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145 ways to go apes ... Flashcards

5744733089	ionizing radiation	enough energy to knock electrons from atoms forming ions, capable of causing cancer (Ex gamma-X rays- UV)	0
5744733090	high quality energy	organized and concentrated, can perform useful work (Ex fossil fuel and nuclear)	1
5744733091	low quality energy	disorganized, dispersed (heat in ocean or aim wind, solar)	2
5744733092	first law of thermodynamics	energy is neither created or destroyed, but may be converted from one form to another	3
5744733093	second law of thermodynamics	when energy is changed from one form to another, some useful energy is always degraded into lower quality energy (usually heat)	4
5744733094	natural radioactive decay	unstable radioisotopes decay releasing gamma rays, alpha, and beta particles	5
5744733095	half-life	the time it takes for half the mass of a radioisotope to decay	6
5744733096	estimate of how long a radioactive isotope must be stored until it decays to a safe level	approximately 10 half-lives	7
5744733097	nuclear fission	nuclei of isotopes split apart when struck by neutrons	8
5744733098	nuclear fusion	2 isotopes of light elements ( H) forced together at high temperatures till they fuse to form a heavier nucleus. expensive, break point not reached yet	9
5744733099	ore	a rock that contains a large enough concentration of a mineral making it profitable to mine	10
5744733100	mineral reserve	identified deep deposits currently profitable to extract	11
5744733101	best solution to energy shortage	conservation and increase efficiency	12
5744733102	surface mining	cheaper and can remove more mineral, less hazardous to workers	13
5744733103	humus	organic, dark material remaining after decomposition by microorganisms	14
5744733104	leaching	removal of dissolved materials from soil by moving downwards	15
5744733105	illuviation	deposit of leached material in lower soil layers	16
5744733106	loam	perfect agriculture soil with equal portions of sand, silt, and clay	17
5744733107	solutions to soil problems	conservation tillage, crop rotation, contour plowing, organic fertilizers	18
5744733108	parts of the hydrologic cycle	evaporation, transpiration, runoff, condensation, precipitation, infiltration	19
5744733109	aquifer	any water bearing layer in the ground	20
5744733110	cone of depression	lowering of the water table around a pumping well	21
5744733111	salt water intrusion	is the movement of salt water into freshwater aquifers in coastal areas where groundwater is withdrawn faster that it's replenished	22
5744733112	ENSO	el nino southern oscillation, see-sawing of air pressure over the S. pacific	23
5744733113	during and el nino year; during a non el nino year	trade winds weaken and warm water sloshed back to SA; easterly trade winds and ocean currents pool warm water in the western pacific, allowing upwelling of nutrient rich water off the west coast of south America	24
5744733114	effects of el nino	upwelling decreases disrupting food chains, N US has mild winters, SW US has increased rainfall, less atlantic hurricanes	25
5744733115	nitrogen fixing	because atmospheric N cannot be used directly by plants it must first be converted into ammonia by bacteria	26
5744733116	ammonification	decomposers convert organic waste into ammonia	27
5744733117	nitrification	ammonia is converted to nitrate inos (NO-3)	28
5744733118	assimilation	inorganic N is converted into organic molecules such as DNA/amino acids and proteins	29
5744733119	denitrification	bacteria convert ammonia back to N	30
5744733120	phosphorus does not circulate as easy as N because	it does not exist as a gas, but is released by the weathering of phosphate rocks	31
5744733121	because soil contains very little phosphorus	it is a major limiting factor for plant growth	32
5744733122	excess phosphorus is added to aquatic ecosystems by	runoff of animal wastes, fertilizer discharge of sewage	33
5744733123	photosynthesis	plants convert atmospheric (CO2) into complex carbohydrates (glucose c6h12o6)	34
5744733124	aerobic respiration	oxygen consuming producers, consumers and decomposers break down complex organic compounds and covert C back into CO2	35
5744733125	largest reservoirs of C	carbonate rock first, oceans second	36
5744733126	biotic/abiotic	living and nonliving components of an ecosystem	37
5744733127	producer/ autotroph	organisms that will make their own food-photosynthetic life	38
5744733128	trophic levels	producers- primary consumers- secondary consumers- teritary consumer	39
5744733129	energy flow through food webs	only 10% on the usable energy is transferred	40
5744733130	why is only 10% of usable energy transferred?	usable energy lost as heat (2nd law), not all biomass is digested and absorbed, predators expend energy to catch prey	41
5744733131	primary succession	development of communities in a lifeless area not previously inhabited by life (lava)	42
5744733132	secondary succession	life progresses where soil remains (clear cut)	43
5744733133	mutualism	symbiotic relationship where both partners benefit	44
5744733134	commensalism	symbiotic relationship where one partner is benefited and the other is unaffected	45
5744733135	parasitism	relationship in which one partner obtains nutrients at the expense of the host	46
5744733136	biome	large distinct terrestrial region having similar climate, soil, plant and animals	47
5744733137	carrying capacity	the number of individuals that can be sustained in an area	48
5744733138	r strategist	reproduce early, many small unprotected offspring	49
5744733139	k strategist	reproduce lat, few, cared for offspring	50
5744733140	natural selection	organisms that possess favorable adaptations pass them onto the next generation	51
5744733141	thomas malthus	said human population cannot continue to increase.. consequences will be war, famine,and disease	52
5744733142	doubling time	rule of 70: 70 divided by the percent growth rate	53
5744733143	replacement level fertility	the number of children a couple must have to replace themselves (2.1 developed, 2.7 developing)	54
5744733144	world population is	over 6 billion; US population 300,000,000 last year	55
5744733145	preindustrial stage	birth and death rates high, populations grows slowly, infant mortality high	56
5744733146	transitional stage	death rate lower, better health care, population grows fast	57
5744733147	industrial stage	decine in birth rate, population growth slows	58
5744733148	postindustrial stage	low birth and death rates	59
5744733149	age structure diagrams	(broad base, rapid growth) ( narrow base, negative growth) (uniform shape, zero growth)	60
5744733150	most populated countries	china and india	61
5744733151	most important thing affecting population growth	low status of women	62
5744733152	ways to decrease birth rate	family planning, contraception, economic rewards and penalties	63
5744733153	percent water on earth by type	97.5% seawater, 2.5% freshwater	64
5744733154	salinazation of soil	in arid regions, water evaporates leaving behind salts	65
5744733155	ways to conserve water	(agriculture, drip/trickle irrigation) (industry, recycling) (home. use gray water, repair leaks, low flow fixtures)	66
5744733156	point vs. non point sources	(point, from specific location such as pipe) (non point, from over an area such as runoff)	67
5744733157	BOD	biological oxygen demand, amount of dissolved oxygen needed be aerobic decomposers to break down organic materials	68
5744733158	eutrophication	rapid algal growth cause bye an excess of N & P	69
5744733159	hypoxia	when aquatic plants die the BOD rises as aerobic decomposers break down the plants, the DO drops and the water cannot support life	70
5744733160	minamata disease	mental impairments caused by mercury	71
5744733161	primary air pollutants	produced by human and nature (CO,CO2, SO2, NO, hydrocarbons, particulates)	72
5744733162	secondary air pollutants	formed by reaction of primary pollutants	73
5744733163	particulate matter	(source: burning fossil fuels and car exhaust) (effect: reduces visibility and respiratory irritation) (reduction: filtering, electrostatic precipitators, alternative energy)	74
5744733164	nitrogen oxides	(source: auto exhaust) (effects: acidification of lakes, respiratory irritation, leads to smog and ozone) (equation for acid formation: NO + O2 = NO2 + H2O = HNO3) (reduction catalytic converter)	75
5744733165	sulfur oxides	(source: coal burning) (effects: acid deposition, respiratory irritation, damages plants) (equation for acid formation: SO2 + O2 = SO3 + H2O = H2SO4) (reduction: scrubbers, burn low sulfur fuel)	76
5744733166	carbon oxides	(Source: auto exhaust, incomplete combustion) (effects: CO binds to hemoglobin reducing bloods ability to carry O, CO2 contributes to global warming) (Reduction: catalytic converter, emissions testing, oxygenated fuel, mass transit)	77
5744733167	ozone	(formation: secondary pollutant, NO2 + UV- NO + O O+O2 =O3, with VOC's) (effects: respiratory irritant, plant damage) (reduction: reduce NO emissions and VOC's)	78
5744733168	industrial smog	found in cities that burn large amounts of coal	79
5744733169	photochemical smog	formed by chemical reactions involving sunlight (NO, VOC, O)	80
5744733170	acid deposition	cause by sulfuric and nitric acids resulting in lowered pH of surface waters	81
5744733171	greenhouse gases	(Examples: H20, CO2, O3, methane (CH4), CFC's) (effects: they trap outgoing infrared (heat) energy causing earth to warm)	82
5744733172	effects of global warming	rising sea level (thermal expansion), extreme weather, droughts (famine), extinctions	83
5744733173	ozone depletion caused by	CFC's, methyl chloroform, carbon tetrachloride, halon, methyl bromide all of which attack stratospheric ozone)	84
5744733174	effects of ozone depletion	(increase UV, skin cancer, cataracts, decreased plant growth)	85
5744733175	love canal, ny	chemical buried in old canal and school and homes built over it causing birth defects and cancer	86
5744733176	municipal solid waste	is mostly paper	87
5744733177	most municipal waster is	landfilled	88
5744733178	sanitary landfill problems and solutions	(leachate, liner with collection system) (methane gas, collect gas and burn) (volume of garbage, compact and reduce)	89
5744733179	incineration advantages	volume of waste reduced by 90% and waste heat can be use	90
5744733180	incineration disadvantages	toxic emissions (polyvinyl chloride-dioxin), scrubbers and electrostatic precipiataors needed, ash disposal	91
5744733181	best way to solve waste problem	reduce the amounts of waste at the source	92
5744733182	keystone species	species whose role in an ecosystem are more important than others	93
5744733183	indicator species	species that serve as early warnings that an ecosystem is being damaged	94
5744733184	most endangered species	have a small range, require large territory or live on an island	95
5744733185	in natural ecosystems, 50-90% of pest species are kept under control by	predators, diseases, parasites	96
5744733186	major insecticide groups and examples	(chlorinated hydrocarbons, DDT) (organophosphates,malathion) (carbamates, aldicarb)	97
5744733187	pesticide pros	saves lives from insect transmitted disease, increase food supply, incease profits for farmers	98
5744733188	pesticide cons	genetic resistance, ecosystem imbalance, pesticide treadmill, persistence, bioaccumulation, biological magnification	99
5744733189	natural pest control	better agriculture practices, genetically resistant plants, natural enemies, bio pesticides, sex attractants	100
