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AP World Unit 5 Flashcards

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6154878918Social Darwinismeffort to apply Darwin's evolutionary theory to human history0
6154900393Taiping Uprisingmassive Chinese rebellion that devastated much of the country from 1850-1864, leaders rejected Confucianism, Daoism, and Buddhism, were based on Christian millenian teachings of Hong Xiquan, who claimed to be younger brother of Jesus, called for abolition of private property, equality of men/women, end of foot binding, opium smoking etc., Civil war led to 20 million lives lost, provided favorable setting for Europeans experiencing industrial revolution.1
6154903654Opium Warsseries of wars in China over opium trade and whether or not to legalize the trade2
6154905822unequal treatiestreaties ending the Opium Wars that gave more power to the Western powers than to China, west got trade benefits3
6154907877self-strengthening movementChina's attempt to modernize their army and encourage Western investment in factories and railways4
6154910370Boxer uprising/rebellionAnti-foreign and anti-Christian5
6154913477China, 1911Qing dynasty, collapse of China's imperial order, officially at the hands of organized revolutionaries, but for the most part under the weight of the troubles that had overwhelmed the government for the previous half-century6
6154914711"the sick man of Europe"(Ottoman) region by region, Islamic world fell under Christian rule, Ottomans lost territory to Russia, Britain, Austria, and France, Napoleon's 1798 invasion of Egypt extremely devastating, janissaries became militarily ineffective7
6154930143Tanzimat(OTTOMAN) restructuring reforms by the 19th century Ottoman rulers, intended to move civil law away from the control of religious elites, and make the military and the bureaucracy more efficient8
6154933515Young Ottomansgroup of reformers (pro-industrialization and shit), who wanted to reform (believed Tanzimat was not good enough and needed more)9
6154935457Sultan Abd al-Hamid IIaccepted new constitution that limited Sultan's authority, almost immediately suspended it, turned to decisive autocracy inface of Russian Revolution10
6154938188Young Turks(Conservative) - A group of young and revolutionary Ottomans - Opposed Sultan Abdülhamit II - Supported the constitution (meşrutiyet) - Late 19th early 20th century11
6155012301Tokugawa Japan(isolation of Japan) like a dynasty reimposed centralized feudalism, closed Japan to foreigners, forbade Japanese people to travel overseas, lasted for about 200 years, time of economic prosperity but also some political strife12
6155015126Meiji restorationRevolution, reform, or renewal, restored practical imperial rule to Japan13
6155039915John Locke17th century English philosopher who opposed the Divine Right of Kings and who asserted that people have a natural right to life, liberty, and property.14
6155044692BurgoiseMIDDLE CLASS15
6155047773DeismA popular Enlightenment era belief that there is a God, but that God isn't involved in people's lives or in revealing truths to prophets.16
6155051604MercantilismBenefits of profitable trade (Profitable commercialism)17
6155064444Comodor Mathew PerryWent to Japan and was like "Knock Knock" open up its lit out here fam (with gift so they knew it was peaceful)18
6155069871Jose De San MartinLed independence of Latin America19
6155071144Rights Of Manbook by Thomas Paine20
6155076061New ImperialismImperialized further for more than just ports for raw materials and shit21
6155085025Adam SmithFATHER OF CAPITALISM, Wrote The Wealth Of Nations, economic liberalism, natural order properly22
6155090545Karl MarxFATHER OF COMMUNISM23
6155091470Napolean BonaparteFrench head, after French Revolution, preserved much of the French Revolution spread of revolutionary ideas through conquest of Europe24
6155097678Open Door Policyw/ help of Comodor Mathew Perry, - Let few western countries into japan for trade -America let Japanese in25
6155105740Tokugawa Shogunatewas the last feudal Japanese military government26
6155109519Sepoy RebellionRebellion of E. India Companies soldiers (MANGAL PANDAY!!!)27
6155127687James WattImproved steam engine28
6155129086Simone BilovareLatin America revolution for Venesuelas independence29
6155132161UtiliterlanismGreatest good for the most amount of people possible30
6155134947Hong Xiquen"Young brother of Jesus" Taiping Rebellion31
6155139443Treaty Of Nanjingwas a peace treaty which ended the First Opium War -Unfair Treaty w/ China32
6155145015Industrialization and Global Integration1. IR changed how goods were produced 2. Need for raw materials and new market for goods further integrated the global econ. and created new patterns of trade 3. Financiers developed and expanded fincancial markets 4.Major development of transportation+Communication 5. Capitalism led to diff. responses 6. The way ppl organized themselves changed33
6155153954Nationalism, Revolution and Reform1. Enlightenment questioned established traditions in all areas of life 2. Nationalism was a powerful and political social force in the 19th centuries 3. Discontent w/ Imperial authority led to reform movements and revolutions 4. European political Ideas influenced the WORLD34
6155159817Imperialism1. Industrializing powers established transoceanic empires 2. Imperialism influenced state formation and contraction (making smaller) around the world 3. Either Industrialize and benefit or you're basically ****ed 4. Reformers were higher classes and conservatives were lower classes b/c of what they'd gain/lose35
6155168491Global Migration1. Migration was caused by Demographic (relating structure of populations) challenges in Industrialized societies 2. Migrants relocated for a variety of reasons (mostly b/c jobs) 3. Large-scale immigration led to a variety of consequences and reactions 4. Led to further Industrialization to support the populations36
6155184197Laissez FaireThe belief that the government shouldn't intervene much in the economy and should instead let the people do what they want with their property. (Like Capitalism but not too much)37
6155195897LiberalsIn 19th century Europe, this group believed in Laissez Faire economics and small government38
6155218570proletariatWorking Class39
6155230272EnlighteningQuestioning old ideas and religions -Christianity40
6155235978Social ContractSociety agreeing to governed to maintain natural rights (Johne Locke)41
6155242467The main complaint of creoles in Latin America wasnot having the same oppurtunities as Peninsulares42
6155245530CreolesMixed Euro and Black desendant43
6155247950the main complaint of mulattos and mestizos in Latin America wasNo ability to move up in society44
