or mist keeps vegetation wet all the time. | 52 | |
| 5704279728 | Conifer | Needle-bearing trees that produce seeds in cones. | 53 | |
| 5704279729 | Coral Reefs | Prominent oceanic features composed of hard, limy skeletons produced by coral animals; usually formed along edges of shallow, submerged ocean banks or along shelves in warm, shallow, tropical seas. | 54 | |
| 5704279730 | Deciduous | Trees and shrubs that shed their leaves at the end of the growing season. | 55 | |
| 5704279731 | Deserts | A type of biome characterized by low moisture levels and infrequent and unpredictable precipitation. Daily and seasonal temperatures fluctuate widely. | 56 | |
| 5704279732 | Estuaries | A bay or drowned valley where a river empties into the sea. | 57 | |
| 5704279733 | Grasslands | A biome dominated by grasses and associated herbaceous plants. | 58 | |
| 5704279734 | Mangroves | Trees from a number of genera that live in salt water. | 59 | |
| 5704279735 | Marshes | Wetland without trees; in North America, this type of land is characterized by cattails and rushes. | 60 | |
| 5704279736 | Reefs | A ridge of rocks or sand, often of coral debris, at or near the surface of the water. | 61 | |
| 5704279737 | Swamps | Wetland with trees. | 62 | |
| 5704279738 | Taiga | The northernmost edge of the boreal forest, including species-poor woodland and peat deposits; intergrading with the arctic tundra. | 63 | |
| 5704279739 | Temperate Rainforest | The cool, dense rainy forest of the northern Pacific coast; enshrouded in fog much of the time; dominated by large conifers. | 64 | |
| 5704279740 | Tropical Rainforest | Forests in which rainfall is abundant- more than 00 cm (80 in.) per year- and temperatures are warm to hot year-round. | 65 | |
| 5704279741 | Tundra | Treeless arctic or alpine biome characterized by cold, harsh winters, a short growing season, and potential for frost any month of the year; vegetation includes low-growing perennial plants, mosses, and lichens. | 66 | |
| 5704279742 | Wetlands | Ecosystems of several types in which rooted vegetation is surrounded by standing water during part of the year. | 67 | |
| 5704279743 | Abiotic | non-living | 68 | |
| 5704279744 | biotic | pertaining to life; environmental factors created by living organisms | 69 | |
| 5704279745 | biotic potential | The maximum reproductive rate of an organism when given unlimited resources and ideal environmental conditions. | 70 | |
| 5704279746 | carrying capacity | the maximum number of individuals of any species that can be supported by a particular ecosystem on a long term basis | 71 | |
| 5704279747 | demographic bottleneck | a population founded when just a few members of a species survive a catastrophic event or create a new habitat geographically isolated from other members of the same species | 72 | |
| 5704279748 | dieback | a sudden decline in population | 73 | |
| 5704279749 | emigration | the movement of members from a given population | 74 | |
| 5704279750 | environmental resistance | all the limiting factors that tend to reduce population growth rates, set the maximum allowable population growth rates and set the maximum allowable population size or carrying capacity of an ecosystem | 75 | |
| 5704279751 | exponential growth | growth at a constant rate of increase per unit of time; can be expressed as a constant fraction or exponent | 76 | |
| 5704279752 | fecundity | the actual physical ability to reproduce | 77 | |
| 5704279753 | fertility | measurement of actual number of offspring produced through sexual reproduction: usually described in terms of number of offspring of females, since paternity can be difficult to determine | 78 | |
| 5704279754 | founder effect | the effect on a population founded when just a few members of a species survive a catastrophic event or when they create a new habitat geographically isolated from other members of the same species | 79 | |
| 5704279755 | genetic drift | the gradual changes in gene frequencies in a population due to random events | 80 | |
| 5704279756 | irruptive growth | a population explosion followed by a population crash | 81 | |
| 5704279757 | island biogeography | the study of rates of colonization and extinction of species on islands or other isolated areas based on size, shape, and distance from other inhabited regions | 82 | |
| 5704279769 | Adaptation | Any genetically controlled structural, physiological, or behavioral characteristic that helps an organism survive and reproduce under a given set of environmental conditions. It usually results from a beneficial mutation. | 83 | |
| 5704279770 | adaptive radiation | Process in which numerous new species evolve to fill vacant and new ecological niches in changed environments, usually after a mass extinction. Typically, this takes millions of years. | 84 | |
| 5704279771 | artificial selection | Process by which humans select one or more desirable genetic traits in the population of a plant or animal species and then use selective breeding to produce populations containing many individuals with the desired traits. Compare genetic engineering, natural selection. | 85 | |
| 5704279772 | background extinction | Normal extinction of various species as a result of changes in local environmental conditions. Compare mass depletion, mass extinction. | 86 | |
| 5704279773 | Biological evolution | Change in the genetic makeup of a population of a species in successive generations. If continued long enough, it can lead to the formation of a new species. Note that populations not individuals evolve. See also adaptation, differential reproduction, natural selection, theory of evolution. | 87 | |
| 5704279775 | chemical evolution | Formation of the earth and its early crust and atmosphere, evolution of the biological molecules necessary for life, and evolution of systems of chemical reactions needed to produce the first living cells. These processes are believed to have occurred about 1 billion years before biological evolution. Compare biological evolution. | 88 | |