5744733190	electricity is generated by	using steam (from water boiled by fossil fuels or nuclear) or falling water to turn a generator	101
5744733191	petroleum forms from	microscopic aquatic organisms in sediments converted by heat and pressure into a mixture of hydrocarbons	102
5744733192	pros of petroleum	cheap, easily transported, high quality energy	103
5744733193	cons of petroleum	reserves depleted soon, pollution during drilling, transport and refining, burning makes CO2	104
5744733194	steps in coal formation	peat, lignite, bituminous, anthracite	105
5744733195	major parts of a nuclear reactor	core, control rods, steam generator, turbine, containment building	106
5744733196	two most serious nuclear accidents	chernobyl, ukraine three mile island, pa	107
5744733197	alternate energy sources	wind, solar, waves, biomass, geothermal, fuel cells	108
5744733198	LD 50	the amount of a chemical that kills 50% of the animals in a test population	109
5744733199	mutagen, teratogen, carcinogen	1. causes heridatary changes 2. causes fetus deformities 3. causes cancer	110
5744733200	multiple use US public lands	National Forest and National Resources lands	111
5744733201	moderately restricted use land	nation wildlife refuges	112
5744733202	restricted use lands	national parks, National Wilderness Preservation system	113
5744733203	volcanoes and earthquakes occur	aat plate boundaries (divergent- spreading ex. min-ocean ridges) (convergent, ex. trenched. Mineral deposits are most abundant at convergent boundaries) (transform sliding ex. San Andreas)	114
5744733204	survivorship curves	type 1: low mortality at birth, survival to old age, and then die (human,annual plant) type 2: uniform death rates, subject to predation (insects, birds) type 3: high morality at birth but lint lifespans other wise (turtles, trees)	115
5744733205	density dependent factors	competition, parasitism, predation	116
5744733206	density independent factors	fire, floods, extreme cold	117
5744733207	biotic potential	maximum amount of offspring a species can have	118
5744733208	effects of global warming	bleaching of coral reefs, animals and plants forced out of their current range, melting glaciers, rising sea level, droughts, spread of infectious diseases and more extreme weather conditions	119
5744733209	exotic species are known as invasive species because	they often can grow at an uncontolled rate because they have no natural predators, disrupt the balance of infectious diseases and more extreme weather conditions	120
5744733210	ecological services of forests	regulate climate, control water runoff, produce oxygen and provide food and shelter for many creatures	121
5744733211	clear cutting is bad because	it increases soil erosion dramatically, increases nitrate runoff into water bodies, makes it hard for an area to recover, leaves animals no place to live and can lead to extinctions	122
5744733212	utilitarianism	is the belief that something is right if it produces the greatest good for the greatest number of people for the longest time	123
5744733213	selective cutting	harvesting only mature trees of certain species and size. more expensive but less disruptive to wildlife than clear cutting	124
5744733214	conservation	is the management of a resource to make certain it produces the greatest benefit to humans in the future	125
5744733215	preservation	is the concept that the land should be kept in its natural state- never touched or developed	126
5744733216	NIMBY	public protests cause wastes and other pollutants to be dumped in someone else's backyard. mostly hurts the poor who cannot pay for representation to fight against potential pollution	127
5744733217	range of tolerance	minimum and maximum levels of conditions in which organisms can survive	128
5744733218	fact	1.5 billion people lack access to clean drinking water and 3 billion people lack good sanitation need to prevent communicable disease from spreading	129
5744733219	75% of water pollution in the US come from	soil erosion, atmospheric deposition and surface run off	130
5744733220	95% of water in developing countries come from	raw sewage (high population growth without the money for treatment plants)	131
5744733221	the US uses 77% of	all pesticides in the world	132
5744733222	troposphere	contain weather	133
5744733223	stratosphere	contains the ozone	134
5744733224	the atmosphere composition is:	78% nitrogen, 21% oxygen, and a small amount of argon, carbon dioxide, water, salt and dust	135
5744733225	weather moves from	west to east across America and winds are named for the direction they come from	136
5744733226	bioaccumulation	is the selective absorption and storage of a great variety of molecules	137
5744733227	biomagnification	is a continued increase in the concentration of pollutants in higher levels of a food chain	138
5744733228	chronic effects	are long lasting and can result from a single exposure of a very toxic substance or a continuous exposure to the toxin	139
5744733229	acute effects	are caused by a single exposure to a toxin and results in an immediate health crisis of some sort	140
5744733230	watershed	land surface and groundwater aquifers drained by a particular river system	141
5744733231	forests	11% is used for crops 26% is range and pasture	142
5744733232	valdez, alaska	arch 24, 1989 tanker Exxon Valdez hits submerged rocks in Prince William Sound worst oil spill in US waters	143
5744733233	biome	largest terrestrial region having similar climate, soil, plants and animals	144
5744733234	human have caused extinction rates of hundreds to thousands of species per year	if these trends continue 1/3 to 2/3 of all current species will be lost by the year 2050	145
5744733235	federal insecticide, fungicide, and rodenticide act (fifra) 1947	requires the EPA tro approve the use of all pesticides in the U.S.	146
5744733236	surface mining control and reclamation act 1977	established a program for regulating surface mining and reclamation activities. it established mandatory standards for there activities on state and federal lands including a requirement the adverse impacts on fish, wildlife, and related environmental values be minimized	147
5744733237	soil and water conservation act 1977	soil and water conservation programs to aid landowners and users; also sets up condition to continue evaluation the condition of U.S. soil, water, and related resources	148
5744733238	food security act 1985	discouraged the conversion of wetlands to non wetlands 1990 federal legislation denied federal farm supplements to those who converted wetlands to agriculture, and provided a restoration of benefits to those who unknowingly converter lands to wetlands	149
5744733239	wilderness act 1964	established a review of road-free areas of 5,000 acres or more and islands within the National Wildlife Refuges on the National Park System for inclusion in the Nation Preservation System This act restricted activities in these areas	150
5744733240	wild and scenic rivers act 1968	established a National Wild and Scenic Rivers System for the protection of rivers with important scenic recreational, fish and wildlife and other values	151
5744733241	marine mammal protection act 1972	established federal responsibility to conserve marine mammals	152
5744733242	endangered species act 1973	provided broad protection for species of fish, wildlife, and plants that are listed as threatened or endangered with the U.S. of elsewhere	153
5744733243	convention on international trade in endangered species CITES 1975	an international agreement between governments that ensures that international trade in specimens of wild animals and plants don't threaten their survival	154
5744733244	comprehensive environmental response compensation and liability act	regulated damage done by mining; created a tax on the chemical and petroleum industries and provided broad federal authority to respond directly yo releases or threatened releases of hazardous substances the may endanger public health of the environment. established prohibitions and requirement concerning closed and abandoned hazardous waste sites. provided liability of persons responsible for releases of hazardous waste at these sites; established a trust fund to provide for cleanup when no responsible party could be identified.	155
5744733245	resource conservation and recovery act 1976 RCRA	regulated some mineral processing wastes; encourages states to develop comprehensive plans to manage nonhazardous industrial solid wastes and municipal waste, sets criteria for municipal solid waste landfills and other solid waste disposal facilities; cradle to grave system,	156
5744733246	clean water act 1972	protect all surface waters in the U.S. reduced direct pollutant discharges into waterways, financed municipal waste water treatment facilities, and manages polluted runoff, restoring and maintaining the chemical, physical and biological integrity of the nation's waters	157
5744733247	safe drinking water act 1974	established a federal program to monitor and increase that safety of the drinking water supply.	158
5744733248	ocean dumping act 1972	made it unlawful for any person to dump, or transport for the purpose of dumping sewage sludge, or industrial waste into ocean waters	159
5744733249	oil spill prevention and liability act	strengthened EPA's ability to prevent and respond to catastrophic oil spills. established a trust fund which is available to clean up oil spills	160
5744733250	toxic substances control act TSCA 1976	gave the EPA the ability to track the 75,000 industrial chemicals currently produced or imported into the U.S. EPA repeatedly screens these chemicals and can require reporting or testing of those that may pose an environmental or human-health hazard. allows the EPA to ban the manufacturing and import of those chemicals that pose unreasonable risk.	161
5744733251	nuclear waste policy	established both the federal government's responsibility to provide a place of the permanent disposal of high level radioactive waste and spent nuclear fuel, and the generators responsibility to bear the costs of permanent disposal.	162
5744733252	pollution prevention act 1990	designed to promote source reduction (stop pollution from being produced	163
5744733253	1970 national environmental policy act	created the council on environmental quality that resulted in the creation of the EPA from the consolidation of various environmental agencies. it also mandates that federal agencies prepare environmental impact statements	164
5744733254	kyoto protocol 2001	reduces greenhouse gas emissions that are linked to climate change and global warming	165
5744733255	montreal protocol	phasing out of ozone depletion compounds cfcs	166
5744733256	persistent organic pollutants treaty	protects human health from chemicals that remain intact in the environment	167
5744733257	emergency planning and community right to know act	facilitated deadlines, provides info on chemicals and storing them, improves access to chemical info	168
5744733258	federal food drug and cosmetic act	sets limits for residue on food and keeps food safe	169
5744733259	shoreline erosion control act	provide shoreline protection and improve sediment retention; prevents coastal erosion	170
5744733260	coastal zone management act 1990	balance ecosystem conservation, balance ecosystem development controls non point pollution along the coast	171
5744733261	surface mining control and reclamation act 1977	regulate environmental effects of coal mining and cleaning out of abandoned mines	172
5744733262	fisheries conservation and management act 1996	created fishery management council protected fish habitats and reducing by catch	173

