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AP Bio - Lymphatic System Flashcards

9421788143	Lymphatic System Function	Defense and returns excess fluid from tissues to the cardiovascular tissue	0
9421788144	Lymphatic parts	lymphatic vessels, lymph nodes, organs	1
9421788146	Two main types of lymphatic cells	Macrophage and Lymphocytes	2
9421788147	Types of lymphocytes	B and T cells	3
9421788148	General characteristics of immune response	Antigen specific, has memory, systemic	4
9421788149	Nonspecific defense system	Innate immunity that responds immediately to protect body from all foreign substances	5
9421788150	Specific defense system	Acquired immunity that will stimulate only certain cells for an antigen	6
9421788151	Inflammatory response	body's second line of defense that causes redness and swelling in an injured area	7
9421788155	Antigens	any substance capable of exciting our immune system and provoking an immune response	8
9421788156	Pathogen	harmful or disease causing microorganisms	9
9421788159	Immune response	reaction to a threat that starts inflammatory response and attacks specific antigens	10
9421788166	Macrophages	cells that engulf and destroy bacteria, viruses, and other foreign substances	11
9421788167	Lymphocytes	type of white blood cell that responds to foreign substances (B and T)	12
9421788163	Helper T cells	directors of immune system	13
9421788154	Cellular immunity	when lymphocytes (living cells) defend the body	14
9421788168	T cells	non-antibody producing lymphocytes that make up cell mediated immunity	15
9421788162	Cytotoxic T cells	T cell that kill off cells with foreign structures on their surface such as virus or bacteria infected cells, cancer cells, or foreign graft cells	16
9421816966	Humoral immunity	defending the body with antibodies present in the body's fluid	17
9421788161	B cells	produce antibodies and oversee humoral immunity	18
9421788165	Plasma cells	rapidly multiplying B cells that release antibodies	19
9421788157	Active immunity	when B cells must encounter antigens in the body and then produce antibodies	20
9421788158	Passive immunity	getting antibodies from another immune human or animal donor	21
9421788153	Antibody	Y shaped protein structures that bind to antigens	22
9421788160	Suppressor T cells	slows activity of T and B cells	23
9421788164	Memory cells	remain behind to be activated again if antigen returns	24

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AP Flashcards

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10206065289	approval ratings	a measurement of how popular, or unpopular, a leader or program is among the public.	0
10206065290	17th Amendment	Direct election of senators	1
10206065291	Trustee Role	Legislative behavior is based on independent judgment of what is best policy and public interest.	2
10206065292	Checks and Balances	authority shared by three branches of government, separation of powers	3
10206065293	Bills originate	house of representative	4
10206065294	casework	social work directly concerned with individuals, especially that involving a study of a person's family history and personal circumstances.	5
10206065295	congressional oversight	Congress follows up on laws that have been put into place	6
10206065296	logrolling	An agreement by two or more lawmakers to support each other's bills	7
10206065297	Senate Leadership	Senate Majority Leader, Vice-President, Senate Pro Tempore, Majority/Minority leaders & whips	8
10206065298	conference committee	works out a compromise between differing House-Senate versions of a bill	9
10206065299	Census	A periodic and official count of a country's population.	10
10206065300	Gerrymandering	Process of redrawing legislative boundaries for the purpose of benefiting the party in power.	11
10206065301	House of Representatives	435 members, based on population of each state, each state has at least one house member	12
10206065302	Fillibuster	the use of long speeches to prevent the vote on a bill	13
10206065303	override veto	legislative over executive	14
10206065304	Chief Executive	Term for the President as vested with the executive power of the United States, Head of executive branch.	15
10206065305	expressed powers	specific powers granted by the Constitution to Congress and to the president	16
10206065306	Bully Pulpit	a platform used to publicize and seek support for important issues	17
10206065307	executive orders	Formal orders issued by the president to direct action by the federal bureaucracy.	18
10206065308	Advise and Consent	the power of the senate to approve or disapprove of any of the president's appointments or treaties	19
10206065309	electoral college	a body of electors chosen by voters to cast ballots for president and vice president	20
10206065310	inherent powers	powers claimed by a president that are not expressed in the Constitution but are inferred from it	21
10206065311	executive privilege	the President's power to refuse to disclose information	22
10206065312	Veto	To reject a bill and prevent it from becoming a law	23
10206065313	22nd Amendment	Amendment that created a 2 term limit on presidents.	24
10206065314	executive agreement	an agreement between the president and the heads of other nations	25
10206065336	captured agency's		26
10206065315	Sunset Legislation	Laws set to expire unless specifically re-authorized by Congress.	27
10206065316	Spoils System	A system of public employment based on rewarding party loyalists and friends.	28
10206065317	Independent Executive Agencies	A federal agency that is not part of a cabinet department but reports directly to the president.	29
10206065318	Independent Regulatory Agencies	Federal regulatory agencies that are independent, thus not fully under the power of the president.	30
10206065319	Department of Homeland Security	US federal agency created in 2002 to coordinate national efforts against terrorism	31
10206065320	government corporation	government agency that performs a service normally provided by the private sector	32
10206065321	iron triangle	A close relationship between an agency, a congressional committee, and an interest group	33
10206065337	Congress vs agency		34
10206065322	class action suit	A case brought by someone to help him or her and all others who are similarly situated	35
10206065323	original jurisdiction	the power of a court to hear a case first, before any other court	36
10206065324	Judicial Review	Allows the court to determine the constitutionality of laws	37
10206065325	stare decisis	Let the decision stand; decisions are based on precedents from previous cases	38
10206065326	Rule of Four	At least four justices of the Supreme Court must vote to consider a case before it can be heard	39
10206065327	dissenting opinion	a signed opinion in which one or more justices disagree with the majority view	40
10206065328	judicial activism	philosophy that the courts should take an active role in solving problems	41
10206065329	strict construction	a way of interpreting the constitution based on its language alone	42
10206065330	political question	an issue that a court believes should be decided by the executive or legislative branch	43
10206065331	Medicare	medical assistant to the poor	44
10206065338	conversation		45
10206065339	preservation		46
10206065332	health care costs	the amount that is paid or charged for health care	47
10206065333	Recessions	Periods of falling real incomes and rising unemployment	48
10206065334	Depression	A period of low economic activity and rising unemployment	49
10206065264	Inflation	A general and progressive increase in prices	50
10206065265	Entitlements	Social welfare programs with specific requirements	51
10206065266	fiscal policy	Government policy that attempts to manage the economy by controlling taxing and spending.	52
10206065267	monetary policy	The management of the money supply and interest rates	53
10206065268	Balance Budget	plan requiring that what the government spends will not exceed its income	54

