Sensation and Perception - AP Psych Flashcards
Sensation & Perception
Terms : Hide Images
| 5181013357 | Sensation | Process in which the sense organs' receptor cells are stimulated and relay initial information to higher brain centers for further processing. | 0 | |
| 5181013358 | Perception | Process of organizing and interpreting sensory information, enabling us to recognize meaningful objects and events. | 1 | |
| 5181013359 | Bottom-Up Processing | Analysis that begins with the sensory receptors and works up to the brain's integration of sensory information | 2 | |
| 5181013360 | Top-Down Processing | Information processing guided by higher-level mental processes, as when we construct perceptions drawing on our experience and expectations. | 3 | |
| 5181013361 | Psychophysics | The study of relationships between the physical characteristics of stimuli, such as their intensity, and our psychological experience of them. | 4 | |
| 5181013362 | Absolute Threshold | The minimum stimulation needed to detect a particular stimulus 50 percent of the time. | 5 | |
| 5181013363 | Signal Detection Theory | A theory predicting how and when we detect the presence of a faint stimulus ("signal") amid background stimulation ("noise"). Assumes there is no single absolute threshold and detection depends partly on a person's experience, expectations, motivation, and level of fatigue. | 6 | |
| 5181013364 | Subliminal | Below one's absolute threshold for conscious awareness. | 7 | |
| 5181013365 | Priming | The activation, often unconsciously, of certain associations, thus predisposing one's perception, memory, or response. | 8 | |
| 5181013366 | Difference Threshold | The minimum difference between two stimuli required for detection 50 percent of the time. We experience the difference threshold as a just noticeable difference. (Also called just noticeable difference or jnd.) | 9 | |
| 5181013367 | Weber's Law | The principle that, to be perceived as different, two stimuli must differ by a constant minimum percentage (rather than a constant amount). | 10 | |
| 5181013368 | Sensory Adaptation | Diminished sensitivity as a consequence of constant stimulation. | 11 | |
| 5181013369 | Transduction | Conversion of one form of energy into another. In sensation, the transforming of stimulus energies, such as sights, sounds, and smells, into neural impulses our brains can interpret. | 12 | |
| 5181013370 | Wavelength | The distance from the peak of one light or sound wave to the peak of the next. Electromagnetic wavelengths vary from the short blips of cosmic rays to the long pulses of radio transmission. | 13 | |
| 5181013371 | Hue | (Color) is the dimension of color determined by the wavelength of the light. | 14 | |
| 5181013372 | Intensity | The amount of energy in a light or sound wave, which we perceive as brightness or loudness, as determined by the wave's amplitude. | 15 | |
| 5181013373 | Pupil | Adjustable opening in the center of the eye through which light enters. | 16 | |
| 5181013374 | Iris | A ring of muscle tissue that forms the colored portion of the eye around the pupil and controls the size of the pupil opening. | 17 | |
| 5181013375 | Lens | The transparent structure behind the pupil that changes shape to help focus images on the retina. | 18 | |
| 5181013376 | Accommodation | The process by which the eye's lens changes shape to focus near or far objects on the retina. | 19 | |
| 5181013377 | Retina | The light-sensitive inner surface of the eye, containing the receptor rods and cones plus layers of neurons that begin the processing of visual information. | 20 | |
| 5181013378 | Acuity | The sharpness of vision. | 21 | |
| 5181013379 | Nearsightedness | A condition in which nearby objects are seen more clearly than distant objects because distant objects focus in front of the retina. | 22 | |
| 5181013380 | Farsightedness | A condition in which faraway objects are seen more clearly than near objects because the image of near objects is focused behind the retina. | 23 | |
| 5181013381 | Rods | Retinal receptors that detect black, white, and gray; necessary for peripheral and twilight vision, when cones don't respond. | 24 | |
| 5181013382 | Cones | Retinal receptor cells that are concentrated near the center of the retina and that function in daylight or in well-lit conditions. The cones detect fine detail and give rise to color sensations. | 25 | |
| 5181013383 | Optic Nerve | The nerve that carries neural impulses from the eye to the brain. | 26 | |
| 5181013384 | Blind Spot | The point at which the optic nerve leaves the eye, creating a "blind" spot because no receptor cells are located there. | 27 | |
| 5181013385 | Fovea | Central focal point in retina, around which the eye's cones cluster. | 28 | |
| 5181013386 | Feature Detectors | Nerve cells in the brain that respond to specific features of the stimulus, such as shape, angle, or movement. | 29 | |
| 5181013387 | Parallel Processing | The processing of several aspects of a problem simultaneously; the brain's natural mode of information processing for many functions, including vision. Contrasts with the step-by-step (serial) processing of most computers and of conscious problem solving. | 30 | |
| 5181013388 | Young-Helmholtz Trichromatic Theory | The theory that the retina contains three different color receptors-one most sensitive to red, one to green, one to blue-which when stimulated in combination can produce the perception of any color. | 31 | |
| 5181013389 | Opponent-Process Theory | The theory that opposing retinal processes (red-green, yellow-blue, white-black) enable color vision. For example, some cells are stimulated by green and inhibited by red; others are stimulated by red and inhibited by green. | 32 | |
| 5181013390 | Color Constancy | Perceiving familiar objects as having consistent color, even if changing illumination alters the wavelengths reflected by the object. | 33 | |
| 5181013391 | Audition | The sense or act of hearing. | 34 | |
| 5181013392 | Frequency | The number of complete wavelengths that pass a point in a given time. | 35 | |
| 5181013393 | Pitch | A tone's experienced highness or lowness; depends on frequency. | 36 | |
| 5181013394 | Middle Ear | The chamber between the eardrum and cochlea containing three tiny bones (hammer, anvil, and stirrup) that concentrate the vibrations of the eardrum on the cochlea's oval window. | 37 | |
| 5181013395 | Cochlea | A coiled, bony, fluid-filled tube in the inner ear through which sound waves trigger nerve impulses. | 38 | |
| 5181013396 | Inner Ear | The innermost part of the ear, containing the cochlea, semicircular canals, and vestibular sacs. | 39 | |
| 5181013397 | Place Theory | In hearing, the theory that links the pitch we hear with the place where the cochlea's membrane is stimulated. | 40 | |
| 5181013398 | Frequency Theory | In hearing, the theory that the rate of nerve impulses traveling up the auditory nerve matches the frequency of a tone, thus enabling us to sense its pitch. | 41 | |
| 5181013399 | Conductive Hearing Loss | Hearing loss caused by damage to the mechanical system that conducts sound waves to the cochlea. | 42 | |
| 5181013400 | Sensorineural Hearing Loss | Hearing loss caused by damage to the cochlea's receptor cells or to the auditory nerves; also called nerve deafness. | 43 | |
| 5181013401 | Cochlear Implant | A device for converting sounds into electrical signals and stimulating the auditory nerve through electrodes threaded into the cochlea.` | 44 | |
| 5181013402 | Gate-Control Theory | The theory that the spinal cord contains a neurological "gate" that blocks pain signals or allows them to pass on to the brain. The "gate" is opened by the activity of pain signals traveling up small nerve fibers and is closed by activity in larger fibers or by information coming from the brain. | 45 | |
| 5181013403 | Sensory Interaction | The principle that one sense may influence another, as when the smell of food influences its taste. | 46 | |
| 5181013404 | Kinesthesis | The system for sensing the position and movement of individual body parts. | 47 | |
| 5181013405 | Vestibular Sense | The sense of body movement and position, including the sense of balance. | 48 |
AP Psychology AP Review Flashcards
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| 9853943661 | psychology | the study of behavior and mental processes | 0 | |
| 9853943662 | psychology's biggest question | Which is more important in determining behavior, nature or nurture? | 1 | |
| 9853943663 | psychology's three levels of analysis | biopsychosocial approach (looks at the biological, psychological, and social-cultural approaches together) | 2 | |
| 9853943664 | biological approach | genetics, close-relatives, body functions | 3 | |
| 9853943665 | evolutionary approach | species - helped with survival (ancestors) | 4 | |
| 9853943666 | psychodynamic approach | (Freud) subconscious, repressed feelings, unfulfilled wishes | 5 | |
| 9853943667 | behavioral approach | learning (classical and operant) observed | 6 | |
| 9853943668 | cognitive approach | thinking affects behavior | 7 | |
| 9853943669 | humanistic approach | becoming a better human (behavior, acceptance) | 8 | |
| 9853943670 | social-cultural approach | cultural, family, environment | 9 | |
| 9853943671 | two reasons of why experiments are important | hindsight bias + overconfidence | 10 | |
| 9853943672 | types of research methods | descriptive, correlational, and experimental | 11 | |
| 9853943673 | descriptive methods | case study survey naturalistic observation (DON'T SHOW CAUSE/EFFECT) | 12 | |
| 9853943674 | case study | studies one person in depth may not be typical of population | 13 | |
| 9853943675 | survey | studies lots of people not in depth | 14 | |
| 9853943676 | naturalistic observation | observe + write facts without interference | 15 | |
| 9853943677 | correlational method | shows relation, but not cause/effect scatterplots show research | 16 | |
| 9853943678 | correlation coefficient | + 1.0 (both increase) 0 (no correlation - 1.0 (one increases, other decreases) | 17 | |
| 9853943679 | experimental method | does show cause and effect | 18 | |
| 9853943680 | population | type of people who are going to be used in experiment | 19 | |
| 9853943681 | sample | actual people who will be used (randomness reduces bias) | 20 | |
| 9853943682 | random assignment | chance selection between experimental and control groups | 21 | |
| 9853943683 | control group | not receiving experimental treatment receives placebo | 22 | |
| 9853943684 | experimental group | receiving treatment/drug | 23 | |
| 9853943685 | independent variable | drug/procedure/treatment | 24 | |
| 9853943686 | dependent variable | outcome of using the drug/treatment | 25 | |
| 9853943687 | confounding variable | can affect dependent variable beyond experiment's control | 26 | |
| 9853943688 | scientific method | theory hypothesis operational definition revision | 27 | |
| 9853943689 | theory | general idea being tested | 28 | |
| 9853943690 | hypothesis | measurable/specific | 29 | |
| 9853943691 | operational definition | procedures that explain components | 30 | |
| 9853943692 | mode | appears the most | 31 | |
| 9853943693 | mean | average | 32 | |
| 9853943694 | median | middle | 33 | |
| 9853943695 | range | highest - lowest | 34 | |
| 9853943696 | standard deviation | how scores vary around the mean | 35 | |
| 9853943697 | central tendency | single score that represents the whole | 36 | |
| 9853943698 | bell curve | (natural curve) |  | 37 |
| 9853943699 | ethics of testing on animals | need to be treated humanly basically similar to humans | 38 | |
| 9853943700 | ethics of testing on humans | consent debriefing no unnecessary discomfort/pain confidentiality | 39 | |
| 9853943701 | sensory neurons | travel from sensory receptors to brain | 40 | |
| 9853943702 | motor neurons | travel from brain to "motor" workings | 41 | |
| 9853943703 | interneurons | (in brain and spinal cord) connecting motor and sensory neurons | 42 | |
| 9853943897 | neuron |  | 43 | |
| 9853943704 | dendrites | receive messages from other neurons | 44 | |
| 9853943705 | myelin sheath | protects the axon | 45 | |
| 9853943706 | axon | where charges travel from cell body to axon terminal | 46 | |
| 9853943707 | neurotransmitters | chemical messengers | 47 | |
| 9853943708 | reuptake | extra neurotransmitters are taken back | 48 | |
| 9853943709 | excitatory charge | "Let's do it!" | 49 | |