| 5704279776 | coevolution | Evolution in which two or more species interact and exert selective pressures on each other that can lead each species to undergo various adaptations. See evolution, natural selection. | 89 | |
| 5704279778 | domesticated species | Wild species tamed or genetically altered by crossbreeding for use by humans for food (cattle, sheep, and food crops), pets (dogs and cats), or enjoyment (animals in zoos and plants in gardens). Compare wild species. | 90 | |
| 5704279779 | ecological niche | Total way of life or role of a species in an ecosystem. It includes all physical, chemical, and biological conditions a species needs to live and reproduce in an ecosystem. See fundamental niche, realized niche. | 91 | |
| 5704279780 | endemic species | Species that is found in only one area. Such species are especially vulnerable to extinction. | 92 | |
| 5704279781 | extinction | Complete disappearance of a species from the earth. This happens when a species cannot adapt and successfully reproduce under new environmental conditions or when it evolves into one or more new species. Compare speciation. See also endangered species, mass depletion, mass extinction, threatened species. | 93 | |
| 5704279782 | fossils | Skeletons, bones, shells, body parts, leaves, seeds, or impressions of such items that provide recognizable evidence of organisms that lived long ago. | 94 | |
| 5704279783 | fundamental niche | The full potential range of the physical, chemical, and biological factors a species can use if there is no competition from other species. See ecological niche. Compare realized niche. | 95 | |
| 5704279784 | gene pool | The sum total of all genes found in the individuals of the population of a particular species. | 96 | |
| 5704279785 | generalist species | Species with a broad ecological niche. They can live in many different places, eat a variety of foods, and tolerate a wide range of environmental conditions. Examples are flies, cockroaches, mice, rats, and human beings. Compare specialist species. | 97 | |
| 5704279786 | genetic adaptation | Changes in the genetic makeup of organisms of a species that allow the species to reproduce and gain a competitive advantage under changed environmental conditions. See differential reproduction, evolution, mutation, natural selection. | 98 | |
| 5704279787 | genetic engineering | Insertion of an alien gene into an organism to give it a beneficial genetic trait. Compare artificial selection, natural selection. | 99 | |
| 5704279788 | geographic isolation | Separation of populations of a species for long times into different areas. | 100 | |
| 5704279789 | invertebrates | Animals that have no backbones. | 101 | |
| 5704279790 | macroevoluion | Long-term, large-scale evolutionary changes among groups of species. Compare microevolution. | 102 | |
| 5704279791 | mass depletion | Widespread, often global period during which extinction rates are higher than normal but not high enough to classify as a mass extinction. Compare background extinction, mass extinction. | 103 | |
| 5704279792 | mass extinction | A catastrophic, widespread, often global event in which major groups of species are wiped out over a short time compared with normal (background) extinctions. Compare background extinction, mass depletion. | 104 | |
| 5704279793 | microevolution | The small genetic changes a population undergoes. Compare macroevolution. | 105 | |
| 5704279794 | mutation | Random change in DNA molecules making up genes that can alter anatomy, physiology, or behavior in offspring. See mutagen. | 106 | |
| 5704279795 | natural selection | Process by which a particular beneficial gene (or set of genes) is reproduced in succeeding generations more than other genes. The result of natural selection is a population that contains a greater proportion of organisms better adapted to certain environmental conditions. See adaptation, biological evolution, differential reproduction, mutation. | 107 | |
| 5704279796 | realized niche | Parts of the fundamental niche of a species that are actually used by that species. See ecological niche, fundamental niche. | 108 | |
| 5704279797 | reproductive isolation | Long-term geographic separation of members of a particular sexually reproducing species. | 109 | |
| 5704279798 | specialist species | Species with a narrow ecological niche. They may be able to live in only one type of habitat, tolerate only a narrow range of climatic and other environmental conditions, or use only one type or a few types of food. Compare generalist species. | 110 | |
| 5704279799 | speciation | Formation of two species from one species because of divergent natural selection in response to changes in environmental conditions; usually takes thousands of years. Compare extinction. | 111 | |
| 5704279800 | subpopulation | Individuals of a species that live in a habitat patch. | 112 | |
| 5704279801 | theory of evolution | Widely accepted scientific idea that all life forms developed from earlier life forms. | 113 | |
| 5704279802 | vertebrates | Animals that have backbones. | 114 | |
| 5704279803 | adaptive trait | any heritable trait that enables an organism to survive through natural selections and reproduce better under prevailing environmental conditions | 115 | |
| 5704279806 | biosphere | zone of earth where life is found, abiotic and biotic factors | 116 | |
| 5704279807 | ecosystems | communities with different species interacting with each other and the environment | 117 | |
| 5704279808 | communities | populations of different species occupying an area | 118 | |
| 5704279809 | populations | a group of the same species occupying a specific region | 119 | |
| 5704279810 | organisms | any form of life- cells (prokaryotic and eukaryotic) | 120 | |
| 5704279811 | species | same appearance, chemical and genetic composition, able to reproduce | 121 | |
| 5704279812 | range of tolerance | the extent to which an organism can handle a specific factor in a ecosystem | 122 | |
| 5704279813 | limiting factor | abiotic factors that limit an organisms ability to survive in an area according to their range of tolerance and genetic makeup | 123 | |
