AP Test Flashcards
Terms : Hide Images
| 9960744099 | Administration as a Centripetal Force | Effected leadership involves establishment of a domestic police force that insures domestic tranqility. | 0 | |
| 9960758721 | Antarctica | Several countries have claimed territory of antarctica as their own. But none of these claimes are internationaly recognized. | 1 | |
| 9960769068 | Apartheid | Official system of segregation instituted by the white minority against the black majority in South Africa. | 2 | |
| 9960784832 | Asymetric Federalism | System of government emerging informaly strong unitary states in europe that allows some level of autonomy to cultural subdivisions within those countries. | 3 | |
| 9960801036 | Balkanization | Contentious political process by which a state may break up into smaller countries. | 4 | |
| 9960811927 | Boundaries and political stability in Africa | When European nations colonized large parts of africa in teh 17th-19th centuries, territories were divided according to which peices of land belonged to each colonizer. | 5 | |
| 9960827528 | Boundary Disputes | Psitional dispute involves disagreement over interpertation of position of the boundary line. | 6 | |
| 9960837360 | Centrifugal Forces | Forces within a state that weaken it. | 7 | |
| 9960845788 | Centripetal Forces | Forces within a state that strengthen it. | 8 | |
| 9960854198 | Challenges to the Modern State | Globalization and the rise of transnational cooperations threaten state authority as economic power is increasingly centered on cooperations raher than countries. | 9 | |
| 9960869998 | Colonialism | The expansion an perpetuation of an empire. | 10 | |
| 9960874338 | Confederation | Grouping of states or communities for some common purpose. | 11 | |
| 9960880187 | Conference of Berlin | Meeting that took place in 1884 among 14 European countries. | 12 | |
| 9960888184 | Cores and Capitals | A counties capital is in the core region and serves and serves as the cente of political and economic power. | 13 | |
| 9960895712 | Country Shapes | Fragmented: a state that isn't a continuous whole but seperated. Elongated: a state that is longa nd narrow. Compact: a state that posseses a roughly cirgular oval or rectangular territory. Prorupt: a state that exhibits a narrow elonged land exstension leading away from main territory. Perferated: A state that surrounds another. | 14 | |
| 9960949297 | Devolution | The transfer of some central powers to regional or local governments. | 15 | |
| 9960957311 | Domino Theory | Idea that the political destabilization in one country can lead to collapse of political stability in neighboring countries. | 16 | |
| 9960967503 | East/West Divide | Used to describe the geographic seperation between largely democratic and free-market countries. | 17 | |
| 9960985105 | Electoral College | System of representation in the U.S. | 18 | |
| 9960992831 | Electoral Geography | Investigation and spatial analysis of the election process. | 19 | |
| 9960998606 | European Union (EU) | International organization in Europe that formed in 1958. | 20 | |
| 9961006753 | Evolution of the State | Political organization dates back far beyond what the european model suggests. | 21 | |
| 9961015884 | Jury Duty | The initiation of colleagues and supremes under jurys rule. | 22 | |
| 9961027180 | Federalism | System of government in which power is distributed among certain geographical territories rather than concentrated within a central government. | 23 | |
| 9961043176 | Forward Capitals | When a capital city is relocated to encourage population growth and economic development in other parts of the country. | 24 | |
| 9961051165 | Frontier | An area where borders are shifting and weak. | 25 | |
| 9961056025 | Geopolitics | Study of interplay between political relations and territorial context in which they occur. | 26 | |
| 9961061719 | Gerrymandering | When districting is clearly done for partisan purposes. | 27 | |
| 9961082257 | Heartland Theory vs Rimland Theory | Heartland: Stated that any political power based in the heart of eurasia could gain enough strength to eventually dominate the world. Rimland: stated that domination of coastal fringes of eurasia would provide the base for world conquest. | 28 | |
| 9961097429 | Human Rights | Generally agreed upon individual rights to justice, freedom, and equality. | 29 | |
| 9961106663 | Imperialism | The perpetuation of a colonial empire even after it is no longer politicaly sovereign. | 30 | |
| 9961116190 | International Agreements | Establishment of intenational protocols for various world related issues. | 31 | |
| 9961126400 | Iron Curtain | Imaginary wall or boundary that divided the people from western europe and eastern europe. | 32 |
AP Chemistry Equilibrium Flashcards
Terms : Hide Images
| 5839516108 | Equilibrium constant | Kc = products/reactants | 0 | |
| 5839516109 | K>1 | Forward reaction is favored | 1 | |
| 5839516110 | Forward reaction | Reactants to Products | 2 | |
| 5839516111 | Reverse reaction | Products to reactants | 3 | |
| 5839516112 | K<1 | Reverse reaction is favored | 4 | |
| 5839516113 | K=1 | neither reaction is favored | 5 | |
| 5839516114 | Small equilibrium constant means... | reactants are favored | 6 | |
| 5839516115 | Large equilibrium constant means... | products are favored | 7 | |
| 5839516116 | Kc and Kp have what units? | they both have no units, but Kp is calculated using atm and Kc is calculated using molarity | 8 | |
| 5839516118 | What equation connects Kp and Kc? | Kp = Kc(RT)deltaN [delta N= (c+d) - (a+b)] | 9 | |
| 5839516119 | Solids and liquids are... | completely omitted from equilibrium expression | 10 | |
| 5839516120 | Reaction Quotient | Q = products/reactants | 11 | |
| 5839516122 | Difference between K and Q | Q uses initial quantities and K uses equilibrium quantities | 12 | |
| 5839516126 | Q > K | reactions goes to the left (reactants) | 13 | |
| 5839516127 | Q < K | reaction goes to the right (products) | 14 | |
| 5839516128 | Q = K | reaction is at equilibrium | 15 | |
| 5839516134 | Le Chateller's Principle | when a chemical system at equilibrium is disturbed, the system shifts in the direction that minimizes the disturbance | 16 | |
| 5839516135 | Adding product... | shifts left | 17 | |
| 5839516136 | Adding reactant... | shifts right | 18 | |
| 5839516137 | Removing product... | shifts right | 19 | |
| 5839516138 | Removing reactant... | shifts left | 20 | |
| 5839516139 | Increasing volume (decreasing pressure)... | shifts toward the side with the more moles | 21 | |
| 5839516140 | Decreasing volume (increasing pressure)... | shifts toward the side with the least amount of moles | 22 | |
| 5839516141 | In an endothermic reaction, increasing temperature means... | shifts right The value of K increases because the concentration of the products increase and the concentration of the reactants decrease. | 23 | |
| 5839516142 | In an endothermic reaction, decreasing temperature means... | shifts left The value of K decreases because the concentration of the products decrease and the concentration of the reactants increase. | 24 | |
| 5839516143 | In an exothermic reaction, increasing temperature means... | shifts left The value of K decreases because concentration of the products decrease and the concentration of the reactants increase. | 25 | |
| 5839516144 | In a exothermic reaction, decreasing temperature means... | shifts right The value of K increases because the concentration of the products increase and the concentration of the reactants decrease. | 26 | |
| 5839516145 | Adding a catalyst... | DOES NOT change the concentration | 27 | |
| 5839516146 | Adding an inert (Noble) gas... | DOES NOT change the concentration | 28 | |
| 5839516147 | If the reaction is reversed | invert Kc ; 1/Kc | 29 |
AP Spanish - Global Challenges Flashcards
Terms : Hide Images
| 6642811543 | en peligro de extinción | endangered | 0 | |
| 6642811544 | a menos que | unless | 1 | |
| 6642811547 | agotarse | to become exhausted | 2 | |
| 6642811548 | el agujero | hole | 3 | |
| 6642811549 | amenazar | to threaten | 4 | |
| 6642811550 | el anfibio | amphibian | 5 | |
| 6642811551 | la atmósfera | atmosphere | 6 | |
| 6642811552 | atrapar | to catch | 7 | |
| 6642811553 | el ave | bird | 8 | |
| 6642811555 | la capa de ozono | ozone layer | 9 | |
| 6642811556 | castigar | to punish | 10 | |
| 6642811557 | la caza | hunting | 11 | |
| 6642811558 | el clima | climate | 12 | |
| 6642811559 | colocar | to put, place | 13 | |
| 6642811560 | con tal que | provided that | 14 | |