6155250417Mestizoman of mixed race45
6155260359Napoleon, the Mughals, and our old friend Justinian all had this in commonThey implemented legal codes46
6155272103Filial Pietyis part of the Confucian idea of, knowing your place in the family order47
6155282421SikhismA religion which combines Islam and Mystic ideas48
6155335425The industrial revolution FIRST began with the production ofTextiles and Iron49
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AP Biology Chapter 25 Flashcards

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6121580302AnalogySimilarity between two species that is due to convergent evolution rather than to descent from a common ancestor with the same trait0
6121580303BinomialThe two-part latinized name of a species, consisting of genus and specific epithet1
6121580304CladeEach evolutionary branch in a cladogram2
6121580305CladisticsThe analysis of how species may be grouped into clades3
6121581991CladogramA diagram depicting patterns of shared characteristics among species4
6121581992Classthe taxonomic category above order5
6121581993DomainA taxonomic category above the kingdom level. The three domains are Archaea, Bacteria, and Eularya6
6121581994Familythe taxonomic category above genus7
6121584189Fossil RecordsThe chronicle of evolution over millions of years of geologic time engraved in the order in which fossils appear in rock strata8
6121584190GenusA taxonomic category above the species level, designated by the first word of a species' two-part scientific name9
6121584191HomologySimilarity in characteristics resulting from a shared ancestor10
6121586260HomoplasySimilar structure or molecular sequence that has evolved independently in two species11
6121586261In-groupIn a cladistic study of evolutionary relationships among taxa of organisms, the group of taxa that is actually being analyzed12
6121586262KingdomA taxonomic category, the second broadest after domain13
6121588807Maximum likelihoodA principle that states that when considering multiple phylogentic hypotheses, one should take into account the one that reflects the most likely sequence of evolutionary events, given certain rules about how DNA changes over time14
6121588808Maximum parsimonyA principle that states that when considering multiple explanations for an observation, one should first investigate the simplest explanation that is consistent with the facts15
6121590779Molecular clockAn evolutionary timing method based on the observation that at least some regions of genomes evolve at constant rates16
6121590780Molecular systematicsThe comparison of nucleic acids or other molecules in different species to infer relatedness17
6121593585MonophyleticPertaining to a grouping of species consisting of an ancestral species and all of its descendants; a clade18
6121593586Neutral theoryThe hypothesis that much evolutionary change in genes and proteins has no effect on fitness and therefore is not influences by natural selection19
6121593587OrderThe taxonomic category above family20
6121595584Orthologous genesHomologous genes that are passed in a straight line from one generation to the next, but have ended up in different gene pools because of speciation21
6121595585Out-groupA species or group of species that is closely related to the group of species that is closely related to the group of species being studied but clearly not as closely related as any study-group members are to each other22
6121597944Paralogous genesHomologous genes that are found in the same genome due to gene duplication23
6121597954ParaphyleticPertaining to a grouping of species that consists of an ancestral species and some, but not all, of its decendants24
6121600486Phylogenetic treeA branching diagram that represents a hypothesis about evolutionary relationships25
6121600487PhylogenyThe evolutionary history of a species or group of related species26
6121600488PhylogramA phylogenetic tree in which the lengths of the branches reflect the number of genetic changes that have taken place in a particular DNA or RNA sequence in the various lineages27
6121602053Phylumthe taxonomic category above class28
6121602054PolyphyleticPertaining to a grouping of species derived from two or more different ancestral forms29
6121604511Shared derived characterAn evolutionary novelty that evolved within a particular clade30
6121606145Shared primitive characterA character displayed in species outside a particular taxon31
6121606146Specific epithetThe second part of binomial, referring to one species within a genus32
6121608089SystematicsThe analytical study of the diversity and relationships of organisms, both present day and extinct33
6121608090TaxonThe named taxonomic unit at any given level of classification34
6121608091TaxonomyOrdered division of organisms into categories based on a set of characteristics used to assess similarities and differences, leading to a classification scheme; the branch of biology concerned with naming and classifying the diverse forms of life35
6121610514Ultrametric treeA phylogenetic tree in which the lengths of the branches reflect measurements of geologic time36
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AP Midterm Flashcards

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8615738766matteranything that has mass and takes up space0
8615740829atomsthe building blocks of matter1
8615750578substancehas distinct properties + composition that does not vary from sample to sample2
8615752063elementa substance which can not be decomposed to simpler substances3
8615752498compounda substance which can be decomposed to simpler substances4
8615754776Law of Constant CompositionCompounds have a definite composition- the relative # of atoms of each element in compound= same in any sample5
8615763423Mixturesexhibit the properties of the substances that make them up6
8615761840Homogeneous Mixture/SolutionMixture that has the same composition throughout the sample7
8615764930Heterogeneous Mixturemixture that can vary in composition throughout a sample8
8615768644Physical Propertiescan be observed without changing a substance into another substance (i.e. BP, MP, density, mass, volume) - do not change the composition of the substance9
8615770325Chemical Propertiescan only be observed when a substance is changed into another substance (i.e. flammable, corrosive, reactivity w/ acid) - result in new substances (combustion, oxidation, decomposition)10
8615775844Intensive Propertiesindependent of the amount of the substance that is present (i.e. density, BP, color)11
8615776605Extensive Propertiesdepend upon the amount of the substance present (i.e. mass, volume, energy)12
8615785568Physical Changeconverting between states of matter (solid, liquid, gas)13