| 5704279814 | H | habitat destruction and degradation-(deforestation, land development) | 124 | |
| 5704279815 | I | Invasive species- deliberately or accidentally take away from the natives | 125 | |
| 5704279816 | P | Population growth- crowds out wildlife and degrades their lives | 126 | |
| 5704279817 | P | Pollution-putting nondegradeable materials into the environment, chemicals into the waters, burning fossil fuels, leads to climate change | 127 | |
| 5704279818 | 0 | Overexploitation- overhunting of species and overconsumption of resources that the wildlife needs | 128 | |
| 5704279819 | functional diversity | biological and chemical processes such as energy flow and mater recycling needed for the SURVIVAL of ORGANISMS (species, communities, and ecosystems) | 129 | |
| 5704279820 | ecological diversity | variety of terrestrial or aquatic ecosystems found in an area of the earth | 130 | |
| 5704279821 | genetic diversity | variety of genetic material within a species or population | 131 | |
| 5704279822 | species diversity | number of species present in different habitats | 132 | |
| 5704279823 | biogeochmical cycle | nutrients cycling in a continuous flow in various forms from the environment to organisms and back to the environment | 133 | |
| 5704279824 | nutrients | chemicals and compounds | 134 | |
| 5704279825 | water cycle | evaporation + transpiration-->condensation-->precipitation->infiltration+peroculation-->ground water movement+surface runoff-->evaporation + transpiration | 135 | |
| 5704279826 | nitrogen cycle | nitrogen fixation-->ammonification-->nitrification + nitrifying bacteria-->assimilation-->nitrification-->nitrifying bacteria-->denitrifying bacteria-->nitrogen fixation | 136 | |
| 5704279827 | soil | mixture of decomposed organic matter, organic matter, inorganic minerals (rocks, sand, clay, insects), water and air | 137 | |
| 5704279828 | weathering | when solid rock is decomposed then moved as sediment | 138 | |
| 5704279829 | erosion | the process by which the surface of the earth is worn away | 139 | |
| 5704279830 | humus | fertile soil. partially decomposed bodies of dead plants and animals that the topsoil (a horizon) is a porous mixture of. | 140 | |
| 5704279831 | soil texture | determined by the amounts, size, and texture of sand, clay, and silt particles | 141 | |
| 5704279832 | porosity | the volume of all open spaces between the solid grains of soil | 142 | |
| 5704279833 | permeability | the property of the soil pore system that allows fluid to flow | 143 | |
| 5704279834 | o horizon | surface litter layer- forest litter leaf mold | 144 | |
| 5704279835 | a horizon | topsoil layer- humus-minteral mixture | 145 | |
| 5704279836 | b horizon | subsoil- light grayish brown, silt loam | 146 | |
| 5704279837 | c horizon | parent material- dark brown firm clay | 147 | |
| 5704279851 | eutrophic lake | Lake with a large or excessive supply of plant nutrients, mostly nitrates and phosphates. | 148 | |
| 5704279864 | runoff | Fresh water from precipitation and melting ice that flows on the earth's surface into nearby streams, lakes, wetlands, and reservoirs. | 149 | |
| 5704279865 | stream | Flowing body of surface water. Examples are creeks and rivers. | 150 | |
| 5704279866 | surface water | Precipitation that does not infiltrate the ground or return to the atmosphere by evaporation or transpiration. | 151 | |
| 5704279867 | thermocline | Zone of gradual temperature decrease between warm surface water and colder deep water in a lake, reservoir, or ocean. | 152 | |
| 5704279868 | transpiration | Process in which water is absorbed by the root systems of plants, moves up through the plants, passes through pores (stomata) in their leaves or other parts, and evaporates into the atmosphere as water vapor. | 153 | |
| 5704279870 | watershed | Land area that delivers water, sediment, and dissolved substances via small streams to a major stream (river). | 154 | |
| 5704279871 | zooplankton | Animal plankton. Small floating herbivores that feed on plant plankton (phytoplankton). | 155 | |
| 5704279872 | old-growth forest | an uncut or regenerated primary forest that has not been seriously disturbed by human activities or natural disasters for 200 years or more | 156 | |
| 5704279873 | second-growth forest | a stand of trees resulting from secondary ecological succession | 157 | |
| 5704279874 | tree plantations | managed tracts with uniformly aged trees of one or two genetically uniform species that usually are harvested by clear-cutting as soon as they become commercially valuable | 158 | |
| 5704279875 | selective cutting | mature trees in an uneven-aged area are cut down separately | 159 | |
| 5704279876 | clear-cutting | loggers remove all the trees from an area | 160 | |
| 5704279877 | strip cutting | clear-cutting a strip of trees along the contour of land within a corridor narrow enough to allow natural regeneration | 161 | |
| 5704279880 | deforestation | the temporary or permanent removal of large expanses of forest for agriculture, settlements, or other uses | 162 | |
| 5704279883 | grasslands | provide soil formation, erosion control, nutrient cycling, storage of atmospheric Co2 in biomass, and maintenance of biodiversity | 163 | |
| 5704279884 | rangelands | unfenced grasslands in temperate and tropical climates that supply vegetation for grazing or browsing animals | 164 | |
| 5704279885 | pastures | managed grasslands or enclosed meadows usually planted with domesticated grasses or other forage | 165 | |
| 5704279886 | overgrazing | occurs when too many animals graze for too long and exceed the carrying capacity of a rangeland area; reduces grass cover, exposes the soil to erosion by water | 166 | |
| 5704279887 | undergrazing | absence of grazing for long periods can reduce the NPP of grassland vegetation | 167 | |
| 5704279888 | rotational grazing | cattle are confined by portable fencing to one area for a short time and then moved to a new location | 168 | |
| 5704279889 | riparian zones | especially thin strips of lush vegetation along streams or rivers | 169 | |