| 6642811561 | conservar | to perserve | 15 | |
| 6642811562 | la contaminación | pollution | 16 | |
| 6642811563 | contaminado | polluted | 17 | |
| 6642811564 | crecer | to grow | 18 | |
| 6642811565 | dañar | to damage | 19 | |
| 6642811566 | debido a | due to | 20 | |
| 6642811567 | depender de | to depend on | 21 | |
| 6642811568 | el derrame de petróleo | oil spill | 22 | |
| 6642811569 | derretir | to melt | 23 | |
| 6642811570 | deshacerse de | to get rid of | 24 | |
| 6642811571 | desperdiciar | to waste | 25 | |
| 6642811572 | el desperdicio | waste | 26 | |
| 6642811573 | detener | to stop | 27 | |
| 6642811574 | disminuir | to reduce | 28 | |
| 6642811575 | echar | to throw (away) | 29 | |
| 6642811576 | económico | economical | 30 | |
| 6642811577 | el efecto invernadero | greenhouse effect | 31 | |
| 6642811578 | la electricidad | electricity | 32 | |
| 6642811579 | en cuanto | as soon as | 33 | |
| 6642811580 | la escasez | shortage | 34 | |
| 6642811581 | la especie | species | 35 | |
| 6642811582 | estar a cargo de | be in charge of | 36 | |
| 6642811583 | el petróleo | oil | 37 | |
| 6642811584 | excesivo | excessive | 38 | |
| 6642811585 | explotar | to explode | 39 | |
| 6642811586 | la fábrica | factory | 40 | |
| 6642811587 | la falta de | lack of | 41 | |
| 6642811588 | fomentar | to promote | 42 | |
| 6642811589 | el gobierno | goverment | 43 | |
| 6642811590 | grave | serious | 44 | |
| 6642811591 | el hielo | ice | 45 | |
| 6642811592 | la piel | skin | 46 | |
| 6642811593 | limitar | limit | 47 | |
| 6642811594 | la limpieza | cleaning | 48 | |
| 6642811595 | el mamífero | mammal | 49 | |
| 6642811596 | la pesticida | pesticide | 50 | |
| 6642811599 | la preservación | preservation | 51 | |
| 6642811600 | producir | to produce | 52 | |
| 6642811601 | promover | to promote | 53 | |
| 6642811603 | químico | chemical | 54 | |
| 6642811604 | el calentamiento global | global warming | 55 | |
| 6642811605 | el recipiente | container | 56 | |
| 6642811606 | el recurso natural | natural resource | 57 | |
| 6642811608 | el rescate | rescue | 58 | |
| 6642811609 | la reserva natural | natural reserve | 59 | |
| 6642811610 | salvaje | wild | 60 | |
| 6642811611 | la selva tropical | rainforest | 61 | |
| 6642811612 | suficiente | enough | 62 | |
| 6642811613 | tan pronto como | as soon as | 63 | |
| 6642811614 | la tierra | land | 64 | |
| 6642811615 | tomar conciencia de | because of | 65 | |
| 6642811616 | tomar medidas | take action | 66 | |
| 6642811617 | triste | sad | 67 | |
| 6642811618 | el veneno | poison | 68 |
AP: Psychology Psychological disorders Flashcards
Terms : Hide Images
| 6613136237 | Diagnosis | This is distinguishing one illness from another (Use of the DSM-V) | 0 | |
| 6613140763 | Etiology | These are causes and development history. Involves the Diathesis-stress model. | 1 | |
| 6613143261 | Diathesis-stress model | This is part of etiology and are the disorders developed due to a combination of genetic vulnerability and risk factors in an environment | 2 | |
| 6613147154 | Prognosis | This is a probable course of illness | 3 | |
| 6613148627 | Epidemiology | This is the study of the distribution of a disorder in a population. Also involves prevalence | 4 | |
| 6613150253 | Prevalence | This is part of epidemiology an is the percentage of population that has a disorder within a certain time frame. | 5 | |
| 6613158957 | Deviant, maladaptive, and distressing | These are the 3 general criteria when explaining behavior | 6 | |
| 6613160580 | Deviant | This is a general criteria when explaining behavior and is the violation of acceptable cultural norms. This can change over time and depends on where you are--different cultural norms. | 7 | |
| 6613164167 | Maladaptive | This is a general criteria when explaining behavior and is dysfunction in everyday activities | 8 | |
| 6613165266 | Distressing | This is a general criteria when explaining behavior and is personal anguish and suffering regarding mental health | 9 | |
| 6613176915 | Generalized anxiety disorder, social anxiety disorder, specific phobia, and panic disorder | What are the 4 types of anxiety disorders? | 10 | |
| 6613178051 | Generalized anxiety disorder | This is 1 of 4 types of anxiety disorders, and is the persistent and excessive anxiety, autonomic arousal, or worry that lasts at least 6 months. | 11 | |
| 6613182587 | Social anxiety disorder | This is 1 of 4 types of anxiety disorders, and is intense anxiety when exposed to certain kinds of social situations. As a result, the personal often avoids these situations, and is formerly known as social phobia. | 12 | |
| 6613182588 | Specific phobia | This is 1 of 4 types of anxiety disorders, and is intense anxiety when exposed to a particular object or situation. The person often avoids the feared object or situation because of a desire to escape the anxiety linked to it. | 13 | |
| 6613182589 | Panic Disorder | This is 1 of 4 types of anxiety disorders, and is the recurrent, unexpected panic attacks, which cause worry or anxiety. During a panic attack, a person has symptoms such as heart palpitations, sweating, trembling, chest pains, dizziness, and fear of losing control or going crazy, or dying. Panic attacks often trigger phobias. Involved with agoraphobia. | 14 | |
| 6613201868 | Agoraphobia | This is a part of panic disorders and is a fear of going out to public places (some people become confined to their homes or trusted places with trusted people) | 15 | |
| 6613262821 | OCD, Hoarding disorder, body dysmorphic disorder, and trichotillomania | What are the 4 types of OCD and related disorders? | 16 | |
| 6613267175 | OCD | This is 1 of 4 OCD and related disorders and involves obsessions, compulsions or both. Obsessions being ideas and thoughts that are persistent and causes anxiety or stress, and compulsions being repetitive behaviors that help to prevent to relieve anxiety. | 17 | |
| 6613268571 | Hoarding disorder | This is 1 of 4 OCD and related disorders and is persistent difficulty discarding or parting w/possessions, regardless of their actual value due to a perceived need to save the items and distress associated with discarding them. | 18 | |
| 6613268572 | Body Dysmorphic disorder | This is 1 of 4 OCD and related disorders and is a body-image disorder characterized by persistent and intrusive preoccupations with an imagined or slight defect in one's appearance. | 19 | |
| 6613345902 | PTSD | This is a trauma and stressor related disorder and a person with this disorder re-experiences a highly traumatic event and avoids stimuli associated with the trauma. Symptoms include increased arousal such as insomnia, irritability etc. | 20 | |
| 6613375933 | Dissociative identity disorder and dissociative amnesia | What are the two dissociative disorders? | 21 | |
| 6613377247 | Dissociative identity disorder | This is one of the two dissociative disorders and is a lack o connection in a persons's thoughts, memories, feelings, and actions. It is a coping method from a situation or experience and is involved with the coexistence in one person of two or more largely complete and usually very different personalities, also known as multiple personality disorder | 22 | |
| 6613384874 | Dissociative amnesia | This is one of the two dissociative disorders and is when a person blocks out certain information, usually associated with a stressful or traumatic event, leaving him or her unable to remember important personal information. | 23 | |
| 6620366884 | Major depression, persistent depressive disorder, seasonal depression | What are the three types of depressions? | 24 | |
| 6620367958 | Major depression | One of three types of depressions and is the clinical depression marked by a depressed mood most of the day, particularly in the morning. Symptoms are present everyday for at least 2 weeks and can be treated by psychotherapy, anti-depressants, or ECT. | 25 | |
| 6620369475 | Persistent Depressive disorder | One of three types of depressions and is a physiological disorder characterized by a chronic but mild depressive state that has been present in an individual for more than 2 years. Can be treated by psychotherapy and medication | 26 | |
| 6620369476 | Seasonal Depression | One of three types of depressions and is depression that is caused by months or seasons. Ex) Being depressed in dark months | 27 | |
| 6620391170 | Bipolar 1, bipolar 2, and cyclothymic disorder | What are the three types of bi-polar and related disorders? | 28 | |