| 9853943710 | inhibitory charge | "Let's not do it!" | 50 | |
| 9853943711 | central nervous system | brain and spinal cord | 51 | |
| 9853943712 | peripheral nervous system | somatic nervous system autonomic nervous system | 52 | |
| 9853943713 | somatic nervous system | voluntary movements | 53 | |
| 9853943714 | autonomic nervous system | involuntary movements (sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems) | 54 | |
| 9853943715 | sympathetic nervous system | arousing | 55 | |
| 9853943716 | parasympathetic nervous system | calming | 56 | |
| 9853943717 | neural networks | more connections form with greater use others fall away if not used | 57 | |
| 9853943718 | spinal cord | expressway of information bypasses brain when reflexes involved | 58 | |
| 9853943719 | endocrine system | slow uses hormones in the blood system | 59 | |
| 9853943720 | master gland | pituitary gland | 60 | |
| 9853943721 | brainstem | extension of the spinal cord responsible for automatic survival | 61 | |
| 9853943722 | reticular formation (if stimulated) | sleeping subject wakes up | 62 | |
| 9853943723 | reticular formation (if damaged) | coma | 63 | |
| 9853943724 | brainstem (if severed) | still move (without purpose) | 64 | |
| 9853943725 | thalamus | sensory switchboard (does not process smell) | 65 | |
| 9853943726 | hypothalamus | basic behaviors (hunger, thirst, sex, blood chemistry) | 66 | |
| 9853943727 | cerebellum | nonverbal memory, judge time, balance emotions, coordinate movements | 67 | |
| 9853943728 | cerebellum (if damaged) | difficulty walking and coordinating | 68 | |
| 9853943729 | amygdala | aggression, fear, and memory associated with these emotions | 69 | |
| 9853943730 | amygdala (if lesioned) | subject is mellow | 70 | |
| 9853943731 | amygdala (if stimulated) | aggressive | 71 | |
| 9853943732 | hippocampus | process new memory | 72 | |
| 9853943733 | cerebrum | two large hemispheres perceiving, thinking, and processing | 73 | |
| 9853943734 | cerebral cortex | only in higher life forms | 74 | |
| 9853943735 | association areas | integrate and interpret information | 75 | |
| 9853943736 | glial cells | provide nutrients to myelin sheath marks intelligence higher proportion of glial cells to neurons | 76 | |
| 9853943737 | frontal lobe | judgement, personality, processing (Phineas Gage accident) | 77 | |
| 9853943738 | parietal lobe | math and spatial reasoning | 78 | |
| 9853943739 | temporal lobe | audition and recognizing faces | 79 | |
| 9853943740 | occipital lobe | vision | 80 | |
| 9853943741 | corpus callosum | split in the brain to stop hyper-communication (eliminate epileptic seizures) | 81 | |
| 9853943742 | Wernicke's area | interprets auditory and hearing | 82 | |
| 9853943743 | Broca's area | speaking words | 83 | |
| 9853943744 | plasticity | ability to adapt if damaged | 84 | |
| 9853943745 | sensation | what our senses tell us | 85 | |
| 9853943746 | bottom-up processing | senses to brain | 86 | |
| 9853943747 | perception | what our brain tells us to do with that information | 87 | |
| 9853943748 | top-down processing | brain to senses | 88 | |
| 9853943749 | inattentional blindness | fail to "gorilla" because attention is elsewhere | 89 | |
| 9853943750 | cocktail party effect | even with tons of stimuli, we are able to pick out our name, etc. | 90 | |
| 9853943751 | change blindness | giving directions and person is changed and we don't notice | 91 | |
| 9853943752 | choice blindness | when defending the choice we make, we fail to notice choice was changed | 92 | |
| 9853943753 | absolute threshold | minimum stimulation needed in order to notice 50% of the time | 93 | |
| 9853943754 | signal detection theory | we notice what is more important to us (rather hear a baby crying) | 94 | |
| 9853943755 | JND (just noticeable difference) | (Weber's law) difference between different stimuli noticed in proportion | 95 | |
| 9853943756 | sensory adaptation | tired of noticing (Brain says, "Been there, done that. Next?" | 96 | |
| 9853943757 | rods | night time | 97 | |
| 9853943758 | cones | color | 98 | |
| 9853943759 | parallel processing | notice color, form, depth, movement, etc. | 99 | |
| 9853943760 | Young-Helmholtz trichromatic theory | 3 corresponding color receptors (RGB) | 100 | |
| 9853943761 | Hering's opponent-process theory | after image in opposite colors (RG, YB, WB) | 101 | |
| 9853943762 | trichromatic + opponent-process | Young-Helmholtz -> color stimuli Hering -> en route to cortex | 102 | |
| 9853943763 | frequency we hear most | human voice | 103 | |
| 9853943764 | Helmoltz (hearing) | we hear different pitches in different places in basilar membrane (high pitches) | 104 | |
| 9853943765 | frequency theory | impulse frequency (low pitches) | 105 | |
| 9853943766 | Helmholtz + frequency theory | middle pitches | 106 | |
| 9853943767 | Skin feels what? | warmth, cold, pressure, pain | 107 | |
| 9853943768 | gate-control theory | small fibers - pain large fibers - other senses | 108 | |
| 9853943769 | memory of pain | peaks and ends | 109 | |
| 9853943770 | smell | close to memory section (not in thalamus) | 110 | |
| 9853943771 | grouping | Gestalt make sense of pieces create a whole | 111 | |
| 9853943772 | grouping groups | proximity similarity continuity connectedness closure | 112 | |
| 9853943773 | make assumptions of placement | higher - farther smaller - farther blocking - closer, in front | 113 | |
| 9853943774 | perception = | mood + motivation | 114 | |
| 9853943775 | consciousness | awareness of ourselves and the environment | 115 | |
| 9853943776 | circadian rhythm | daily biological clock and regular cycle (sleep and awake) | 116 | |
| 9853943777 | circadian rhythm pattern | - activated by light - light sensitive retinal proteins signal brains SCN (suprachiasmatic nucleus) - pineal gland decreases melatonin | 117 | |
| 9853943778 | What messes with circadian rhythm? | artificial light | 118 | |
| 9853943779 | The whole sleep cycle lasts how long? | 90 minutes | 119 | |
| 9853943780 | sleep stages | relaxed stage (alpha waves) stage 1 (early sleep) (hallucinations) stage 2 (sleep spindles - bursts of activity) (sleep talk) stage 3 (transition phase) (delta waves) stage 4 (delta waves) (sleepwalk/talk + wet the bed) stage 5 (REM) (sensory-rich dreams) (paradoxical sleep) | 120 | |
| 9853943781 | purpose of sleep | 1. recuperation - repair neurons and allow unused neural connections to wither 2. making memories 3. body growth (children sleep more) | 121 | |
| 9853943782 | insomnia | can't sleep | 122 | |
| 9853943783 | narcolepsy | fall asleep anywhere at anytime | 123 | |
| 9853943784 | sleep apnea | stop breathing in sleep | 124 | |
| 9853943785 | night terrors | prevalent in children | 125 | |
| 9853943786 | sleepwalking/sleeptalking | hereditary - prevalent in children | 126 | |
| 9853943787 | dreaming (3) | 1. vivid bizarre intense sensory experiences 2. carry fear/survival issues - vestiges of ancestors' survival ideas 2. replay previous day's experiences/worries | 127 | |
| 9853943788 | purpose of dreaming (5 THEORIES) | 1. physiological function - develop/preserve neural pathways 2. Freud's wish-fulfillment (manifest/latent content) 3. activation synthesis - make sense of stimulation originating in brain 4. information processing 5. cognitive development - reflective of intelligence | 128 | |
| 9853943789 | 1. Can hypnosis bring you back in time? 2. Can hypnosis make you do things you wouldn't normally do? 3. Can it alleviate pain? 4. What state are you in during hypnosis? 5. Who is more susceptible? | 1. cannot take you back in time 2. cannot make you do things you won't do 3. can alleviate pain 4. fully conscious ((IMAGINATIVE PEOPLE MORE SUSCEPTIBLE)) | 129 | |
| 9853943790 | depressants | slows neural pathways | 130 | |
| 9853943791 | alcohol | ((depressant)) disrupts memory formation (REM) lowers inhibition expectancy effect | 131 | |
| 9853943792 | barbituates (tranquilizers) | ((depressant)) reduce anxiety | 132 | |
| 9853943793 | opiates | ((depressant)) pleasure reduce anxiety/pain | 133 | |
| 9853943794 | stimulants | hypes neural processing | 134 | |
| 9853943795 | methamphetamine | ((stimulant)) heightens energy euphoria affects dopamine | 135 | |
| 9853943796 | caffeine | ((stimulant)) | 136 | |
| 9853943797 | nicotine | ((stimulant)) CNS releases neurotransmitters calm anxiety reduce pain affects (nor)epinephrine and dopamine | 137 | |
| 9853943798 | cocaine | ((stimulant)) euphoria affects dopamine, serotonin, and norepinephrine | 138 | |
| 9853943799 | hallucinogen | excites neural activity | 139 | |
| 9853943800 | ecstasy | ((hallucinogen)) reuptake is blocked affects dopamine and serotonin | 140 | |
| 9853943801 | LSD | ((hallucinogen)) affects sensory/emotional "trip" (+/-) affects serotonin | 141 | |
| 9853943802 | marijuana | ((hallucinogen)) amplify sensory experience disrupts memory formation | 142 | |
| 9853943803 | learning | organism changing behavior due to experience (association of events) | 143 | |
| 9853943804 | types of learning | classical operant observational | 144 | |
| 9853943805 | famous classical psychologists | Pavlov and Watson | 145 | |
| 9853943806 | famous operant psychologist | Skinner | 146 | |
| 9853943807 | famous observational psychologists | Bandura | 147 | |
| 9853943808 | classical conditioning | outside stimulus | 148 | |
| 9853943809 | Pavlov's experiment | Step 1: US (food) -> UR (salivation) Step 2: NS (bell) -> US (food) -> UR (salivation) Later... CS (bell) -> CR (salivation) | 149 | |
| 9853943810 | Watson's experiment | white rat was given to Little Albert Step 1: US (noise) -> UR (cry) Step 2: NS (rat) -> US (noise) -> UR (cry) Later... CS (rat) -> CR (cry) | 150 | |
| 9853943811 | generalization | any small, white fluffy creature will make Albert cry now | 151 | |
| 9853943812 | discriminate | any large, white fluffy creature won't make Albert cry | 152 | |
| 9853943813 | extinction | stop "treating" with conditioned response | 153 | |
| 9853943814 | spontaneous recovery | bring stimulus back after a while | 154 | |
| 9853943815 | operant conditioning | control by organism | 155 | |
| 9853943816 | Skinner's experiment | operant chamber / Skinner box (lead to shaping) | 156 | |
| 9853943817 | shaping | get animal closer to doing what you want them to do | 157 | |
| 9853943818 | reinforcers | want to continue behavior (positive reinforcement: give money to do laundry) (negative reinforcement: do to avoid nagging) | 158 | |
| 9853943819 | punishments | want to stop behavior (positive reinforcement: smack) (negative reinforcement: take away phone) | 159 | |
| 9853943820 | fixed ratio | happens a certain number of times (Starbucks punch card) | 160 | |
| 9853943821 | variable ratio | happens an unpredictable number of times (winning the lottery) | 161 | |
| 9853943822 | organism must do these (2 times) | fixed ratio and variable ratio | 162 | |
| 9853943823 | fixed interval | happens at a certain time (mailman comes to the house at 10:00 AM) | 163 | |
| 9853943824 | variable interval | happens at any time (receive texts from friends) | 164 | |
| 9853943825 | these things happen regardless (2 times) | fixed interval and variable interval | 165 | |
| 9853943826 | Which (fixed/variable) conditions better? | variable | 166 | |
| 9853943827 | criticisms of Skinner | doesn't take into account intrinsic motivation | 167 | |
| 9853943828 | intrinsic motivation | doing something for yourself, not the reward | 168 | |
| 9853943829 | extrinsic motivation | doing something for reward | 169 | |
| 9853943830 | Skinner's legacy | use it personally, at school, and at work | 170 | |
| 9853943831 | famous observational experiment | Bandura's Bobo doll | 171 | |
| 9853943832 | famous observational psychologist | Bandura | 172 | |
| 9853943833 | mirror neurons | "feel" what is observed happens in higher order animals | 173 | |
| 9853943834 | Bobo doll experiment legacy | violent video games/movies desensitize us see good: do good see evil: do evil | 174 | |
| 9853943835 | observational learning | biological behaviors work best | 175 | |
| 9853943836 | habituation | get used to it -> stop reacting | 176 | |
| 9853943837 | examples for observational learning | lectures and reading | 177 | |
| 9853943838 | serotonin involved with memory | speeds the connection between neurons | 178 | |
| 9853943839 | LTP | ((long-term potentiation)) strengthens potential neural forming (associated with speed) | 179 | |