| 5704279895 | Wilderness Act | allows the government to protect undeveloped tracts of public land from development | 170 | |
| 5704279897 | ecological restoration | returning a particular degraded habitat to a condition as similar as possible to its natural state | 171 | |
| 5704279898 | rehabilitation | turning a degraded ecosystem into a functional ecosystem without trying to restore it to its original state | 172 | |
| 5704279899 | replacement | replacing a degraded ecosystem with another type of ecosystem | 173 | |
| 5704279900 | reconciliation ecology | working together, compromising, finding ways to share land; inventing, establishing and maintaining new habitats to conserve species diversity in places where people live, work, or play | 174 | |
| 5704279901 | native species | live and thrive in a particular community. | 175 | |
| 5704279902 | nonnative species | migrate to/are deliberately or accidentally introduced into a community. | 176 | |
| 5704279903 | indicator species | warn us of damage to a community or ecosystem | 177 | |
| 5704279904 | keystone species | help main the structure of/play a critical role in sustaining other communities | 178 | |
| 5704279905 | mutualism | when 2 species interact in a way that they both benefit. | 179 | |
| 5704279906 | commensualism | an interaction that benefits one species but has little/no effect on the other. | 180 | |
| 5704279907 | parasitism | when a parasite feeds on part of the host (usually by living on or inside of them). Promotes biodiversity and controls population by keeping one species from being too plentiful that they eliminate other species | 181 | |
| 5704279908 | interspecific competition | the ability of one species to become most efficient in acquiring resources leading another species to 1)migrate and therefore change its feeding habits through natural selection or 2) population decline or 3) extinction in that area. | 182 | |
| 5704279909 | ecological succession | the biological change in communities over time due to changing environmental conditions | 183 | |
| 5704279910 | primary succession | the gradual establishment of various biotic communities in lifeless areas | 184 | |
| 5704279911 | secondary succession | the establishment of various communities in places that contain soil or bottom sentiment, life was there prior | 185 | |
| 5704279912 | facilitation | when the species of a community modifies/changes the environment by creating beneficial conditions for another species to move in | 186 | |
| 5704279913 | disturbance | natural (earth quakes, plate tectonics, climate change) and human made environmental changes that leads ecosystems to readjust theirselves | 187 | |
| 5704279914 | ecological sustainability | sustainable environments have greater biodiversity. the ability of the earth's various systems to survive and adapt to changing environmental conditions. | 188 | |
| 5704279915 | ecological stability | when an ecosystem adapts/changes in order to survive changing environmental conditions | 189 | |
| 5704279918 | resilience | ability to recover after a disturbance | 190 | |
| 5704279919 | CITES | agreement to ban/limit trade in endangered species | 191 |
Ap Flashcards
Terms : Hide Images
| 9544545807 | psychoanalysis | a method of studying how the mind works and treating mental disorders | 0 | |
| 9544545808 | resistance | in psychoanalysis, the blocking from consciousness of anxiety-laden material | 1 | |
| 9544545809 | interpretation | explanation of something not obvious or not meaning the same thing to everyone | 2 | |
| 9544545810 | transference | in psychoanalysis, the patient's transfer to the analyst of emotions linked with other relationships | 3 | |
| 9544545826 | client-centered therapy | 4 | ||
| 9544545811 | active listening | Listening to someone's problems | 5 | |
| 9544545812 | systematic desensitization | a technique used in behavior therapy to treat phobias and other behavior problems involving anxiety | 6 | |
| 9544545813 | aversive conditioning | a type of counterconditioning that associates an unpleasant state with an unwanted behavior | 7 | |
| 9544545814 | token economy | type of behavior modification in which desired behavior is rewarded with tokens | 8 | |
| 9544545815 | Counterconditioning | Uses classical conditioning to evoke new responses to stimuli that are triggering unwanted behaviors | 9 | |
| 9544545816 | Flooding | A person is exposed to the harmless stimulus until fear responses to that stimulus are extinguished | 10 | |
| 9544545827 | RET | 11 | ||
| 9544545817 | Group Therapy | treating a group of people who have similar problems and who meet regularly with a trained counselor | 12 | |
| 9544545818 | unconditional positive regard | according to Rogers, an attitude of total acceptance toward another person | 13 | |
| 9544545819 | biomedical therapy | prescribed medications or medical procedures that act directly on the patient's nervous system | 14 | |
| 9544545820 | deinstitutionalization | the policy of removing patients, whenever possible, from mental hospitals | 15 | |
| 9544545821 | antipsychotic drugs | drugs used to treat schizophrenia and other forms of severe thought disorder | 16 | |
| 9544545822 | antianxiety drugs | drugs used to treat and calm anxiety reactions, typically minor tranquilizers | 17 | |
| 9544545823 | antidepressant drugs | drugs used to treat depression, anxiety disorders, OCD, and PTSD | 18 | |
| 9544545824 | electroconvulsive therapy | a treatment in which low level electric current is passed through the brain | 19 | |
| 9544545825 | lobotomy | brain surgery for treatment of certain mental disorders | 20 |
AP Literary Terms and Examples Flashcards
Terms : Hide Images
| 4901193340 | allegory - story or poem in which characters, settings, and events stand for other people or events or for abstract ideas or qualities. | example: don't tread on me |  | 0 |
| 4901193341 | Alliteration- repetition of the same or similar consonant sounds inn words that are close together. | example: Jesse's jaguar is jumping and jiggling jauntily. | 1 | |