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AP Psychology Unit 8B Flashcards

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8788818176	Emotion	a response of the whole organism, involving (1) physiological arousal, (2) expressive behaviors, and (3) conscious experience.	0
8788818177	James-Lange Theory	the theory that our experience of emotion is our awareness of our physiological responses to emotion-arousing stimuli.	1
8788818178	Cannon-Bard Theory	the theory that an emotion-arousing stimulus simultaneously triggers (1) physiological responses and (2) the subjective experience of emotion.	2
8788818179	Two-Factor Theory	the Schachter-Singer theory that to experience emotion one must (1) be physically aroused and (2) cognitively label the arousal.	3
8788818180	Polygraph	a machine, commonly used in attempts to detect lies, that measures several of the physiological responses accompanying emotion (such as perspiration and cardiovascular and breathing changes).	4
8788818181	Facial Feedback	the effect of facial expressions on experienced emotions, as when a facial expression of anger or happiness intensifies feelings of anger or happiness.	5
8788818182	Catharsis	an emotional release. The catharsis hypothesis maintains that "releasing" aggressive energy (through action or fantasy) relieves aggressive urges.	6
8788818183	Feel-Good, Do-Good Phenomenon	people's tendency to be helpful when already in a good mood.	7
8788818184	Well-Being	self-perceived happiness or satisfaction with life. Used along with measures of objective well-beign (for example, physical and economic indicators) to evaluate people's quality of life.	8
8788818185	Adaptation-Level Phenomenon	our tendency to form judgments (of sounds, of lights, of income) relative to a neutral level defined by our prior experience.	9
8788818186	Relative Deprivation	the perception that we are worse off relative to those with whom we compare ourselves.	10
8788818187	Behavioral Medicine	an interdisciplinary field that integrates behavioral and medical knowledge and applies that knowledge to health and disease.	11
8788818188	Health Psychology	a subfield of psychology that provides psychology's contribution to behavioral medicine.	12
8788818189	Stress	the process by which we perceive and respond to certain events, called stressors, that we appraise as threatening or challenging.	13
8788818190	General Adaptation Syndrome (GAS)	Selye's concept of the body's adaptive response to stress in three phases—alarm, resistance, exhaustion.	14
8788818191	Coronary Heart Disease	the clogging of the vessels that nourish the heart muscle; the leading cause of death in North America.	15
8788818192	Type A	Friedman and Rosenman's term for competitive, hard-driving, impatient, verbally aggressive, and anger-prone people.	16
8788818193	Type B	Friedman and Rosenman's term for easygoing, relaxed people.	17
8788818194	Psychophysiological Illness	literally, "mind-body" illness; any stress-related physical illness, such as hypertension and some headaches.	18
8788818195	Psychoneuroimmunology (PNI)	the study of how psychological, neural, and endocrine processes together affect the immune system and resulting health.	19
8788818196	Lymphocytes	the two types of white blood cells that are part of the body's immune system: B lymphocytes form in the bone marrow and release antibodies that fight bacterial infections; The T lymphocytes form in the thymus and other lymphatic tissue and attack cancer cells, viruses, and foreign substances.	20

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APES Flashcards

Final/AP Review

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9748906004	Albedo	The percentage of incoming sunlight reflected from a surface	0
9748906005	Stratosphere	12 to 50 km, Ozone held here, absorbs UV radiation	1
9748906006	Troposphere	Bottom layer in the atmosphere - where we live, breathe . It is also where all the weather occurs	2
9748906007	Ecosystem Productivity	Total amount of solar energy captured by producers (GPP) minus the amount of energy used for respiration, the NPP	3
9748906008	Phosphorus Cycle	The movement of phosphorus atoms from rocks through the biosphere and hydrosphere and back to rocks.	4
9748906009	Photosynthesis	Plants use the sun's energy to convert water and carbon dioxide into sugars	5
9748906010	Abiotic Components	Nonliving chemical and physical factors in the environment.	6
9748906011	Evapotranspiration	The evaporation of water from soil plus the transpiration of water from plants.	7
9748906012	Percolation	The process by which water moves downward in the soil, toward the water table.	8
9748906013	ecosystem resistance	A measure of how much a disturbance can affect an ecosystems flow of energy and matter.	9
9748906014	Watershed	The land area that supplies water to a river system.	10
9748906015	Macronutrients	A chemical substance that an organism must obtain in relatively large amounts.	11
9748906016	Trophic Level	Each step in a food chain or food web	12
9748906017	Nitrogen Cycle	The cycle in which nitrogen gas is changed into forms of nitrogen that plants can use	13
9748906018	Carbon Cycle	The organic circulation of carbon from the atmosphere into organisms and back again	14
9748906019	Leaching	Removal of dissolved materials from soil by water moving downwards.	15
9748906020	Climate	The average weather conditions in an area over a long period of time	16
9748906021	Weather	the state of the atmosphere at a place and time as regards heat, dryness, sunshine, wind, rain, etc.	17
9748906022	Tilted Axis	causes earth to have seasons	18
9748906023	Boreal Forest (Taiga)	Forest biome made up primarily of coniferous evergreen trees that can tolerate cold winters and short growing seasons.	19
9748906024	Tundra	A cold and treeless biome with low-growing vegetation.	20
9748906025	Permafrost	Permanently frozen soil (impermeable).	21
9748906026	Temperate Rainforest	A coastal biome typified by moderate temperatures and high precipitation.	22
9748906027	Temperate Seasonal (Deciduous) Forest	A biome with warm summers and cold winters with over 1 m (39 inches) of precipitation annually. Largely productive and one of the first biomes to be converted to agricultural land.	23
9748906028	tropical rain forest	Biome near the equator with warm temperatures, wet weather, and lush plant growth. Contains two thirds of Earth's terrestrial species.	24
9748906029	temperate grassland	biome characterized by deep, nutrient-rich soil that supports many grass species	25
9748906030	Savanna	a grassy plain in tropical and subtropical regions, with few trees, and distinct wet and dry seasons.	26