| 9853943840 | CREB | protein that can switch genes on/off with memory and connection of memories | 180 | |
| 9853943841 | glutamate involved with memory | neurotransmitter that enhances LTP | 181 | |
| 9853943842 | glucose involved with memory | released during strong emotions ((signaling important event to be remembered)) | 182 | |
| 9853943843 | flashbulb memory | type of memory remembered because it was an important/quick moment | 183 | |
| 9853943844 | amygdala (memory) | boosts activity of proteins in memory-forming areas to fight/flight | 184 | |
| 9853943845 | cerebellum (memory) | forms and stores implicit memories ((classical conditioning)) | 185 | |
| 9853943846 | hippocampus (memory) | active during sleep (forming memories) ((information "moves" after 48 hours)) | 186 | |
| 9853943847 | memory | learning over time contains information that can be retrieved | 187 | |
| 9853943848 | processing stages | encoding -> storage -> retrieval | 188 | |
| 9853943849 | encoding | information going in | 189 | |
| 9853943850 | storage | keeping information in | 190 | |
| 9853943851 | retrieval | taking information out | 191 | |
| 9853943852 | How long is sensory memory stored? | seconds | 192 | |
| 9853943853 | How long is short-term memory stored? | less than a minute | 193 | |
| 9853943854 | How many bits of information is stored in short-term memory? | 7 | 194 | |
| 9853943855 | How many chunks of information is stored in short-term memory? | 4 | 195 | |
| 9853943856 | How many seconds of words is stored in short-term memory? | 2 | 196 | |
| 9853943857 | short term memory goes to ______________ | working memory | 197 | |
| 9853943858 | working memory | make a connection and process information to mean something | 198 | |
| 9853943859 | working memory goes to _________________ | long-term memory | 199 | |
| 9853943860 | How much is stored in long-term memory? | LIMITLESS | 200 | |
| 9853943861 | implicit memory | naturally do | 201 | |
| 9853943862 | explicit memory | need to explain | 202 | |
| 9853943863 | automatic processing | space, time, frequency, well-learned information | 203 | |
| 9853943864 | effortful processing | processing that requires effort | 204 | |
| 9853943865 | spacing effect | spread out learning over time | 205 | |
| 9853943866 | serial position effect | primary/recency effect | 206 | |
| 9853943867 | primary effect | remember the first things in a list | 207 | |
| 9853943868 | recency effect | remember the last things in a list | 208 | |
| 9853943869 | effortful processing (4 things) | 1. recency effect 2. spacing effect 3. testing effect 4. serial position effect | 209 | |
| 9853943870 | semantic encoding (1) meaning (2) how to | make meaning out of something --- chunk, hierarchy, or connect to you | 210 | |
| 9853943871 | if we can't remember a memory... | 1. change memory to suit us 2. fill in the blanks with logical story | 211 | |
| 9853943872 | misinformation effect | not correct information | 212 | |
| 9853943873 | imagination inflation | imagine or visualize something that isn't real | 213 | |
| 9853943874 | source amnesia | what is the truth? (is it a dream, story, memory, etc.?) | 214 | |
| 9853943875 | priming | association (setting you up) | 215 | |
| 9853943876 | context | environment helps with memory | 216 | |
| 9853943877 | state-dependency | you may remember something if you go back to the state you were in (go back to high) | 217 | |
| 9853943878 | mood-congruency | emotion will bring back similar emotional memories | 218 | |
| 9853943879 | forgetting curve | forget after 5 days forget after 5 years | 219 | |
| 9853943880 | the forgetting curve was created by | Ebbinghaus | 220 | |
| 9853943881 | proactive interference | old information interferes with the new | 221 | |
| 9853943882 | retroactive interference | new information interferes with the old | 222 | |
| 9853943883 | children can't remember before age __ | 3 | 223 | |
| 9853943884 | Loftus | connected to abuse cases/childhood | 224 | |
| 9853943885 | prototypes | generalize | 225 | |
| 9853943886 | problem-solving (4) | trial + error algorithms heuristic (representative + availability) insight - "AHA!" | 226 | |
| 9853943887 | against problem-solving | fixation | 227 | |
| 9853943888 | mental set | what has worked in the past | 228 | |
| 9853943889 | functional fixedness | only way to do this is with this | 229 | |
| 9853943890 | Chomsky (nature or nurture?) | "born with language" (nature) | 230 | |
| 9853943891 | Skinner (nature or nurture?) | language is learned (nurture) | 231 | |
| 9853943892 | grammar is _________ | universal | 232 | |
| 9853943893 | phonemes | smallest sound unit | 233 | |
| 9853943894 | morphemes | smallest meaning unit | 234 |
Flashcards
AP Terms Flashcards
Terms : Hide Images
| 8575982932 | rhetorical question | a question asked solely to produce an effect and not elicit a reply | 0 | |
| 8575982933 | refutation | when a writer delivers relevant opposing arguments | 1 | |
| 8575982934 | allegory | a narrative in which character, action, and setting represent abstracts concepts apart from the literal meaning of a story- the underlying meaning usually has a moral, social, religious, or political significance | 2 | |
| 8576018792 | metonymy | the substitution of a term naming an object closely associated with the word in mind for the word itself | 3 | |
| 8576031022 | qualifier | a statement that indicates the force of the argument | 4 | |
| 8576033072 | declarative sentence | makes a statement (sentence type) | 5 | |
| 8576040532 | interrogative sentence | asks a question (sentence type) | 6 | |
| 8576047543 | imperative sentence | gives a command (sentence type) | 7 | |
| 8576052270 | exclamatory sentence | makes and interjection (sentence type) | 8 | |
| 8576054512 | thesis | the central claim and overall purpose of a work | 9 | |
| 8576057156 | bias | a predisposition or subjection opinion | 10 | |
| 8576059715 | anecdote | a short account of an interesting or humorous incident, intended to illustrate or support a point | 11 | |
| 8576068263 | analogy | a comparison to a directly parallel case, the process of drawing a comparison between two things based on partial simulator of like features | 12 | |
| 8576110993 | idiom | an expression that means something other than the literal meanings of its individual words | 13 | |
| 8576113954 | tone | the voice and attitude the writer has chosen to project | 14 | |
| 8576116112 | mood | the overall atmosphere of a work, how the atmosphere makes a reader feel | 15 | |
| 8576122300 | antithesis | a contrast in language to bring out a contrast in ideas | 16 | |
| 8576125833 | allusion | a brief reference to a person, event, or place- real or fictitious- or to a work of art | 17 | |
| 8576133212 | juxtaposition | placing two ideas side by side or close together | 18 | |
| 8576140689 | anticipation audience response | the rhetorical technique of anticipating counterarguments and offering a refutationthe rhetorical technique of anticipating counterarguments and offering a refutation | 19 | |
| 8576142481 | euphemism | substitutions of an unoffensive, indirect, or agreeable expression for a word perceived as socially unacceptable or harsh | 20 | |
| 8576158370 | paradox | a phrase of statement that while seeming contradictory or absurd may actually be well founded or true. Used to attract attention or to secure emphasis | 21 | |
| 8576171384 | cliche | a timework expression that through overuse has lost its power to evoke concrete images | 22 | |
| 8576173661 | irony | the discrepancy between appearance and reality: verbal, situational, dramatic, and Socratic | 23 | |
| 8576182970 | oxymoron | a self contradictory combination of words | 24 | |
| 8578361277 | logos | appealing to logical reasoning and sound evidence | 25 | |
| 8578363623 | ethos | appealing to the audiences shared values | 26 | |
| 8578366856 | pathos | evoking and manipulating emotions | 27 | |
| 8578368898 | aphorism | a concise or tersely phrased statement in principal, truth, or opinion. Often found in fields like law, politics, and art | 28 | |
| 8578374083 | deductive reasoning | method of reasoning that moves from a general premise to a specific conclusion | 29 | |
| 8578377380 | inductive reasoning | method of reasoning that moves from specific evidence to a general conclusion based on this evidence | 30 | |
| 8578393627 | diction | choice of words in a work and an important element of style | 31 | |
| 8578395820 | abstract language | language describing ideas and qualities | 32 | |
| 8578398274 | concrete language | language describing observable, specific things | 33 | |
| 8578401431 | colloquialism | words characteristic to familiar conversation | 34 | |
| 8578406748 | denotation | specific, exact meaning of a word as defined | 35 | |
| 8578408936 | connotation | the emotional implications that a word may carry | 36 | |
| 8578410672 | polysyndeton | repetition of conjunctions in close succession | 37 | |
| 8578416811 | synecdoche | part is used for a whole of the whole for a part | 38 | |
| 8578425012 | satire | genre of writing used to critique or ridicule through humor or sarcasm | 39 | |
| 8578428710 | syntax | how a sentence is constucted | 40 | |
| 8578430175 | simple sentence | a complete sentence that is neither compound , nor complex (1 subject, 1 predicate) | 41 | |
| 8578434574 | compound sentence | a sentence that contains 2 independent clauses joined by a coordinating conjunction | 42 | |
| 8578440904 | complex sentence | an independent clause joined by one or more dependent clauses | 43 | |
| 8578453868 | antecedent | the word to which a pronoun refers | 44 | |
| 8578455651 | parallelism | when the arrangement of parts of a sentence is similarly phrased or constructed | 45 | |
| 8578459856 | loose sentence | when a sentence is grammatical complete before its end | 46 | |
| 8578464047 | periodic sentence | when a sentence is NOT grammatically complete before its end | 47 | |
| 8578467749 | anaphora | the same expression is repeated at the beginning of 2 of more consecutive lines | 48 | |
| 8578473108 | chiasmus | second half of an expression is balanced against the first, but with the parts reversed | 49 |
Flashcards
AP verbos -ue Flashcards
Terms : Hide Images
| 4898011808 | contar | to count, to tell |  | 0 |
| 4898012908 | volver | to return |  | 1 |
| 4898013642 | devolver | to return (something) |  | 2 |
| 4898014293 | dormir | to sleep |  | 3 |
| 4898015206 | dormirse | to fall asleep |  | 4 |
| 4898015958 | acordarse | to remember |  | 5 |
| 4898016486 | recordar | to remember |  | 6 |
| 4898017177 | acostarse | to go to bed |  | 7 |
| 4898020504 | encontrar | to find |  | 8 |
| 4898021079 | mostrar | to show |  | 9 |
| 4898021854 | probar | to try (food), to try on |  | 10 |
| 4898024278 | soler | to usually |  | 11 |
| 4898025113 | morder | to bite |  | 12 |
| 4898025610 | poder | to be able to |  | 13 |
| 4898026210 | morir | to die |  | 14 |
| 4898027081 | jugar | to play (a game, sport) |  | 15 |
AP WH Semester Exam Flashcards
Terms : Hide Images
| 8475737304 | SPICE | Social Structure Political Interactions Between Humans and the Environment Culture Economy | 0 | |
| 8471849992 | Unique Characteristics of African Urbanization | There was no centralized government | 1 | |
| 8471691063 | Five Regions of the World | Asia Europe Africa Oceania The Americas | 2 | |
| 8471691834 | Accomplishments of the Paleolithic Age | Developed language and fire Created rudimentary tools Tamed dog | 3 | |
| 8471691835 | Significance of the Neolithic Revolution | Agricultural Revolution- People began settling together and farming Domestication of animals Technology improved immensely Surplus of food | 4 | |
| 8471692510 | Location of 1st Agricultural Villages | The Fertile Crescent | 5 | |
| 8471695511 | The One Exception to Agricultural Villages | The Jomun People of Japan Animals were so abundant they could build a permanent residence solely off the animals | 6 | |
| 8471729044 | Characteristics of Civilization | City states for trade Specialized Workers Centralized Governments Writing System Advanced Technology | 7 | |
| 8471697358 | Locations Where Civilizations First Appeared | Mesopotamia Egypt Indus Valley China Mesoamerica South America Niger River Valley | 8 | |
| 8471698325 | River Valley Civilizations | Mesopotamia- Tigris and the Euphrates River Egypt- The Nile River India- The Indus River China- The Yellow River/Huang He Western Africa- The Niger River | 9 | |