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Ap Flashcards

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9502071020	Schuann cells	Cells that are tightly wound arounf the axon "insulation"	0
9502071021	Myelin	Lipid protein that forms the myelin sheath on the outside of an axon. Speed signals through the nervous system.	1
9502071022	neurilemmal sheath	surrounds the myelin sheath	2
9502071023	Nodes of Ranvier	Gaps of exposed axon	3
9502071024	neuroglial cells	Functions to fill space, support neurons, hold nerve tissue together, produce myelin and carry on phagocytosis	4
9502071025	Astrocytes	Found between nerve tissue and blood vessels where they function in providing structural support and in removing cellular debris responsible for scar tissue following an injury.	5
9502071026	Oligodendrocytes	Functions in the formation of melon sheaths in the brain and spinal cord.	6
9502071027	Microglia	scattered throughout the CNS; supports neurons and phagocytize bacterial cells and cellular debris	7
9502071028	Ependyma	Covers specialized brain parts and forms the linings that enclose spaces within the brain.	8
9502071029	Nissil bodies	Location for ribosomes to attach for the synthesis of vital protein molecules.	9
9502071030	Sensory, motor, integrative	Functions of nervous system	10
9502071031	Sensory	Involves sensory receptors at the ends of peripheral nerves. Specialized to gather information by detecting changes that occur within and around the body.	11
9502071032	Integrative	The info gathered over the peripheral nerves is taken to the CNS where the signals are integrated. They brought together, creating sensations, adding memory, or helping to produce thoughts.	12
9502071033	Motor	Impulses travel from the CNS to responsive effectors. These effectors are outside the nervous system and include muscles, which may contract when stimulated by nerve impulses, and glands, which may produce secretions when stimulated.	13
9502071034	motor functions	Conscious and subconscious events are controlled by:	14
9525921026	gated ion channels	Neurons can transmit signals because Plasma membranes contain _________ which allow it to open and close	15
9525921027	Sodium potassium	Some gated ion channels allow ___________ to pass through others allow ___________ to pass through.	16
9525921028	sodium-potassium pump	Transport sodium ions out of cell and potassium ions into the cell.	17
9525921029	resting potential	The starting point for the transmission of a nerve impulse.	18
9525921030	nerve impulse	Disrupts the resting potential	19
9525921031	action potential	sudden change in the electrical charge inside the axon	20
9525921032	all or none response	a nerve or muscle fibre responds completly or not at all to a stimulus	21
9525921033	myelin sheath	Speed signals through the nervous system.	22
9525921034	multiple sclerosis	destruction of myelin sheath	23
9525921035	The Synapse	The function of a neuron with another cell	24
9525921036	presynaptic neuron	The neuron that carries the message to the synapse.	25
9525921037	post synaptic neuron	neuron that transmits an impulse away from a synapse	26
9525921038	Neurotransmitters	Chemical messenger that transfers nerve messages from one neuron to another.	27
9525921039	synaptic knobs	secrete neurotransmitters	28
9525921040	Excitory	Neurotransmitters that trigger nerve impulses	29
9525921041	inhibitory	Neurotransmitters that inhibit Impulses	30

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AP Biology- History of Life Flashcards