| 6620393488 | Bipolar 1 | This is one of three types of bipolar disorders and is the classic diagnosis of this disorder. Patients experience periods of extreme inflated mood followed by depressive episodes. This can be treated through psychotherapy and drug treatment. | 29 | |
| 6620398778 | Bipolar 2 | This is one of three types of bipolar disorders and this does not have intense highs-called hypomanic rather than manic episodes, but does include depressive episodes. Can be treated through psychotherapy or medication. | 30 | |
| 6620398779 | Cyclothymic disorder | This is one of three types of bipolar disorders and these are mood swings between short periods of mild depression and hypomania, an elevated mood. The low and high mood swings never react the severity of major depression or mania. It's "Bi-polar like" | 31 | |
| 6620457249 | Schizophrenia | This is a disorder that involves a spectrum including two or more of the following symptoms: Delusions, hallucinations, disorganized thinking and speech, abnormal motor behavior and negative symptoms. | 32 | |
| 6620464729 | Delusions | Part of schizophrenia and these are false beliefs that are maintained even though they clearly are out of touch with reality. | 33 | |
| 6620470384 | Hallucinations | This is part of schizophrenia and these are sensory experiences that occur in the absence of a real, external stimulus or are grossly distorted. Auditory hallucinations are the most common. | 34 | |
| 6621145652 | Antisocial personality disorder, narcissistic personality disorder, borderline personality disorder, histrionic personality disorder | What are the 4 types of personality disorders? | 35 | |
| 6621147933 | Cluster A B C | What are the three clusters of personality disorders | 36 | |
| 6621147947 | Cluster A | This is one cluster of three types in personality disorders and it involves Odd, Eccentric: Paranoid, schizoid schizotypal traits | 37 | |
| 6621156021 | Cluster B | This is one cluster of three types in personality disorders and it involves dramatic, emotional, erratic: antisocial, borderline, histrionic, narcissistic traits | 38 | |
| 6621156022 | Cluster C | This is one cluster of three types in personality disorders and it involves anxious, fearful: avoidant: dependent, obsessive-compulsive traits | 39 | |
| 6621182368 | Antisocial personality disorder | This is one of 4 types of personality disorders and this is having little concern for the rights of others or the law. behavior patterns include excessive drinking, fighting and irresponsibility. | 40 | |
| 6621190602 | Narcissistic Personality disorder | This is one of 4 types of personality disorders and people with these disorders have intense, unstable emotions and distorted self-images. Have an exaggerated sense of superiority ad importance, wand a preoccupation with success and power. | 41 | |
| 6621194235 | Borderline personality | This is one of 4 types of personality disorders and this is a complex mental health condition that causes emotional instability, relationship problems, a low sense of self-worth, and fear of abandonment. | 42 | |
| 6621208235 | Histrionic Personality disorder | This is one of 4 types of personality disorders and this is when a personal needs to be the center of attention. Uses inappropriate sexual seductive behavior, has shifting emotions, and believes relationships are closer than they actually are. This is Blake!! | 43 | |
| 6621341468 | Conversion disorder and Illness anxiety disorder | What are the two types of somatic symptom and related disorders? | 44 | |
| 6621344673 | Conversion disorder | This is one of two types of somatic symptoms and related disorders and this is severe emotional conflicts that are converted into physical symptoms or a physical disability; caused by anxiety of emotional distress but not by physical causes | 45 | |
| 6621386996 | Illness anxiety disorder | This is one of two types of somatic symptoms and this is the preoccupation with having or acquiring a serious illness. Used to be known as hypochondriasis | 46 | |
| 6621508156 | Free association, dream analysis, transference, resistance, interpretation | What are the 5 types of psychoanalysis treatments? | 47 | |
| 6621509421 | Free association | This is one of 5 types of psychoanalysis treatments and this is when the person abandons normal way of censoring thoughts by constantly repressing them, and instead says what ever comes to mind. | 48 | |
| 6621547900 | Dream analysis | This is one of 5 types of psychoanalysis treatments and this is when people are encouraged to dream and remember them: manifest content (direct meaning) and latent content (Hidden meaning) | 49 | |
| 6621547902 | Transference | This is one of 5 types of psychoanalysis treatments and this is when clients respond to a counselor as if the counselor were some significant figure in the past | 50 | |
| 6621547903 | Resistance | This is one of 5 types of psychoanalysis treatments and this is when clients make progress then starts to slow down or stop. This takes many forms like missing appointments, being late, and blocking thoughts, etc. | 51 | |
| 6621549288 | Interpretation | This is one of 5 types of psychoanalysis treatments and this is when the counselor helps the client understand the meaning of past and present events. This encompasses explanations of clients thoughts, feelings, and actions. | 52 | |
| 6621599929 | Empathy and active listening, unconditional positive regard, congruence | What are the three types of person-centered therapy | 53 | |
| 6621617595 | Empathy and active listening | This is one type of person centered therapy and this is when empathy is the counselor's ability to feel with the client and convey understanding back to them. Essentially is an attempt to think with the client. | 54 | |
| 6621623966 | Unconditional positive regard | This is one type of person centered therapy and this is also known as acceptance, it's a deep and genuine caring for the client as a person--prizing the person just for being | 55 | |
| 6621632293 | Congruence | This is one type of person centered therapy and this is the condition of being transparent in the therapeutic relationship by giving up roles and facades--counselor setting aside concerns and being available and open to the patient. | 56 | |
| 6621649845 | Couples therapy and family therapy | What are the two types of group therapies? | 57 | |
| 6621651183 | Couples therapy | This is one of two types of group therapy and this involves the treatment of both partners in a committed, intimate relationship, in which the main focus is on relationship issues. | 58 | |
| 6621656516 | Family therapy | This is one of two types of group therapy and this involves the treatment of a family unit as a whole, in which the main focus is on family dynamics and communications | 59 | |
| 6621665295 | Extinction, token economy, systemic sensitization, flooding, and aversive conditioning | What are the 5 types of behavioral therapy? | 60 | |
| 6621666487 | Extinction | This is one of five types of behavioral therapy and this involves withholding reinforcements in order to reduce the frequency of a specific behavior--used to eliminate behaviors | 61 | |
| 6621670464 | Token economy | This is one of five types of behavioral therapy and this is a form of positive reinforcement in which clients receive token when they display desired behavior--can turn in the token for reinforcer. | 62 | |
| 6621671844 | Systematic sensitization | This is one of five types of behavioral therapy and this was designed to help clients overcome anxiety in particular situations. Hierarchy questions and asks about rate of anxiety. | 63 | |
| 6621671845 | Flooding | This is one of five types of behavioral therapy and this is imagined anxiety making the clients overwhelmed with images of anxiety--producing stimuli | 64 | |
| 6621671846 | Aversive conditioning | This is one of five types of behavioral therapy and these are forms of punishment like time-outs, over correction, and covert sensitization | 65 | |
| 6621732597 | Rational-emotive behavioral therapy, thought stopping, cognitive restructuring | What are the three types of cognitive-behavioral approach? | 66 | |
| 6621735184 | Rational-emotive behavioral therapy | This is one of three types of cognitive-behavioral approaches and this is when counselors are active and directs, instructors who teach and correct clients cognition. Requires consistent repetition usually bright, knowledgeable, empathetic counselors. | 67 | |