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AP Spanish Flashcards

Quiero que hagas las actividad de "learn" para ganar 5/5

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6090543279	aceptar	to accept	0
6090543280	permitir	to allow, starts with 'p'	1
6090543281	preguntar	to ask	2
6090543282	dejar	to allow, starts with 'd'	3
6090543283	creer	to believe	4
6090543284	prestar	to borrow	5
6090543285	romper	to break	6
6090543286	traer	to bring	7
6090543287	comprar	to buy	8
6090543288	poder	can/to be able	9
6090543289	cancelar	to cancel	10
6090543290	cambiar	to change	11
6090543291	limpiar	to clean	12
6090543292	peinar	to comb	13
6090543293	quejarse	to complain	14
6090543294	toser	to cough	15
6090543295	contar	to count	16
6090543296	cortar	to cut	17
6090543297	bailar	to dance	18
6090543298	dibujar	to draw	19
6090543299	beber	to drink	20
6090543300	conducir	to drive	21
6090543301	comer	to eat	22
6090543302	explicar	to explain	23
6090543303	caerse	to fall	24
6090543304	llenar	to fill	25
6090543305	encontrar	to find	26
6090543306	terminar	to finish	27
6090543307	caber	to fit	28
6090543308	reparar	to fix	29
6090543309	volar	to fly	30
6090543310	como punto de partida	as a point of departure	31
6090543311	en primer lugar	in the first place	32
6090543312	con respecto a	with respect to (regarding)	33
6090543313	actualmente	presently	34
6090543314	hasta el momento	until now	35
6090543315	mientras tanto	meanwhile	36
6090543316	a pesar de (que)	in spite of (use "que" if followed by a conjugated verb)	37
6090543317	de lo contrario	otherwise	38
6090543318	en cambio	on the other hand	39
6090543319	por el contrario	on the contrary	40
6090543320	sin embargo	however	41
6090543321	de todos modos	nevertheless	42
6090543322	así que	so, therefore	43
6090543323	con relación a	in relation to	44
6090543324	conviene indicar (que)	it is suitable to indicate(that)	45
6090543325	en cuanto a	regarding	46
6090543326	por lo común	as a rule (usually)	47
6090543327	también viene al caso	it is also to the point	48
6090543328	para mí	in my opinion	49
6090543329	de hecho	in fact (as a matter of fact)	50
6090543330	en otras palabras, o sea (que), es decir (que)	in other words	51
6090543331	mejor dicho (que)	better said	52
6090543332	hay que tomar en cuenta que...	one must realize (take into account) that...	53
6090543333	sin duda, no cabe duda (de que)	without a doubt	54
6090543334	sobre todo	above all	55
6090543335	para ilustrar	to illustrate	56
6090543336	a fin de cuentas	in the end	57
6090543337	al parecer, por lo visto	apparently (seemingly)	58
6090543338	como consecuencia/resultado	as a result (consequently)	59
6090543339	en resumen, en suma	in summary	60
6090543340	en resumidas cuentas	in short	61
6090543341	por consiguiente, por eso, por lo tanto	therefore	62
6090543342	por lo mismo	for the same reason	63
6090543343	puesto que, ya que	since, seeing that	64
6090543344	como quieras	whatever you say	65
6090543345	me da igual/lo mismo	it's all the same to me	66
6090543346	de acuerdo	okay, I agree	67
6090543347	ni hablar, ¡Qué va!	no way	68
6090543348	ni lo sueñes	don't even think about it	69
6090543349	figúrate	imagine that	70
6090543350	parece mentira, ¡Mentira!, no lo puedo creer, ¡Qué bárbaro!	I can't believe it	71
6090543351	Qué te parece si.....?	What if (What would you think if....?)	72
6090543352	Sería mejor, más vale, mejor (+ verb)	It would be better	73
6090543353	¡Eso es el colmo!	That is the last straw!	74
6090543354	no puedo más	I can't take it anymore	75
6090543355	¡Cuánto lo siento!	I'm so sorry!	76
6090543356	no hay más remedio	there's no other choice (solution)	77
6090543357	en serio	seriously (really)	78
6090543358	eso no vale	that's not fair	79
6090543359	que yo sepa	as far as I know	80
6090543360	debe de ser...	it probably is (it must be)...	81
6090543361	¿Qué te parece?	What do you think?	82
6090543362	mediante	by means of (through)	83
6090543363	así que, en cuanto	as soon as	84
6090543364	aun	even, still	85
6090543365	aun cuando	even when	86
6090543366	cada vez que	each time that	87
6090543367	como	as, since	88
6090543368	con tal (de) que	provided that	89
6090543369	desde que	since	90
6090543370	en caso de que	in case that	91
6090543371	hasta que	until	92
6090543372	mientras	while	93
6090543373	mientras tanto	meanwhile	94
6090543374	ni...ni	neither...nor	95
6090543375	sin embargo	nevertheless (however)	96
6090543376	sin que	without	97
6090543377	tan pronto como	as soon as	98
6090543378	una vez que	once	99
6090543379	ya que	since (seeing that)	100
6090543380	a partir de	beginning with	101
6090543381	en primer lugar	in the first place	102
6090543382	para empezar	to begin	103
6090543383	a la (misma) vez	at the same time	104
6090543384	además	besides (furthermore)	105
6090543385	ahora mismo	right now	106
6090543386	al mismo tiempo	at the same time	107
6090543387	antes de + infinitive	before (action)	108
6090543388	de aquí (ahora, hoy) en adelante	from now on	109
6090543389	después de + infinitive	after (action)	110
6090543390	durante	during	111
6090543391	entonces	then	112
6090543392	hasta el momento, la fecha	until now	113
6090543393	hoy día	nowadays	114
6090543394	luego	then (later)	115
6090543395	para continuar	to continue	116
6090543396	primero	first	117
6090543397	también	also	118
6090543398	tan pronto como	as soon as	119
6090543399	de lo contrario	otherwise	120
6090543400	en cambio	on the other hand	121
6090543401	por el/al contrario	on the contrary	122
6090543402	así que	so, therefore	123
6090543403	en cuanto a	regarding	124
6090543404	hablando a	speaking of	125
6090543405	no...sino (que)	not...but rather	126
6090543406	por lo común	as a rule	127
6090543407	por lo general	generally	128
6090543408	por un lado...por otro lado	on one hand... on the other hand...	129
6090543409	también viente al caso	it is also to the point	130
6090543410	a mi parecer	in my opinion	131
6090543411	además	furthermore	132
6090543412	de hecho	in fact	133
6090543413	en otras palabras	in other words	134
6090543414	en realidad	actually	135
6090543415	es decir	that is to say	136
6090543416	lo importante es que	what is important is that	137
6090543417	lo que importa es que	what matters is that	138
6090543418	o sea	in other words	139
6090543419	sin duda	without a doubt	140
6090543420	sobre todo	above all	141
6090543421	para ilustrar	to illustrate	142
6090543422	por ejemplo	for example	143
6090543423	a causa de	because of	144
6090543424	a fin de cuentas	in the end	145
6090543425	al fin	finally	146
6090543426	al fin y al cabo	in the end	147
6090543427	al parecer	apparently	148
6090543428	como resultado	as a result	149
6090543429	en conclusión	in conclusion	150
6090543430	en fin	finally	151
6090543431	finalmente	finally	152
6090543432	para concluir	to conclude	153
6090543433	para resumir	to summarize	154
6090543434	para terminar	to end	155
6090543435	por	because of	156
6090543436	por consiguiente	therefore	157
6090543437	por ese motivo	for that reason	158
6090543438	por lo mismo	for the same reason	159
6090543439	tal vez	maybe	160
6090543440	no obstante	nevertheless	161
6090543441	por otro lado	on the other hand	162
6090543442	al contrario	on the contrary	163
6090543443	de todas maneras	anyway	164