8615789007massmeasure of the amount of material in an object14
8615824282Law of Conservation of Masstotal mass of substances present at the end of a chemical process= mass of substances present before reaction15
8615835169atomic numbernumber of protons of an element (subscript before the symbol)16
8615844166mass numbertotal number of protons + neutrons in the nucleus of an atom (superscript before the symbol)17
8615848926isotopesatoms of the same element with different masses b/c different # of neutrons, but same protons18
8615851784atomic weightaverage mass found using all isotopes of an element weighted by their relative abundances Atomic Weight = Ʃ [(isotope mass) × (fractional natural abundance)]19
8615856373Periodsrows of periodic table20
8615856374Groupscolumns of periodic table - elements in same column have similar chemical properties21
8615866037Empirical Formulaslowest whole-number ratio of atoms of each element in a compound22
8615868965Molecular Formulasexact number of atoms of each element in a compound23
8615871933Cationion formed when electrons are lost24
8615871935Anionion formed when electrons are gained25
8615874092ionic compoundformed between metals and nonmetals26
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AP Psych Module 6 Flashcards

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4865907625cerebral cortexintricate fabric of interconnected neural cells covering the cerebral hemispheres; the body's ultimate control & information processing center0
4865907626glial cellscells in the nervous system that support, nourish, and protect neurons1
4865909218frontal lobesportion of the cerebral cortex lying just behind the forehead; involved in speaking and muscle movements and in making plans and judgments2
4865909219parietal lobesportion of the cerebral cortex lying at top of head and toward rear; receives sensory input for touch and body position3
4865911238occipital lobesportion of cerebral cortex lying at back of head; includes areas that receive information from visual fields4
4865911239temporal lobesportion of cerebral cortex lying roughly above ears; includes auditory areas, each receiving information primarily from opposite ear5
4865913906motor cortexarea near the rear of the frontal lobes that controls voluntary movements6
4865913907sensory cortexarea at the front of the parietal lobes that registers and processes body movement sensations7
4865916622association areasareas of cerebral cortex that aren't involved in primary motor/sensory functions; involved in higher mental functions (learning, remembering, thinking, speaking)8
4865916623plasticitybrains ability to change, especially during childhood, by reorganizing after damage, building new pathways based on experience9
4865918134neurogenesisformation of new neurons10
4865921806corpus callosumlarge band of neural fibers connecting the 2 large brain hemispheres and carrying messages between them11
4865926396split braincondition resulting from surgery that isolates brain's two hemispheres by cutting fibers (mainly those of corpus callosum) connecting them12
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AP Psychology - Personality Flashcards

Advanced Placement Psychology
Enterprise High School, Redding, CA
All terms from Myers Psychology for AP (BFW Worth, 2011)

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6065278650personalityan individual's characteristic pattern of thinking, feeling, and acting.0
6065278651free associationin psychoanalysis, a method of exploring the unconscious in which the person relaxes and says whatever comes to mind, no matter how trivial or embarrassing.1
6065278652psychoanalysisFreud's theory of personality and therapeutic technique that attributes thoughts and actions to unconscious motives and conflicts. Freud believed the patient's free associations, resistances, dreams, and transferences—and the therapist's interpretations of them—released previously repressed feelings, allowing the patient to gain self-insight.2
6065278653unconsciousaccording to Freud, a reservoir of mostly unacceptable thoughts, wishes, feelings, and memories. According to contemporary psychologists, information processing of which we are unaware.3
6065278654ida reservoir of unconscious psychic energy that, according to Freud, strives to satisfy basic sexual and aggressive drives. It operates on the pleasure principle, demanding immediate gratification.4
6065278655egothe largely conscious, "executive" part of personality that, according to Freud, mediates among the demands of the id, superego, and reality. It operates on the reality principle, satisfying the id's desires in ways that will realistically bring pleasure rather than pain.5
6065278656superegothe part of personality that, according to Freud, represents internalized ideals and provides standards for judgment (the conscience) and for future aspirations.6
6065278657psychosexual stagesthe childhood stages of development (oral, anal, phallic, latency, genital) during which, according to Freud, the id's pleasure-seeking energies focus on distinct erogenous zones.7
6065278658Oedipus complexaccording to Freud, a boy's sexual desires toward his mother and feelings of jealousy and hatred for the rival father.8
6065278659identificationthe process by which, according to Freud, children incorporate their parents' values into their developing superegos.9
6065278660fixation(1) the inability to see a problem from a new perspective, by employing a different mental set. (2) according to Freud, a lingering focus of pleasure-seeking energies at an earlier psychosexual stage, in which conflicts were unresolved.10
6065278661defense mechanismsin psychoanalytic theory, the ego's protective methods of reducing anxiety by unconsciously distorting reality.11
6065278662repressionbasic defense mechanism that banishes anxiety-arousing thoughts, feelings, and memories from consciousness12
6065278663regressionallows us to retreat to an earlier, more infantile stage of development13
6065278664reaction formationthe ego unconsciously makes unacceptable impulses look like their opposites14
6065278665projectiondisguises threatening impulses by attributing them to others15
6065278666rationalizationoccurs when we unconsciously generate self-justifying explanations to hide from ourselves the real reasons for our actions16
6065278667displacementdiverts sexual or aggressive impulses toward an object or person that is psychologically more acceptable than the one that aroused the feelings17
6065278668sublimationthe transformation of unacceptable impulses into socially valued motivations18
6065278669denialprotects the person from real events that are painful to accept, either by rejecting a fact or its seriousness19