| 6621744721 | Thought stopping | This is one of three types of cognitive-behavioral approaches and this helps clients reduce self-defeating behavior. Counselors initially ask clients to think self-defeating behavior, and then yell "STOP!". Helps clients replace self-defeating thoughts | 68 | |
| 6621745978 | Cognitive restructuring | This is one of three types of cognitive-behavioral approaches and this is the most effective technique in the cognitive-behavioral approach. In this, clients are taught to identify and change self-defeating thoughts that negatively influence their behavior. | 69 | |
| 6630101039 | Clinical psychologist | This person specialized in the diagnosis and treatment of mental disorders and everyday problems. | 70 | |
| 6630103669 | Psychiatrist | This people are physicians who specialize in the diagnosis and treatment of mental disorders | 71 | |
| 6630115364 | Valium and xanax | What drugs treat anti-anxiety? | 72 | |
| 6630117486 | Valium and xanax | What drugs help relieve tension and ease nervousness, and help with anti-anxiety? | 73 | |
| 6630124499 | Clozapine, clorazile, and thorazine | What three drugs treat schizophrenia? | 74 | |
| 6630126525 | Clozapine, clorazile, and thorazine | What drugs help medications work as dopamine antagonists, reduce hallucinations and delusions, and work to help schizophrenia? | 75 | |
| 6630133801 | Prozac, paxil, zoloft | What three drugs work as anti-depressants? | 76 | |
| 6630137444 | Prozac, paxil, and zoloft | Which three rugs are medications to slow down the process of reuptake, work best with mood disorders, and help OCD and panic disorders, and work as anti-depressants? | 77 | |
| 6630148128 | Lithium and Valporate | Which two drugs work as a mood stabilizer for bi-polar disorder? | 78 | |
| 6630152366 | ECT | This is used for severe depression and is not common, but works as electric shocks producing small seizures in the brain. This is not a go to treatment, but effective in the long run. | 79 | |
| 6630168562 | Hallucinations and delusions | What are the positive (added) symptoms for hallucinations? | 80 | |
| 6630175326 | Lack of emotion, loss of pleasure etc. | What are the negative (removed) symptoms for hallucinations? | 81 | |
| 6630185089 | Trichotillomania | This is a type of OCD and it involves ripping out one's own hair, or doing something else to relieve stress. | 82 |
AP Conversation Speaking Phrases Flashcards
Useful phrases to use for the interpersonal speaking portion of the AP exam. Remember, the conversation is INFORMAL and you should practice SAYING these not spelling these. Created by Mme.Blonde
Terms : Hide Images
| 4817274869 | D'accord | ok | 0 | |
| 4817274870 | Je suis d'accord | I agree | 1 | |
| 4817274871 | C'est vrai | It's true | 2 | |
| 4817274872 | C'est certain | It's certain | 3 | |
| 4817274873 | Bien sûr | Of course | 4 | |
| 4817274874 | Je veux bien | I would like to | 5 | |
| 4817274875 | Je le crois | I believe it | 6 | |
| 4817274876 | Je pense que oui | I think so | 7 | |
| 4817274877 | Moi aussi | me too | 8 | |
| 4817274878 | Moi non plus | me neither | 9 | |
| 4817274879 | Non, pas du tout | Not at all | 10 | |
| 4817274880 | Ah non, je ne suis pas d'accord | Oh no, I do not agree | 11 | |
| 4817274881 | Ce n'est pas vrai | It's not true | 12 | |
| 4817274882 | Ce n'est pas certain | It's not certain | 13 | |
| 4817274883 | Absolument pas | absolutely not | 14 | |
| 4817274884 | Je ne le crois pas | I don't believe it | 15 | |
| 4817274885 | Je ne pense pas | I don't think so | 16 | |
| 4817274886 | Bravo | Bravo | 17 | |
| 4817274887 | Sensationnel | Sensational | 18 | |
| 4817274888 | Félicitations | congratulations | 19 | |
| 4817274889 | C'est interessant | that's interesting | 20 | |
| 4817274890 | Quelle chance | what luck | 21 | |
| 4817274891 | raconte-moi | tell me | 22 | |
| 4817274892 | Que c'est triste | how sad | 23 | |
| 4817274893 | Quelle horreur | how awful | 24 | |
| 4817274894 | Quel malheur | what misfortune | 25 | |
| 4817274895 | Quel dommage | too bad | 26 | |
| 4817274896 | C'est dommage | it's too bad | 27 | |
| 4817274897 | Dommage | too bad | 28 | |
| 4817274898 | Je suis désolé | I'm sorry | 29 | |
| 4817274899 | Je comprends | I understand | 30 | |
| 4817274900 | Je suis content | I'm content | 31 | |
| 4817274901 | je suis heureux | I'm happy | 32 | |
| 4817274902 | Que c'est bien | that's cool | 33 | |
| 4817274903 | Formidable | fantastic | 34 | |
| 4817274904 | Super | super | 35 | |
| 4817274905 | vas-y | go for it | 36 | |
| 4817274906 | Tu plaisantes | You're joking | 37 | |
| 4817274907 | Comment? | What? | 38 | |
| 4817274908 | Tu blagues | you're kidding | 39 | |
| 4817274909 | Ce n'est pas possible | That's impossible | 40 | |
| 4817274910 | Jamais de la vie | Never / It can't be | 41 | |
| 4817274911 | Ah, tu veux dire que... | Oh, so you mean... | 42 | |
| 4817274912 | Si je comprends bien... | If I understand you well... | 43 | |
| 4817274913 | Je pense que tu veux dire que... | I think you're saying... | 44 | |
| 4817274914 | Mais oui, c'est bien ça | Yes, that's it | 45 | |
| 4817274915 | Parfait | Perfect | 46 | |
| 4817274916 | Cela vous dit de..... ça te dit de... | Would you be interested in......? (invitation) | 47 | |
| 4817274917 | Si on / nous......(imparfait) | How about .......ing? Invitation | 48 | |
| 4817274918 | Pourquoi pas....? | Why not....? | 49 | |
| 4817274919 | Vous pourriez..... Tu pourrais... | You could.... | 50 |
AP biology Chapter 7 Flashcards
Terms : Hide Images
| 5378448029 | plasma membrane | seperates the living cell from its surroundings. Contros traffic in and out of the cell. Is selectively permeable. |  | 0 |
| 5378448030 | selectively permeable | allows some substances to cross more easily than others. | 1 | |
| 5378448031 | phospholipids | most abundant lipids |  | 2 |
| 5378448032 | lipids and proteins | main macromolecules in membranes |  | 3 |
| 5378448033 | amphipatic molecules | have hydrophobic and hydrophilic regions |  | 4 |
| 5378448034 | fluid mosaic model | The arrangement of phospholipids and proteins in biological membranes is described by the... |  | 5 |
| 5378448035 | freeze-fracture | preparation technique that splits a membrane along the middle of the phospholipid bilayer |  | 6 |
| 5378448036 | transmembrane proteins | the integral protein completely spans the membrane as... |  | 7 |
| 5378448037 | integral proteins | proteins that penetrate the hydrophobic interior of the lipid bilayer |  | 8 |
| 5378448038 | peripheral proteins | proteins that are not embedded in the lipid bilayer |  | 9 |
| 5378448039 | cell-cell recognition | the ability of a cell to disitnguish one type of neighboring cell from another. |  | 10 |
| 5378448040 | supramolecular structure | many molecules ordered into a higher level of organization with emergent properties than those of the individual molecules. | 11 | |
| 5378448041 | transport proteins | proteins that span the membrane. |  | 12 |
| 5378448042 | channel proteins | transport proteins that have a hydrophilic channel that certain molecules or ions use as a tunnel though the membrane. |  | 13 |
| 5378448043 | aquaporins | channel proteins that facilitate the passage of water |  | 14 |
| 5378448044 | carrier proteins | transport proteins that bind to molecules and change shape to shuttle them across the membrane. |  | 15 |
| 5378448045 | diffusion | movement of molecules of any substance to spread out in available space |  | 16 |
| 5378448046 | concentration gradient | the region along which the density of a chemical substance increases or decreases. |  | 17 |
| 5378448047 | passive transport | transport that requires no energy from the cell to make it happen |  | 18 |
| 5378448048 | osmosis | the diffusion of water across a selectively permeable membrane |  | 19 |
| 5378448049 | tonicity | the ability of a surrounding solution to cause a cell to gain or lose water. |  | 20 |
| 5378448050 | isotonic (animal cell) | if a cell with no cell wall is immersed in an enviroment where there is no net movement of water across the plasma membrane. Stays the same. |  | 21 |
| 5378448051 | hypertonic (animal cell) | when the cell is immersed in a solution where it loses water to its environment, shrivels and probably dies. |  | 22 |
| 5378448052 | hypotonic (animal cell) | when a cell is immersed in a solution, water enters the cell faster than it leaves, it swells and lyses (explodes) like an overfilled water balloon. |  | 23 |
| 5378448053 | osmoregulation | the control of water balance |  | 24 |
| 5378448054 | Paramecium | is a protist that is hypertonic to the pond water in which it lives. | 25 | |
