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AP Language Cumulative Vocabulary Flashcards

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4867092563divulgeto tell; to reveal (as a secret)0
4867094977abetto assist or encourage, especially in wrongdoing1
4867096873dogmaticarrogant and stubborn about one's beliefs2
4867099139insipidlacking flavor; dull; not at all stimulating3
4867102311extraneousnot essential; not constituting a vital part4
4867104763coerceto force by using pressure, intimidation, or threats5
4867106745jaundicedprejudiced; hostile6
4867110232meticulousextremely, sometimes excessively, careful about small details; precise7
4867114879temerityrecklessness; a foolish disregard of danger8
4867118707gregarioussociable; fond of the company of others9
4881889160heresythe crime of holding a belief that goes against established doctrine10
4881891357docileeasy to teach or manage; obedient11
4881896583libationa drink, especially an alcoholic one12
4881898914anathemaa hated, repellant person or thing13
4881900816banterteasing; playful conversation14
4881905142castigateto criticize or punish severely15
4881906808gauchelacking social graces; tactless16
4881914400ignominypublic shame, disgrace, or dishonor17
4881915865motleymade up of dissimilar parts; being of many colors18
4881918257emaciatedextremely thin; wasted away19

AP Language and Composition SAT Vocabulary List #1 Flashcards

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9308639280apathy(n) lack of emotion or interest0
9308640326ambiguous(adj) having more than one meaning; vague1
9308641347fervent(adj) passionate2
9308643573vagrant(n) a wandering homeless person; a tramp3
9308650414undermine(v) to weaken; to wear the foundation of4
9308652694oblivious(adj) unaware; unconscious5
9308653759indifferent(n) not caring one way or the other; lacking a preference; neutral6
9308654681obscure(adj) unclear; clouded; partially hidden; hard to understand7
9308655282objective(adj) without bias (as opposed to subjective)8
9308656004revere(v) to worship9
9308659483discriminate(v) to differentiate; to make a clear distinction; to see the difference10
9308660177embellish(v) to add details; to exaggerate11
9308660827denounce(v) to speak out against; to condemn12
9308666655innovate(v) to be creative; to introduce something new13
9308666656stagnant(adj) not moving14
9308667174candid(adj) honest; frank15
9308667658impartial(adj) unbiased; neutral16
9308667659discern(v) to distinguish one thing from another17
9308668478ostentatious(adj) showing off18
9308669152contentious(adj) quarrelsome; likely to cause argument19

AP Human Chapter 4 Flashcards

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5436366790Folk Cultureunifying expressive components of everyday life as enacted by localized, tradition-bound groups0
5436366791Non material Cultureideas, knowledge and beliefs that influence people's behavior1
5436366792Neolocalismcommon phenomenon wherein displaced ethnic groups will celebrate their heritages in locations alien to their origin2
5436366793Glocalizationthe practice of conducting business according to both local and global considerations.3
5436366794Distance Decayeffect of distance on cultural or spatial interactions4
5436366795Popular Cultureeffect of distance on cultural or spatial interactions5
5436366796Material Cultureeffect of distance on cultural or spatial interactions6
5436366797Cultural Appropriationsociological concept which views the adoption or use of elements of one culture by members of a different culture as a largely negative phenomenon7
5436366798Reterritorializationsociological concept which views the adoption or use of elements of one culture by members of a different culture as a largely negative phenomenon8
5436366799Diffusion RoutesThe spatial trajectory through which cultural traits or other phenomena spread9
5436366800Assimilateprocess through which people lose originality differentiating traits, such as dress, speech, particularities, or mannerisms, when they come into contact with another society or culture10
5436366801Globalizationprocess of interaction and integration among the people, companies, and governments of different nations, a process driven by international trade and investment and aided by information technology11
5436366802Folk Housing Regionsregion in which the housing stock predominantly reflects styles of building that are particular to the culture of the people who have long inhabited the area12
5436366803Commodificationprocess through which something is given monetary value13
5436366804Types of DiffusionSimple Facilitated Cultural Popular14