| 8471699659 | Sumerian Government | Ruled under one king or priest. Social hierarchy: People who ruled People who made money People who worked for the people who made money | 10 | |
| 8471699660 | Sumerian Religion | Polytheistic Built massive ziggurats Believed in an afterlife | 11 | |
| 8471699661 | Sumerian Culture | The Gods played a large part in life Patriarchy Rules favored nobles | 12 | |
| 8471699662 | Sumerian Trade | Traded with other city-states Had direct routes for trade | 13 | |
| 8471700450 | Epic of Gilgamesh | The first piece of literature ever created Detailed the daily lives of Sumerians Taught that suffering is innate in life | 14 | |
| 8471700451 | Code of Hammurabi | The first documented set of laws Showed that gender played a role in leniency Nobles were favored in these laws The idea of an eye-for-an-eye | 15 | |
| 8471700452 | Sargon | The first man to create and rule an empire Created the Empire of Akkad | 16 | |
| 8471700453 | Akkadians | First empire to ever be created, located in Sumer Built by Sargon of Akkad | 17 | |
| 8471700454 | Babylonians | Overtook the Sumerians, called the Amorites They established a capital called Babylon Enslaved the Israelites living in Canaan | 18 | |
| 8471701233 | Hammurabi | One of the rulers of the Babylonians Created the "Code of Hammurabi"- A series of laws, serving as a constitution | 19 | |
| 8471751575 | Hittites | Brought iron Made two wheeled chariots Capital was built in Turkey | 20 | |
| 8471701234 | Assyrians | Conquered Syria, Babylon, and Egypt Ruled through dominance Excelled at warfare, using chariots, cavalry, battering rams, and iron weapons Built a capital of Nineveh -contained 148 ft wide, and 70 ft high walls The king Ashurbanipal founded a library which contained the Epic of Gilgamesh | 21 | |
| 8471701235 | Chaldeans | Nebuchadnezzar overthrew the Assyrians Rebuilt the city of Babylon Created an elaborate palace, known as the Hanging Gardens of Babylon Skilled astronomers who could accurately predict lunar and solar events Fell to the Persians 30 years after Nebuchadnezzar's death | 22 | |
| 8471701236 | Phonecians | 1100 B.C.E A union of city states, each with separate rulers They were shipbuilders and traders Established colonies as far as Britain and Africa Did not believe in an afterlife Sacrificed children Made the alphabet Conquered by the Assyrians | 23 | |
| 8471761770 | Order of Pre-Classical Empires | Akkadians (2350-2000 B.C.E) Babylonians (2000-1750 B.C.E) Hittites (1590-710 B.C.E) & Phoenicians (1100 B.C.E) Assyrians (900-650 B.C.E) Chaldeans (605-562 B.C.E) | 24 | |
| 8471709825 | Egyptian Government | A monarchy lead by a pharaoh The pharaoh was a deified being Priests served as the pharaoh's adviser | 25 | |
| 8471709826 | Menes | Founder of the first Egyptian dynasty, uniting Egypt into the Lower and Upper Egypt. | 26 | |
| 8471709827 | Snefru | Built modern day pyramid shaped pyramids Three attempts at building pyramids: 1st was built in Meydu but abandoned due to crumbling of foundation. 2nd was the Bent Pyramid, it was bent at an angle midway through. 3rd was built perfectly, named the Red or North Pyramid | 27 | |
| 8471709828 | Djoser | Live around 2667 B.C.E (Old Kingdom) Built first, most famous step pyramid Deified the pharaohs First to deify pharaohs Used stones instead of mud brick for buildings Used slaves Created two massive underground complex for his tomb, one for his body and the other for his organs- built in Saqqara Expanded the borders of Egypt, creating Egypt's southern border | 28 | |
| 8471709829 | Sesostris III | Lived during Egypt's middle age Invaded Nubia and other territories Built massive super forts to defend his people Amassed massive amounts of gold from Nubia, creating funding for his forts Expanded Egypt further south | 29 | |
| 8471710280 | Hatshepsut | 1st female ruler of Egypt Lived in New Kingdom | 30 | |
| 8471710281 | Amenhotep | The monotheistic sun god of Egypt | 31 | |
| 8471710282 | Akhenaten | 1380-1362 B.C.E Tried to change the Egypt from polytheistic to monotheistic Created one god, the sun god Built the capital of Akhetaten | 32 | |
| 8471710283 | Akhetaten | The capital of the King Akhenaten | 33 | |
| 8471711094 | Tutankhamen | The son of Amenhotep Was not politically strong enough to keep the ideal of monotheism in Egypt His tomb was discovered unraided Carried elaborate gold Had a very immense and decorated sarcophagus | 34 | |
| 8471711095 | Seti I | A pharaoh in the New Kingdom Had an elaborate tomb within the Valley of the Kings | 35 | |
| 8471711096 | Egyptian Religion | Highly religious Built elaborate temples and tombs Had a strong belief in the afterlife Ra the sun god was the main god | 36 | |
| 8471711097 | Egyptian Burial Practices | Buried with servants Took their most valuable items Created elaborate pyramids/tombs Mummified bodies | 37 | |
| 8471711098 | Egyptian Culture | Highly impacted on the Gods The Nile was the source of life in Egypt | 38 | |
| 8471711923 | Egyptian Trade | Used trade caravans to trade with people across the desert | 39 | |
| 8471714849 | Advantages of the Nile | Annual flooding provided fresh soil yearly, allowing for extremely fertile fields Became a source of transportation up and down Egypt A massive source of water, the source of life | 40 | |
| 8471714850 | Hieroglyphics | Pictograms that were the Egyptian's way of writing | 41 | |
| 8471800490 | Major Urban Centers of Indus Valley | Harappa Mohenjo-Daro | 42 | |
| 8471802004 | Unique Characteristics of Indus Valley Cities | Massive architectural projects- implies strong central government Unique city layouts- Perfect grid pattern streets No religious centers | 43 | |
| 8471802005 | Indus Valley Trade Items | Cotton Jade Metal Pottery Kids toys & dice Dyes Beads | 44 | |
| 8471803990 | Significance of Religion in Indus Valley | Religion in Indus Valley was suggested to be of little importance There are no major religious shrines/centers within teh cities | 45 | |
| 8471805891 | Lack of Knowledge in Indus Valley | There are not many written texts Language not fully deciphered Only recently discovered | 46 | |
| 8471806829 | Group that Replaced the Indus Valley Peoples | The Aryan People | 47 | |
| 8471807585 | First Three Chinese Dynasties | Xia Dynasty Shang Dynasty Zhou Dynasty | 48 | |
| 8471808241 | Religion and Culture in Early Chinese Civilizations | First cities were used as religious centers Religion was infused with the culture | 49 | |
| 8471818336 | Accomplishments of the Shang Dynasty | 1766-1122 B.C.E Cities were administrative and religious centers The King ruled from the capital cities with representatives serving him in regional centers Workers created irrigation/flood control projects Produced bronze and horse-drawn chariots Included animal and human sacrifices Sharp class distinctions emerged- jobs were inherited Used oracle bones | 50 | |
| 8471819418 | Accomplishments of the Zhou Dynasty | 1122-256 B.C.E Created many literary works: Book of Documents Mandate form Heaven Book of Songs Introduced calvary and crossbows into warfare Built roads, canals Coined money Produced iron from blast furnaces Confucius lived during this era | 51 | |
| 8471819419 | Book of Documents | A book detailing the conquests of the Shang | 52 | |
| 8471819420 | Mandate from Heaven | The belief that the authority of the emperor came form the Gods This rule is enforced through the ruler being morally good (just and wise) Famine or plague signaled the breaking of the mandate | 53 | |
| 8471821403 | Similarities Between Mesoamerican Urbanization and China | Began as religious centers Developed into city-states with trade and politics Created great empires Massive cities that were culture metropolises Had priests/shamans that were linked to the spiritual world | 54 | |
| 8471821404 | Olmec | The predecessor civilization to the Mayans Built raised platforms, settlements, and shrines Created artwork through the representations of animals and mythological creatures Developed rudimentary hieroglyphics Produced pottery, ritual objects, mirrors, and ceramics | 55 | |
| 8471821406 | Tikal | The capital of the Mayans A massive religious center Holds five temple pyramids- One is the Temple of the Giant Jaguar, while the largest is temple 4 It's authority covered 1,000 square miles, containing 360,000 people | 56 | |
| 8471821407 | Chitzen Itza | Another Mayan city that was a large center of culture upon the region Built many cultural monuments | 57 | |
| 8471822091 | Popol Vuh | Known as the "Book of People" Entails a creation story similar to Adam and Eve- Original Sin | 58 | |
| 8471822092 | Maya Code | The only complete and complex writing system developed in all of the Americas | 59 | |
| 8471822093 | Mayan Government | Typically lead by a monarchal king The king was deified similar to that of a Pharaoh | 60 | |
| 8471822094 | Mayan Technology | Typically lead by a monarchal king. The king was deified similar to that of a Pharaoh | 61 | |
| 8471822897 | Mayan Monuments | They built many stepped pyramids Built large statues of chieftain heads | 62 | |
| 8471822898 | Teotihuacan | Located in the valley of Mexico, near Lake Texcoco Accommodated almost 100,000 inhabitants Became a center for religion, trade, and politics Contained the Pyramid of the Sun & Moon with the Avenue of the Dead Laid out in a geometric grid Believed to house the cave of the origin of the universe | 63 | |
| 8471822899 | Tenochitlan | One of the largest cities of the ancient world. Held about 100,000 people in 8 sq.miles Contained the Temple of the Sun, the Temple of the Moon, and the Avenue of the Dead. It was a megacity, and certainly the most power by far in its era | 64 | |
| 8471823823 | Chinampas | A raised platform on swamp made of dirt and surrounded by wooden support pillars They used these platforms to cultivate and farm food. | 65 | |
| 8471823824 | Hernan Cortez | The leader of the conquistadors Destroyed the Aztec civilization | 66 | |
| 8471823825 | Montezuma | The last king of the Aztecs Overthrown by neighboring tribes and the conquistadors | 67 | |
| 8471823826 | Aztec Religion | If no human sacrifices occurred, an apocalypse would happen They believed that owed a blood debt to the Gods | 68 | |
| 8471824607 | Aztec Human Sacrifice | Daily sacrifices were conducted to appease the blood debt the Aztec owed | 69 | |
| 8471824608 | Aztec Trade | Traded inter-regionally, typically with surrounding city states | 70 | |
| 8471825538 | Aztec Government | Ruled by a deified king Had priests as an advisor | 71 | |
| 8471846306 | Chavin | The predecessor civilization to the Incas Built a massive religious center in the Andes | 72 | |
| 8471846308 | Strong Central Government in the Incas | They had large and intricate buildings, roads, and causeways. This connotes much organization on a grand scale | 73 | |
| 8471846312 | Quipu | A numerical system used by tied knots | 74 | |
| 8471846858 | Incan Religion | Built religious shrines and temples | 75 | |
| 8471848112 | Incan Trade | Fish Seaweed Salt Cotton | 76 | |
| 8471848113 | Incan Government | Ruled by a king Had much influence over the Incan People | 77 | |
| 8471848114 | Mit'a System | Forced labor that all Incan citizens had to undergo | 78 | |
| 8471848115 | Niger River Valley | Home to the JenneJeno people Gave them rich soil and fertile lands | 79 | |
| 8471849116 | Jenne-Jeno | One of the larger groups of settlers, they live in the Niger River Valley They had a population of 20,000-50,000 people. They traded rice fish, and beef for iron and salt. They had unique family organisations, where the patriarch would live in a central hut: His wives would then live around the patriarch in smaller huts Used 3 feet urns and stuffed the bodies in a fetal position They then buried the urns under houses One of the only people to build permanent residents in Africa | 80 | |
| 8471849117 | Timbuktu | Another large, early city of Africa Contained a massive amount of gold | 81 | |
| 8471849993 | Bantu Migrations | A massive movement of people starting in Western/Central Africa and heading into East and Southeast Africa Spread their culture, language, and skill all across Africa They did not build homes along the way, so they were considered nomadic | 82 | |
| 8471867267 | Cyrus the Great | Founded the Persian Empire in Ancient Iran Military genius Ruled under hegemony His army did not loot and burn Honored local customs and religions Accepted all religions Did not enslave conquered people Prayed at local temples Built great architectural/engineering projects | 83 | |