| 4901193342 | Allusion- reference to someone or something that is know from history, literature, religion, politics, sports, science, or another branch of culture. An indirect reference to something. | example: Abraham Lincoln's " House Divided" speech. | 2 | |
| 4901193343 | Ambiguity- deliberately suggesting two or more different, and sometimes conflicting meanings in a work. An event or situation that may be interpreted in more than one way. | example: Each of us saw her duck. | 3 | |
| 4901193344 | Analogy- comparison made between two things to show how they are alike. | example: Life is like a box of chocolates. | 4 | |
| 4901193345 | Anaphora- repetition of a word, phrase, or clause at the beginning of two or more sentences in a row. | example: Psalms 31:9 "O LORD, rebuke me not in thine anger, neither chasten me in thy hot displeasure. Have mercy upon me, O LORD; for I am weak: O LORD, heal me; for my bones are vexed. My soul is also sore vexed: but thou, O LORD, how long?" | 5 | |
| 4901193346 | anastrophe- inversion of the usual, normal, or logical order of the parts of a sentence. | example: "Sure I am of this, that you have only to endure to conquer." (Winston Churchill, address delivered at the Guildhall, London, Sep. 14, 1914) | 6 | |
| 4901193347 | Anecdote- brief story, told to illustrate a point or serve as an example of something often shows character of an individual. | example: A student writes a brief account about his favorite holiday moment for a school assignment. | 7 | |
| 4901193348 | Antagonist- opponent who struggles against or blocks the hero, or protagonist, in a story. | example: Darth Vadar | 8 | |
| 4901193349 | Antimetabole: repetition of words in successive clauses in reverse grammatical order | example: "Ask not what your country can do for you; ask what you can do for your country." John F. Kennedy, Inaugural Address, January 20, 1961. | 9 | |
| 4901193350 | Antithesis- balancing words, phrases, or ideas that are strongly contrasted, often by means of grammatical structure. | example: Speech is silver, but silence is gold. | 10 | |
| 4901193351 | Antihero- central chracter who lacks all the qualities traditionally associated with heroes. may lack courage, grace, intelligence, or moral scruples | example: Dexter Morgan, Jeff Lindsay's series beginning with 'Darkly Dreaming Dexter' (2004)-a serial killer that the audience supports and applauds | 11 | |
| 4901193352 | Anthropomorphism- attributing human characteristics to an animal or inanimate object (personification) | example: Animal Farm by George Orwell | 12 | |
| 4901193353 | Aphorism- brief, cleverly worded statement that makes a wise observation about life, out or principle or accepted general truth. | example: Life's Tragedy is that we get old too soon and wise too late. [Benjamin Franklin] | 13 | |
| 4901193354 | Apostrophe- calling out an imaginary, dead, or absent person, or to a place or thing, or a personified abstract idea. | example: "Oh! Stars and clouds and winds, ye are all about to mock me; if ye really pity me, crush sensation and memory; let me become as nought; but if not, depart, depart, and leave me in darkness." Mary Shelly "Frankenstein" | 14 | |
| 4901193355 | Apposition- placing in immediately succeeding order of two or more coordinate elements the latter or which is an explanation, qualification, or modification of the first (often set off by a colon). | example: "Lolita, light of my life, fire of my loins." (Vladimir Nabokov, Lolita) | 15 | |
| 4901193356 | Assonance- the repetition of similar vowel sounds followed by different consonant sounds especially in words that are together. | example: "If I bleat when I speak it's because I just got . . . fleeced." - Deadwood by Al Swearengen | 16 | |
| 4901193357 | Asyndeton- commas used without conjunction to separate a series of words, thus emphasizing the parts equally. | example: "We are all Republicans, we are all Federalists" Thomas Jefferson | 17 | |
| 4901193358 | Balance- constructing a sentence so that both halves are about the same length and importance. sentences can be unbalanced to serve a special effect as well. | example: "If you've got the time, we've got the beer." (advertising slogan for Miller beer) | 18 | |
| 4901193359 | Indirect Characterization- the author reveals to the reader what the character is like by describing how the character looks and dresses, by letting the reader hear what the character says, by revealing the character's thoughts and feelings, by revealing the character's effect on other people, or by showing the character in action. | example: The girl with her perfect pigtails and newly bought dress, cried and fussed when her classmate refused to give her his lollipop. | 19 | |
| 4901193360 | Direct Characterization- the author tells us directly what the character is like. | example: the outdoors-man was extremely excited about the start of hunting season. | 20 | |
| 4901193361 | Static Character- is one who does not change much in the course of a story. | example: Sherlock Holmes maintains his wit, confidence and quirky personality while dealing with adventures and compelling cases. | 21 | |
| 4901193362 | Dynamic Character- is one who changes in some important way as a result of the story's action | example: The Grinch | 22 | |
| 4901193363 | Flat Character- has only one or two personality traits. They are one dimensional and they can be summed up in one phrase. | example: Bella Swan - Character has no history, no hobbies, and an ill-defined personality | 23 | |
| 4901193364 | Round Character- has more dimensions to their personalities--they are complex, just as real people are. | example: Katniss Everdeen - Character has hobbies/skills, a distinct past, close relationships with family/friends, clear motivation for the actions she takes over the course of the series | 24 | |
| 4901193365 | Chiasmus- in poetry, a type of rhetorical balance in which the second part is syntactically balanced against the first, but with the parts reversed. | example: "Never let a Fool Kiss You or a Kiss Fool You." | 25 | |