AP Biology Cell Communication Flashcards

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5867118279Signal transduction pathwayA series of molecular changes that converts a signal received on a target cell's surface to a specific response inside the cell0
5867118280enzyme linked receptorsparticipate in cell signaling through extracellular ligand binding and initiation of second messenger cascades1
5867118281Cell surface receptorsproteins that bind specific molocules call ligands2
5867118282second messenger cascadesA multistep process that couples activation of a neurotransmitter receptor to activation of intracellular enzymes.3
5867118283What is used in long distance signaling?hormones and pheromones4
5867118284AutocrineCell communication with own self- modify the activity of the cell which secreted them5
5867118285Paracrinehormone molecule secreted by one cell affects adjacent cells - Target cells near secreting cells (regulate neighbors)6
5867118286EndocrineControls body functions using chemicals messengers called hormones- collection of glands that secrete hormones into the blood which regulate growth, development, and homeostasis7
5867118287HormonesChemical substances produced in certain glands that help to regulate the way your body functions.8
5867118288G-protein linked receptorLargest group of receptors. Activates a G-protein in response to stimuli. - Up to 60% of all medicines used today influence what structures in the cell membrane9
5867118289LigandAny molecule that bonds specifically to a receptor site of another molecule.10
5867118290Ion channel linked receptorssignal molecule binds to receptor and activiates an open channel, protein informational change to allow passage through the channel.11
5867118293Target cellsCells with specific receptors in their membranes to accept specific hormones.12
5867118294Direct contact signalingmolecules on the surface of one cell are recognized by receptors on the adjacent cell : gap junctions in animals, plasmodesmata in plants13
5867118295Signal cascadepathway is actually a cascade of biochemical reactions inside the cell that eventually reach the target molecule or reaction.14
5867118296PheromonesChemical signals released by an animal that communicate information and affect the behavior of other animals of the same species.15
5867118298Receptora protein that detects a signal molecule and performs an action in response16

Immune System - AP Biology Flashcards

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6046905086First Line of DefenseNonspecific barrier to keep out pathogens ex: skin, stomach acid, mucous membrane, cilia0
6046905087Second Line of DefenseNonspecific defense and inflammatory response initiated by chemical signals to attack and isolate invading pathogens1
6046905088Inflammatory ResponseVasodilation, phagocytosis, and increase in body temperature2
6046905089Histamineschemical signals that trigger vasodilation, increasing blood supply to area3
6046905090PhagocytesWhite blood cells that engulf invading pathogens e.g., neutrophils, macrophages4
6046905091Chemokineschemical signals secreted by blood vessel cells that attract more white blood cells (phagocytes) to the area5
6046905092Specific immunityB and T cells; humoral and cell-mediated response6
6046905093Adaptive immunitySpecific immunity7
6046905094LymphocyteWhite blood cell8
6046905095B CellsHumoral response by producing antibodies; activated by T cells or free antigens9
6046905096T CellsCell-mediated response, stimulating by APCs10
6046905097Helper T CellSet off an alarm to the immune system that pathogens have broken through the body's line of defense; binds to class II MHC11
6046905098Cytotoxic T CellKills body cells that have been infected with pathogens; stimulated by antigens and helper T-cells12
6046905099MacrophagesAPC that engulfs large numbers of pathogens; presents antigen to activate T cells13
6046905100Interleukin 1Cytokine secreted by a macrophage after it engulfs and presents antigens on its surface; activates helper T cells14
6046905101Interleukin 2Cytokine that stimulates B cells to become active antibody-secreting plasma cells; released by helper T cell15
6046905102MHC Imolecules found on every body cell that presents antigen; signals cytotoxic T to destroy16
6046905103MHC IImolecules found on macrophages, B cells, and activated T cells; signal helper T cells17
6046905104Memory CellsResponsible for lifelong immunity by storing copy B and T cells to more quickly fight secondary infection18
6046905105AntibodyY-shaped protein with variable antigen bind region; slows pathogens to facilitate destruction19
6046905106AntigenIdentifying marker on the outside of a pathogen20
6046905107Passive ImmunityTemporary immunity where antibodies are transferred from another animal ex: mother transfers some of her antibodies to her nursing child21
6046905108HIVA retrovirus that attacks helper T cells22
6046905109Autoimmune diseaseA mistake in the immune system where the body does not properly distinguish self from nonself23
6046905110AllergyHypersensitive immune response to certain substances that causes that release of histamine24