6065278670collective unconsciousa common reservoir of images derived from our species' universal experiences20
6065278671projective testa personality test, such as the Rorschach or TAT, that provides ambiguous stimuli designed to trigger projection of one's inner dynamics21
6065278672Thematic Apperception Test (TAT)a projective test in which people express their inner feelings and interests through the stories they make up about ambiguous scenes22
6065278673Rorschach inkblot testthe most widely used projective test, a set of 10 inkblots, designed by Hermann Rorschach; seeks to identify people's inner feelings by analyzing their interpretations of the blots.23
6065278674self-actualizationaccording to Maslow, one of the ultimate psychological needs that arises after basic physical and psychological needs are met and self-esteem is achieved; the motivation to fulfill one's potential.24
6065278675unconditional positive regarda caring, accepting, nonjudgmental attitude, which Carl Rogers believed would help clients to develop self-awareness and self-acceptance.25
6065278676self-conceptall our thoughts and feelings about ourselves, in answer to the question, "Who am I?"26
6065278677traita characteristic pattern of behavior or a disposition to feel and act, as assessed by self-report inventories and peer reports.27
6065278678personality inventorya questionnaire (often with true-false or agree-disagree items) on which people respond to items designed to gauge a wide range of feelings and behaviors; used to assess selected personality traits.28
6065278679Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI)the most widely researched and clinically used of all personality tests. Originally developed to identify emotional disorders (still considered its most appropriate use), this test is now used for many other screening purposes.29
6065278680empirically derived testa test (such as the MMPI) developed by testing a pool of items and then selecting those that discriminate between groups.30
6065278681social-cognitive perspectiveviews behavior as influenced by the interaction between people's traits (including their thinking) and their social context.31
6065278682reciprocal determinismthe interacting influences of behavior, internal cognition, and environment.32
6065278683personal controlthe extent to which people perceive control over their environment rather than feeling helpless.33
6065278687selfin contemporary psychology, assumed to be the center of personality, the organizer of our thoughts, feelings, and actions.34
6065278689self-esteemone's feelings of high or low self-worth.35
6065278690self-serving biasa readiness to perceive oneself favorably.36
6065278691individualismgiving priority to one's own goals over group goals and defining one's identity in terms of personal attributes rather than group identifications.37
6065278692collectivismgiving priority to goals of one's group (often one's extended family or work group) and defining one's identity accordingly.38
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AP Psychology Unit 08A Flashcards

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5022727534instincta complex behavior that is rigidly patterned throughout a species and is unlearned. (Myers Psychology for AP 1e p. 328)0
5022727535drive-reduction theorythe idea that a physiological need creates an aroused tension state (a drive) that motivates an organism to satisfy the need. (Myers Psychology for AP 1e p. 329)1
5022727536homeostasisa tendency to maintain a balanced or constant internal state; the regulation of any aspect of body chemistry, such as blood glucose, around a particular level. (Myers Psychology for AP 1e p. 329)2
5022727537incentivea positive or negative environmental stimulus that motivates behavior. (Myers Psychology for AP 1e p. 329)3
5022727538hierarchy of needsMaslow's pyramid of human needs, beginning at the base with physiological needs that must first be satisfied before higher-level safety needs and then psychological needs become active. (Myers Psychology for AP 1e p. 330)4
5022727539glucosethe form of sugar that circulates in the blood and provides the major source of energy for body tissues. When its level is low, we feel hunger. (Myers Psychology for AP 1e p. 333)5
5022727540set pointthe point at which an individual's "weight thermostat" is supposedly set. When the body falls below this weight, an increase in hunger and a lowered metabolic rate may act to restore the lost weight. (Myers Psychology for AP 1e p. 335)6
5022727541basal metabolic ratethe body's resting rate of energy expenditure. (Myers Psychology for AP 1e p. 335)7
5022727542anorexia nervosaan eating disorder in which a person (usually an adolescent female) diets and becomes significantly (15 percent or more) underweight, yet, still feeling fat, continues to starve. (Myers Psychology for AP 1e p. 337)8
5022727543bulimia nervosaan eating disorder characterized by episodes of overeating, usually of high-calorie foods, followed by vomiting, laxative use, fasting, or excessive exercise. (Myers Psychology for AP 1e p. 337)9
5022727544binge-eating disordersignificant binge-eating episodes, followed by distress, disgust, or guilt, but without the compensatory purging, fasting, or excessive exercise that marks bulimia nervosa. (Myers Psychology for AP 1e p. 337)10
5022727545sexual response cyclethe four stages of sexual responding described by Masters and Johnson—excitement, plateau, orgasm, and resolution. (Myers Psychology for AP 1e p. 349)11
5022727546refractory perioda resting period after orgasm, during which a man cannot achieve another orgasm. (Myers Psychology for AP 1e p. 349)12
5022727547estrogenssex hormones, such as estradiol, secreted in greater amounts by females than by males and contributing to female sex characteristics. In nonhuman female mammals, estrogen levels peak during ovulation, promoting sexual receptivity. (Myers Psychology for AP 1e p. 350)13
5022727548testosteronethe most important of the male sex hormones. Both males and females have it, but the additional levels in males stimulates the growth of the male sex organs in the fetus and the development of the male sex characteristics during puberty. (Myers Psychology for AP 1e pp. 350, 438)14
5022727549sexual orientationan enduring sexual attraction toward members of either one's own sex (homosexual orientation) or the other sex (heterosexual orientation). (Myers Psychology for AP 1e p. 354)15
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AP Key words! Flashcards

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6139046894...hat eine große Bedeutung für uns.is important for us.0