| 4901193366 | Cliche- is a word or phrase, often a figure of speech, that has become lifeless because of overuse. | example: "don't judge a book by its cover" | 26 | |
| 4901193367 | Comedy- in general, a story that ends with a happy resolution of the conflicts faced by the main character or characters. | example: Shakespeare's Twelfth Night | 27 | |
| 4901193368 | Conceit- an elaborate metaphor that compares two things that are startlingly different. Often an extended metaphor. | example: "two lovers with the two legs of a draftsman's compass." | 28 | |
| 4901193369 | Confessional Poetry- a twentieth century term used to describe poetry that uses intimate material from the poet's life. | example: A Poet's Confession by Baumgarn, Brian | 29 | |
| 4901193370 | External Conflict- conflicts can exist between two people, between a person and nature or a machine or between a person and a whole society. | example: The man on the bus was yelling at the bus driver for not getting him to his destination on time. | 30 | |
| 4901193371 | Internal Conflict- a conflict can be internal, involving opposing forces within a person's mind. | example: Maddie chose the red dress over the black one for the prom. | 31 | |
| 4901193372 | Connotation- the associations and emotional overtones that have become attached to a word or phrase, in addition to its strict dictionary definition. | example: Home suggests family, comfort and security. | 32 | |
| 4901193373 | Couplet- two consecutive rhyming lines of poetry. | example: Do you like green eggs and ham? I do not like them, Sam-I-am. I do not like green eggs and ham! | 33 | |
| 4901193374 | Dialect- a way of speaking that is characteristic of a certain social group or of the inhabitants of a certain geographical area. | example: "I hain't got no money." "It's a lie. Judge Thatcher's got it. You git it. I want it." "I hain't got no money, I tell you. You ask Judge Thatcher; he'll tell you the same." (5.19-5.24) Huckleberry Finn | 34 | |
| 4901193375 | Diction- a speaker or writer's choice of words. | example: Keats in his "Ode to the Grecian Urn" "Heard melodies are sweet, but those unheard Are sweeter: therefore, ye soft pipes, play on" | 35 | |
| 4901193376 | Didactic- form of fiction or nonfiction that teaches a specific lessons or moral or provides a model of correct behavior or thinking. | example: George Orwell's "Animal Farm" uses animals on a farm to describe the overthrow of the last of the Russian Tsars, Nicholas-II and exposes the evil of the Communist Revolution of Russia before WWII | 36 | |
| 4901193377 | Elegy- a poem of mourning, usually about someone who has died. | example: O Captain! My Captain!, by Walt Whitman written for Abraham Lincoln after his assassination | 37 | |
| 4901193378 | Epanalepsis- device of repetition in which the same expression is repeated both at the beginning and at the end of the line, clause, or sentence. | example: "Next time there won't be a next time." (Phil Leotardo in The Sopranos) | 38 | |
| 4901193379 | Epic- a long narrative poem, written in heightened language, which recounts the deeds of heroic character who embodies the values of a particular society. | example: "The Raven" Edgar Allan Poe | 39 | |
| 4901193380 | Epigraph- a quotation or aphorism at the beginning of a literary work suggestive of the theme. | example: You are all a lost generation. — Gertrude Stein in a conversation at the beginning of The Sun Also Rises by Ernest Hemingway | 40 | |
| 4901193381 | Epistrophe- device of repetition in which the same expression is repeated at the end of two or more lines, clauses, or sentences. | example: BRUTUS: "Who is here so base that would be a bondman? If any, speak; for him have I offended. Who is here so rude that would not be a Roman? If any, speak; for him have I offended. Who is here so vile that will not love his country? If any, speak; for him have I offended...." | 41 | |
| 4901193382 | Epithet- an adjective or adjective phrase applied to a person or thing that is frequently used to emphasize a characteristic or quality | example- Henry Clay "the great compromiser" | 42 | |
| 4901193383 | Explication- act of interpreting of discovering the meaning of a text, usually involves close reading and special attention to figurative language. | example: Jeff thinks that the flowers in the poem represent the childhood of the speaker after reading the poem closely. | 43 | |
| 4901193384 | Fable- a very short story told in prose or poetry that teaches a practical lesson about how to succeed in life. | example: The Ants and the Grasshopper - the ants saved food for the winter and the grasshopper did not. The moral is "It is best to prepare for the days of necessity." | 44 | |
| 4901193385 | Farce- a type of comedy in which ridiculous and often stereotyped characters are involved in silly, far-fetched situations. | example: "The Three Stooges." | 45 | |
| 4901193386 | Figurative Language- words which are inaccurate if interpreted literally, but are used to describe. similes and metaphors are common forms. | example: Hear the mellow wedding bells. - Edgar Allen Poe | 46 | |
| 4901193387 | Flashback- a scene that interrupts the normal chronological sequence of events in a story to depict something that happened at an earlier time. | example: Arthur Miller's "Death of a Salesman" narrates Willy Loman's memories of the past. At one moment, Willy talks with his dead brother while playing cards with Charley. He relives a past conversation in the present. | 47 | |
| 4901193388 | Foil- a character who acts as contrast to another character. often a funny side kick to the dashing hero, or villain contrasting the hero. | example: Dory is a sidekick to Marlin | 48 | |
| 4901193389 | Foreshadowing- the use of hints and clues to suggest what will happen later in a plot. | example: "The leaves fell early that year." This is a line in Ernest Hemingway's opening line of A Farewell to Arms that could signal possible death. | 49 | |
| 4901193390 | Free Verse- poetry that does not conform to a regular meter or rhyme scheme. | example: Fog by Carl Sandburg The fog comes on little cat feet. It sits looking over harbor and city on silent haunches and then moves on. | 50 | |