| 8471867268 | Darius | Extended the empire to its fullest extent Led his armies into India Divided the empire into 20 provinces called satrapies Religious tolerance Appointed a satrap to each satrapy Built the capital of Persepolis Built the Royal Road Standardized one form of currency | 84 | |
| 8471867269 | Xerxes | Led a massive army of 300,000 to Thermopylae Defeated the Greeks at the Battle of Thermopylae Ransacked Athens Deified as god like | 85 | |
| 8471867270 | Royal Road | A system of road networks, spanning 1700 miles long | 86 | |
| 8471867271 | Hegemony | A form of governance where the ruler advocates peace | 87 | |
| 8471867282 | Persepolis | The capital of the Persian Empire | 88 | |
| 8471867823 | Extent of the Persian Empire | Spanned from Egypt to Western India | 89 | |
| 8471867824 | Social Hierarchy | Athens: Citizens Metics- Noncitizens Slaves- 1/3 of the population Sparta: Citizens- Land was divided equally among them Non citizens- free, paid taxes, served in the army, however had no political power Helots- Regarded even lower then slaves | 90 | |
| 8471867825 | Forms of Greek Government | Sparta: Assembly- Elected male officials that voted on major issues- all were citizens Council of Elders- 30 older citizens that proposed laws 2 Kings 5 elected officials- carried out the laws, controlled education, and prosecuted court cases Athens Evolved overtime: Began as Monarchy Transitioned into an Aristocracy- ruled by Archons Rule by a single Tyrant (Tyranny) Direct Democracy | 91 | |
| 8471868519 | Impact of Greek Geography | Evolved overtime: Began as Monarchy Transitioned into an Aristocracy- ruled by Archons Rule by a single Tyrant (Tyranny) Direct Democracy | 92 | |
| 8471868520 | Greek Religious Practices | Zeus- King of Gods, God of Sky Hera- Wife of Zeus, Goddess of women/marriage Apollo- Son of Zeus, God of light/healing/music Poseidon- Brother of Zeus, God of Sea Athena- Daughter of Zeus, Goddess of wisdom/womanly virtue Aphrodite- Daughter of Zeus, Goddess of love/beauty Dionysus- Son of Zeus, God of fertility and wine | 93 | |
| 8471870435 | Cultural Differences Between Sparta & Athens | Athens was much more democratic Sparta had a republic Spartan education was much more rigid and warlike Athens had much more freedom | 94 | |
| 8471870987 | Persian Wars | The Battle of Marathon The Battle of Thermopylae The Battle of the Salamis Strait The Battle of Plataea | 95 | |
| 8471870988 | Battle of Marathon | Took place on the plains of Marathon Darius sent a Persian army to Greece (30,000 men) The Greeks used a valley to create a bottleneck trap, where the Persians were surrounded on all sides It was defeated by the Greek army (8,000 men), 26 miles NE of Athens They sent a messenger named Pheidippides to Athens | 96 | |
| 8471905386 | Battle of Thermopylae | King Xerxes brought an army of 300,000 to northern Greece To cross into southern Greece, the Persians had to enter a narrow mountain pass of Thermopylae Here, King Leonidas of Sparta fought the Persians with 300 spartans and 7,000 Greeks This pass limited the amount of Persian fighters on the battlefield, making it an even fight for the Greeks King Xerxes was notified of a back entryway to the pass, told by a Greek traitor The Phocians were meant to guard this back entryway, but retreated Leonidas held the pass for 3 days, but was defeated | 97 | |
| 8471870989 | Impact of the Persian Wars | After the Persian Wars, the Athenians still feared assault by the Persians In response to this, Athens united 140 city-states together to form the Delian League The island of Delos was used to hold the league's funds When Xerxes died in 465, the invasion ended, but the League continued This Delian League made Athens an empire (450 B.C.E) Sparta viewed this growing power as hostile | 98 | |
| 8471871545 | Greek Golden Age | Many literary works were created Philosophers, mathematicians, and astrologers studied the sciences A huge increase in creativity | 99 | |
| 8471871546 | Pericles | The leader of Athens Led Athens throughout its golden age Used money from the Delian League to build the strongest Navy in the Mediterranean Also spent money to beautify Athens, funding its golden age Leader of Athens during the beginning of the Peloponnesian War | 100 | |
| 8471871547 | Socrates | Philosopher and teacher Famous motto- "Know thyself" Invented the socratic method of teaching- Using questions to insight deeper meaning Believed that you should live your life fully until death Accused of corrupting the youth of Athens Sentenced to death | 101 | |
| 8471871548 | Plato | Student of Socrates Founded the Academy Wrote the Republic Philosophy included: love, justice, courage, and nature of state Saw love through passion, creating universal motifs Believed political figures should be philosophers | 102 | |
| 8471871549 | Aristotle | Student of Plato Teacher of Alexander the Great Believed that logic is the basis for all study Also thought that you need knowledge and ethics to rule Opened a school rivaling the Academy, the Lyceum Wrote 3 Books: Ethics, Poetics, Politics | 103 | |
| 8471872151 | Peloponnesian Wars | A war between Sparta and Athens Sparta declared war on Athens, invading it with a stronger army They cut off trade routes and food supplies going into Athens The Athenians still had access to the sea Within the second year, a plague struck Athens 1/3 of the Athenian population died, including Pericles The Athenians struck back at a Spartan colony in Sicily but were defeated (413 B.C.E) After 9 years, the Athenians surrender (404 B.C.E) | 104 | |
| 8471872152 | Effect of the Peloponnesian Wars | The Peloponnesian Wars greatly weakened Greece, allowing for its conquering | 105 | |
| 8471873023 | Phillip II | King of the Macedonians Conquered Greece Built a strong, locally appointed government Allied himself with other city states Was assassinated (336 B.C.E) | 106 | |
| 8471873024 | Conquest of the Persian Empire | Defeated Persia (331 B.C.E): Conquered Asia Minor Syria Egypt | 107 | |
| 8471873025 | Hellenism | The spread of Greek culture, language, religion, and architecture Chapter 6 | 108 | |
| 8471874160 | Roman Republic | 509-27 B.C.E | 109 | |
| 8471874161 | Imperial Rome | 27 B.C.E-476 A.D | 110 | |
| 8471874162 | Tiber River | The location of Rome | 111 | |
| 8471874667 | Romulus & Remus | The founding brothers of Rome The sons of Ares Nurtured by a shewolf near the Tiber river, and together founded Rome | 112 | |
| 8471875902 | Roman Republic Government Structure | Senate- 300 members of Patricians Popular Assembly- Consisted of Plebeians that voted upon laws Consuls- 2 Chief Executives that commanded the army, directed the government, and were elected for one year terms Praetors- 8 judges chosen for one year by the Assembly | 113 | |
| 8471875903 | Roman Social Hierarchy | Patricians: An aristocratic class consisting of wealthy land owners and controlled the government, inheriting power Plebeians: All other citizens- common farmhands, artisans, & merchants | 114 | |
| 8471875904 | Struggle of the Orders | The civil rights movements advocating more equal rights for plebeians | 115 | |
| 8471876653 | 12 Tables | Similar to the Constitution, Rome had to write down its laws and public display them Located in the Forum | 116 | |
| 8471876654 | Result of the Punic Wars | Annexed Sicily and Sardinia Rome assisted Masinisa, destroying Carthage completely Salt was poured over the lands in Carthage, forever destroying its agriculture | 117 | |
| 8471877654 | Hannibal | Revered as one of the world's greatest generals Defeating Rome at Saguntum, Hannibal continued forward, conquering through Gaul and Italy To enter Italy, Hannibal and his war elephants crossed the Alps This cost the lives of many men Hannibal was defeated by Scipio Africanus at the Battle of Zama | 118 | |
| 8471877655 | Carthage | A superpower located on North Africa Constantly in hostility with Rome | 119 | |
| 8471877656 | Battle of Zama | The final battle of the Second Punic War Located near Carthage | 120 | |
| 8471877657 | Scipio Africanus | Leader of the Roman military Led his forces to Carthage, and defeated Hannibal at the Battle of Zama Gained the title "Africanus" from this victory | 121 | |
| 8471878403 | Via Apia | The main imperial road highway connecting Rome | 122 | |
| 8471878404 | First Triumverate | A political alliance between Julius Caesar, Gaius Pompey, Licinius Crassus Lasted 10 years | 123 | |
| 8471878405 | Crossing of the Rubicon | Marching back to Rome, Julius made the decision to take power for himself | 124 | |
| 8471878916 | Cleopatra | Ruler of Egypt Marc Antony's lover Last pharaoh of Egypt | 125 | |
| 8471878917 | Caesar's Assassination | March 15th, 44 B.C. Was assassinated on the floor of the Senate Assisted by his friend Marcus Brutus | 126 | |
| 8471879350 | Roman Civil War | Octavian persuaded the Senate to declare war on Antony and Cleopatra Battle of Actium | 127 | |
| 8471879351 | 2nd Triumverate | A political alliance between Octavian Caesar, Marc Antony, and Lepidus | 128 | |
| 8471879352 | Augustus Caesar | Heir to Julius Caesar, his grandnephew Persuaded the Senate to declare war on Antony and Cleopatra Changed his name to Augustus Caesar (27 B.C.E) The 1st Roman Emperor Stabilized the frontier Set up civil services for the plebeian class Led Rome though the Pax Romana | 129 | |
| 8471879360 | Roman Gods | Similar to Greece: Mercury- God of messengers, travel, and/or commerce. Venus- Goddess of romance and lust Earth- Gaia, Mother of all life Mars- God of War Jupiter- Leader of the Olympian Gods, God of Sky Saturn- God of Agriculture Uranus- Incarnation of the Sky Neptune- God of the Sea Pluto- God of the Underworld and Death | 130 | |
| 8471879959 | Pax Romana | An era of peace and economic prosperity 60-80 million people lived in the empire during this time 1 million of them being in Rome Major building projects were conducted | 131 | |
| 8471879960 | Claudius | Created 2 aqueducts leading into Rome Fueled running water into each house Conquered Britannia Died from poisoning from his wife | 132 | |
| 8471879961 | Vespasian | Ransacked Jerusalem, enslaving its people and stealing its reaches With this new man power and money, he built the Colosseum | 133 | |
| 8471880432 | Hadrian | Constructed Hadrian's Wall in Britannia | 134 | |
| 8471880433 | Constantine | Issued the Edict of Milan: Before battle, Constantine saw the Chi Rho He painted the cross over the shield of his soldiers Constantine later won this battle, accrediting the victory to God Reunited the empire together: Moved the capital to Byzantium Renamed Byzantium to Constantinople | 135 | |
| 8471880434 | Edict of Milan | A proclamation stating that Christianity is an approved religion of Rome This stopped the persecution of Rome | 136 | |
| 8471880903 | Diocletian | Split the Roman Empire into the Latin speaking West and the Greek speaking East. | 137 | |
| 8471881600 | The Great Schism | End of the Pax Romana Reaching the limits of expansion, no new sources of income were coming in Economic collapse: Increased taxes Inflation Food shortages Diseases and a declining population were growing Because of this, Emperor Diocletian split Rome into two After the death of Theodosius, the empire split once more The East became the Byzantine Empire The East, still a strong cultural influence of both Greek and Roman culture, lasted much longer | 138 | |
| 8471881601 | Reasons for the Fall of the Roman Empire | Fell to outside barbarians Weakened economy: Cost of maintaining the military was too high No new income Higher taxes Inflation Reduced agricultural production Chaotic Government: Bad emperors, dozens assassinated Losing battles on the frontier of Rome The assimilation of Germans into the Roman army Social: Plague, smallpox, & measles The idea of Christianity became more important than the imperial idea of Rome | 139 | |
| 8471881992 | Qin Shi Huang Di | First emperor of China Yin Zheng took power at the age of 13, and escaped an assassination attempt made by his own mother. Unifying all of China, he built great projects like the Great Wall and his burial tomb. | 140 | |
| 8471881993 | Great Wall of China | First constructed under the supervision of Emperor Qin Made to keep out Xiong nu Used slave work to build wall Conditions were horrible, and 1/4 of the people died due to famine and disease. Dead workers were buried under the wall. 1,500 miles long Watchtowers spanned every 700 feet. Wall was so wide that wagons and troops could ride across it. | 141 | |