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AP Psychology Brain and Behavior Flashcards

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7681144502	amygdala	Part of Limbic System - responsible for fear responses and the memory of fear - if damaged - inability to create fear responses, risky behavior, deficits in recognizing emotion	0
7681144503	somatosensory cortex	- Between motor cortex and parietal lobe - receives tactile information from the body,each area of cortex corresponds to an area of the body. - if damaged - difficulties in perceiving touch in certain areas of body.	1
7681144504	temporal lobe	-contains auditory cortex which makes us capable of hearing -also contains Wernicke's Area -if damaged, difficulty processing hearing	2
7681144505	thalamus	- part of limbic system - receives sensory cortex and sends them to appropriate areas of forebrain -Smell is NOT processes here	3
7681144506	occipital lobe	- receives and interprets visual input from retinas - if damaged - loss of vision, partial/ complete blindness	4
7681144507	Wernicke's area	- in temporal lobe - language comprehension - if damaged - inability to comprehend written or spoken language	5
7681144508	cerebral cortex	- gray wrinkled surface of a thin layer packed of neurons - all thinking activities (determining personality, planning, intelligence, organization); divided into 4 lobes - if damaged - sensory and motor problems	6
7681144509	medulla	- above spinal cord, part of brain stem, below pons - basic bodily functions such as breathing, heart rate, blood pressure, digestion, circulation ,etc. - if damaged - death, drooling, breathing assistance, drooling	7
7681144510	neurotransmitter	- chemicals in terminal buttons that travel in the synaptic gap between neurons - brain chemicals that communicate information throughout our body and brain	8
7681144511	motor cortex	- frontal lobe, edge of back frontal lobe touching parietal lobe - generate neural impulses that control the execution of movement - if damaged - loss of muscle function, paralysis	9
7681144512	pituitary gland	- next to optic nerve and hypothalamus - releases growth hormones - if damaged - production of hormones is irregular or stops	10
7681144513	reticular formation	- part of brain stem - regulate sleeping, alertness, focus controls, sleep- wake cycle - if damaged - lack of sleep, over sleeping, loss of focus, never wake up	11
7681144514	pineal gland	- part of endocrine system - produces melatonin; affects sleep patterns - if damaged - hypertension, epilepsy, sexual dysfunction	12
7681144515	glial cells	- specialized cells that take care of neurons by providing nutrients, clearing dead neurons, and producing myelin sheath	13
7681144516	spinal cord	- connects peripheral nervous system to brain; sends information from body to brain and from brain to body. -can also initiate life saving reflexes (act as a primitive brain) - if damaged, paralysis	14
7681144517	serotonin	-Neurotransmitter involved in mood, motivation, and temperature - low in depressed people, anti-depressants boost serotonin levels -ecstasy and other hallucinogens release serotonin	15
7681144518	dopamine	- Neurotransmitter involved in reward and pleasure - Also regulates movement - deficiency results in Parkinson Disease, muscle rigidity - too much: feelings of pleasure/high; linked with schizophrenia -cocaine releases large amounts of dopamine	16
7681144519	norepinephrine	- neurotransmitter secreted in response to stress - too much: emotional, anxiety, depression - too little: loss of alertness, memory problems, lack of arousal and interest	17
7681144520	acetylcholine (ACh)	-neurotransmitter involved in muscle contraction and memory - too much: intense muscle contractions - too little: immobility, related to Alzheimer's	18
7681144521	GABA	- main inhibitory neurotransmitter, calms the body - too much: anxiety, shortness of breath, numbness - too little: anxiety disorders	19
7681144522	glutamate	- main excitatory neurotransmitter involved in learning and memory - too much: over excitation ,restlessness, nervousness, insomnia	20
7681144523	brain stem	- above spinal cord, includes pons; medulla; midbrain - in charge of basic vital life functions - if damaged - organ failure, difficulties balancing and moving	21
7681144524	Broca's area	- left frontal lobe, directly above temporal cortex - produces fluent speech - if damaged - Broca's aphasia, repetitive speech	22
7681144525	cerebellum	- behind brainstem, below occipital lobe - monotors and regulates motor control, automatic muscle movements, balance, timing - if damaged - inability to walk, dizziness, slurred speech	23
7681144526	corpus callosum	- connects right and left hemisphere and allows information to pass through - split brain patients	24
7681144527	frontal lobe	-area of cerebral cortex involved in planning, solving, decision making, motor control - if damaged- inability to express language, atypical social skills -Phineas Gage	25
7681144528	hippocampus	-critical in the formation of new memories - if damaged - severe memory impairment, inability to form new memories	26
7681144529	hypothalamus	- Part of limbic system - hunger thirst, body temperature, sleep, rage, aggression - if damaged - hypothermia, excessive sleep, weight gain/ loss, aggression	27
7681144530	limbic system	- includes amygdala, hippocampus, hypothalamus, thalamus - emotional control center of the brain - if damaged - uncontrolled emotions	28
7681144531	parietal lobe	- area of cerebral cortex that receives and processes sensory information ( pain, touch, pressure), spatial attention	29
7681144532	pons	- part of brain stem - facial expressions, bridge to cerebrum, sleep - if damaged- sleep disruption, inability to form facial expressions	30
7681144533	prefrontal cortex	- front of frontal lobe - planning, reasoning judgement, social skills - if damaged - inability to inhibit social behaviors	31
7681144534	dendrites	a branched fiber that extends outward from the main cell body. It receives incoming messages and carries information to the soma/cell body	32
7681144535	cell body	contains nucleus, connected to dendrites and axon, functions as the "brain" of the neuron	33
7681144536	axon	extended fiber that conducts information from the cell body to the terminal buttons; travels in the form of an electric charge (action potential)	34
7681144537	neural impulse	electrical signal traveling along an axon	35
7681144538	myelin sheath	fatty substance that surrounds an axon, lubricating it and allowing for faster neural transmission.	36
7681144539	axon terminals	bulb like structures at the end of an axon, store and release the neurotransmitters	37
7681144540	synapse	gap between neurons that neurotransmitters must travel across.	38
7681144541	all or none principle	neuron either fires completely or doesn't fire at all	39
7681144542	EEG	- electroencephalogram - detects brain waives - widely used in sleep and dreaming research	40
7681144543	CAT scan	- computerized axial tomography - 3D picture - X-Ray - look for tumor - would not get any information about how active parts of the brain are	41
7681144544	MRI	- magnetic resonance imaging - similar to CAT scan - more detailed picture - uses magnetic field to measure the density and location of brain material - gives information about the structure of the brain	42
7681144545	PET	- position emission tomography - see what areas of the brain are most active during certain task - how much of a certain chemical parts of the brain are using	43
7681144546	Functional MRI	- combines MRI and PET scan - shows details of brain structure with information about book flow in brain	44
7681144547	Central Nervous System	- brain and spinal cord	45
7681144548	Peripheral Nervous System	-neurons, glands, organs, muscles etc outside of the brain and body - further divided into somatic and autonomic	46
7681144549	efferent neurons	- motor neurons - sends information from brain to body parts for movement	47
7681144550	afferent neurons	- sensory neurons - send information to CNS from body parts	48
7681144551	agonist	blocks re-uptake, excites, mimics the neurotransmitter, increases the response of the neurotransmitter by making excitatory more excited and inhibitory more inhibitory	49
7681144552	antagonist	prevents release, blocks, inhibits, decreases the response of the neurotransmitter by making excitatory less excitatory and inhibitory less inhibited.	50
7681144553	resting potential	neuron is at rest, but ready to fire. it is negatively charged on the inside. Potassium ions are on the inside; Sodium ions are on the outside	51
7681144554	excitatory neurotransmitter	neurotransmitters that make the receiving neuron MORE likely to generate an action potential; they increase activity	52
7681144555	inhibitory neurotransmitter	neurotransmitters that make the receiving neuron LESS likely to generate an action potential; they decrease activity	53
7681144556	lesion	natural or man made destruction of brain tissue; one of the techniques used to study the brain	54
7681144557	plasticity	the ability for a brain to change; for instance in a child who has had a hemispherectomy, the right hemisphere may adapt and do functions that the right did.	55
7681144558	endocrine system	system of glands that secrete hormones into the bloodstream ( controlled by hypothalamus)	56
7681144559	Left hemisphere	left portion of the cerebral cortex, responsible for motor movement and sensation of the right side of the body, and the right visual field. Also the main language center	57
7681144560	Right hemisphere	right portion of the cerebral cortex, responsible for motor movement and sensation of the left side of the body, and the left visual field. Also the area responsible for facial recognition.	58
7681144561	split brain patients	Patients who have had their corpus callosum severed to stop severe seizures. Experimentation with these patients allowed researchers to understand hemisphere specialization.	59
7681144562	Roger Sperry and Michael Gazzaniga	Researchers who worked with split brain patients to examine hemisphere specialization.	60

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AP Spanish Deceptive Words Flashcards

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8935594743	actualmente	at present, at the present time	0
8935594744	confidencia	secret, trust	1
8935594745	constipado	common cold	2
8935594746	calidad (f)	quality	3
8935594747	fábrica	factory	4
8935594748	realmente	actually	5
8935594749	soportar	to tolerate, to bear, to endure	6
8935594750	realizar	carry out, fulfill	7
8935594751	presentar	introduce a person (to)	8
8935594752	darse cuenta de	realize (become aware of)	9
8935594753	lograr	succeed (in)	10
8935594754	éxito	success	11
8935594755	ponerse + adjective	become (change in physical or emotional state)	12
8935594756	hacerse	become (change through conscious effort)	13
8935594757	llegar a ser	become (goal achieved over time)	14
8935594758	volverse + adjective	become (sudden, involuntary change)	15
8935594759	gastar	spend (money)	16
8935594760	pensar de	think of/about (used to ask for an opinion)	17
8935594761	pensar en	think of/about (used to express what is on someone's mind)	18