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6254172885	First atmosphere on earth	very hot with water vapor, volcanic eruptions, inorganic molecules such as methane, ammonia, CO2. not beneficial to humans	0
6254189670	what happened when the earth cooled	water vapor turned into oceans	1
6254197182	what processes first formed cells	chemical and physical processes and natural selection. 4 main stages	2
6254201744	4 stages of cell synthesis	1. simple organic compounds 2. abiotic synthesis of macromolecules 3. Protocells 4. Self-replicating dna	3
6254224053	Oparin and Haldane	proposed the early oceans were a primordial soup from which life arose	4
6254228107	miller and urey	experiment stimulated early atmospheric conditions and showed the abiotic synthesis of small organic compounds such as amino acids	5
6254238391	meteorites	may be 2nd source of organic compounds. carbonaceous chondrites are 1-2% carbon compounds. meteor may contain aa, lipids, simple sugars, uracil	6
6254261401	simple organic compounds	step 1. oparin and Haldane, miller and urey, meteorites	7
6254267918	abiotic (physical) synthesis of macromolecules	step 2. abiotic synthesis of RNA can occur spontaneously from simple precursors.	8
6254277447	how are polymers made in abiotic synthesis	by dripping amino acids or RNA nucleotides onto hot sand/clay/rock. these polymers led to enzymes and nucleic acids needed for life	9
6254307014	protocells	step 3. abiotically produced vesicles (membrane pouches) can exhibit some properties of life: Simple reproduction, simple metabolism, maintenance of an internal chemical environment diff from surroundings.	10
6254325654	self- replicating RNA	step 4. rna probably came before dna, and rna can make proteins. Protocell vesicles containing RNA which were able to grow and reproduce to pass on the RNA would have been precursors to modern cells	11
6254332619	ribozymes	RNA segments that carry our some enzyme-like catalytic functions. some can even make complementary copies of RNA.	12
6254343893	natural selection on molecular level	rna sequences best suited to env and able to replicate will leave the most descendant molecules.	13
6254366228	Fossil record documents history of life	shows changes in organisms including extinct. shows hot groups arose from sedimentary strata which reveal the RELATIVE ages of fossils. absolute ages are estimated with radiometric dating.	14
6254379997	mass extinctions	5 major events over past 500 million years. 50% of marine species became extinct due to habitat destruction, env change, and origin of new species.	15
6254392694	taxonomy hierarchy	domain, kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, species	16
6254397579	6 kingdoms	archea bacteria, eubacteria, Protista, fungi, plantae, animalia.	17
6265588121	phylogeny	evolutionary history of a species	18
6265589737	systematics	classifying organisms and determining their evolutionary relationships	19
6265597218	phylogenetic tree	organisms are placed in evolutionary order based on data such as fossils, molecules, and genes. the evolutionary history can be represented in a branching diagram called a phylogenetic tree or cladogram	20
6265617488	primary criterion for classification in cladistics	common ancestry	21
6265620851	derived character	evolutionary novelty unique to a clade. can be used to develop a cladogram	22
6265630678	Precambrian time	Oldest ERA! 4600-542 mya. oldest fossils, origin of life in seas, origin of planet	23
6265644071	Cambrian period	Paleozoic era Cambrian explosion, sudden increase in diversity of animal phyla. mainly invertebrates	24
6265650121	ordovician period	Paleozoic era abundant marine algae, colonization of land by fungi plants and animals	25
6265657428	Silurian	Paleozoic era early vascular plants diversify	26
6265660577	devonian	paleozoic era first tetrapods and insects, bony fish diversify	27
6265667408	carboniferous	Paleozoic era first reptiles, amphibians, first seed plants	28
6265673272	permian	Paleozoic era mass extinction of many plants and animals, reptile radiation	29
6265678688	triassic	Mesozoic era. aka era of reptiles first dinos, first mammals	30
6265690738	Jurassic	mosozoic era. dinos are dom land animals. gymnosperm dominance continues	31
6265705119	cretaceous	Mesozoic era. first flowering plants, ends w mass extiction	32
6265709736	paleogene	Cenozoic era. origin of many primates. angiosperm dominance.	33
6265716492	neogene	Cenozoic era. continues mammal radiation, earliest direct human ancestors	34
6265723163	quartenrary	Cenozoic era. in the present. ice ages, first homo genus	35
6265729936	what are plants?	multicellular eukaryotes that are photosynthetic autotrophs. evolved from green algae	36
6265737835	new modes of reproduction	protection of gemetes and developing embryo	37
6265741061	cuticle	waxy coating	38
6265743060	stomata	openings of underside of leaf for gas exchange	39
6265750908	chloroplasts	containing chlorophyll a and b and other pigments	40
6265752958	cell walls	made of cellulose	41
6265755341	carbohydrates	stored mainly as starch in amyloplasts	42
6265758122	reproduction	sexual and asexual methods exists in most species. leads to true alteration of generations	43
6265773067	1st major period of plant evolution	origin of plants from green algae in Silurian period. cuticle and vascular tissue evolved.	44
6265782523	2nd major period of plant evolution	diversification of seedless vascular plants in early Devonian. like modern ferns.	45
6265789252	3rd major period of plant evolution	origin of seed plants near end of Devonian. protected by embryo, ferns and conifers dominate	46
6265797417	4th major period of plant evolutions	emergence of flowering plants in early cretaceous. seeds are protected in flowers ovary.	47
6265803943	monophyletic	used to classify plants as every plant in the plant kingdom derived from a common ancestor.	48
6265814888	non vascular	aka bryophytes little/no conductive tissue. 3 divisions: include mosses, liverwarts, and hornworts. need water to fertilize. flagellated sperm swim to egg. haploid gametophyte is dominant in life cycle	49
6265829076	vascular seedless plants	lymphocytes and ferns. regional specialization of the plant body: roots and shoots. true vascular system: xylem for water and minerals. phloem for food. Lignin supports cell walls. water needed to fertilize. increased dominance of diploid sporophyte in life cycle.	50
6275921553	vascular seed plants	4 divisions of gymnosperms (naked seed) and one division of angiosperms (flowering). gametophytes become reduced, microscopic, retained within sporophyte. water is not included in fertilization bc pollen is involved. seed protects embryo. it replaces spores	51
6275941543	gymnosperm	type of seed vascular plant with 4 divisions: ginko, cycads, gnetae, confiners. no fruit bc seeds are exposed. needles: adapted to dry conditions. heterosporous: separate male and female cones. gametophytes: female= multicellular, nutritive tissue, archegonium within ovule. male= pollen grain.	52
6275964056	angiosperms	FLOWERING plants, produce enclosed seeds. most advanced plants today. division name: anthophyta, 2 main types= monocotyledons and dicotyledones. heterosporous: separate male and female structures within each flower. pollination: most use insects/animals.	53
6275987406	angiosperms; monocots	embryo: one cotyledon/seed leaf leaf venation; parallel stems; vascular bundles throughout roots; fibrous floral plants; in multiple of 3 examples; bamboo, lilies, corn	54
6275999272	angiosperms; eudicots	embryos: two cotyledons Leaf venation: netlike stems; vascular bundles in a ring roots; usually taproot floral parts; in multiple of 4 or 5 examples; roses, beans, oaks	55
6276014658	asymmetry	sponges	56
6276018823	radial symmetry	symmetry around certain axis hydras, jellyfish	57
6276024355	bilateral symmetry	animals, humans. have dorsal, ventral, anterior and posterior positions.	58
6276030806	cephalization	concentration of sensory organs toward anterior end. ex; brain in human	59
6276038185	characteristics of animals	multicellular, euks, heterotrophic via ingestion, no cell walls, have intracellular junctions: tight gap and desmoses (hold cells together). have nerve/muscle cells. reproduce sexually, diploid stage is dominant. usually small flagellated sperm fertilize larger non motile egg.	60
6276062380	choanoflagellates	what common ancestor could have redembled. is heterotrophic, colonial, and flagellated.	61
6276066652	`parazoans	sponges. basal animals, evolved alongside other animals. some phylogenetic trees divide sponges into 2 phyla.	62
6276072833	eumetazoans	ALL other animals. unlike sponges, they contain true tissues	63

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AP Spanish: Idiomatic Expressions Flashcards