| 8471881998 | Emperor Qin's Tomb | Built under a pyramid shaped mountain larger than the Pyramid of Giza Fortified with traps- still unopened Surrounded with an army of terracotta statues: 700 figures- all were life size and unique Also created terracotta horses and chariots | 142 | |
| 8471882736 | Liu Bang | Founder and first emperor of the Han Dynasty | 143 | |
| 8471882737 | Wang Mang | Emperor who interrupted the Han Dynasty Created land law reforms, further worsening the economy Was assassinated due to being a pretty crappy leader | 144 | |
| 8471882738 | Chinese Government | From most important to least: Emperor/King (Divine authority) Advisors, Scholars Commanders | 145 | |
| 8471882739 | Legalism | The belief that all citizens should adhere to the law. If a law is to be broken, a strict punishment shall be dealt. The government is all powerful | 146 | |
| 8471883923 | Daoism | Belief that a balance is innate in nature. Delves with the supernatural within the world. Rejected Confucianism and Legalism | 147 | |
| 8471883924 | Confucianism | Citizens should live with good morales: humanity, benevolence, virtue & culture. Government positions must be qualified for IN ORDER FROM MOST IMPORTANT TO LEAST Ruler to subject Husband to wife Father to son Older to younger Friend to friend | 148 | |
| 8471883925 | Silk Roads | A trade route connecting China to the Western World Foreigners traded: Gold, spices, and jewels The Chinese traded: Silk Porcelain Tea Middleman were used in transactions: Mongolians/nomads from Central Asia | 149 | |
| 8471884517 | Reasons for the Fall of the Han Empire | Reforms of land ownership caused chaos War with peoples outside empire led to conscription Taxes Famine, flood, and inflation Han's economy had fallen, and recovery was impossible (23-220 C.E) Made bribes with barbarians outside the Wall Assimilation | 150 | |
| 8471884518 | Han Empire Legacy | Capital of Ch'ang-an Created civil service exams Expanded China Establish an elite academy to teach Confucianism Colonized Manchuria, Vietnam, and Korea Established the Silk Road Inventions: Paper Compass Plow Hydraulics Iron Natural gas Rudder Salt mining Coins | 151 | |
| 8471884519 | Aryans | Named after the Indo-Aryan language they spoke Came from the Iranian plateau Created the Caste System Brought Sanskrit Created the Vedas Rode horses and spoke wheeled chariots Made the upanishads | 152 | |
| 8471884520 | Janapadas | A province or region | 153 | |
| 8471885119 | Chandragupta Maurya | United all of India together for the first time Created the Maurya Dynasty Created the janapada "Magadha" Replaced Alexander the Great's troops | 154 | |
| 8471885120 | Hinduism | Followed the philosophy of the Vedas Enforced the caste system Brahmins Brahma, Vishnu, & Shiva Many pilgrimage sites all over South Asia | 155 | |
| 8471885121 | Caste System | Each person has an inherited social, ritual, and economic position integral from the moment of birth. Determined jobs and wealth Gave people unequal status from birthright | 156 | |
| 8471885122 | Ashoka | Chandragupta's grandson Extended empire from Afghanistan to Bay of Bengal Through conversion into Buddhism: Ended indentured/forced labor Hunting & violent sports 30 years of peace Built the Edicts of Ashoka His son sent missionaries throughout empire | 157 | |
| 8471885123 | Buddhism | Entered China via the Silk Road (Han Dynasty) Created in India Religion of compassion & forgiveness A mix of Confucianism and Daoism | 158 | |
| 8471886006 | Chandra Gupta | Created the Gupta Dynasty Ruled under hegemony Annexed Western India Used marriage to create ties Had a very indirect rule Appointed regional governors, while making administrators independent | 159 | |
| 8471886007 | Indian Golden Age | Sanskript literature: Plays, comedies, & dramas Essays on medecine, math, astronomy, & philosophy Kamasutra Revolution of architecture, sculpting and painting New law codes Academic centers for Buddhist learning | 160 | |
| 8471984094 | RELIGION CHARTS | https://docs.google.com/document/d/1QKS9U2b91nlQLayWmJamCvPPx2JvtusrDW6AthKMGKM/edit | 161 | |
| 8474210939 | Free Market Economy | An economic system in which the means of production are largely privately owned and there is little or no government control over the markets | 162 | |
| 8474210940 | Supply & Demand | The relationship between the amount of a commodity that producers are able and willing to sell and the quantity that consumers can afford and wish to buy | 163 | |
| 8474210941 | Trade Diaspora | The network of international traders who relate to one another through the bonds of their trade | 164 | |
| 8474226288 | Pochteca | An Aztec trade guild Members of a pochteca were segregated into separate communities Members could only marry with other pochteca members | 165 | |
| 8474226289 | Oases | A pit stop on the trade journey to North Africa/ The Mediterranean Became a watering/rest stop for caravan traders | 166 | |
| 8474226290 | Swahili | The language used by Eastern African peoples | 167 | |
| 8474226291 | Polynesians | Melanesians who continued eastward from Taiwan to Hawaii and New Zealand Used single and double canoes which were 100-150 feet long, carrying people, food, and livestock | 168 | |
| 8474226292 | Junks | Trade ships used by Malay sailors Contained multilayered hulls and triangular lanteen sails | 169 | |
| 8474228503 | Monsoons | The seasonal wind of the Indian Ocean and southern Asia, blowing from the southwest in summer and from the northeast in winter. | 170 | |
| 8474228504 | Feudalism | A social, economic, and political system of land distribution Nobles in service of the king would be granted land These nobles would hire knights to protect these lands, and peasants to farm them All peoples were vassals to the class above them | 171 | |
| 8474228505 | Manorial System | The economic foundation of feudalism Designed to be a self sufficient system 1/3rd of the land was tended by for the lord The other 2/3rds were harvested by peasants 1/3 of the total land would lay in fallow, to protect fertility | 172 | |
| 8474228506 | Chivalry | 1100 C.E. A code of conduct for knights Developed from the French word "cheval" meaning horse Knights went through 2 stages of training: Page Status Squire Status | 173 | |
| 8474228507 | Serfs | A peasant The lowest class of the Feudal system Lived in extremely poor conditions, with no hope of escaping the situation Taxes caused many people to grow poorer | 174 | |
| 8474230164 | Feudal Pyramid | Kings Nobles Knights Peasants | 175 | |
| 8474230165 | William the Conqueror | 1066-1087 C.E. Claimed the English throne when Edwards the Confessor died Invaded England with his army, securing the crown at the Battle of Hastings (1066 C.E) Brought feudalism to England Synonymous with William the Conqueror | 176 | |
| 8474230166 | Magna Carta | A document protecting the liberties of nobles and gave right to ordinary people 1. No new taxes without the consent of the Great Council 2. No taking of property without paying for it 3. No sale, refusal, or delay of justice 4. Guarantees a trial by jury of peers | 177 | |
| 8474232647 | Parliament | Nobles revolted against King Henry, asking for more representation for nobles, knights, and burgesses in the Great Council (1260 C.E.) Consists of the: Upper House Lower House Did not have the power to pass laws, however it could refuse new taxes | 178 | |
| 8474232648 | Trade Routes in China | The Song Dynasty shut down the Silk Roads. They focused on sea faring trade Used Magnet for world trade Traded silk, tea, and porcelain Used ships with lanteen sails, which were protected by a navy and gunpowder cannons | 179 | |
| 8474236042 | Tang Dynasty | Created a food surplus in case of famine Expanded the borders farther than ever before- to Korea and Central Asia Protected the Silk Roads with the military Invented wood block printing, gunpowder, and porcelain Became a cosmopolitan for religions- Islam, Zoroastrianism, Buddhism, and Daoism | 180 | |
| 8474236043 | Song Dynasty | Population doubled as rice cultivation expanded Invented type writing and magnetic compasses Used paper as a form of currency Contained a highly developed system of internal trade Merchants sailed as far as India and Arabia Used a navy to protect merchant ships | 181 | |
| 8474236044 | Yuan Dynasty | The only Chinese dynasty to be led by Mongols Ruled under the supervision of Kublai Khan | 182 | |
| 8474238278 | Mongolian Empire | Founded by Chinggis Khan (1200 C.E) Used siege warfare and catapults to topple the Great Wall of China (1234 C.E) Establish the Yuan Dynasty Created the largest land based empire ever- Spanning from China to Eastern Europe | 183 | |
| 8474238279 | Chinggis Khan | Founded by Chinggis Khan (1200 C.E) Used siege warfare and catapults to topple the Great Wall of China (1234 C.E) Establish the Yuan Dynasty Created the largest land based empire ever- Spanning from China to Eastern Europe | 184 | |
| 8474240745 | Impact of the Mongolian Empire on Trade | Reopened the Silk Roads after the conquering of the Song Dynasty Allowed trade, goods, ideas, and culture to spread through the entire world Superior infrastructure allowed for the exchange of foreign ideas/cultures | 185 | |
| 8474240746 | Trade Routes in the Inca Empire | Interweaves 2,500 miles of road throughout the whole Incan Empire Goes through Peru and the Andes Mountains Contains travel lodges, causeways, tunnels, and bridges. Traded quina, potato, cotton The government control trade No vehicles were used No inter-regional trade | 186 | |
| 8474242777 | Trade Routes in Mesoamerica | Mayans: Contained mainly in the Yucatan Peninsula Rode canoes on rivers or walked due to lack of a wheel Traded between city-states Aztec Every 5th day, merchants came to Tenochitlan to trade Pochteca guilds heavily dominated trade The government heavily regulated trade Spanned from the central valley of Mexico to the coast | 187 | |
| 8474242778 | Trade Routes in West Africa | Traded north to the Mediterranean Put rest stops known as oasis's First journeys came from Muslims Most inter-regional trade came from Ghana, Mali, and Songhay Traded gold, ivory, textiles, glass, copper, beads, and slaves for mainly salt | 188 | |
| 8474246037 | Three Empires in Post-Classical Africa | Ghana Mali Songhay | 189 | |
| 8474246038 | Trade Routes in East Africa | Ethiopia originally dominated trade, however was dominated by the Arabs Used swahili as a means to communicate Traded copper, slaves, gold, and ivory Most trade partook in Zimbabwe and Mozambique | 190 | |
| 8474246039 | Trade Routes in the South China Sea | Extensive voyages spanning 3000 miles went from China to East Africa Malay sailors of the South China Sea used ships called junks Made regular voyages across the Indian Ocean, carrying spices form the "Spice Islands of East Asia" | 191 | |
| 8474250094 | Trade Routes in the Indian Ocean | Became a crossroad of world shipping lanes Arab traders were the masters of the Arabian Sea and Indian Ocean Islam and the hajj encourage trade/travel Arabia lacked wood, meaning it depended on outside sources for ship building | 192 | |
| 8474250095 | The Byzantine Empire | The Eastern Roman Empire that resulted after the split of Rome | 193 | |
| 8474250096 | Emperor Justinian | 527-565 C.E Tried to recapture the Western Roman Empire Was successful in North Africa, South Spain, and Sicily All land was lost after his death | 194 | |
| 8474253050 | Iconoclastic Controversy | Iconoclasts attacked cherished beliefs or institutions They wanted religious icons to be banned to stop the incoming threat of the Islam | 195 | |
| 8474255514 | Renaissance | Derived form the French word "rebirth" A period of cultural and intellectual creativity in Western Europe | 196 | |
| 8474255515 | Guilds | A sworn association of people who gather for a common purpose, usually economic Regulated prices, wages, quality and quantity of trade, recruitment, training, and certifications. Presided over trade locally Had a rudimentary social structure, with apprentices, journeymen, and master craftsmen | 197 | |
| 8474255516 | Textile Manufactures | Northern Italy & Flanders | 198 | |
| 8474260871 | Ghettos | A place segregated for Jews to live in Jewish people were discriminated and stigmatized against | 199 | |
| 8474260872 | Attitudes of the Church | The Catholic Church originally did not believe in the greed of business However overtime, this idea transformed to adopt the profit of business | 200 | |