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AP Kanji 1-15 Flashcards

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7201480806	悪	bad	0
10350524251	悪い	bad	1
10350686451	悪 (pronunciation)	わる・い、アン	2
7201480807	安	cheap, peaceful	3
10350687957	安 (pron.)	やす・い、アン	4
10350683904	安い	cheap	5
10350685447	安心する	to be relieved	6
10350691111	暗い	dark	7
10350691112	暗 (pron.)	くら・い、アン	8
7201482707	暗	dark	9
7201483496	以	to the ~ of	10
10350698320	以 (pron.)	イ	11
10350695062	以上	more than ~	12
10350695302	以下	less than ~	13
7201483497	意	meaning	14
10350701231	意 (pron.)	イ	15
10350699686	意味	meaning	16
10350699687	意見	opinion	17
7201483941	医	medical	18
10350702885	医 (pron.)	イ	19
10350701825	医者	doctor	20
7201483942	育	to raise a child or pet	21
10350705452	育 (pron.)	そだ・つ、そだ・てる、イク	22
10350708042	体育	physical education	23
7201483943	一	one	24
10350709758	一 (pron.)	ひと・イチ	25
7201484498	員	member	26
10350714209	員 (pron.)	イン	27
10350713149	店員	clerk	28
7201484499	引	to pull	29
10350717809	引 (pron.)	ひ・く、イン	30
10350716751	引く	to pull	31
7201485643	飲（いん）	to drink	32
10350719222	飲む	to drink	33
10350726203	飲 (pron.)	の・む、イン	34
7201485644	院	institute	35
10350726914	大学院	graduate school	36
10350728246	院 (pron.)	イン	37
7201485658	右	right	38
10350731333	右（pron.)	みき、ウ、ユウ	39
7201486004	雨	rain	40
10350733396	雨 (pron.)	あめ、ウ	41
7201492226	運	luck, to carry	42
10350735956	運 (pron.)	はこ・ぶ、ウン	43
10350737131	運ぶ	to carry	44
10350740611	運転する	to drive	45

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AP Mitosis and Meiosis Flashcards