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6079827915	dar a	to face, to look out on	0
6079827916	dar con	to run into	1
6079827917	dar una vuelta	to take a walk	2
6079827918	echar(se) a perder	to spoil, to ruin, to lose its good taste	3
6079827919	echar de menos a alguien	to miss someone	4
6079827920	estar bien enterado	to be well informed	5
6079827921	estar harto de	to be fed up with	6
6079827922	estar muerto de cansancio	to be dead tired	7
6079827923	(no) estar para bromas	(not) to be in the mood for jokes	8
6079827924	hacer escala	to stop over	9
6079827925	hacer hincapié	to emphasize	10
6079827926	hacer la maleta	to pack one's suitcase	11
6079827927	echar la culpa	to blame	12
6079827928	dar a conocer	to make known	13
6079827929	dar cuerda	to wind (up)	14
6079827930	dar gritos	to shout, to scream	15
6079827931	dar la hora	to strike (the hour)	16
6079827932	dar las gracias	to thank	17
6079827933	dar recuerdos a	to give regards to	18
6079827934	dar un abrazo	to hug	19
6079827935	dar un paseo	to take a walk	20
6079827936	dar un paseo (una vuelta) en coche	to go for a ride	21
6079827937	darse cuenta de (que)	to realize (that)	22
6079827938	darse la mano	to shake hands	23
6079827939	darse prisa	to hurry	24
6079827940	echar (una carta, una tarjeta)	to mail (a letter, a card)	25
6079827941	echarse a reír	to burst out laughing	26
6079827942	estar a punto de	to be about to	27
6079827943	estar al día	to be up to date (current)	28
6079827944	estar de acuerdo	to agree unanimously	29
6079827945	estar de buen (mal) humor	to be in a good (bad) mood	30
6079827946	estar de moda	to be in style (fashionable)	31
6079827947	estar de pie	to be standing	32
6079827948	estar de vuelta	to be back	33
6079827949	estar enamorado de	to be in love with	34
6079827950	estar muerto de hambre	to be starving	35
6079827951	estar muerto de sueño	to be very sleepy	36
6079827952	estar para + infinitive	to be about to, to be at the point of	37
6079827953	estar por	to be in favor of	38
6079827954	estar seguro	to be sure	39
6079827955	(no) hacer caso a	(not) to pay attention, (not) to listen to	40
6079827956	hacer el papel de	to play the part (role)	41
6079827957	hacer la cama	to make the bed	42
6079827958	hacer pedazos	to smash, to tear into	43
6079827959	hacer un viaje	to take a trip	44
6079827960	hacer una pregunta	to ask a question	45
6079827961	hacer una visita	to pay a visit	46
6079827962	hacerle daño a alguien	to hurt someone	47
6079827963	hacer(le) falta	to lack, to be in need, to be lacking	48
6079827964	hacer(le) saber	to inform, to let someone know (something)	49
6079827965	hacerse cargo	to take charge of	50
6079827966	hacerse daño	to get hurt, to hurt (oneself)	51
6079827967	hacerse tarde	to get late	52
6079827968	¿Qué tiempo hace?	What is the weather like?	53
6079827969	Hace buen tiempo	The weather is good.	54
6079827970	Hace (mucho) calor	It is (very) hot/warm	55
6079827971	Hace (mucho) fresco	It is (very) cool	56
6079827972	Hace (mucho) frío	It is (very) cold	57
6079827973	Hace mal tiempo	The weather is bad.	58
6079827974	Hace (mucho) sol	It is (very) sunny	59
6079827975	Hace (mucho) viento	It is (very) windy	60
6079827976	ir al centro	to go downtown	61
6079827977	ir de compras	to go shopping	62
6079827978	ir de tiendas	to go shopping	63
6079827979	llegar a ser	to become (goal achieved over time)	64
6079827980	llegar a tiempo	to be (arrive) on time	65
6079827981	llegar atrasado, llegar con retraso, llegar tarde	to be (arrive) late	66
6079827982	llegar temprano	to be (arrive) early	67
6079827983	ponerse de acuerdo	to arrive, to come to an agreement	68
6079827984	ponerse de pie	to stand	69
6079827985	ponerse de rodillas	to kneel (down)	70
6079827986	tener...años	to be...years old	71
6079827987	tener buena cara	to look good	72
6079827988	tener mala cara	to look bad	73
6079827989	tener (mucha) calma	to be (very calm)	74
6079827990	tener (mucho) calor	to be/feel (very) hot	75
6079827991	tener (muchos) celos de	to be (very) jealous of	76
6079827992	tener (mucho) cuidado	to be (very) specific	77
6079827993	tener deseos de	to feel like, to have an urge to	78
6079827994	tener dolor de (garganta, cabeza etc.)	to have a (sore throat, headache etc.)	79
6079827995	tener en cuenta	to take into account	80
6079827996	tener (mucha) envidia de	to be (very) envious of	81
6079827997	tener (mucho) éxito	to be (very) successful	82
6079827998	tener (mucho) frío	to be/feel (very) cold	83
6079827999	tener ganas de	to feel like, to have an urge to	84
6079828000	tener (mucha) hambre	to be (very) hungry	85
6079828001	tener la culpa de	to be blamed for, to be one's fault	86
6079828002	tener la palabra	to have the floor	87
6079828003	tener (mucha) lástima de	to feel (very) sorry for	88
6079828004	tener lugar	to take place	89
6079828005	tener presente	to keep in mind, to take into account	90
6079828006	tener (mucha) prisa	to be in a (big) hurry	91
6079828007	tener que + infinitive	to have to	92
6079828008	tener que ver con	to have to do with	93
6079828009	(no) tener razón	to be right (wrong)	94
6079828010	tener sed	to be thristy	95
6079828011	tener sueño	to be sleepy	96
6079828012	tener suerte	to be lucky	97
6079828013	tener vergüenza (de)	to be ashamed (of)	98
6079828014	andar mal (de salud, de dinero)	to be (sick, broke)	99
6079828015	aprender de memoria	to memorize	100
6079828016	caerle bien (mal) a alguien	to make a good (bad) impression on someone	101
6079828017	caerse muerto	to drop dead	102
6079828018	cambiar de idea	to change one's mind	103
6079828019	contar con	to rely on	104
6079828020	costarle trabajo	to be difficult for someone	105
6079828021	creer que sí (no)	(not) to think so	106
6079828022	cumplir...años	to turn...years old	107
6079828023	deberse a	to be due to	108
6079828024	decir disparates	to talk nonsense	109
6079828025	decir que sí (no)	to say yes (no)	110
6079828026	dejar caer	to drop	111
6079828027	dormir a pierna suelta	to sleep like a log	112
6079828028	ganarse la vida	to earn one's living	113
6079828029	llamar a la puerta	to knock on the door	114
6079828030	llevar a cabo	to carry out, to accomplish, to finish	115
6079828031	llevarse bien (mal) con	(not) to get along with	116
6079828032	mantener el interés	to hold one's interest	117
6079828033	morirse de risa	to die laughing	118
6079828034	no servir para nada	to be good for nothing	119
6079828035	pagar al contado (en efectivo)	to pay cash	120
6079828036	pasar lista	to call the roll	121
6079828037	pasarlo bien (mal)	to have a good (bad) time	122
6079828038	pedir prestado	to borrow	123
6079828039	perder el tiempo	to waste one's time	124
6079828040	ponerse de acuerdo	to agree	125
6079828041	portarse bien (mal)	to behave (misbehave)	126
6079828042	prestar atención	to pay attention	127
6079828043	quedar(le) bien (mal) a alguien	to look good (bad) on somebody	128
6079828044	querer decir	to mean	129
6079828045	saber a	to taste like	130
6079828046	sacar una nota	to get a grade	131
6079828047	sacar una foto(grafía)	to take a picture	132
6079828048	sentarle bien	to agree with, to suit	133
6079828049	ser aficionado a	to be a fan of, to be fond of	134
6079828050	ser hora de	to be time to	135
6079828051	tocarle a uno	to be one's turn	136
6079828052	tomar el sol	to sunbathe	137
6079828053	tomarle el pelo a alguien	to pull someone's leg	138
6079828054	valer la pena	to be worthwhile	139
6079828055	volverse loco	to go crazy	140
6079828056	¡Basta!	Enough!	141
6079828057	a (algunas) veces	sometimes, at times	142
6079828058	a bordo	on board	143
6079828059	a ciegas	blindly	144
6079828060	a diario	daily	145
6079828061	a fin de cuentas	in the end, after all	146
6079828062	a fondo	thoroughly, in detail	147
6079828063	a la + nationality	in (nationality) style	148
6079828064	a la carrera	quickly, on the run	149
6079828065	a la fuerza	by force	150
6079828066	a la larga	in the long run	151
6079828067	a la vez	at the same time	152
6079828068	a lo largo	throughout, along	153
6079828069	a lo lejos	in the distance, far off	154
6079828070	a más tardar	at the latest	155
6079828071	a menudo	frequently	156
6079828072	a mi parecer	in my opinion	157
6079828073	a pie	on foot, walking	158
6079828074	a propósito	by the way	159
6079828075	a solas	alone	160
6079828076	a su vez	in turn	161
6079828077	a tiempo	on time	162
6079828078	a tropezones	by fits and starts	163
6079828079	a última hora	at the last minute	164
6079828080	a ver	let's see	165
6079828081	ahora mismo	right now, right away	166
6079828082	al aire libre	outdoors	167
6079828083	al amanecer	at dawn, at daybreak	168
6079828084	al anochecer	at dusk, at nightfall	169
6079828085	al contado	cash, for cash	170
6079828086	al contrario	on the contrary	171
6079828087	al fin	finally, at last	172
6079828088	al fin y al cabo	in the end, after all (is said and done)	173
6079828089	al menos	at least	174
6079828090	al mismo tiempo	at the same time	175
6079828091	al parecer	apparently, seemingly	176
6079828092	al pie de la letra	literally	177
6079828093	al por mayor	wholesale	178
6079828094	al por menor	retail	179
6079828095	al principio	at first, at the beginning	180
6079828096	al revés	upside down, backwards, inside out	181
6079828097	así es que	so	182
6079828098	así, así	so-so	183
6079828099	cada vez	each time	184
6079828100	cada vez más	more and more	185
6079828101	cada vez menos	less and less	186
6079828102	claro que sí	of course	187
6079828103	claro que no	of course not	188
6079828104	como siempre	as usual	189
6079828105	con cuidado	carefully	190
6079828106	sin cuidado	carelessly	191
6079828107	con (su) permiso	excuse me, with your permission	192
6079828108	con frecuencia	frequently	193
6079828109	con mucho gusto	gladly	194
6079828110	creo que no	I don't think so	195
6079828111	creo que sí	I think so	196
6079828112	cuanto antes	as soon as possible	197
6079828113	de antemano	beforehand	198
6079828114	de aquí en adelante	from now on	199
6079828115	de buena (mala) gana	willingly (unwillingly)	200
6079828116	de costumbre	usually	201
6079828117	de día	by day	202
6079828118	de ese modo	in that way	203
6079828119	de excursión	on an excursion	204
6079828120	de frente	facing forward, from the front	205
6079828121	de golpe	suddenly	206
6079828122	de hecho	in fact, as a matter of fact	207
6079828123	de hoy en adelante	from now on, henceforth	208
6079828124	de memoria	by heart	209
6079828125	de nada	you're welcome	210
6079828126	de ningún modo	by no means	211
6079828127	de ninguna manera	by no means	212
6079828128	de noche	by night	213
6079828129	de nuevo	again	214
6079828130	de otra manera	in another way	215
6079828131	de otro modo	otherwise	216
6079828132	de par en par	wide open	217
6079828133	de postre	for dessert	218
6079828134	de prisa	quickly	219
6079828135	de repente	suddenly	220
6079828136	de pronto	suddenly	221
6079828137	de todos modos	at any rate, anyhow	222
6079828138	de última moda	in the latest style	223
6079828139	de una vez	at once, at one time	224
6079828140	de veras	really, truly, honestly	225
6079828141	de vez en cuando	from time to time	226
6079828142	dentro de poco	in a short while	227
6079828143	derecho	straight ahead	228
6079828144	desde luego	of course	229
6079828145	día de fiesta	holiday	230
6079828146	en alguna parte	somehwere	231
6079828147	en balde	in vain	232
6079828148	en broma	in fun, jokingly	233
6079828149	en casa	at home	234
6079828150	en cuanto	as soon as	235
6079828151	en efecto	as a matter of fact, indeed	236
6079828152	en el acto	immediately	237
6079828153	en el fondo	at heart	238
6079828154	en fin	finally, in short, lastly	239
6079828155	en la actualidad	presently	240
6079828156	en primer lugar	in the first place	241
6079828157	en punto	on the dot, sharp (telling time)	242
6079828158	en realidad	actually, in fact	243
6079828159	en resumidas cuentas	in short	244
6079828160	en seguida	immediately	245
6079828161	en serio	seriously	246
6079828162	en todas partes	everywhere	247
6079828163	en todo caso	in any case	248
6079828164	en voz alta (bajo)	aloud (in a low voice)	249
6079828165	entre paréntesis	in parentheses, by the way	250
6079828166	hace poco	a (short) while ago	251
6079828167	hasta la fecha	up until now	252
6079828168	hoy día	nowadays	253
6079828169	hoy mismo	this very day	254
6079828170	lo de menos	the least important thing	255
6079828171	lo de siempre	just as usual, the same old story	256
6079828172	lo más de pronto posible	as soon as possible	257
6079828173	lo mismo	the same thing	258
6079828174	lo que importa	what matters	259
6079828175	mejor dicho	in other words, rather	260
6079828176	mejor que nunca	better than ever	261
6079828177	menos mal	so much the better, its a good thing that...	262
6079828178	mientras tanto	meanwhile	263
6079828179	ni siquiera	not even	264
6079828180	no obstante	nevertheless, however	265
6079828181	otra vez	again, once more	266
6079828182	para siempre	forever	267
6079828183	peor que nunca	worse than ever	268
6079828184	pocas veces	rarely	269
6079828185	poco a poco	little by little	270
6079828186	por ahora	for now	271
6079828187	por allí	that way, around there, through there	272
6079828188	por aquí	this way, around here, through here	273
6079828189	por casualidad	by chance, by any chance	274
6079828190	por cierto	by the way, incidentally	275
6079828191	por consiguiente	therefore, consequently	276
6079828192	por desgracia	unfortunately	277
6079828193	por ejemplo	for example	278
6079828194	por el contrario	on the contrary	279
6079828195	por escrito	in writing	280
6079828196	por ese motivo	for that reason	281
6079828197	por eso	therefore, that's why	282
6079828198	por favor	please	283
6079828199	por fin	finally, at last	284
6079828200	por la mañana	in the morning	285
6079828201	por la noche	in the evening	286
6079828202	por la tarde	in the afternoon	287
6079828203	por lo común	as a rule, usually	288
6079828204	por lo general	as a rule, usually	289
6079828205	por lo menos	at least	290
6079828206	por lo mismo	for that very reason	291
6079828207	por lo pronto	for the time being	292
6079828208	por lo tanto	so, therefore	293
6079828209	por lo visto	apparently	294
6079828210	por más que	no matter how much	295
6079828211	por otra parte	on the other hand	296
6079828212	por otro lado	on the other hand	297
6079828213	por poco	almost, nearly	298
6079828214	por supuesto	of course, naturally	299
6079828215	por teléfono	by phone	300
6079828216	por todas partes	everywhere	301
6079828217	por un lado	on one hand	302
6079828218	rara vez	rarely	303
6079828219	sano y salvo	safe and sound	304
6079828220	sin duda	without a doubt	305
6079828221	sin embargo	however, nevertheless	306
6079828222	sin querer	unintentionally, without meaning to	307
6079828223	sobre todo	above all, especially	308
6079828224	tal como	such as	309
6079828225	tal vez	perhaps	310
6079828226	tanto mejor	so much the better	311
6079828227	tarde o temprano	sooner or later	312
6079828228	todavía no	not yet	313
6079828229	todo el mundo	everyone, everybody	314
6079828230	un poco de	a little (bit of)	315
6079828231	un vez que	as soon as	316
6079828232	uno por uno	one by one	317
6079828233	vivo o muerto	dead or alive	318
6079828234	ya	already	319
6079828235	ya lo creo	I should say so, of course	320
6079828236	ya no	no longer	321