| 8474262608 | Roots of the Renaissance | The Agricultural Revolution created a stable economy, allowing for the making of the Renaissance The Abbasid Empire also preserved the works of the Greeks and the Romans | 201 | |
| 8474262609 | Universities | They preserved, enhanced, and transmitted knowledge People studied typically studied theology, law, and medecine | 202 | |
| 8474262610 | Humanism in Art | The belief that the proper study of man is man Asserted the importance of the individual, presumably over God, challenging the ideals of the Catholic Church | 203 | |
| 8474266680 | Art Patrons | Art patrons were the fuel for artists, becoming an integral part of the Renaissance They payed the artists, allowing these artists to make a living One exceptional family was the Medici Family | 204 | |
| 8474266681 | Medici Family | An exceptionally rich art patron family Funded many art projects within the Renaissance | 205 | |
| 8474268546 | Renaissance Artists | Raphael Michaelangelo Donatello Leonardo | 206 | |
| 8474268547 | Micahelangelo | A famous Renaissance sculptist and painter Painted the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel Built the Statue of David | 207 | |
| 8474268548 | Lenoardo Da Vinci | A famous Renaissance painter Painted the Last Supper, the Vitruvian Man, and the Mona Lisa | 208 | |
| 8474268549 | Donatello | A famous Renaissance sculptor Built the Statue of David and the Goliath | 209 | |
| 8474270659 | Raphael | A famous Renaissance architect and painter Painted the School of Athens and the Transfiguration | 210 | |
| 8474273678 | Developments in Technology Allowing for Travel | Compass Astrolabe Caravel Shipboard Cannons | 211 | |
| 8474275874 | Prince Henry the "Navigator" | The King of Portugal Founded a school for sailing and navigation Sent navigators along the West and South coast of Africa, claiming the Azores Islands Began trade along the coast of Africa | 212 | |
| 8474275875 | Bartholomew Diaz | 1488 Sailed around the Cape of Good Hope | 213 | |
| 8474275876 | Vasco de Gama | 1497 Sailed beyond the Cape of Good Hope, across the Indian Ocean, making a connection from Portugal to Asia | 214 | |
| 8474277875 | Columbus | Born in Genoa, Italy (1451) Later settled in Lisbon, Portugal. Here he created plans for the "Enterprise of the Indies" with his brother Batholomew. On August 3, 1492, sailed south from Palos to the Canary Islands. After this he traveled West to the Bahamas Landed on San Salvador after 33 days Returned to Spain on March 15, 1493 Columbus made a total of 4 voyages, each time using ocean currents to help him navigate He died thinking he had reached China instead of the "New World" 1506 | 215 | |
| 8474277876 | Vespucci | His first name in Latin is Americus Made several voyages from 1497-1503 for Spain and Portugal Believed the land he saw was a "New World," separate from Asia A German mapmaker called this land "America" after reading Vespucci's descriptions of the new lands | 216 | |
| 8474277877 | Balboa | Crossed the Isthmus of Panama, reaching the vast ocean (1513) It was now proven that the New World was separate from Asia | 217 | |
| 8474280109 | Magellan | Sailed for Spain in 1519 with 5 ships Crossed the Atlantic and sailed around Cape Horn into a different Ocean. Named this ocean the Pacific, or Pacificus meaning "Peaceful" Claimed Philippines for Spain but died there (1521) One final ship and 18 crew members returned to Spain (1522) Completed the 1st round world voyage | 218 | |
| 8474280110 | Martin Luther | A monk living in Wittenberg, Germany (1517) where he taught at a university Wrote 95 "theses" and posted them on the doors of his church Was declared a heretic and was thus excommunicated He was brought to the Diet of Worms, where he refused to renounce his ideas and was banished | 219 | |
| 8474280111 | Diet of Worms | A special meeting of the rulers of the Holy Roman Empire This council tried Luther, trying to convince him to renounce his ideas | 220 | |
| 8474280112 | Peace of Augsburg | 1555 Allowed for each German ruler to have the right to choose the religion for his state | 221 | |
| 8474281900 | John Calvin | The leader of the Calvinist movement | 222 | |
| 8474281901 | Anabaptists | A branch of the Lutheran church. They believed that infants should not receive baptism as they should have the choice to be baptized Persecution lead to them migrating to America | 223 | |
| 8474281902 | Huguenots | French Protestants Persecution drove them to immigrate to America (Late 1600's) | 224 | |
| 8474285004 | Counter-Reformation | A campaign made by the Catholic Church against Protestants (1530's) Became a movement to foster a more spiritual outlook | 225 | |
| 8474285005 | Reformation | A religious revolution that began in Germany (1500's) People did not enjoy the ideals of the Catholic Church, as people could buy indulgences with money Pope Leo X accepted these money bribes to further enrichen the Catholic Church | 226 | |
| 8474285006 | Council of Trent | 1545-1563 Church leaders met in Trent, Italy to agree on basic doctrines of the Church 1. The Church's interpretation of the Bible was final 2. Christians needed faith and good works for salvation 3. The Bible and Church tradition are equal authorities for guiding Christian life 4. The selling of indulgences was banned 5. The concept of pre-destination was rejected 6. Art and architecture promoted to honor the Catholic faith | 227 | |
| 8474287546 | Ignatius de Loyola | Founded the Society of Jesuits (1534) Became an effective agent in spreading the Catholic faith by stressing education and establishing colleges | 228 |
AP BIOLOGY: UNIT 1 Flashcards
Terms : Hide Images
| 4850011183 | abiotic | non-living | 0 | |
| 4850016766 | biomass | dry weight of an organism | 1 | |
| 4850024591 | protobiont | first life form | 2 | |
| 4850026220 | enzymes | biological catalyst for chemical reactions | 3 | |
| 4850041814 | cytology | the study of cells | 4 | |
| 4850044077 | cytologist | a person who works with cells | 5 | |
| 4850048034 | Prokaryotic Cells | bacterial organisms that evolved before a nucleus had evolved into existence | 6 | |
| 4850061465 | The oldest prokaryotic fossils are found on..... | stromatalites | 7 | |
| 4850075522 | Eukaryotic cells | organisms that contain a nucleus | 8 | |
| 4850148322 | single subunit "Building Blocks" | monomers |  | 9 |
| 4852798914 | Monomers are linked together by... | Covalent Bonds | 10 | |
| 4850150704 | chains of subunits | polymers |  | 11 |
| 4850157965 | DNA (Deoxyribonucleic Acid) | double-strand helix found in nucleus of cells that contains hereditary material of living organisms | 12 | |
| 4850185601 | atom | the smallest unit of matter that has chemical properties because of it having all the subatomic parts | 13 | |
| 4850213892 | proton | subatomic particles inside nucleus of an atom that contain a positive charge; # of protons never change | 14 | |
| 4850227765 | neutron | subatomic particles inside nucleus of an atom that carry no charge; # of neutrons can change | 15 | |
| 4850235057 | electrons | subatomic particles located in the electron cloud around the nucleus and have a negative charge; # of electrons can change | 16 | |
| 4850289596 | Kinetic energy | energy of movement; Ex. electrons moving freely | 17 | |
| 4850299803 | Potential energy | energy of position; Ex. electrons locked in a chemical bond | 18 | |
| 4850326612 | Molecules | 2 or more atoms bonded together | 19 | |
| 4850338820 | E-levels/ E-shells | where the electrons are located within an atom or molecule | 20 | |
| 4850350584 | Adding energy to electrons.... | makes them move farther out | 21 | |
| 4850356557 | Losing energy from electrons..... | makes them move inward | 22 | |
| 4850359803 | Valence shell | where the outer most electrons are located on an atom |  | 23 |
| 4850366061 | Valence e | Refers to the outer most electrons; most important for chemical bonds and the chemical properties of an element or molecule |  | 24 |
| 4850384351 | Valence | Refers to the bonding capacity of an atom; depends on # of valence electrons | 25 | |
| 4850458152 | Chemical Bonds | attempts to fill the outer most shell to become more stable molecules; 3 types are covalent, ionic, and hydrogen bonds | 26 | |
| 4850530934 | Covalent Bonds | 1. The sharing electrons between elements or molecules to fill both outer shells 2. Always creates a molecule(2 or more atoms together of any kind) 3. Strongest type of chemical bond |  | 27 |
| 4850567968 | Polar molecules | Carry an electrical charge at opposite poles |  | 28 |
| 4850594535 | Nonpolar molecules | Carry no electrical charge |  | 29 |
| 4850606571 | Electronegativity | The element's or molecule's desire to acquire or release electrons 1. Oxygen: Most electronegative biological element (wants to aquire e-) 2. Hydrogen: Least electronegative biological element (wants to release e-) | 30 | |
| 4850606572 | Structural Formula | Used to show the shape of the molecule | 31 | |
| 4850597631 | Molecular Formula (Chemical Formula) | Used to tell the elements, and number of atoms of each, that make up a molecule | 32 | |
| 4850602355 | Ionic Bonds | 1. Bonds created by donating or accepting electrons so each element can fill it's outer most shell a. DO NOT SHARE ELECTRONS 2. Fairly strong bonds while dry; Weak in water so they dissolve into ions 3. When dissolved in water, ions are created | 33 | |
| 4850698314 | Ions | charged particles | 34 | |
| 4855752106 | Ions love... | H20 | 35 | |
| 4850707486 | Cations | Possess a positive charge because it has more protons than neutrons | 36 | |
| 4850710836 | Anions | Possess a negative charge because it has more electrons than protons | 37 | |
| 4850737937 | Ionic Compounds | A cation bonded to an anion to make a salt when dry | 38 | |
| 4850746021 | Hydrogen Bonds | 1. Bond in which a hydrogen atom of one molecule is attracted to an electronegative atom, usually oxygen or nitrogen 2. Fairly weak bonds 3. Most important biological bonds |  | 39 |
| 4850794930 | Van der Waals Interactions | 1. Temporary Bonds - usually a fraction of a second 2. Created when electrons clump on one side of an atom making that side temporarily negative and the other side positive resulting in charged particles that can attach momentarily and then they unclump causing the interaction to disappear from the loss of charge by constanty moving electrons | 40 | |
| 4850838608 | How to read a periodic table |  | 41 | |
| 4850888828 | Water Cycle |  | 42 | |
| 4850912039 | Water's Polarity | 1. H20's polarity allows for it to make HYDROGEN bonds easily which helps with.... a. nutrient transport b. conducts electricity well c. allows for a single water molecule to bind to 4 other H20 molecules at a time | 43 | |
| 4851003055 | How is does H20 and Hydrogen bonding work? | 1. 2 negative electrons from Hydrogen "clump" around the oxygen atom as a result of the covalent bonding between HYDROGEN and OXYGEN 2. Therefore, the OXYGEN molecule has more electrons than normal and thus a negative charge and the HYDROGEN end just has a single positive proton 3. Thus, one negative side and one positive side | 44 | |
| 4850913617 | Water's 4 Properties | 1. Adhesion 2. Cohesion 3. Temperature Regulation 4. Evaporative Cooling | 45 | |
| 4850919820 | Cohesion | 1. Refers to water molecules binding to other water molecules 2. Made possible due to HYDROGEN BONDS!!! |  | 46 |
| 4850921641 | Cohesion-Tension Principle | Describes how water moves upward in plants xylem tissues by making water chains | 47 | |
| 4850923091 | Adhesion | 1. Refers to water molecules binding to something other than water molecules 2. Made possible due to HYDROGEN BONDS!!! | | 48 |
| 4850931079 | Evaporative Cooling | 1. Effect for plants and animals a. If heat energy is put into water, the water evaporates and carries the heat energy away from the body leaving a cooling organism as the energy leaves. | 49 | |
| 4850952024 | Temperature Regulation | 1. In organisms and on earth, water keeps temperature stable a. Made possible due to HYDROGEN BONDS!!! b. Lots of energy needed to break all 4 hydrogen bonds at once & turn liquid water to a gas<--- IMPORTANT EFFECT 2. Example: a. Ice cubes & hot drinks: The hot drink molecules lose energy as they try to warm the frozen water molecules resulting in a cool drink | 50 | |
| 4851174021 | Humidity | water vapor in the air | 51 | |
| 4851437317 | Solvent | Liquid that is doing the dissolving of another substance Ex. Water |  | 52 |