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5991289982	Purpose of Mitosis	-Growth -Repair -Replacement -Create 2 identical cells	0
5991289983	Parts of the Cell Cycle	Interphase- G1, S, G2, and G0 Mitosis (M)- Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase Cytokinesis	1
5991289984	What happens in each part of the Cell Cycle	Interphase: G1- Cell doing it's thing, first gap, cell grows, DNA in the form of chromatin S- DNA is replicated G2- Prep for cell division, and more growing occurs G0- Non-dividing state Mitosis (M): Cell Division Prophase- Chromatin condenses into distinct chromosomes, nuclear membrane is gone, spindle fibers form as well as centrioles Metaphase- Spindles are attached at the centromere, chromosomes line up in the middle (equator) Anaphase- Chromosomes are pulled apart by the spindles and move towards opposite poles Telophase- Cell starts to split by a wall or cleavage furrow, nuclear membrane reappears Cytokinesis: Splitting of the Cytoplasm	2
5991289985	Steps of Mitosis and what happens in each	Early Prophase- Chromatin condenses into chromosomes Late Prophase- Distinct chromosomes, nuclear membrane gone, spindle fibers, and centrioles Metaphase- Spindles are attached at the centromere, chromosomes line up in the middle (equator) Anaphase- Chromosomes are pulled apart by the spindles and move towards opposite poles Telophase- Cell starts to split by a wall or cleavage furrow, nuclear membrane reappears	3
5991289986	Longest phase of Mitosis	Prophase	4
5991289987	Shortest Phase of Mitosis	Anaphase	5
5991289988	Structure of the Mitotic Spindles: Role of the Centrosomes	A sub-cellular region containing material that functions throughout the cell cycle yo organize the cells microtubules Another name is the microtubule-organizing center	6
5991289990	Structure of the Mitotic Spindles: Role of the Microtubules	Rope like components, they are used to position the chromosomes at a specific spot in the cell. They are also used to increase or decrease the tension on each side of the chromosome	7
5991289991	Structure, Function, and Location of Kinetochores	Structure- Structure made up of proteins Function- Where microtubules attach to the centromeres of the chromatids Location- Assembled on specific sections of DNA at the centromere	8
5991289993	Chromosome	Packed DNA in structures	9
5991289994	Sister Chromatids	Two identical copies of a chromosome that are connected by a centromere	10
5991289995	Daughter Chromosomes	A chromosome that results from the separation of the sister chromatids during cell division	11
5991289996	Difference in Mitosis in Plant and Animal Cells	Plant: During Telophase, a cell plate separates the cytoplasm and 2 cells Animal: During Telophase, the cell membrane begins to pinch together (cleavage furrow), and separates the one cell to create 2 cells	12
5991289997	Ploidy Numbers	A measure of the number of chromosomes in a cell	13
5991289998	Chromosome numbers	Before Mitosis: 46 (2n) During Mitosis: 46 (2n) After Mitosis: 46 (2n)	14
5991289999	Difference in Bacteria Replication and Eukaryotes	Bacteria Replication- -occurs inside the cytoplasm -replication is very rapid Eukaryotes replication- -occurs inside the nucleus -replication is slow	15
5991290000	Cell Cycle Control System and Checkpoints	Cell Cycle Control System- What they are: the system that controls the cell cycle and is driven by specific signaling molecules present in the cytoplasm Checkpoints- What they are: a control point in the cell cycle where stop and go-ahead signals can regulate the cycle	16
5991290001	Cyclins	Group of proteins that control the development of cells through the cell cycle by activating cyclin-dependent kinase.	17
5991290002	Cyclin-Dependent Kinases	Group of proteins that regulate the cell cycle. Involved in transcription, mRNA processing, and the differentiation of the nerve cells.	18
5991290003	Example of the molecular control of the cell cycle at the G2 checkpoint (including MPF)	G2 checkpoint: maturation-promoting factor (MPF)- which triggers the cells passage into the (m) phase past the G2 checkpoint, cyclin-dependent kinases Goes from G2 to Mitosis	19
5991290004	External Signals: Growth Factors	A protein released by certain cells that stimulate other cells to divide	20
5991290007	Role of the Cell Cycle in Cancer	The cell cycle is the production of making more cells and cancer is uncontrolled cell growth	21
5991290008	Role of genes and Mutations in the cell cycle in cancer	Mutations are caused by extrinsic factors and those increase risk of cancer	22
5991290009	Three extrinsic factors that can cause cancer and how	1- Chemicals (smoking) 2- Radiation 3- Viruses 4- Bacteria Why there can be a lag time between exposure and cancer- Because this is the period between exposure and onset of disease	23
5991290010	Relationship between time and the survival rates	quicker the cancer is found in time in an earlier stage, the longer survival rate one would have	24
5991290011	Benign Tumor	A tumor that can't spread by invasion or metastasis to other areas	25
5991290012	Malignant Tumor	A tumor that can spread by invasion or metastasis to other areas of the cell	26
5991290013	Metastasis	The ability of cancer cells to penetrate into blood vessels, circulate the blood stream, and then invade normal tissue elsewhere	27
5991290014	Apoptosis	Programmed cell death, cell suicide	28
5991290017	Biopsy	The removal of a piece of tissue for microscopic examination	29
5991290018	Carcinoma	An uncontrolled growth of cells that remains in original location	30
5991290019	Oncogene	Damaged genes that help develop cancer	31
5991290020	Carcinogen	Any substance that has the potential to cause cancer in living tissues	32
5991290022	drawn examples of the stages of Mitosis		33
5991290023	Cell in Interphase		34
5991290024	Cell in Prophase		35
5991290025	Cell in Metaphase		36
5991290026	Cell in Anaphase		37
5991290027	Cell in Telophase		38
5991290028	Gametes	A reproductive cell- sperm or egg	39
5991290029	Somatic Cells	All other body cells besides reproductive	40
5991290030	Karyotype	Visual expression of chromosomes that have paired up, or the chromosome complement of a cell or a whole organism	41
5991290031	Homologous Chromosomes	A chromosome with the same gene sequence as another, each derived from one parent	42
5991290032	Homologs	same thing as a homologous chromosome, A chromosome with the same gene sequence as another, each derived from one parent	43
5991290033	Autosomes	chromosomes other than the sex chromosomes	44
5991290034	Sex Chromosomes	Determine the sex of a person, XY= male XX=female	45
5991290035	Diploid	(2n), 2 of the halves, full set of genetic information	46
5991290036	Haploid	(1n), half of the genetic information	47
5991290037	Fertilization	merging of 2 haploid cells	48
5991290038	Zygote	early stage development of an organism	49
5991290039	Gene	The set of information that controls a trait;a segment of DNA on a chromosome that codes for a specific trait.	50