6139046895...haben eine große Bedeutung für uns.are important for us.1
6139046896Das macht Spaß.That is fun.2
6139046897Das hat Spaß gemacht.That was fun.3
6139046898Heute spreche ich über...(+AKK)today I'll talk about...4
6139046899Meiner Meinung nach...In my opinion5
6139046900In Deutschland stimmt das nicht.That's not true in Germany.6
6139046901zu wenig Zeittoo little time7
6139046902man kannyou can8
6139046903werdento become9
6139046904Es gibtthere is/there are (NEVER EVER EVER SAY "Da ist")10
6139046905die Gelegenheitthe opportunity11
6139046906im Vergleich zu den USAcompared to the USA12
6139046907immer nochstill13
6139046908man mussyou have to14
6139046909das Praktikumthe internship15
6139046910aus Deutschlandfrom Germany16
6139046911in Deutschlandin Germany17
6139046912ohnewithout18
6139046913das stimmtthat's true19
6139046914das ist richtigthat's right20
6139046915die Zukunftthe future21
6139046916zum Beispielfor example.22
6139046917ich wohne in Grosse Pointe. / Meine Stadt heißt Grosse Pointe.I live in Grosse Pointe. / My city is named Grosse Pointe.23
6139046918die Schule besuchento go to school24
6139046919benutzento use25
6139046920verwendento use26
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Abnormal Psychology (AP) Flashcards

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6636162197psychological disorderdeviant, distressful, and dysfunctional patterns of thoughts, feelings, and behaviors0
6636162198DSM Vthe American Psychological Association's "Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders," 5th edition; a widely used system for classifying psychological disorders1
6636162199anxiety disorderspsychological disorders characterized by distressing, persistent anxiety or maladaptive behaviors that reduce anxiety2
6636162200generalized anxiety disorderan anxiety disorder in which a person is continually tense, apprehensive, and in a state of automatic nervous system arousal3
6636162201panic disorderan anxiety disorder marked by unpredictable minutes-long episodes of intense dread in which a person experiences terror and accompanying chest pain, choking, or other frightening sensations4
6636162202phobiaan anxiety disorder marked by a persistent, irrational fear and avoidance of a specific object, activity, or situation5
6636162203obsessive-compulsive disorderan anxiety disorder characterized by unwanted repetitive thoughts (obsessions) and/or actions (compulsions)6
6636162204post-traumatic stress disorderan anxiety disorder characterized by haunting memories, nightmares, social withdrawal, jumpy anxiety, and/or insomnia that lingers for four weeks or more after a traumatic event7
6636162205somatoform disorderpsychological disorder in which the symptoms take a somatic (bodily) form without apparent physical cause8
6636162206conversion disordera rare somatoform disorder in which a person experiences very specific genuine physical symptoms for which no physiological basis can be found9
6636162207hypochondriasisa somatoform disorder in which a person interprets normal physical sensations as symptoms of a disease10
6636162208dissociative disordersdisorders in which conscious awareness becomes separated (dissociated) from previous memories, thoughts, and feelings11
6636162209dissociative identity disordera rare dissociative disorder in which a person exhibits two or more distinct and alternating personalities12
6636162210mood disorderspsychological disorders characterized by emotional extremes13
6636162211major depressive disordera mood disorder in which a person experiences two or more weeks of significantly depressed moods, feelings of worthlessness, and diminished interest or pleasure in most activities14
6636162212maniaa mood disorder marked by a hyperactive, wildly optimistic state15
6636162213bipolar disordera mood disorder in which a person alternates between the hopelessness and lethargy or depression and the overexcited state of mania16
6636162214schizophreniaa group of severe disorders characterized by disorganized and delusional thinking, disturbed perceptions/hallucinations, and inappropriate emotions and actions17
6636162215delusionsfalse beliefs, often of persecution or grandeur, that may accompany psychotic disorders18
6636162216personality disorderspsychological disorders characterized by inflexible and enduring behavior patterns that impair social functioning19
6636162217antisocial personality disordera personality disorder in which the person (usually a man) exhibits a lack of conscience for wrongdoing, even toward friends and family. May be aggressive and ruthless or a clever con artist.20
6636162218exposure theraphybehavioral technique, such as systematic desensitization, that treats anxieties by exposing people (in imagination or actuality) to the things they fear and avoid21
6636162219cognitive behavior therapya popular integrative therapy that combines cognitive therapy (changing self-defeating thinking) with behavior therapy (changing behavior)22
6636162220psychopharmacologythe study of the effects of drugs on mind and behavior23
6636162221antipsychotic drugsdrugs used to treat schizophrenia and other forms of severe thought disorder24
6636162222antianxiety drugsdrugs used to control anxiety and agitation25
6636162223antidepressant drugsdrugs used to treat depression; also increasingly prescribed for anxiety. Different types work by altering the availability of various neurotransmitters.26
6636162224electroconvulsive therapy (ECT)a biomedical therapy for severely depressed patients in which a brief electric current is sent through the brain of an anesthetized patient27
6636162225hallucinationa false sensory experience, can be visual, auditory, or kinesthetic28
6636162226dissociative amnesiaa dissociative disorder in which a person forgets their identity (episodic memories) following a traumatic event29
6636162227dissociative fuguea disorder in which a person enters a fugue state, forgets their true identity and creates a new one, and travels to a new location following a traumatic event. After they wake from the fugue state, their identity returns to normal but they no recollection of what happened during the fugue30
6636162228Axis Ithe first classifications of disorders in the DSM, these disorders are treatable, most disorders fall under this category31
6636162229Axis IIthe second classifications of disorders in the DSM, these disorders are not treatable (personality disorders, cognitive disorders like traumatic brain injury)32
6636162230narcissistic personality disordera personality disorder in which the person is obsessed with their own self-importance33
6636162231borderline personality disordera personality disorder in which the person experiences dramatic mood swings, explosive reactions, and engages in self-harm (cutting or suicidal tendencies)34