| 5378448055 | turgid | when the plant cell is very firm, which is a healthy state for most plant cells. |  | 26 |
| 5378448056 | hypotonic (plant cell) | when a plant cell is immersed in a __________ solution the cell contents swell due to osmosis until the elastic cell wall exerts turgor pressure on the cell that opposes further water outake. |  | 27 |
| 5378448057 | isotonic (plant cell) | when a plant cell is immersed in a _______ solution; there is no net movement. The cell becomes flaccid and the plant may wilt. |  | 28 |
| 5378448058 | flaccid | limp, not firm or strong (If a plant is not watered enough, its leaves become droopy and flaccid.) | | 29 |
| 5378448059 | hypertonic (plant cells) | the plant cell loses water, its volume shrinks. The plasma membrane pulls away from the wall, this is plasmolysis. It is lethal to the cell. |  | 30 |
| 5378448060 | plasmolysis | This happens when a cell shrinks inside its cell wall while the cell wall remains intact. The plasma membrane pulls away from the wall. |  | 31 |
| 5378448061 | facilitated diffusion | the passive movement of molecules down their concentration gradient with the help of transport proteins. |  | 32 |
| 5378448062 | ion channels (gated channels) | Channels that open or close depending on the presence or abscence of an electrical, chemical, or physical stimulus. |  | 33 |
| 5378448063 | cystinuria | human disease characterized by the absence of a carrier protein that transports cysteine and other aminos acids across the membranes of kidney cells. | 34 | |
| 5378448064 | active transport | transport that requires the cell to expend metabolic energy and enables a cell to maintain internal concentrations of small molecules. Requires energy. |  | 35 |
| 5378448065 | ATP | supplies energy for most active transport |  | 36 |
| 5378448066 | sodium-potassium pump | transport protein that, translocating the bound solute across the membrane. Exchanges sodium ions (Na) for potassium ions (K) across the plasma membrane of animal cells. |  | 37 |
| 5378448067 | membrane potential | voltage across a membrane. Ranges form -50 to -200 millivolts. The inside of the cell is negative to the outside. | 38 | |
| 5378448068 | electrochemical gradient | 2 combined forces drive the diffusion of ions across the membrane. |  | 39 |
| 5378448069 | electrogenic pumps | special transport proteins that generate the voltage gradient across a membrane. Ex. sodium potassium pump and proton pumps. |  | 40 |
| 5378448070 | sodium-potassium pump | major electrogenic pump in animals. Restores the electrochemical gradient by setting up a concentration gradient. It pumps 2 K ions for every 3 Na ions that it moves out, it generates a voltage. |  | 41 |
| 5378448071 | proton pumps | the major electrogenic pump. Transports protons out of the cell and transfers positive charge form the cytoplasm to the extracellular solution. | | 42 |
| 5378448072 | cotransport | single ATP-powered pump that transports a specific solute can indirectly drive the active transport of several other solutes in a mechanism. |  | 43 |
| 5378448073 | exocytosis | transport vesicle budded from the Golgi apparatus is moved by the cytoskeleton to the plasma membrane. When the 2 membranes come in contact, the bilayers fuse spill the contents. |  | 44 |
| 5378448074 | endocytosis | a cell brings in biological molecules and particulate matter by forming new vesicles from the plasma membrane. 3 types: phagocytosis, pinocytosis and receptor-mediated endocytosis. |  | 45 |
| 5378448075 | phagocytosis | a cell engulfs a particle in a vacuole. The vacuole fuses with a lysosome to digest the particle. |  | 46 |
| 5378448076 | pinocytosis | molecules are taken up when extracellular fluid is "gulped" into tiny vesicles. |  | 47 |
| 5378448077 | receptor-mediated endocytosis | endocytosis that enables a cell to acquire bulk quantities of specific materials that may be in low concentrations in the environment. |  | 48 |
| 5378448078 | lipoproteins | complexes of proteins and lipids. Cholesterol travels in low density _______ |  | 49 |
| 5378448079 | ligands | A molecule that binds specifically to a receptor site of another molecule. |  | 50 |
| 5378448080 | dialysis | movement of particles in a solution through permeable membranes. The diffusion of small solutes through a selectively permeable membrane. | 51 |
AP world chapter 16 Flashcards
Terms : Hide Images
| 5406928974 | Abolitionist movement | an international movement that between approx. 1780-1890 succeeded in condemning slavery as morally repugnant and abolishing it in much of the world; the movement was especially prominent in Britain and the United States |  | 0 |
| 5406934590 | Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen | document drawn up by the French National ASsembly in 1789 that proclaimed the equal rights of all men' the declaration ideologically launched the French Revolution |  | 1 |
| 5406934591 | Declaration of Rights of Women | short work written by the French feminist Olympe de Gouges in 1791 that was modeled on the Declaration of the Rights of Men and Citizen and that made the argument that the equality proclaimed by the French revolutionaries must also include women |  | 2 |
| 5406937341 | Elizabeth Cady Stanton | leading figure of the early women's rights movement in the United States (1815-1902). she was instrumental in organizing the first women's rights conference, which took place in her hometown of Seneca Falls, NY in 1848 |  | 3 |
| 5406937342 | Estates General | french representative assembly called into session by Louis XVI to address pressing problems and out of which the French Revolution emerged; the three estates were the clergy, the nobility, and the commoners |  | 4 |
| 5406939527 | Freetown | west african settlement in what is now Sierra Leone at which British naval commanders freed Africans they rescued from illegal slave ships |  | 5 |
| 5406939528 | French Revolution | massive dislocation of French society (1789-1815) that overthrew the monarchy, destroyed most of the French aristocracy, and launched radical reforms of society that were mostly lost under Napoleon's imperial rule and after the restoration of the monarchy. The French REvolution proceeded in states and included the era known as the Terror |  | 6 |
| 5406942379 | gens de couleur libres | literally "free people of color," term used to describe freed slaves and people of mixed racial background in Saint Domingue on the eve of the Haitian Revolution |  | 7 |
| 5406944635 | Haitian Revolution | the only fully successful slave rebellion in world history; the uprising in the French Caribbean colony of Saint Domingue (later renamed Haiti, which means 'mountain' or 'rugged' in the Native Taino language) was sparked by the French Revolution and led to the establishment of an independent state after a long and bloody war (1791-1804). Its first leader was Toussaint L'Ouverture, a former slave (1743-1803) who wrote the first constitution of Haiti and served as the first governor of the newly independent state. |  | 8 |
| 5406944636 | Kartini | a javanese woman from an elite background (1879-1904) who has come to be regarded as a pioneer of both feminist and nationalist thinking in Indonesia. |  | 9 |
| 5406945966 | Maternal feminism | movement that claimed that women have value in society not because of an abstract notion of equality but because women have a distinctive and vital role as mothers; it's exponents argue that women have the right to intervene in civil and political life because of their duty to watch over the future of their children |  | 10 |
| 5406948669 | Napoleon Bonaparte | french head of state form 1799 until his abdication in 1814 (and again briefly on 1815): Napoleon preserved much of the French Revolution under an autocratic system and was responsible for the spread of revolutionary ideals through his conquests of much of Europe. |  | 11 |
| 5406948670 | Nation | a clearly defined territory whose people have a sense of common identity and destiny, thanks to ties of blood, culture, language, or common experience. |  | 12 |
| 5406948671 | Nationalism | the focusing of citizens' loyalty on the notion that they are part of a 'nation' with a unique culture, territory, and destiny; first became prominent element of political culture in the 19th century |  | 13 |
| 5406950086 | North American Revolution | successful rebellion conducted by the colonists of parts of North America (not Canada) against British rule (1775-1787); a conservative revolution whose success assured property rights but established republican government in place of monarchy |  | 14 |