5991290041	Variation	The differences that occur in individuals within a species	51
5991290043	Asexual Reproduction	Advantages- can reproduce twice as many, does not require fertilization, can quickly occur, don't need mate Disadvantages- reproduction is based on amount of food, very little variation	52
5991290044	Sexual Reproduction	Advantages- more genetic variation, children are different from parents, able to produce more offspring because of mate Disadvantages- slower reproduction rate, less reliable, takes time and energy to find mate	53
5991290046	Recombination	New allele combinations produced by crossing over, source that results in the variation in population gene pools	54
5991290047	Recombinant Chromosomes	When genetic material combine in which half is from the mother and half is from the father and makes a new chromosome	55
5991290048	Synapsis	Occurs in Prophase of Meiosis 1, the homlogs pair up to form bivalents	56
5991290049	Chiasma	Regions where non-sister chromatids become entangled and the chromosomes exchange segments, place of crossing over	57
5991290050	Tetrad	A group of 4 closely associated chromatids of a homologous pair formed by synapsis, copied chromosomes	58
5991290051	"n"	half of the genetic information, haploid	59
5991290052	Meiosis	Purpose- Sex cell division Product- 4 gametes used in fertilization Location of Occurrence- within the testes and the ovaries	60
5991290053	Number of human Chromosome pairs	23 pairs	61
5991290054	Number of human Chromosomes	46 individual	62
5991290055	Number of human chromosomes in cells of meiosis	At Beginning- (2n) or 46 At End-(n) or 23	63
5991290056	Relationship between genetic diversity and Meiosis	Ways that Meiosis increases Genetic Diversity- because of crossing over and the fact that individual genes come from 2 different places and combine together	64
5991290057	Crossing Over	When- Prophase of Meiosis 1 Where- at the Chiasma site How- non-sister Chromatids become entangled and the chromosomes exchange segments	65
5991290058	Genetic Recombination	When- During Meiosis 1 Where-Anaphase How- New allele combinations produced by crossing over, source that results in the variation in population gene pools	66
5991290059	Ploidy number during meiosis	Before-(2n) or 46 After-(n) or 23	67
5991290060	The Stages of Meiosis and what happens in each	Meiosis 1: Prophase- Chromatin condenses into distinct chromosomes, nucleus disappears, spindle fibers form as well as centrioles, chromosomes are a tetrad Metaphase- Spindles are attached at the centromere, chromosomes line up in the middle (equator) Anaphase- Chromosomes are pulled apart by the spindles and move towards opposite poles Telophase- Cell starts to split by a cleavage furrow, nuclear membrane reappears Cytokinesis: Splitting of the Cytoplasm Meiosis 2: -same steps as Meiosis 1 except for at the end instead of producing 2 haploid cells, either creates 4 sperm by spermatogenesis or 1 egg and 3 polar bodies by oogenesis	68
5991290061	Purpose of Meiosis 1	To create 2 haploid cells each with 2 sister chromatids per chromosome	69
5991290062	Purpose of Meiosis 2	To create 4 haploid cells with each chromosome consisting of a single chromatid	70
5991290063	Significant events of Prophase in Meiosis 1	Where crossing over occurs and in result ensures that each sex cell is unique, chromosomes are tetrad	71
5991290064	The difference between Metaphase of Meiosis 1 and Mitosis	In Meiosis 1, homologous chromosomes line up in the middle whereas in mitosis individual chromosomes line up in the middls	72
5991303061	anaphase	Stage of mitosis during which sister chromatids separate and move to opposite spindle poles.	73
5991303062	asexual reproduction	Reproductive mode by which offspring arise from a single parent only.	74
5991303063	cell cycle	A series of events from the time a cell forms until its cytoplasm divides.	75
5991303064	cell plate	After nuclear division in a plant cell, a disk-shaped structure that forms a cross-wall between the two new nuclei.	76
5991303065	cleavage furrow	In a dividing animal cell, the indentation where cytoplasmic division will occur.	77
5991303066	cytokinesis	Cytoplasmic division.	78
5991303067	growth factor	Molecule that stimulates mitosis and differentiation.	79
5991303068	homologous chromosomes	Chromosomes with the same length, shape, and set of genes.	80
5991303069	interphase	In a eukaryotic cell cycle, the interval between mitotic divisions when a cell enlarges, roughly doubles the number of its cytoplasmic components, and replicates its DNA.	81
5991303070	metaphase	Stage of mitosis at which the cell's chromosomes are aligned midway between poles of the spindle.	82
5991303071	metastasis	The process in which cancer cells spread from one part of the body to another.	83
5991303072	mitosis	Nuclear division mechanism that maintains the chromosome number. Basis of body growth and tissue repair in multicelled eukaryotes; also asexual reproduction in some plants, animals, fungi, and protists.	84
5991303073	neoplasm	An accumulation of abnormally dividing cells.	85
5991303074	oncogene	Gene that helps transform a normal cell into a tumor cell.	86
5991303075	prophase	Stage of mitosis during which chromosomes condense and become attached to a newly forming spindle.	87
5991303076	proto-oncogene	Gene that, by mutation, can become an oncogene.	88
5991303077	spindle	Dynamically assembled and disassembled network of microtubules that moves chromosomes during nuclear division.	89
5991303078	telomere	Noncoding, repetitive DNA sequence at the end of chromosomes; protects the coding sequences from degradation.	90
5991303079	telophase	Stage of mitosis during which chromosomes arrive at the spindle poles and decondense, and new nuclei form.	91
5991303080	tumor	A neoplasm that forms a lump.	92
5991303082	crossing over	Process in which homologous chromosomes exchange corresponding segments during prophase I of meiosis.	93
5991303083	egg	Mature female gamete, or ovum.	94
5991303084	fertilization	Fusion of two gametes to form a zygote.	95
5991303085	gamete	Mature, haploid reproductive cell; e.g., an egg or a sperm.	96
5991303086	gametophyte	A haploid, multicelled body in which gametes form during the life cycle of land plants and some algae.	97
5991303087	germ cell	Immature reproductive cell that gives rise to haploid gametes when it divides.	98
5991303088	haploid	Having one of each type of chromosome characteristic of the species.	99
5991303089	meiosis	Nuclear division process that halves the chromosome number. Basis of sexual reproduction.	100
5991303090	sexual reproduction	Reproductive mode by which offspring arise from two parents and inherit genes from both.	101
5991303091	somatic	Relating to the body.	102
5991303092	sperm	Mature male gamete.	103
5991303093	sporophyte	Diploid, spore-producing stage of a plant life cycle.	104
5991303094	zygote	Diploid cell formed by fusion of two gametes; the first cell of a new individual.	105