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AP Government - Congress Flashcards

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6090311318incumbentsThose already holding office. In congressional elections, they usually win - especially in the House.0
6090311319caseworkActivities of members of Congress that help constituents as individuals by cutting through bureaucratic red tape to get people what they think they have a right to get.1
6090311320pork barrelThe use of government funds for projects designed to please voters or legislators and win votes2
6090311321bicameral legislatureA legislature divided into two houses. The U.S. Congress and every American state legislature except Nebraska's are this.3
6090311323filibusterA strategy unique to the Senate whereby opponents of a piece of legislation try to talk it to death, based on the tradition of unlimited debate. Today, 60 members present and voting can halt this.4
6090311324Speaker of the HouseAn office mandated by the Constitution. This person is chosen in practice by the majority party in the House, has both formal and informal powers, and is second in line to succeed the presidency should that office become vacant.5
6090311325majority leaderThe principal partisan ally of the Speaker of the House (in the House) or the party's manager (in the Senate). They are responsible for scheduling bills, influencing committee assignments, and rounding up votes in behalf of the party's legislative positions.6
6090311326whipsParty leaders who work with the majority leader or minority leader to count votes beforehand and encourage unsure party members whose votes are crucial to a bill favored by the party.7
6090311327minority leaderThe principal leader of the minority party in the House of Representatives or in the Senate.8
6090311328standing committeesSeparate subject-matter committees in each house of Congress that handle bills in different policy areas. Ex: energy, agriculture, education, defense9
6090311329joint committeesCongressional committees on a few subject-matter areas with membership drawn from both houses.10
6090311330conference committeesCongressional committees formed when the Senate and the House pass a particular bill in different forms. Party leadership appoints members from each house to iron out the differences and bring back a single bill.11
6090311331select committeesCongressional committees appointed for a specific purpose, such as the Watergate investigation.12
6090311332legislative oversightCongress' monitoring of the bureaucracy and its administration of policy, performed mainly through committee hearings.13
6090311333committee chairsThe most important influencers of the congressional agenda. They play dominant roles in scheduling hearings, hiring staff, appointing subcommittees, and managing committee bills when they are brought before the full house. They are often the most senior member from the majority party within a given committee.14
6090311334seniority systemA simple rule for picking committee chairs. The member who had served the committee the longest and whose party controlled Congress became chair, regardless of the party loyalty, mental state, or competence. Also applies to the position of the Senate president pro-tempore.15
6090311335a congressional caucusA group of members of Congress sharing some interest or characteristic. Most are composed of members from both parties and from both houses.16
6090311336billA proposed law, drafted in precise, legal language. Anyone can draft one of this, but only a member of the House of Representatives or the Senate can formally submit it for consideration.17
6090311337frankingBenefit allowing members of Congress to mail letters and other materials postage-free18
6090311338House Rules committeeA standing committee unique to the house that provides special rules under which specific bills can be debated, amended, and considered by the house.19
6090311339Senate confirmationgiving the Senate the authority to approve appointments made by the president20
6090311340clotureA procedure for terminating debate, especially filibusters, in the Senate. 60 votes are needed in invoke cloture.21
6090311341delegate roleA concept of legislative work as simply voting the desires of one's constituents, regardless of one's own personal views22
6090311342trustee rolelegislator who is entrusted to excise their own judgment and wisdom; believes their constituents trust their independent decision making ability to act on their behalf23
6090311343pocket vetoA veto taking place when Congress adjourns within 10 days of submitting a bill to the president, who simply lets it die by neither signing nor vetoing it.24
6090311344goal of members of Congress (according to Mayhew)re-election25
6090311345activities that members engage in (according to Mayhew)Advertising Credit claiming Position taking26
6090311346reapportionmentThe process of reallocating House seats amongst the states, following each census, based on the population of each state.27
6090311347redistrictingThe redrawing of congressional and other legislative district lines following the census, to accommodate population shifts and keep districts as equal as possible in population. Conducted by the states (often the state legislature).28
6090311348gerrymanderingProcess of redrawing legislative boundaries for the purpose of benefiting the party in power.29
6090311349Examples of credit claimingcasework, pork30
6090311350Examples of advertisingnon-partisan speeches; congratulatory mail, etc.31
6090387654pigeonholeaction that means a bill introduced into Congress are buried, put away, or never acted upon in Committe, and therefore die32
6090393708tablingLaying aside a bill to discuss later, ofter as a way to postpone discussion indefinitely33
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AP Biology Chapter 43 Flashcards

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5189407593Immune SystemThe totality of the body's physical barriers, immune cells, molecules, and physiological responses that enable you to block, fight, and destroy pathogens0
5189407594Innate ImmunityAll animals A defense that is active immediately upon infection and is the same whether or not the pathogen has been encountered before Nonspecific (less advanced, generic) Outer covering (skin/shell, chemical secretions, internal surfaces) Small preset group of receptor proteins bind to molecules/structures that are absent from animal bodies but common to viruses, bacteria, or other microbes Rapid Response1
5189407595Innate Immunity - Internal DefensesPhagocytic cells, Natural Killer cells, Antimicrobial Proteins, Inflammatory Reponse, Complement Protein Cascade Can have B and T cells2