| 4901193391 | Hyperbole- a figure of speech that uses incredible exaggeration or overstatement, for effect. | example: It was so cold I saw polar bears wearing jackets. | 51 | |
| 4901193392 | Hypotactic- sentence marked by the use of connecting words between clauses or sentences, explicitly showing the logical or other relationship between them. | example: So sang a little Clod of Clay, Trodden with the cattle's feet | 52 | |
| 4901193393 | Imagery- the use or language to evoke a picture or a concrete sensation of a person, a thing, a place, or an explanation. | example: The F-16 swooped down like an eagle after its prey. | 53 | |
| 4901193394 | inversion- the reversal of the normal word or order in a sentence or phrase. | example: on the hill sat the tractor. | 54 |
ap Flashcards
Terms : Hide Images
| 9567357579 | mania | a hyperactive, wildly optimistic state in which dangerously poor judgement is common | 0 | |
| 9567357580 | bipolar disorder | a disorder in which a person alternates between the hopelessness and lethargy of depression and the overexcited state of mania | 1 | |
| 9567357581 | rumination | compulsive fretting; overthinking about our problems and their causes | 2 | |
| 9567357582 | schizophrenia | a psychological disorder characterized by delusions, hallucinations, disorganized speech, and/or diminished, inappropriate emotional expression | 3 | |
| 9567357583 | delusion | a false belief, often of persecution or grandeur, that may accompany psychotic disorders | 4 | |
| 9567357584 | dissociative disorders | controversial, rare disorders in which conscious awareness becomes separated (dissociated) from previous memories, thoughts, and feelings | 5 | |
| 9567357585 | dissociative identity disorder | a rare disorder in which a person exhibits two or more distinct and alternating personalities | 6 | |
| 9567357586 | personality disorders | inflexible and enduring behavior patterns that impair social functioning | 7 | |
| 9567357587 | antisocial personality disorder | a personality disorder in which a person exhibits a lack of conscience for wrongdoing, even toward friends and family members | 8 | |
| 9567357588 | anorexia nervosa | an eating disorder in which a person maintains a starvation diet despite being significantly underweight; sometimes accompanied by excessive exercise | 9 | |
| 9567357589 | bulimia nervosa | an eating disorder in which a person alternates binge eating with purging or fasting | 10 | |
| 9567357590 | binge-eating disorder | significant over-eating episodes, followed by distress, disgust, or guilt, but without the compensatory purging or fasting that marks bulimia | 11 |
Chapter 11 APES Flashcards
Terms : Hide Images
| 5639186096 | Under nutrition | Chronic hunger; not consuming enough calories to be healthy | 0 | |
| 5639186097 | Malnourished | Regardless of the number of calories one consumes, their diets lack the correct balance of proteins, carbohydrates, vitamins and minerals | 1 | |
| 5639186098 | Food security | Condition in which people have access to sufficient, safe and nutritious food that meets their dietary needs for an active and healthy life | 2 | |
| 5639186099 | Food insecurity | Condition in which people do not have adequate access to food | 3 | |
| 5639186100 | Famine | Condition in which food security is so extreme that large numbers of deaths occur in a given area over a relatively short period | 4 | |
| 5639186101 | Anemia | Iron deficiency; most widespread nutritional deficiency in world | 5 | |
| 5639186102 | Overnutrition | Ingestion of too many calories and improper foods; can cause a person to become overweight | 6 | |
| 5639186103 | Meat | Second largest component of the human diet; livestock (beef, veal and lamb) and poultry (chicken and duck) | 7 | |
| 5639186104 | Industrial agriculture/agribusiness | Agriculture that applies the techniques of mechanization and standardization | 8 | |
| 5639186105 | Energy subsidy | Energy input per calorie of food produced | 9 | |
| 5639186106 | Green Revolution | Shift in farming methods New management techniques and mechanization as well as the triad of fertilization, irrigation and improved crop varieties | 10 | |
| 5639186107 | Economies of scale | Observation that average costs of production fall as output increases | 11 | |
| 5639186108 | Water logging | Occurs when soil remains underwater for prolonged periods, impairs root growth because roots cannot get oxygen | 12 | |
| 5639186109 | Salinization | Occurs when the small amounts of salt in irrigation water become highly concentrated on soil surface through evaporation | 13 | |
| 5639186110 | Organic fertilizers | Composed of organic matter from plants and animals | 14 | |
| 5639186111 | Synthetic/inorganic fertilizers | Produced commercially, normally with the use of fossil fuels | 15 | |
| 5639186112 | Monocropping | An agricultural method that utilizes large plantings of a single species or variety | 16 | |
| 5639186113 | Pesticide | A substance, either natural or synthetic that kills or controls organisms that people consider pests | 17 | |
| 5639186114 | Insecticide | A pesticide that targets species of insects and other invertebrates | 18 | |
| 5639186115 | Herbicides | Target plant species that compare with crops | 19 | |
| 5639186116 | Broad spectrum pesticides | They kill many different types of pests | 20 | |
| 5639186117 | Selective pesticides | Focus on a narrower range of organisms | 21 | |
| 5639186118 | Persistent | remain in the environment for a long time, DDT is an example | 22 | |
| 5639186119 | Non persistent | break down relatively rapid, usually in weeks to months | 23 | |
| 5639186120 | Bioaccumulation | Something building up over time in the fatty tissues of predators | 24 | |
| 5639186121 | Resistant | Measure of how much a disturbance can affect flows of energy and matter in an ecosystem | 25 | |
| 5639186122 | Pesticide treadmill | Cycle of pesticide development, followed by pest resistance, followed by new pesticide development | 26 | |