| 4851442596 | Solute | Substance being dissolved in the solvent Ex. Salt in Water |  | 53 |
| 4851459639 | Solution | Substance possessing equal distribution of material Ex. Koolaid Tea |  | 54 |
| 4851471437 | Suspension | Temporary suspension of material Ex. Blood Italian dressing. herbs in a bottle | 55 | |
| 4851481506 | Colloid | Extended temporary suspension of material Ex. Milk | 56 | |
| 4851492157 | Hydrogen bonds make..... | Solvents, solute, solution, suspension, and colloid possible | 57 | |
| 4851501875 | Hydration shell | Water surrounding a molecule; substance is dissolved and "disappears" | 58 | |
| 4851520059 | Water can't grab hold and dissolve.... | Oils, grease, and fat since they are nonpolar | 59 | |
| 4851527324 | Hydrophobic | Water fearing; water can't attach to the substance because the substance is non-polar | 60 | |
| 4851654541 | Hydrophilic | Water loving; water can attach to the substance because the substance is polar | 61 | |
| 4851664551 | Mole | The measurement of molecules that is relative to its molecular weight | 62 | |
| 4851667430 | Avogradro's # | 6.02 x 10^23 # of molecules of that particular substance present in 1 mole | 63 | |
| 4851690320 | 1 mole is equal to... | Using the Periodic Table, find the molecular weight of a molecule and then weigh out that many grams of the substance | 64 | |
| 4851721684 | Molarity | Term for telling how many moles of a substance are dissolved in a solution (Usually H2O) | 65 | |
| 4851740077 | Dissociation | The breaking apart of water into H+(Proton) and an OH-(hydroxide ion) | 66 | |
| 4851774595 | pH Scale | Meausures how acidic or basic a substance is 1. Goes from 0 to 14 2. 7 is neutral |  | 67 |
| 4851759343 | Acid | 1. A substance that gives away H+ 2. On the pH any substance <7 | 68 | |
| 4851759344 | Base | 1. A substance that gives away OH- 2. On the pH any substance >7 | 69 | |
| 4851824168 | Buffer | A substance that can resist changes in pH or pOH a. It can take on or give off a H+ or OH- to maintain the pH or pOH concentration | 70 | |
| 4851844870 | Ex. of a Buffer | Human Blood; buffer is bicarbonate( HCO3-) 1. Bicarbonate helps keep blood at a pH of 7.4 ideally 2. Needed because of the food, drink, air, or other substances we put in our bodies 3. pH of blood affects oxygen's ability to adhere to red blood cells | 71 | |
| 4851867409 | Acidosis | Deadly condition where blood pH is below 7.2 | 72 | |
| 4851883651 | Alkalosis | Deadly condition where blood pH is above 7.6 | 73 | |
| 4851887389 | "sis" | the condition of being | 74 | |
| 4851898263 | Acid Prepitation | Refers to rain, snow, sleet, ice, or fog with a low pH ( less than 5.6) | 75 | |
| 4851939878 | Leaching | Refers to the rain pushing nutrients away from plant roots to deeper in the soil resulting in the plant to starve and the rain burns the plants leaves | 76 | |
| 4851970636 | Biomass | An organism's dry weight | 77 | |
| 4852284584 | Organic chemistry | Branch of science dealing with the element carbon and its many properties | 78 | |
| 4852398910 | About 30% of an organism's biomass is... | Carbon in organic molecules | 79 | |
| 4852417677 | The original source for Carbon in all life forms is... | Carbon Dioxide (CO2) & Photosynthesis | 80 | |
| 4852424684 | Plants emit both... | Oxygen and Carbon Dioxide | 81 | |
| 4852447231 | Stanley Miller Experiment | - In 1953, he took inorganic substances found in Earth's early atmosphere (H2O vapor, H2, NH3, & CH4) and created organic amino acids and oils 1. There are 20 amino acids that are used to make proteins in living organisms 2. Early Earth? (He anaylzed volcanic gases to determine what the air must have been like) 3. Energy source to power the chemical reactions? (Electricity replaces lightning) | 82 | |
| 4852500294 | Carbon has versatility in 4 directions b/c of... | Tetravalence which allows carbon to act like an intersection in the building of an organic molecule; this allows cells to build an almost infinite # of different molecules | 83 | |
| 4852556049 | Covalent Bonding Capabilities of Carbon include.... | Single Bond, Double Bond, & Triple Bond | 84 | |
| 4852562634 | Hydrocarbons | Molecules including mostly Carbon and Hydrogen a. Energy sources (Fossil fuels & Oils) -The more hydrogen atoms, the more energy b. Important parts in cell membranes -Ex. Tails of phospholipids c. Extremely hydrophobic due to being nonpolar | 85 | |
| 4852594684 | The Functional Groups Associated w/ Organic Molecules | the sites of most organic molecules chemical reactions or properties | 86 | |
| 4852611306 | The 6 Functional Groups | Hydroxyls, Carbonyls, Carboxyls, Amine, Sulfhydryls, Phosphate | 87 | |
| 4852624782 | Hydroxyl | (-OH) Allows molecules to act as an alcohol or polar molecule | 88 | |
| 4852629158 | Carbonyl | -Only has one double bonded oxygen -Aldehydes & Ketones | 89 | |
| 4852630811 | Carboxyl | -Has 2 oxygens (one double bonded & one singled bonded) -These molecules can act as an acid by losing a Hydrogen atom and can also possibly polar too | 90 | |
| 4852630812 | Amine | -Contains Nitrogen -Can act as bases by picking up free H+ | 91 | |
| 4852632967 | Sulfhydryl | -Contains Sulfur -Sulfur can make Di-Sulfide bridges for "pockets" in protein formation | 92 | |
| 4852632968 | Phosphate | (PO43-) molecules are usually involved in energy transfer; can also act as an anion | 93 | |
| 4852707076 | Chloroflourocarbon | -nontoxic, nonflammable chemicals containing atoms of carbon, chlorine, and fluorine -used in the manufacture of aerosol sprays, blowing agents for foams and packing materials, as solvents, and as refrigerants -harmful to ozone layer and release of chlorine atoms upon exposure to ultraviolet radiation | 94 | |
| 4852728642 | Life is only possible b/c of.... | CARBON | 95 | |
| 4852741982 | Lewis Dot Structure | -need 8 electrons in the outer shell (octet rule) -atoms that complete their octet will be "happy" | 96 | |
| 4852752446 | The Key to Life | Making and breaking bonds | 97 | |
| 4852782053 | Macromolecules | large molecules | 98 | |
| 4852784344 | Macromolecules are formed by... | dehydration & condensation reactions | 99 | |
| 4855762435 | What helps make the organic molecules? | CARBON | 100 | |
| 4855864695 | What are the ingredients for life and the essentials for energy storage called? | Biological Molecules | 101 | |
| 4855879042 | Carbohydrates | Sugars | 102 | |
| 4855888803 | Monosaccharides | Monomers of carbohydrates | 103 | |
| 4855894548 | Polysaccharides | Polymers of carbohydrates | 104 | |
| 4855898151 | Disaccharides | Two monosaccharides | 105 | |
| 4855912918 | Examples of Carbohydrates | Glucose, Fructose, Sucrose | 106 | |
| 4855917661 | Primary short term energy sources for cells | Carbohydrates | 107 | |
| 4855921284 | Starch | Energy storage in plants | 108 | |
| 4855927803 | Glycogen | Energy storage in animals | 109 | |
| 4855930063 | Cellulose | 1. Structural component of cell plant walls 2. Most abundant organic compound on Earth | 110 | |
| 4855949987 | Chitin | Found in exoskeleton of insects and some animals and some Fungi cell walls | 111 | |
| 4855960421 | Lipids | Macromolecules that are fats, oils, waxes, and steriods | 112 | |
| 4855974809 | Most lipids are.... | Hydrophobic | 113 | |
| 4855979608 | Lipids are mainly composed of... | Hydrocarbons | 114 |
AP Biology - Cellular Respiration Flashcards
Terms : Hide Images
| 5968950784 | Glycolysis | The First Step of Cellular Respiration; occurs in cytoplasm | 0 | |
| 5968950785 | 1 Glucose is broken into two pyruvate, releasing 2 ATP. This is when and where NAD+ steals its' e-, turning it into NADH. | Events of glycolysis: | 1 | |
| 5968950786 | 2 pyruvate are converted into 2 Acetyl CoA. The 2 Acetyl Coa then diffuse into the Mitochondria. They are then used in the Kreb's Cycle. | Events of pyruvate oxidation | 2 | |
| 5968950787 | Kreb's Cycle | The second step of Cellular Respiration; occurs in the mitochondrial matrix | 3 | |
| 5968950789 | Electron Transport Chain | The Third Step of Cellular Respiration; occurs in the inner membrane of mitochondria | 4 | |
| 5968950790 | FADH2 and NADH transfer their electrons to the ETC. The electrons pass down a series of proteins, pumping out H+ atoms every time they go down a level. The Electron finally stops when it reaches Oxygen (the last electron receptor) and water is produced. | Events of the electron transport chain | 5 | |
| 5968950791 | H+ atoms then diffuse from High to Low concentration; from the intermembrane space, through ATP synthase, into the matrix. This generates energy to form ATP | After the ETC is completed | 6 | |
| 5968950792 | cellular respiration reaction (equation) | C6H12O6 (Sugar) + 6O2 ( Oxygen) --> 6CO2 ( Carbon Dioxide) + 6H2O (Water)+ ATP | 7 | |
| 5968950793 | aerobic cellular respiration | reaction that uses glucose and oxygen to create ATP molecules. Carbon dioxide and water are by products. | 8 | |
| 5968950794 | anaerobic cellular respiration | reaction that uses glucose as a reactant to create a few ATP molecules. No oxygen is used in this reaction. | 9 | |
| 5968950795 | glycolysis | step of cellular respiration where 1 glucose is broken down into 2 pyruvate | 10 | |
| 5968950796 | reactants of glycolysis | 1 glucose, 2NAD+, 2 ATP | 11 | |
| 5968950797 | products of glycolysis | 2 pyruvate, 2NADH, & 2ATP | 12 | |
| 5968950798 | reactants of krebs cycle | 2 acetyl CoA, 2ADP + P, 6NAD+ & 2FAD | 13 | |
| 5968950799 | products of krebs cycle | 4CO2, 2ATP, and 6NADH &2 FADH2 | 14 | |
| 5968950800 | cytoplasm | location of glycolysis | 15 | |
| 5968950801 | matrix of mitochondria | location of krebs cycle | 16 | |
| 5968950802 | substrate-level phosphorylation | type of phosphorylation performed in krebs cycle | 17 | |
| 5968950803 | substrate-level phosphorylation | type of phosphorylation performed in glycolysis | 18 | |
| 5968950805 | coenzymes/electron carriers | NAD+/FAD | 19 | |
| 5968950806 | oxidative phosphorylation | Ocurrs in ETC & chemiosmosis | 20 | |
| 5968950808 | inner membrane of mitochondria | location of ETC | 21 | |
| 5968950809 | oxygen | last acceptor of ETC | 22 | |
| 5968950810 | chemiosmosis | proton motive force through an ATP synthase, as a result of H+ gradient (movement of hydrogens pumped out from ETC through a protein, then through ATP Synthase, moving from High Conc. to Low Conc) | 23 | |
| 5968950811 | ATP synthase | enzyme that helps in the production of ATP | 24 | |
| 5968950812 | alcohol fermentation | anaerobic respiration that produces carbon dioxide and ethanol and recycles NAD | 25 | |
| 5968950813 | How does Alchohol Fermentation occur? | During Glycolisis, 2 NAD+ takes an electron to become NADH. 2 NADH then donates an electron to 2-Acetaldehyde, producing Ethanol. The loop between 2 NAD + and 2 NADH occurs forever. | 26 | |
| 5968950814 | lactic acid fermentation | anaerobic respiration that produces lactate and recycles NAD | 27 | |
| 5968950815 | 36 or 38 | number of ATP made in aerobic cellular respiration | 28 | |
| 5968950816 | cellular respiration | reaction that uses glucose and oxygen to create ATP molecules. Carbon dioxide and water are products | 29 | |
| 5968950818 | The site of Oxidative Phosphorylation is | the Electron Transport Chain; inner membrane of mitochondria | 30 | |
| 5968950819 | During Oxidative Phosphorylation, | electrons are transfered from electron donors to electron acceptors such as Oxygen | 31 | |
| 5968950821 | Glycolysis and The Kreb Cycle make ____ ATP each | 2 (Total of 4, 2 from Glyc, 2 from KC) | 32 | |
| 5968950822 | What makes ADP + P turn into ATP during Glyco and the Kreb Cycle | 1. Substrate Level Phosphorylation 2. 4 ATP are produced in total | 33 | |
| 5968950823 | Lactid Acid and Alcohol Fermentation are both forms of | Anaerobic Cellular Respiration | 34 | |
| 5968950827 | During Cellular Respiration, ________ is reduced and _____ is oxidized | Oxygen (to H2O); Glucose (to CO2) | 35 | |
| 5968950828 | The order of Electron Transport in Mitochondria | NADH -> ETC -> H+ Gradient -> Chemiosmosis | 36 | |
| 5968950829 | Lactate is formed in Lactid Acid Fermentation to | regenerate NAD+ | 37 | |
| 5968950830 | The whole process of cellular respiration produces 36 or 38 ATP from one glucose. The rest of the energy is conerted into | heat energy | 38 | |
| 5968950831 | Gaining an electron is | reduction | 39 | |
| 5968950832 | Losing an electron is | oxidation | 40 |
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