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Air Pollutants #1 - APES Flashcards

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5487449561	NOx	Comes from burning FF's at high heat (esp. vehicles), is a respiratory irritant, controlled by a catalytic converter, and can lead to formation of O3 (photochemical smog)	0
5487458920	SO2	Comes from burning FF's or biomass, is a respiratory irritant, is the biggest source of acid deposition, contributes to industrial smog, and can be decreased by wet scrubbers in coal plant smokestacks.	1
5487463486	CO2	Greenhouse gas that is the main contributor to climate change observed since the Industrial Revolution. Only recently declared a pollutant that the EPA can regulate.	2
5487473861	Particulate Matter	Comes from road dust, agricultural loose soil, burning FF's, forest fires, and road construction. (smaller is more dangerous) Is reduced by electrostatic precipitators in coal plant smokestacks.	3
5487536455	Lead	Has dramatically decreased in the air since the U.S. banned it from gasoline but is still found in the soil in many places as a result of its use as an additive. Can cause serious neurological impacts, especially in the developing brains of children as well as other health effects.	4
5487616386	Carbon monoxide	Comes from incomplete combustion of FF's or biomass and can be reduced by Can also be a dangerous indoor air pollutant that can be fatal.	5
5487620959	VOC's	Comes from burning FF's, gasoline fumes, paint and other smelly products, some trees (i.e. scent of many conifers). Can lead to the formation of O3 (photochemical smog)	6
5487711870	Ozone	Comes from the photochemical reaction of two primary outdoor air pollutants in the presence of sunlight. Severe respiratory irritant and can damage plants.	7
5487756741	Radon	Comes from the natural radioactive decay of uranium in the bedrock. If it accumulates due to a crack in foundation or poor seals on sump-pump it can lead to lung cancer.	8
5492125883	Industrial Smog	Consists of particulate matter (dark soot), SO2, H2SO4 and occurs in or downwind of areas with lots of coal-burning power plants.	9
5492203148	Photochemical Smog	Red-brown air pollution that consists of NOx and O3 as well as other oxidants. It requires sunlight,, NOx, and VOC's for the O3 to be created.	10
5492209156	Acid Deposition	Economically, it can damage buildings/statues, harm fisheries, and cause crop damage. Ecologically, it can directly harm organisms, can leach dangerous metals from soil and rock that also harm organisms, and can leach nutrients from the soil.	11