5189407596Adaptive ImmunityVertebrates Only A defense that produces a a vast arsenal of receptors, each of which recognizes a feature typically found only on a particular part of a particular molecule in a particular pathogen Specific Slow development, slow response3
5189407597Adaptive Immunity - Internal DefensesAntibodies Cytotoxic cells (B and T Cells)4
5189407598Innate immunity of InvertebratesExoskeleton - First line Lysozyme - Breaks down bacterial cell walls Hemocytes - Phagocytosis or production of chemicals Antimicrobial Peptide secretion (disrupt plasma membranes)5
5189407599LysozymeAn enzyme that breaks down cell walls to protect insect digestive systems6
5189407600PhagocytosisThe cellular ingestion and digestion of bacteria and other foreign susbtances7
5189407601Innate Immunity of CertebratesCoexist with adaptive immunity Barrier defenses, phagocytosis, antimicrobial peptides (found in both vertebrates and invertebrates) Unique aspects to vertebrates (natural killer cells, interferons, inflammatory response)8
5189407602Barrier DefensesBlock entry of many pathogens Skin Mucous membrane Mucous Ciliated cells Saliva, tears, mucous (inhibits colonization, hostile lysozymes) pH from stomach Oil and sweat (pH 3-5) prevent growth9
5189407603Cellular Innate Defenses...10
5189407604Toll-Like Receptor (TLR)A mammalian receptor that binds to fragments of molecules characteristic of a set of pathogens After detection, a phagocytic cell engulfs them (traps in a vacuole) Lysosome fuses and degrades components)11
5189407605NeutrophilsOne main type of phagocytic cell in the mammalian body Attracted by signals from infected tissues Engulf and destroy infecting pathogens12
5189407606MacrophagesSecond main type of phagocytic cell in the mammalian body Larger than neutrophils Migratory or localized13
5189407607Dendritic CellsPopulate tissues (ex. skin) that ocntact the environment) Stimulate adaptive immunity against pathogens they encounter and engulf14
5189407608EosinophilsFound beneath mucosal surface Low phagocytic activity Important in defending against multicellular invaders (parasitic worms) Discharge destructive enzymes15
5189407609Natural Killer CellsUnique to vertebrates Circulate body to detect abnormal array of surface proteins (virus-infected or cancerous cells)16
5189407610InterferonsAntimicrobial proteins that provide innate defenses by interfering with viral infection Infected cells secrete interferons, which induce nearby uninfected cells to produce substances and inhibit viral reproduction Some white blood cells secrete interferons to activate macrophages17
5189407611Complement System (Protein Cascade)30 proteins that circulate blood plasma Inactive until activated by substances on the surface of many microbes Activation results in a cascade of biochemical reactions, lysis of invading cells Inflammation18
5189407612Inflammatory ResponseChanges brought about by signaling molecules released upon injury or infection that causes swelling (increased blood flow)19
5189407613HistamineInflammatory signaling molecule Released at sites of damage, dilates blood vessels, permeates blood vessels20
5189407614Mast CellsFound in connective tissue Stores histamine in granules (vesicles)21
5189407615CytokinesSignaling molecules that enhance immune response by promoting blood flow to the site of infection/injury Produced by macrophages and neutrophils22
5189407616InflammationCycles of signaling and response Activated complement proteins promote histamine release, attracting more phagocytic cells to enter infected tissues Enhanced blood flow delivers more antimicrobial peptides Pus accumulates (rich in white blood cells, dead pathogens, cell debris) Fever, meningitis, appendicitis, septic shock23
5189407617Evasion of Innate Immunity by pathogensOuter capsule interferes with molecular recognition Resist breakdown by lysosomes Hides from innate defenses24
5189407618LymphocytesWhite blood cells T and B cells25
5189407619ThymusAn organ in the thoracic cavity above the heart Lymphocytes mature into T Cells26
5189407620B CellsLymphocytes that mature from bone marrow27
51894076213rd Lymphocyte typeNatural Killer Remain in blood28
5189407622AntigenAny substance that elicits a response from a B Cell or T Cell29
5189407623Antigen ReceptorA protein that binds to an antigen30
5189407624EpitoteAn antigenic determinant The small, accessible portion of an antigen that binds to an antigen receptor Determines T/B cell specificity31
5189407625B-Cell Antigen ReceptorEach B cell antigen is Y-Shaped (four polypeptide chains - two identical heavy chains, two identical light chains, with disulfide bridges) Transmembrane region near one end of a heavy chain anchors the receptor in the cell's plasma membrane) Short tail region at the end of the heavy chain extends into cytoplasma Variable regions bind to antigens (constant regions make up the rest) Bind to intact epitotes of intact antigens circulating in body fluids32
5189407626Variable RegionsAmino Acid sequence varies extensively from one B cell to another Specific binding33
5189407627Antibody/Immunoglobulin (Ig)A protein secreted when an antigen receptor binds to an antigen Y-Shaped organization May bind to antigens on surface of pathogens or free in body fluids34
5189407628T Cell Antigen ReceptorTwo different polypeptide chains (Alpha and Beta chain) linked by a disulfide bridge Transmembrane region anchors the receptor to plasma membrane Outer tip - Variable region Only bind to fragments of antigens displayed on the surface of host cells35
5189407629MHC (Major Histocompatibility Complex) MoleculeA host protein that displays the antigen gragment on the cell surface36
5189407630Antigen PresentationThe display of the antigen fragment in an exposed groove of the MHC protein Pathogen or part of a pathogen is taken in by a host cell Enzymes cleave the antigen into smaller peptides (antigen fragments) MHC binds to fragments MHC moves to surface and presents antigen37
5189407631B Cell and T Cell developmentDiversit, self tolerance (lack of reactivity to self), cell proliferation, stronger secondary response38
5189407632Generation of B and T Cell DiversityEach person makes more than 1 mil diff. B Cell antigen receptors and 10 mil. different T Cell antigen receptors Recombinase enzyme linkas a light chain V gene seg. to one J (joining) seg. to form a single exon Rnadomly links any one of 40 V to any one of 5 J39
5189407633Origin of Self ToleranceLymphocyte antigen receptors are tested for self-reactivity Those that are self reactive undergo apoptosis or rendered nonfunctional40