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AP Euro Quiz 6 Flashcards

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5615947909	John Locke	- English Philosopher and political theorist contributed to liberalism -believed a person's identity depended on their experiences - people born with life liberty and property (natural rights) -government only protects those rights. -democracy (lock on rights)	0
5615947910	deism	-belief in a creator out of this universe who then stepped back and does not intervene -many philosophers believed in this theory like Adam Smith	1
5615949658	William Harvey	-English physician -first to prove that blood is pumped from the heart to the brain and other parts of the body -disproved Galen's views on how blood is circulated	2
5615949659	Galileo	- "father of observational astronomy and modern physics" -confirmed the phases of Venus -built some ideas off of the heliocentric system, some people did not agree with his ideas and condemned them	3
5615954763	Rene Descartes	-father of modern philosophy -broke off of Scholastic philosophy with his own ideas -updated the scientific model -considered any information with doubt to be false (hyperbolic doubt) -questioned everything	4
5615956794	Denis Diderot	-writer, critic -best known for creating the encyclopedia	5
5615956795	Cesare Beccaria	-considered one of the greatest thinkers of the enlightenment -wrote on Crimes and Punishment -was against the use of torture and cruel punishments unless proven guilty.	6
5615960883	Mary Wollstoncraft	-women's rights advocate -wrote Vindication of the Rights of Woman	7
5615960884	Wealth of Nations	-1776 -written by Adam Smith -book on building nations wealth and used in economy -the book talks about economics, and free trade	8
5615964417	Aristotle	-great thinker from Greece -believed humans exist to achieve their own happiness -came before the "modern" philosophers	9
5615964418	Copernicus	-created the model showing the sun at the center of the universe which many people thought was incorrect at the time -used the heliocentric system	10
5615964419	Galen	- Greek physician, surgeon and philosopher -worked in the medical field -William Harvey later disproved his ideas	11
5615969245	Cardinal Mazarin	-d 1661 -succeeded Cardinal Richelieu in France -tried to create peace within France --sometimes made decisions based on greed	12
5615971051	Rococo Art	-"Late Baroque" -art style was graceful and used light colors -was more lighthearted of a art style than Baroque	13
5615971052	Hegemony	-leadership by one country or group over another	14
5615977161	Conscription	-a military draft	15
5615977162	Social Contract	-agreement between individuals and a ruler that a ruler can govern within reason and if they don't the people will kick them out	16
5615979341	Divine Right	-a ruler has no listen to anyone but God	17
5615983404	Skepticism	-doubting the truth, philosophers were this	18
5615985158	invisible hand	-term used by Adam Smith in wealth of nations -The term "invisible hand" is a metaphor used to show how in a free market self centered individuals work through a system to promote the benefits for society.	19