| 5406953039 | Petit blancs | the 'little' (or poor) white population of Saint Domingue, which played a significant role in the Haitian Revolution |  | 15 |
| 5406953040 | Seneca Falls Conference | the first organized women's rights conference, which took place in Seneca Falls, NY in 1848 |  | 16 |
| 5406954976 | Spanish American revolutions | series of risings in the Spanish colonies of Latin America (1810-1826) that established the independence of new states form Spanish rule but that for the most part retained the privileges of the elites despite efforts at more radical social rebellion by the lower classes. A more social rebellion, known as the Hidalgo-Morelos rebellion, began in Mexico in 1810 and was led by the priests Miguel Hidalgo and Jose Morelos |  | 17 |
| 5406954977 | The Terror | term used to describe the revolutionary violence in France 1793-1794, when radicals under the leadership of Maximilien Robespierre executed tens of thousands of people deemed enemies of the revolution |  | 18 |
| 5406959616 | Third Estate | in pre-revolutionary France, term used for the 98% of the population that was neither clerical or noble, and for their representatives at the Estates General; in 1789, the Third Estate declared itself a national assembly and launched the French Revolution |  | 19 |
| 5406959617 | Tupac Amaru | the last Inca emperor; in the 1780s, a Native American rebellion against Spanish control of Peru took place in his name |  | 20 |
| 5406963420 | Vindication of the Rights of Women | written by Mary Wollstonecroft in 1792, this tract was one of the earliest expressions of feminist consciousness |  | 21 |
AP Statistics Flashcards
Terms : Hide Images
| 9955781922 | How do you check if there is outliers? | calculate IQR; anything above Q3+1.5(IQR) or below Q1-1.5(IQR) is an outlier | 0 | |
| 9955781923 | If a graph is skewed, should we calculate the median or the mean? Why? | median; it is resistant to skews and outliers | 1 | |
| 9955781924 | If a graph is roughly symmetrical, should we calculate the median or the mean? Why? | mean; generally is more accurate if the data has no outliers | 2 | |
| 9955781925 | What is in the five number summary? | Minimum, Q1, Median, Q3, Maximum | 3 | |
| 9955781926 | Relationship between variance and standard deviation? | variance=(standard deviation)^2 | 4 | |
| 9955781927 | variance definition | the variance is roughly the average of the squared differences between each observation and the mean | 5 | |
| 9955781928 | standard deviation | the standard deviation is the square root of the variance | 6 | |
| 9955781929 | What should we use to measure spread if the median was calculated? | IQR | 7 | |
| 9955781930 | What should we use to measure spread if the mean was calculated? | standard deviation | 8 | |
| 9955781931 | What is the IQR? How much of the data does it represent? | Q3-Q1; 50% | 9 | |
| 9955781932 | How do you calculate standard deviation? | Put Data into lists and spread sheets, run 1 Variable Statistics | 10 | |
| 9955782114 | What is the formula for standard deviation? |  | 11 | |
| 9955781933 | Categorical variables vs. Quantitative Variables | Categorical: individuals can be assigned to one of several groups or categories Quantitative: takes numberical values | 12 | |
| 9955781934 | If a possible outlier is on the fence, is it an outlier? | No | 13 | |
| 9955781935 | Things to include when describing a distribution | Center (Mean or Median), Unusual Gaps or Outliers, Spread (Standard Deviation or IQR), Shape (Roughly Symmetric, slightly/heavily skewed left or right, bimodal, range) | 14 | |
| 9955781936 | Explain how to standardize a variable. What is the purpose of standardizing a variable? | Subtract the distribution mean and then divide by standard deviation. Tells us how many standard deviations from the mean an observation falls, and in what direction. | 15 | |
| 9955781937 | What effect does standardizing the values have on the distribution? | shape would be the same as the original distribution, the mean would become 0, the standard deviation would become 1 | 16 | |
| 9955781939 | Inverse Norm | when you want to find the percentile: invNorm (area, mean, standard deviation) | 17 | |
| 9955781940 | z | (x-mean)/standard deviation | 18 | |
| 9955781941 | pth percentile | the value with p percent observations less than is | 19 | |
| 9955781942 | cumulative relative frequency graph | can be used to describe the position of an individual within a distribution or to locate a specified percentile of the distribution | 20 | |
| 9955781943 | How to interpret the correlation coefficient r for a scatterplot | There is a strength, direction, linear relationship between variable A and variable B | 21 | |
| 9955781944 | r | tells us the strength of a LINEAR association. -1 to 1. Not resistant to outliers | 22 | |
| 9955781945 | r^2 | the proportion (percent) of the variation in the values of y that can be accounted for by the least squares regression line | 23 | |
| 9955781946 | residual plot | a scatterplot of the residuals against the explanatory variable. Residual plots help us assess how well a regression line fits the data. It should have NO PATTERN | 24 | |
| 9955781947 | regression line | a line that describes how a response variable y changes as an explanatory variable x changes. We often use a regression line to predict the value of y for a given value of x. | 25 | |
| 9955781948 | residual formula | residual=y-y(hat) aka observed y - predicted y | 26 | |
| 9955781949 | What method do you use to check if a distribution or probability is binomial? | Check for a specific number of trials | 27 | |
| 9955781950 | What method do you use to check if a distribution or probability is geometric? | Check for first successful trial | 28 | |
| 9955781951 | n | number of trials | 29 | |
| 9955781952 | p | probability of success | 30 | |
| 9955781953 | k | number of successes | 31 | |
| 9955781954 | Binomial Formula for P(X=k) | (n choose k) p^k (1-p)^(n-k) | 32 | |
| 9955781955 | Binomial Calculator Function to find P(X=k) | Binomial Pdf | 33 | |
| 9955781956 | Binomial Calculator Function for P(X≤k) or P(X≥k) | Binomial Cdf | 34 | |
| 9955781958 | mean of a binomial distribution | np | 35 | |
| 9955781959 | standard deviation of a binomial distribution | √(np(1-p)) | 36 | |
| 9955781960 | Geometric Formula for P(X=k) | (1-p)^(k-1) x p | 37 | |
| 9955781961 | Geometric Calculator Function to find P(X=k) | Geometric Pdf | 38 | |
| 9955781962 | Geometric Calculator Function for P(X≤k) or P(X≥k) | Geometric Cdf | 39 | |
| 9955781964 | Mean of a geometric distribution | 1/p=expected number of trials until success | 40 | |
| 9955781965 | Standard deviation of a geometric distribution | √((1-p)/(p²)) | 41 | |
| 9955781967 | how do you enter n choose k into the calculator? | Menu, Probability, Combinations | 42 | |
| 9955781968 | μ(x+y) | μx+μy | 43 | |
| 9955781969 | μ(x-y) | μx-μy | 44 | |
| 9955781970 | σ(x+y) | √(σ²x+σ²y) | 45 | |
| 9955781971 | What does adding or subtracting a constant effect? | Measures of center (median and mean). Does NOT affect measures of spread (IQR and Standard Deviation) or shape. | 46 | |
| 9955781972 | What does multiplying or dividing a constant effect? | Both measures of center (median and mean) and measures of spread (IQR and standard deviation). Shape is not effected. For variance, multiply by a² (if y=ax+b). | 47 | |
| 9955781973 | σ(x-y) | √(σ²x+σ²y) --> you add to get the difference because variance is distance from mean and you cannot have a negative distance | 48 | |
| 9955781974 | calculate μx by hand | X1P1+X2P2+.... XKPK (SigmaXKPK) | 49 | |
| 9955781975 | calculate var(x) by hand | (X1-μx)²p(1)+(X2-μx)²p(2)+.... (Sigma(Xk-μx)²p(k)) | 50 | |
| 9955781976 | Standard deviation | square root of variance | 51 | |
| 9955781977 | discrete random variables | a fixed set of possible x values (whole numbers) | 52 | |
| 9955781978 | continuous random variables | -x takes all values in an interval of numbers -can be represented by a density curve (area of 1, on or above the horizontal axis) | 53 | |
| 9955781979 | What is the variance of the sum of 2 random variables X and Y? | (σx)²+(σy)², but ONLY if x and y are independent. | 54 | |
| 9955781980 | mutually exclusive | no outcomes in common | 55 | |
| 9955781981 | addition rule for mutually exclusive events P (A U B) | P(A)+P(B) | 56 | |
| 9955781982 | complement rule P(A^C) | 1-P(A) | 57 | |