5189407634Proliferation of B and T Cells; Clonal SelectionBinding of antigen receptor to epitote activates lymphocyte B/T cell then undergoes multiple cell divisions to produce clones41
5189407635Effector CellsShort lived cells that take effect immediately against the antigen or any pathogen producing that sntigen42
5189407636Memory CellsLong-lived cells that can give rise to effector cells if the same antigen is encountered later in the animal's life43
5189407637Primary Immune ResponsePeaks 10-17 days after initial exposure Selected B and T cells give rise to effector and memory forms44
5189407638Secondary Immune ResponseHallmark of adaptive immunity Peaks 2-7 days after exposure Faster, stronger, longer response Relies on reservoir of memory T and B cells generated following the initial exposure45
5189407639Humoral Immune ResponseOccurs in blood/lymph Antibodies help neutralize or eliminate toxins and pathogens in blood/lymph46
5189407640Cell-Mediated immune responseSpecialized T cells destroy infected host cells47
5189407641Helper T-CellTriggers both humoral and cell-mediated immune response Do not carry out the responses themselves Signals the production of antibodies To activate adaptive immune responses, a foreign molecule must be present that can bind specifically to the antigen receptor of the T Cell AND the antigen must be displayed on the surface of an antigen-presenting cell48
5189407642Antigen-Presenting CellA dendritic cell, macrophage, or B Cell49
5189407643What distinguishes an antigen-presenting cell?Antigen-Presenting Cells can also be host cells Class I MHC - Body Cells Class I and Class II MHC - Antigen presenting cells Class II allows antigen presenting cells to be recognized50
5189407644Helper T/Antigen-Presenting Cell InteractionAntigen receptors on Helper T surface bind to specific epitote of an antigen frag. Accessory protein on helper T Cell attaches to Class II MHC (keeps them joined) Signals from cytokines are exchanges (antigen-presenting cell secrete cytokines to stimulate Helpter T, causing the Helpter T to produce cytokines) Helper T Cell proliferates (forms Activated Helpter T Cells) to stimulate cytotoxic T Cells B Cells present antigents to already activated helper T cells, which activates B Cells themselves51
5189407645Cytotoxic T CellsCell-mediated immune response effector cells Requires signaling molecules from helper T and the interaction with a antigen-presenting cell to activate Frag. of foreign proteins produced in infected host cells associate with Class I MHC (recognized by cytotoxic T) Secrete proteins that disrupt membrane integrity and tirgger apoptosis Deprives pathogen of reproduction host and exposes them to antibodies52
5189407646Activation of B CellsActivation by antigen is aided by cytokine (secreted by helper T) Stimulated by antigen and cytokines, B Cells proliferate into memory and effector/plasma cells (secrete antibodies)53
5189407647Antigen processing and display in B CellsPresents only the antigen to which it specifically binds (magrophages/dendritic cells present fragments from a wide variety of protein antigens) Antigen binds to receptor on B Cell surface Receptor-mediated endocytosis, class II MHC protein then presents antigen frag to helpter T54
5189407648B Cell ActivationCell-to-cell contact between B cell and Helper T Cell 1000's of plasma cells produced (these stop expressing a membrane bound antigen receptor) and produce/secrete antibodies (2000/sec for 4-5 days) Antigens recognized by B cells contain multiple epitotes (single antigen, variety of B cells activated)55
5189407649Antibody FunctionBinds to entigens, marks pathogens for inactivation/destruction56
5189407650Antibody Function - NeutralizationAntibodies bind to viral surface proteins Prevent infection of host cell, or recruits natural killer Bind to toxins released in body and prevent entrance57
5189407651Antibody Function - OpsonizationAntibodies bound to antigens on bacteria present a readily recognized structure for macrophages or neutrophils Increase phagocytosis May link bacterial cells, virus particles, or other foreign substances into aggregates (each antibody has 2 binding sites) Positive feedback (antibodies increase phagocytosis, phagocytic cells present antigens, more B cells formed, more antibodies released)58
5189407652Antibody Function - Membrane Attack ComplexComplement protein binds to antigen-antibody complex on a foreign cell (or enveloped virus) Complement system activates next protein Activated complement protein cascade generates membrane attack complex (forms pores in membrane of foreign cells, ions/water rush in, lysis)59
5189407653Active ImmunityDefenses that arise when a pathogen infects the body and prompts a primary or secondary immune response60
5189407654Passive ImmunityAntibodies provided by mother guard against pathogens that have never infected the newborn61
5189407655Immunization/VaccinationIntroduction of antigens into the body used to induce adaptive immunity Antibodies from an immune animal are injected into nonimmune animal (artificial passive immunization)62
5189407656Monoclonial AntibodiesAntibodies prepared from a single blone of B cells grown in a culture63
5189407657Immune RejectionAntigen receptors are not self-tolerant of a recipient's body cells (Immune system is health)64
5189407658Blood GroupsType A - A Carbohydrate, Anti-B Type B - B Carbohydrate, Anti-A Type AB - Both A and B carbohydrate, no antibody Type O - Neither, Anti-A and Anti-B65
5189407659Tissue and Organ TransplantsMHC stimulate immune response Diversity of MHC66
5189407660AllergiesExaggerated (hypersentive) responses to certain antigens (allergens)67
5189407661Autoimmune DiseaseImmune system is active against particular molecules of the body Immune system is self-reactive Lupus - Antibodies vs histones and DNA (breakdown of body cells - skin rashes, fevers, arthritis, kidney dysfunction) Rheumatoid Arthritis - Damage and inflammation of joints/cartilage Type I Diabetes Mellitus - Insulin producing Beta cells of pancreas are destroyed by cytotoxic T Cells Multiple sclerosis - T cells infiltrate central nervous system and destroy myelin sheath68
5189407662ImmunodeficiencyAn immune system response to antigens that is defective or absent69
5189407663Aquired Immunodeficiency SyndromeHIV virus70
5189407664Antigenic VariationChanges in epitote expression Lessens recognition by immune system71
5189407665LatencyViruses enter an inactive state No proteins made, no free virus particles, adaptive immunity is not triggered72
5189407666HIVInfects helper T Cells, high mutation (antigenic variation)73
5189407667CancerCancer frequency increases dramatically when adaptive immunity is inactivated74
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