AP lit Week 3 Flashcards

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5051273592Bacchanalianwild and drunken0
5051277995apatheticIndifferent1
5051285651anachronismSomething out of place in time2
5051285652ruminateThink deeply about something3
5051289241remonstrateto argue against; to protest; to raise objections4
5051290700rifta break in friendly relations5
5051291789estrangealienate6
5051296905anathemaAn object of intense dislike; a curse or strong denunciation7
5051298323vacillate(v) waver in one's mind or opinions, be indecisive8
5051301243superfluousExceeding what is sufficient or required, excess9
5051302365subordinate clauseA clause in a complex sentence that cannot stand alone as a complete sentence and that functions within the sentence as a noun or adjective or adverb10
5051305159stilted languageOverly and inappropriately artificial formed language11

AP Lit Week 2 Flashcards

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5051311982didacticIntended to teach0
5051313957apathyIndifference1
5051315844trepidation(n.) fear, fright, trembling2
5051318477etherealdelicate; soft; airy; intangible3
5051318478languish(v.) to become weak, feeble, or dull; to droop; to be depressed or dispirited; to suffer neglect4
5051319513revereTo honor, to regard with respect5
5051320683obscureNot clearly expressed; hard to understand6
5051324582discernto distinguish one thing from another7
5051324583guileTreacherous cunning, deceit8
5051326602telegraphic sentenceA sentence shorter than five words in length.9
5051329388appositiveA word or phrase that renames a nearby noun or pronoun.10
5051329389harpyA predatory person or nagging woman; a foul creature that was part woman, part bird.11

AP human political geography Flashcards

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6002528512Natural borderBoundary created by a physical feature0
6002528513Geometric borderBorders created using lines of longitude & latitude1
6002528514Antecedent boundaryA boundary that is established before cultural landscape of an area2
6002528515Subsequent boundaryBoundary that is established after cultural landscape3
6002528516Superimposed boundaryBoundary forced on an existing cultural landscape, through conquest4
6002528517Relic boundaryBorder that is marked on the landscape despite no longer functioning as one (ex. Berlin Wall)5
6002528518Nation-StateA state whose territory lines up with the geographical extent of a nation6
6002528519Stateless nationA nation that exists without a formalized state7
6002528520Forward CapitolA capitol in the interior of a country, marking recognition of different regions8
6002528521Fragmented statesA state that is separated into parts9
6002528522Elongated statesA long, narrow state w/ isolated outer edges10
6002528523Multinational stateA state containing multiple nations11
6002528524NationA cultural group that shares a defined territory12
6002528525ExclaveA territorial part of a country that lies outside the main part of the state13
6002528526StateArea w/ defined boundaries, national gov't, laws & territory14
6002528527EnclaveTerritorial part of a country, or country as a whole, that lies entirely within another state15
6002528528Unitary statethe political power is centralized in a strong central government16
6002528529Compact stateState with a roughly circular shape; most efficient kind of state17
6002528530Perforated stateState that completely surrounds a territory that it does not rule18
6002528531Federal statepower of the government is shared with local governments within the state19
6002528532Prorupt stateState that is nearly compact, but has one or more extensions of territories20
6002528533DevolutionNational gov't relinquishing power to local or regional bodies21
6002528534SupranationalismParticipation of countries in cooperative international organizations22
6002535434landlockedlacks a direct access to the sea because it is surrounded by other countries23
6002538060frontiera zone where no state exercises complete political control24
6002545626balance of powercondition of roughly equal strength between opposing countries or alliances25
6002547102colonya territory that is legally tied to a sovereign state rather than completely independent26
6002548371demarcationmarking a physical boundary on the landscape27
6002549114buffer statea neutral state between two rival powers28
6002556713Al-QaedaTerrorist group headed by Osama Bin Laden responsible for the September 11, 2001 terror attacks in the United States29

AP Vocabulary List 18 Flashcards

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6166246844albeitalthough0
6166246845bereftdeprived of or lacking something1
6166247971gratiswithout charge; free2
6166247972intercessionthe act of intervening on behalf of another3
6166247973lineamentsa distinctive feature or characteristic, especially of the face4
6166250174presagea sign or warning that something bad will happen; an omen; a portent5
6166250175prodigalspending money or resources freely and recklessly; wastefully extravagant6
6166252034prolixityextended to great, unnecessary, or tedious length; long and wordy; long-winded7
6166252035sinecurean office or position requiring little or no work; an ecclesiastical benefice without the cure of souls8
6166253871visagethe face, usually referring to shape, features, expression; countenance; appearance9

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