| 9955781983 | general addition rule (not mutually exclusive) P(A U B) | P(A)+P(B)-P(A n B) | 58 | |
| 9955781984 | intersection P(A n B) | both A and B will occur | 59 | |
| 9955781985 | conditional probability P (A | B) | P(A n B) / P(B) | 60 | |
| 9955781986 | independent events (how to check independence) | P(A) = P(A|B) P(B)= P(B|A) | 61 | |
| 9955781987 | multiplication rule for independent events P(A n B) | P(A) x P(B) | 62 | |
| 9955781988 | general multiplication rule (non-independent events) P(A n B) | P(A) x P(B|A) | 63 | |
| 9955781989 | sample space | a list of possible outcomes | 64 | |
| 9955781990 | probability model | a description of some chance process that consists of 2 parts: a sample space S and a probability for each outcome | 65 | |
| 9955781991 | event | any collection of outcomes from some chance process, designated by a capital letter (an event is a subset of the sample space) | 66 | |
| 9955781992 | What is the P(A) if all outcomes in the sample space are equally likely? | P(A) = (number of outcomes corresponding to event A)/(total number of outcomes in sample space) | 67 | |
| 9955781993 | Complement | probability that an event does not occur | 68 | |
| 9955781994 | What is the sum of the probabilities of all possible outcomes? | 1 | 69 | |
| 9955781995 | What is the probability of two mutually exclusive events? | P(A U B)= P(A)+P(B) | 70 | |
| 9955781996 | five basic probability rules | 1. for event A, 0≤P(A)≤1 2. P(S)=1 3. If all outcomes in the sample space are equally likely, P(A)=number of outcomes corresponding to event A / total number of outcomes in sample space 4. P(A^C) = 1-P(A) 5. If A and B are mutually exclusive, P(A n B)=P(A)+P(B) | 71 | |
| 9955781997 | When is a two-way table helpful | displays the sample space for probabilities involving two events more clearly | 72 | |
| 9955781998 | In statistics, what is meant by the word "or"? | could have either event or both | 73 | |
| 9955782000 | What is the general addition rule for two events? | If A and B are any two events resulting from some chance process, then the probability of A or B (or both) is P(A U B)= P(A)+P(B)-P(A n B) | 74 | |
| 9955782001 | What does the intersection of two or more events mean? | both event A and event B occur | 75 | |
| 9955782002 | What does the union of two or more events mean? | either event A or event B (or both) occurs | 76 | |
| 9955782003 | What is the law of large numbers? | If we observe more and more repetitions of any chance process, the proportion of times that a specific outcome occurs approaches a single value, which we can call the probability of that outcome | 77 | |
| 9955782004 | the probability of any outcome... | is a number between 0 and 1 that describes the proportion of times the outcome would occur in a very long series of repetitions | 78 | |
| 9955782006 | What are the two myths about randomness? | 1. Short-run regularity --> the idea that probability is predictable in the short run 2. Law of Averages --> people except the alternative outcome to follow a different outcome | 79 | |
| 9955782007 | simulation | the imitation of chance behavior, based on a model that accurately reflects the situation | 80 | |
| 9955782008 | Name and describe the four steps in performing a simulation | 1. State: What is the question of interest about some chance process 2. Plan: Describe how to use a chance device to imitate one repetition of process; clearly identify outcomes and measured variables 3. Do: Perform many repetitions of the simulation 4. Conclude: results to answer question of interest | 81 | |
| 9955782009 | What are some common errors when using a table of random digits? | not providing a clear description of the simulation process for the reader to replicate the simulation | 82 | |
| 9955782010 | What does the intersection of two or more events mean? | both event A and event B occur | 83 | |
| 9955782011 | sample | The part of the population from which we actually collect information. We use information from a sample to draw conclusions about the entire population | 84 | |
| 9955782012 | population | In a statistical study, this is the entire group of individuals about which we want information | 85 | |
| 9955782013 | sample survey | A study that uses an organized plan to choose a sample that represents some specific population. We base conclusions about the population on data from the sample. | 86 | |
| 9955782014 | convenience sample | A sample selected by taking the members of the population that are easiest to reach; particularly prone to large bias. | 87 | |
| 9955782015 | bias | The design of a statistical study shows ______ if it systematically favors certain outcomes. | 88 | |
| 9955782016 | voluntary response sample | People decide whether to join a sample based on an open invitation; particularly prone to large bias. | 89 | |
| 9955782017 | random sampling | The use of chance to select a sample; is the central principle of statistical sampling. | 90 | |
| 9955782018 | simple random sample (SRS) | every set of n individuals has an equal chance to be the sample actually selected | 91 | |
| 9955782019 | strata | Groups of individuals in a population that are similar in some way that might affect their responses. | 92 | |
| 9955782020 | stratified random sample | To select this type of sample, first classify the population into groups of similar individuals, called strata. Then choose a separate SRS from each stratum to form the full sample. | 93 | |
| 9955782021 | cluster sample | To take this type of sample, first divide the population into smaller groups. Ideally, these groups should mirror the characteristics of the population. Then choose an SRS of the groups. All individuals in the chosen groups are included in the sample. | 94 | |
| 9955782022 | inference | Drawing conclusions that go beyond the data at hand. | 95 | |
| 9955782023 | margin of error | Tells how close the estimate tends to be to the unknown parameter in repeated random sampling. | 96 | |
| 9955782024 | sampling frame | The list from which a sample is actually chosen. | 97 | |
| 9955782025 | undercoverage | Occurs when some members of the population are left out of the sampling frame; a type of sampling error. | 98 | |
| 9955782026 | nonresponse | Occurs when a selected individual cannot be contacted or refuses to cooperate; an example of a nonsampling error. | 99 | |
| 9955782027 | wording of questions | The most important influence on the answers given to a survey. Confusing or leading questions can introduce strong bias, and changes in wording can greatly change a survey's outcome. Even the order in which questions are asked matters. | 100 | |
| 9955782028 | observational study | Observes individuals and measures variables of interest but does not attempt to influence the responses. | 101 | |
| 9955782029 | experiment | Deliberately imposes some treatment on individuals to measure their responses. | 102 | |
| 9955782030 | explanatory variable | A variable that helps explain or influences changes in a response variable. | 103 | |
| 9955782031 | response variable | A variable that measures an outcome of a study. | 104 | |
| 9955782032 | lurking variable | a variable that is not among the explanatory or response variables in a study but that may influence the response variable. | 105 | |
| 9955782033 | treatment | A specific condition applied to the individuals in an experiment. If an experiment has several explanatory variables, a treatment is a combination of specific values of these variables. | 106 | |
| 9955782034 | experimental unit | the smallest collection of individuals to which treatments are applied. | 107 | |
| 9955782035 | subjects | Experimental units that are human beings. | 108 | |
| 9955782036 | factors | the explanatory variables in an experiment are often called this | 109 | |
| 9955782037 | random assignment | An important experimental design principle. Use some chance process to assign experimental units to treatments. This helps create roughly equivalent groups of experimental units by balancing the effects of lurking variables that aren't controlled on the treatment groups. | 110 | |
| 9955782038 | replication | An important experimental design principle. Use enough experimental units in each group so that any differences in the effects of the treatments can be distinguished from chance differences between the groups. | 111 | |
| 9955782039 | double-blind | An experiment in which neither the subjects nor those who interact with them and measure the response variable know which treatment a subject received. | 112 | |