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AP Flashcards

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9624416431	Agrarian	People or societies that are farmer	0
9624416432	Agribusiness	a large-scale farming enterprise	1
9624416433	Agricultural Industrialization	The use of machinery in agriculture, like tractors ext.	2
9624416434	agriculture	farming	3
9624416435	animal domestication	genetic modification of an animal such that it is rendered more amenable to human control	4
9624416436	Aquaculture	Raising marine and freshwater fish in ponds and underwater cages	5
9624416437	Biorevolution	The revolution of biotechnology and the use of it in societies.	6
9624416438	Biotechnology	The manipulation of living organisms or their components to produce useful products.	7
9624416439	Cereal Grain	A grass yielding grain for food.	8
9624416440	Chemical Farming	Increased use of fertilizers with nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium.	9
9624416441	Commercial Agriculture	Agriculture undertaken primarily to generate products for sale off the farm.	10
9624416442	crop rotation	the system of growing a different crop in a field each year to preserve the fertility of the land	11
9624416443	Cultivation regions	regions in which large amounts of agriculture take place	12
9624416444	Dairying	The "farming" and sale/distribution of milk and milk products.	13
9624416445	debt for nature swap	Forgiveness of international debt in exchange for nature protection in developing countries	14
9624416446	Desertification	The process by which formerly fertile lands become increasingly arid, unproductive, and desert-like.	15
9624416447	double cropping	harvesting twice a year from the same field	16
9624416448	Environmental Modification	The use of pesticides, soil erosion, desertification, etc.	17
9624416449	Feedlot	a plot of land on which livestock are fattened for market	18
9624416450	food manufacturing	the green revolution has increased production to avoid widespread famine	19
9624416451	food security	The ability of individuals to obtain sufficient food on a day-to-day basis	20
9624416452	forestry	the science of planting and caring for forests and the management of growing timber	21
9624416453	Globalized Agriculture	Diffusion of agriculture across the globe.	22
9624416454	Green Revolution	Rapid diffusion of new agricultural technology, especially new high-yield seeds and fertilizers.	23
9624416455	growing season	the time of year when it is warm enough for plants to grow	24
9624416456	hunting and gathering	the use of simple tools to hunt animals and gather vegetation for food	25
9624416457	horticultural	Growing fruits and vegetables and flowers	26
9624416458	intensive subsistence agriculture	expenditure of much labor and capitol to increase agricultural productivity	27
9624416459	livestock ranching	the raising of domesticated animals for the produciton of meat and byproducts (leather, wool)	28
9624416460	market gardening	the growing of vegetables or flowers for market	29
9624416461	Milkshed	The area surrounding a city from which milk is supplied.	30
9624416462	Mechanization	In agriculture, the replacement of human labor with technology or machines.	31
9624416463	mining	the excavation of the earth for the purpose of extracting ore or minerals	32
9624416464	nomadic herding	migratory but controlled movement of livestock solely dependent on natural forage	33
9624416465	Non renewable resources	a resource that cannot be reused or replaced easily (ex. gems, iron, copper, fossil fuels)	34
9624416466	Paddy	Malay word for wet rice, commonly but incorrectly used to describe a sawah.	35
9624416467	planned economy	an economic system directed by government agencies	36
9624416468	plantation	large estate farmed by many workers	37
9624416469	renewable resource	A natural resource that can be replaced at the same rate at which the resource is consumed	38
9624416470	Ridge Tillage	system of planting crops on ridge tops to reduce farm production costs; promotes soil conservationists	39
9624416471	Rural settlement	Sparsely settled places away from the influence of large cities	40
9624416472	Sawah	A flooded field for growing rice	41
9624416473	shifting cultivation	clearing forests to plant fields for a few years and then abandoning them	42
9624416474	slash and burn agriculture	a farming technique in which trees are cut down and burned to clear and fertilize the land	43
9624416475	Staple grains	A type of edible grain, usually wheat or corn, on which a group of people are dependent	44
9624416476	Substance agriculture	Growing only enough food to feed oneself and one's family	45
9624416477	sustainable agriculture	Long-term productive farming methods that are environmentally safe.	46
9624416478	suitcase farm	an american commercial grain agriculture, a farm on which no one lives	47
9624416479	sustainable yield	an amount of a renewable resource that can be harvested regularly without reducing the future supply	48
9624416480	Swidden	A patch of land cleared for planting through slashing and burning.	49
9624416481	tragedy of the commons	a situation in which group members overexploit a common resource, causing its destruction	50
9624416482	Transhumance	pastoral practice of seasonal migration of livestock between mountains and lowland pasture areas.	51
9624416483	Truck farm	Commercial gardening and fruit farming	52
9624416484	Undernourishment	Amount of food is less than what can sustain life	53

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Prueba Vocabulario 9 AP. Flashcards

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4801380332	population	la población	0
4801388894	overpopulation	la sobrepoblación	1
4801389680	environment	el medio ambiente	2
4801389681	global warming	el calentamiento global	3
4801390661	extinction	la extinción	4
4801392950	danger	el peligro	5
4801393653	radiation	la radiación	6
4801393654	ecotourism	el ecoturismo	7
4801394474	hunger	el hambre	8
4801395237	poverty	la pobreza	9
4801397249	allergy	la alergia	10
4801397250	sickness, illness	la enfermedad	11
4801400043	destruction	la destrucción	12
4801400966	preservation	la preservación	13
4801400967	consequence	la consecuencia	14
4801402787	earth	la tierra	15
4801402788	recycling	el reciclaje	16
4801403583	natural resources	los recursos naturales	17
4801404328	ecosystem	el ecosistema	18
4801405022	alternative	la alternativa	19
4801405602	crisis	la crisis	20
4801405603	challenge	el desafío/el reto	21
4801406314	key	la clave	22
4801412763	issue	el asunto	23
4801413456	event	el acontecimiento	24
4801416695	unfortunately	por desgracia	25
4801380333	to stop doing something	dejar de	26
4801417582	correlation	la correlación	27
4801418719	logistics	la logística	28
4801418720	natural disasters	los desastres naturales	29

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AP French - La technologie 2 Flashcards

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5177548104	je vous prie	I beg of you	0
5177548105	veuillez accepter	Please accept	1
5177548106	en tant que	as to	2
5177548107	à propos de	in regards to	3
5177548108	une capacité	a skill	4
5177548109	une réussite	a success	5
5177548110	un échec	a failure	6
5177548111	se réjouir de	to look forward to	7
5177548112	avoir hâte de	to be in a hurry to, can't wait to	8
5177548113	une publicité	an advertisement	9
5177548114	le poids	the weight	10
5177548115	la taille	the size	11
5177548116	l'écran	the screen	12
5177548117	lumineux	illuminated	13
5177548118	la priorité	priority	14
5177548119	ne pas marcher	to not function	15
5177548120	cassé/ brisé	broken	16
5177548121	nuisible/néfaste	harmful	17
5177548122	la connexion	internet connection	18
5177548123	(in)évitable	(un) avoidable	19
5177548124	la lutte	the fight	20
5177548125	plus ou moins	more or less	21
5177548126	la perte	the loss	22
5177548127	réussir	to succeed	23
5177548128	disponible	available	24
5177548129	la moitié	half	25
5177548130	un tiers	a third	26
5177548131	peser	to weigh	27
5177548132	craindre	to fear	28
5177548133	compromettre	to compromise	29

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AP Human Chapter 1 Flashcards