| 5639186123 | Conventional agriculture | Applies the techniques of mechanization and standardization | 27 | |
| 5639186124 | Shifting agriculture | Involves clearing land and using it for only a few years until the soil is depleted of nutrients | 28 | |
| 5639186125 | Desertification | Transformation of arable, productive land to desert or unproductive land due to climate change or destructive land use | 29 | |
| 5639186126 | Nomadic grazing | Feeding herds of animals by moving them to seasonally productive feeding grounds, often over long distances | 30 | |
| 5639186127 | Sustainable agriculture | Fulfills need for food and fiber while enhancing quality of the soil, minimizing use of nonrenewable resources and allowing economic viability for the farmer | 31 | |
| 5639186128 | Intercropping | Two or more crop species are planted in the same field at the same time to promote a synergistic interaction between them | 32 | |
| 5639186129 | Crop rotation | Achieves the same effect by rotating the crop species in a field from season to season | 33 | |
| 5639186130 | Agroforestry | Intercropping trees with vegetables; allows vegetation of different heights, including trees, to act as windbreaks and catch soil that might otherwise be blown away | 34 | |
| 5639186131 | Contour plowing | Plowing and harvesting at right angles to the slope of the land; Helps prevent erosion by water while still allowing for the practical advantages of plowing | 35 | |
| 5639186132 | No-till agriculture | Designed to avoid soil degradation that comes with conventional agricultural techniques | 36 | |
| 5639186133 | Integrated pest management (IPM) | Uses a variety of techniques designed to minimize pesticide inputs | 37 | |
| 5639186134 | Organic agriculture | Production of crops without the use of synthetic pesticides or fertilizers | 38 | |
| 5639186135 | Concentrated animal feeding operations (CAFOs) | Large indoor or outdoor structures designed for maximum output | 39 | |
| 5639186136 | Fishery | Commercially harvestable population of fish within a particular ecological region | 40 | |
| 5639186137 | Fishery collapse | Decline of a fish population by 90% or more | 41 | |
| 5639186138 | Bycatch | Unintentional catch of non target species | 42 | |
| 5639186139 | Individual transferable quotas (ITQs) | Fishery management program in which individual fishers are given a total allowable catch of fish in a season that they can either catch or sell | 43 | |
| 5639186140 | Aquaculture | Farming aquatic organisms such as fish, shellfish and seaweeds | 44 | |
| 5639186141 | Annual plants | Live only one season and must be replanted each yea, which causes enormous disruption to soil (Example: wheat and corn) | 45 | |
| 5639186142 | Perennial plants | Live for multiple years so there is no need to plow fields each year for replanting | 46 | |
| 8350825112 | stronger doses of pesticide are needed, new chemicals are needed, more frequent spraying is needed | List three effects of the pesticide treadmill | 47 | |
| 8350841165 | immune system disorders, endocrine system disorders, childhood brain cancer, nervous system disorders | List negative effects of pesticide exposure on humans. | 48 | |
| 8350890426 | Integrated pest management | Farmers can control pests by alternating crops, introducing natural pest predators, using selective pesticides and timing planting to limit insect loss to crops. This method is called | 49 | |
| 8350904651 | 1. it can be cheaper than using sprays. 2. It can be self-perpetuating (meaning it continues to work after the initial application, for example the next year) | what are some pro's for biological control of pests? | 50 | |
| 8350935066 | Synthetic sprays and fertilizers | typically liquid, this method of fertilizing crops is relatively inexpensive and provides the macronutrients that crops need. | 51 | |
| 8350958462 | organic fertilizer | typically animal manure, this type of fertilizer is not always available to farmers, but it does provide macro and micronutrients for plant growth | 52 | |
| 8350983983 | Round Up Ready | when plants are able to tolerate the herbicide Round up, what are they called? | 53 | |
| 8351006195 | bacillus thurengensis or Bt | A toxin that is genetically added to plants like corn and wheat so that lepidopteran larva die upon ingestion of the plants (in other words, they die when they eat it) | 54 | |
| 8351019641 | Japan, Australia, South Korea, Canada | List five countries that require GMO food to be labeled for the consumer | 55 | |
| 8351042400 | beef, pork, chicken, catfish | List the following meats from least efficient to most efficient... catfish, chicken, pork and beef | 56 | |
| 8351057695 | Minamata Disease | what disease is caused by mercury poisoning? | 57 | |
| 8351075874 | Goiter | Disease caused by insufficient iodine in a diet | 58 | |
| 8351089183 | blindness | Lack of Vitamin A causes this problem for 500,000 people worldwide per year | 59 | |
| 8351097683 | stroke, heart disease, cancer | overnutrition can lead to what three diseases? | 60 | |
| 8351113609 | hypervarietal cultivation | when a farmer plants many varieties of a crop, for example many different kinds of tomatoes | 61 | |
| 8351129866 | less labor costs since you don't have to till the land, less soil erosion since the land is not exposed. | An advantage of conservation tillage (no till) | 62 | |
| 8351141169 | more herbicide is used to kill the weeds since the ground is not tilled. (tilling disturbs the weeds and slows their growth) | disadvantage of conservation tillage | 63 | |
| 8351201729 | pest | any organism that competes with humans or interferes with humans. | 64 |
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While we strive to provide the most comprehensive notes for as many high school textbooks as possible, there are certainly going to be some that we miss. Drop us a note and let us know which textbooks you need. Be sure to include which edition of the textbook you are using! If we see enough demand, we'll do whatever we can to get those notes up on the site for you!