| 9955782040 | single-blind | An experiment in which either the subjects or those who interact with them and measure the response variable, but not both, know which treatment a subject received. | 113 | |
| 9955782041 | placebo | an inactive (fake) treatment | 114 | |
| 9955782042 | placebo effect | Describes the fact that some subjects respond favorably to any treatment, even an inactive one | 115 | |
| 9955782043 | block | A group of experimental units that are known before the experiment to be similar in some way that is expected to affect the response to the treatments. | 116 | |
| 9955782044 | inference about the population | Using information from a sample to draw conclusions about the larger population. Requires that the individuals taking part in a study be randomly selected from the population of interest. | 117 | |
| 9955782045 | inference about cause and effect | Using the results of an experiment to conclude that the treatments caused the difference in responses. Requires a well-designed experiment in which the treatments are randomly assigned to the experimental units. | 118 | |
| 9955782049 | simulation | a model of random events | 119 | |
| 9955782050 | census | a sample that includes the entire population | 120 | |
| 9955782051 | population parameter | a number that measures a characteristic of a population | 121 | |
| 9955782052 | systematic sample | every fifth individual, for example, is chosen | 122 | |
| 9955782053 | multistage sample | a sampling design where several sampling methods are combined | 123 | |
| 9955782055 | levels | the values that the experimenter used for a factor | 124 | |
| 9955782056 | the four principles of experimental design | control, randomization, replication, and blocking | 125 | |
| 9955782057 | completely randomized design | a design where all experimental units have an equal chance of receiving any treatment | 126 | |
| 9955782059 | p̂1-p̂2 center, shape, and spread | center: p1-p2 shape: n1p1, n1(1-p1), n2p2, and n2(1-p2) ≥ 10 spread (if 10% condition checks): √((p1(1-p1)/n1)+(p2(1-p2)/n2) | 127 | |
| 9955782061 | Confidence intervals for difference in proportions formula | (p̂1-p̂2) plus or minus z*(√((p1(1-p1)/n1)+(p2(1-p2)/n2)) | 128 | |
| 9955782062 | When do you use t and z test/intervals? | t for mean z for proportions | 129 | |
| 9955782063 | What is a null hypothesis? | What is being claimed. Statistical test designed to assess strength of evidence against null hypothesis. Abbreviated by Ho. | 130 | |
| 9955782064 | What is an alternative hypothesis? | the claim about the population that we are trying to find evidence FOR, abbreviated by Ha | 131 | |
| 9955782065 | When is the alternative hypothesis one-sided? | Ha less than or greater than | 132 | |
| 9955782066 | When is the alternative hypothesis two-sided? | Ha is not equal to | 133 | |
| 9955782067 | What is a significance level? | fixed value that we compare with the P-value, matter of judgement to determine if something is "statistically significant". | 134 | |
| 9955782068 | What is the default significance level? | α=.05 | 135 | |
| 9955782069 | Interpreting the p-value | if the true mean/proportion of the population is (null), the probability of getting a sample mean/proportion of _____ is (p-value). | 136 | |
| 9955782070 | p value ≤ α | We reject our null hypothesis. There is sufficient evidence to say that (Ha) is true. | 137 | |
| 9955782071 | p value ≥ α | We fail to reject our null hypothesis. There is insufficient evidence to say that (Ho) is not true. | 138 | |
| 9955782072 | reject Ho when it is actually true | Type I Error | 139 | |
| 9955782073 | fail to reject Ho when it is actually false | Type II Error | 140 | |
| 9955782074 | Power definition | probability of rejecting Ho when it is false | 141 | |
| 9955782075 | probability of Type I Error | α | 142 | |
| 9955782076 | probability of Type II Error | 1-power | 143 | |
| 9955782077 | two ways to increase power | increase sample size/significance level α | 144 | |
| 9955782078 | 5 step process: z/t test | State Procedure Define Variables & Hypotheses Conditions: Random, Normal, Indpeendent Use Formulas Conclusion p value ≤ α reject Ho p value ≥ α fail to reject Ho | 145 | |
| 9955782116 | Formula for test statistic (μ) |  | 146 | |
| 9955782079 | Formula for test statistic (p̂) (where p represents the null) | (p̂-p)/(√((p)(1-p))/n) | 147 | |
| 9955782081 | when do you use z tests? | for proportions | 148 | |
| 9955782082 | when do you use t tests? | for mean (population standard deviation unknown) | 149 | |
| 9955782083 | finding p value for t tests | Menu, Stats, Test, 1 or 2 Sample t-test | 150 | |
| 9955782085 | What does statistically significant mean in context of a problem? | The sample mean/proportion is far enough away from the true mean/proportion that it couldn't have happened by chance | 151 | |
| 9955782087 | How to interpret a C% Confidence Level | In C% of all possible samples of size n, we will construct an interval that captures the true parameter (in context). | 152 | |
| 9955782088 | How to interpret a C% Confidence Interval | We are C% confident that the interval (_,_) will capture the true parameter (in context). | 153 | |
| 9955782089 | What conditions must be checked before constructing a confidence interval? | random, normal, independent | 154 | |
| 9955782091 | How do you find z*? | Look at infinity row on t-chart | 155 | |
| 9955782092 | How do you find the point estimate of a sample? | subtract the max and min confidence interval, divide it by two (aka find the mean of the interval ends) | 156 | |
| 9955782093 | How do you find the margin of error, given the confidence interval? | Ask, "What am I adding or subtracting from the point estimate?" So find the point estimate, then find the difference between the point estimate and the interval ends | 157 | |
| 9955782095 | Finding the confidence interval when the standard deviation of the population is *known* | x bar +/- z*(σ/√n) | 158 | |
| 9955782096 | Checking normal condition for z* (population standard deviation known) | states normal, CLT, or check graphs | 159 | |
| 9955782097 | Finding the confidence interval when the standard deviation of the population is *unknown* (which is almost always true) | x bar +/- t*(Sx/√n) | 160 | |
| 9955782098 | degrees of freedom | n-1 | 161 | |
| 9955782099 | How do you find t*? | Look at t-chart, make sure to find degrees of freedom | 162 | |
| 9955782100 | What is the standard error? | same as standard deviation, but we call it "standard error" because we plugged in p hat for p (we are estimating) | 163 | |
| 9955782101 | a point estimator is a statistic that... | provides an estimate of a population parameter. | 164 | |
| 9955782102 | Explain the two conditions when the margin of error gets smaller. | Confidence level C decreases, sample size n increases | 165 | |
| 9955782103 | Does the confidence level tell us the chance that a particular confidence interval captures the population parameter? | NO; the confidence interval gives us a set of plausible values for the parameter | 166 | |
| 9955782104 | Sx and σx: which is which? | Sx is for a sample, σx is for a population | 167 | |
| 9955782105 | How do we know when do use a t* interval instead of a z interval? | you are not given the population standard deviation | 168 | |
| 9955782106 | Checking normal condition for t* (population standard deviation unknown) | States in the problem, CLT, or graphs | 169 | |
| 9955782109 | margin of error formula | z* or t* multiplied by standard deviation | 170 | |
| 9955782111 | What is it looking for if it asks for the appropriate critical value? | z*/t* | 171 |
AP1A - Humerus Flashcards
Terms : Hide Images
| 8017348886 | head of humerus | articulates with glenoid cavity |  | 0 |
| 8017348887 | greater tubercle of humerus | What structure is highlighted? |  | 1 |
| 8017348888 | lesser tubercle of humerus | insertion of subscapularis |  | 2 |
| 8017348889 | bicipital groove intertubercular groove | groove between the greater and lesser tubercles |  | 3 |
| 8017348890 | deltoid tuberosity | raised area on lateral surface of humerus to which deltoid muscle attaches |  | 4 |
| 8017348891 | lateral epicondyle | lateral elevation on the distal end of the femur superior and lateral to the condyle |  | 5 |
| 8017348892 | medial epicondyle | medial elevation on the distal end of the femur superior and lateral to the condyle |  | 6 |
| 8017348893 | olecranon process | projection at the upper end of the ulna that forms the bony point of the elbow |  | 7 |
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