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4781801597	What is contemporary geography the study of?	The location of people and activities and reason for their distribution	0
4781801598	What makes globalization easier?	Technology and easier communication and force people to have greater cultural and economic interactions with each other	1
4781801599	Why is local diversity a problem?	Globalization is making most of the world seem homogeneous so people are trying to bring back unique features of the landscape	2
4781801600	What two trends underlie global problems?	Globalization and Local Diversity	3
4781801601	What are the effects of globalization?	Homogeneous landscapes and need for local diversity	4
4781801602	What is human geography?	Where and why human activities are located where that are	5
4781801603	Map	2D flat scale model of earth or a part of the earth	6
4781801604	Place	Specific point on earth	7
4781801605	Region	Area of earth with multiple unique features	8
4781801606	Choropeith map	Map where shading of a region changes by region depending on presence of the variable	9
4781801607	Dot map	Demonstrates distribution of a variable in an area	10
4781801608	Line map	Map used for elevation	11
4781801609	Proportional map	Map with symbols whose size change with presence of variable	12
4781801610	Symbol map	Map that uses symbols to represent the presence of a variable	13
4781801611	Cartogram	Map whose size changes based on variable presence	14
4781801612	What explains why similarities aren't coincidences?	Scale, space, and connections	15
4781801613	Scale	proportion between the portion of the Earth projected and the actual size of the area	16
4781801614	Space	gap between 2 objects	17
4781801615	Connections	relationships among people across the barrier of space	18
4781801616	Cartography	science of mapmaking	19
4781801617	Hat two things are important in maps?	scale and projection	20
4781801618	What are 2 purposes of a map?	storing reference material communicating geographic information	21
4781801619	Who used the word geography first?	Eratosthenes He also calculated the circumference of the Earth with 0.05% accuracy, made one of the earliest maps with a torrid zone (equator) two fridgid zones at either end and two temperate zones in between	22
4781801620	What is the disadvantage of large maps?	Details are lost but you get the big picture	23
4781801621	What is the disadvantage of small maps?	Big picture is lost, but you get details	24
4781801622	What are the most accurate maps?	Globes	25
4781801623	Why do maps lie?	2D scales models of the Earth distort the spherical shape	26
4781801624	What are the types of distortion?	Shape, Distance, Relative Size, Direction	27
4781801625	Equal Area Projection	gives accurate relative sizes but N and S pole are distorted	28
4781801626	Robinson Projection	Uninterrupted (E&W hemispheres aren't split) Useful for ocean maps. Official National Geographic map. Lower distortion at high latitudes. Attempts to balance several possible projection errors. It does not maintain area, shape, distance, or direction completely accurately, but it minimizes errors in each.	29
4781801627	Mercator Projection	Latitude and longitude is 90* to each other. Good for navigation. Rectangular map. Distortion towards the poles	30
4781801628	Polar Projection	Projects Earth from N pole (Think UN Flag) Highlights major countries	31
4781801629	Mollweide Projection	A type of map in which the surface of the Earth is shown within an ellipse. Lines of latitude are parallel to the equator, but lines of longitude are curved in such a way that area distortion is minimal. The distortion is greatest at the edges of the ellipse.	32
4781801630	US Land Ordinance of 1785	Divided US up into 6*6mi squares (townships) to distribute land for settlers in the west	33
4781801631	GIS	Geographic information system. Makes maps extremely accurate and provides lots of info	34
4781801632	Remote Sensing	Acquisition of data from sattelites	35
4781801633	GPS	Global positioning system. Tracks location and gives directions	36
4781801634	Place	a point on Earth	37
4781801635	Region	an area with 1+ unique features	38
4781801636	Features of a place	helps explain similarities and differences and change. make a place unique	39
4781801637	Location	position of something on earth	40
4781801638	what are 4 ways to identify a place?	Name, site, situation, mathematical location	41
4781801639	Toponym	Name of a place	42
4781801640	Site	physical features of a place	43
4781801641	What WAS site important for?	choosing where to live Not so important anymore because it can be modified	44
4781801642	Situation	position of a place relative to other places helps locate and understand importance of places	45
4781801643	Mathematical Location	Exact location according to the latitude and longitude system	46
4781801644	What does Longitude help calculate?	Calculate time and distance from E to W	47
4781801645	0* Long goes through where?	Greenwich England	48
4781801646	How far apart are Longitude lines?	15*	49
4781801647	Prime Meridian	0* long, GMT	50
4781801648	Cultural Landscape	combo of cultural features that define an area	51
4781801649	Regional Studies	Contemporary cultural landscape approach	52
4781801650	Carl Sauer	believed: cultural landscape: area fashioned from nature by a cultural group (Possibilism)	53
4781801651	Possibilism	Modern approach that humans can adapt and survive in their environment	54
4781801652	Environmental Determinism	View that people are forced live according to their environment	55
4781801653	Formal Region	uniform region (has a shared feature)	56
4781801654	Functional Region	area organized around a focal point that diminishes in importance as it goes out. Must have a flow of transportation, people, and/or information	57
4781801655	Vernacular Region	place people believe exists as a part of their cultural identity	58
4781801656	What affect how a region is perceived?	Size	59
4781801657	Culture	body of customary beliefs, material traits, social forms that are distinct to a group of people	60
4781801658	Nation	group people in an area that shares something	61
4781801659	State	Political entity with boundaries	62
4781801660	Language	Signs, gestures that have meaning	63
4781801661	Religion	Beliefs and practices of a group of people. Organized	64
4781801662	Ethnicity	language, religion and cultural values and physical traits of a person	65
4781801663	MDC	More developed country North America (US Canada) Europe, Japan. Manufacturing and mostly services	66
4781801664	LDC	Less Developed Country Sub Saharan Africa, Middle East, East Asia, etc.	67
4781801665	Periphery countries	developing countries India Brazil, S Africa mostly manufacturing	68
4781801666	Cultural Ecology	study of human environment relationships	69
4781801667	Environment (Cultural Perspective)	collection of resources in an area	70
4781801668	What influences how we adapt?	Religious, cultural, political beliefs and wealth	71
4781801669	What are 4 important physical processes?	Climate, vegetation, soil, landforms	72
4781801670	What is the Modified Köppen System?	Divides world into 5 climate regions: a Tropical b Dry Climate c Warm Mid- Latitude Climate d Cold Mid- Latitude Climate e Polar Climates	73
4781801671	Globalization	force/process that involves the entire world and results in making something worldwide in scope	74
4781801672	What makes Globalization easier?	Technology and communication	75
4781801673	Transnational Corporation	Corporation that functions and serves in multiple countries	76
4781801674	Specialization & comparative advantage	Focus on production of 1 product. Usually what you can produce the most for the least amount of money	77
4781801675	Uniformity of culture	people adopt culture, products, housing (becoming more western)	78
4781801676	Common Language	English. Soon to be surpassed by French	79
4781801677	Connectivity	TV and internet spreading ideas and connecting people faster than ever	80
4781801678	Distribution	How stuff is arranged in an area	81
4781801679	Density	Frequency of an event in space	82
4781801680	Arithmetic density	# of people/area	83
4781801681	Physiological Density	# of people/ area of arable land	84
4781801682	Concentration	extent of spread clustered vs. dispersed	85
4781801683	Pattern	arrangement of objects in space	86
4781801684	Space Time Compression	reduction of time it takes for something to move	87
4781801685	Distance Decay	contact decreases as distance increases and slowly ends	88
4781801686	Hearth	origin of an innovation	89
4781801687	Relocation Diffusion	people move taking the thing with them	90
4781801688	Types of expansion diffusion	Hierarchical Diffusion Contagious Diffusion Stimulus Diffusion	91
4781801689	Expansion Diffusion	when a characteristic spreads in a snowballing effect	92
4781801690	Hierarchical Diffusion	when a characteristic goes from a person of authority to a person of less authority	93
4781801691	Contagious Diffusion	rapid widespread diffusion from person to person	94
4781801692	Stimulus Diffusion	Underlying principle diffuses but it can be modified	95

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ap Flashcards

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9640269286	commodity chain	the linked sequence of operations from the design to the production and distribution of a good	0
9640275827	break-of-bulk location	a location along a transport route where goods must be transferred from one carrier to another	1
9640277436	GNP	Gross National Product - the sum of all goods and services produced in a nation in a year	2
9640277437	GDP	Gross Domestic Product - the total value of goods produced and services provided in a country during one year.	3
9640284222	GNI	Gross National Income - consists of GDP plus the net income earned from investments abroad	4
9640291289	per capita GNI	The Gross National Product of a given country divided by its population.	5
9640296235	formal economy	the legal economy that is taxed and monitored by a government and is included in a government's GNP	6
9640298578	informal economy	transfers of money, goods, or services that are not reported to the government	7
9640300791	digital divide	a worldwide gap giving advantage to those with access to technology	8
9640305101	Millennium Development Goals	eight goals established by the UN in 2000 to foster development in a sustainable and equal manner by 2015	9
9640310832	modernization model	model of economic development maintains that all countries go through five stages of development	10
9640313393	context	what happened and what is happening as a result of something	11
9640322290	neocolonialism	A postcolonial system that perpetuates Western economic exploitation in former colonial territories.	12
9640325314	structuralist theory	difficult-to-change, large-scale economic arrangements shape what can happen in fundamental ways	13
9640327823	dependency theory	the belief that development in some areas of the world locks other nations into underdevelopment	14
9640333676	dollarization	economic strategy that has a country adopting U.S. dollar as its official currency	15
9640336728	world-systems theory	theory by Immanuel Wallerstein that world is split into core, periphery, and semi-periphery	16
9640340037	three-tier structure	in which Wallerstein divided the world, the core, the periphery, and the semi-periphery	17
9640342841	trafficking	trading illegally	18
9640346634	structural adjustment loans	loans to countries in exchange for reforms in the economy or government	19
9640350081	neoliberalism	an ideological tendency that favors liberal democracy and market-led development	20
9640355769	export processing zones	small areas within countries which provide favorable conditions created for foreign investment	21
9640358104	maquiladoras	special factories in Mexico owned mainly by American companies; EPZs	22
9640364504	special economic zones	areas of a country with different economic regulations designed to attract direct foreign investment	23
9640367514	NAFTA	North American Free Trade Agreement; allows open trade with US, Mexico, and Canada.	24
9640369128	desertification	lower land productivity caused by overfarming, overgrazing, seasonal drought, and climate change	25
9640375483	island of development	when a government or corporation builds up and concentrates economic development in a certain city	26
9640378723	NGOs	intl organization dedicated to investigating human rights violations and providing humanitarian aid	27
9640381421	microcredit programs	loans to the poor, particularly women, to encourage development of small businesses	28

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