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AP Chem Redox/Electrochem Flashcards

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5854466042Electrochemistrythe study of the interchange of chemical and electrical energy0
5854466043OIL RIGoxidation is loss, reduction is gain (of electrons)1
5854475630Salt bridgeBridge between cells; provide ions to balance the charge2
5854476636Faraday's Law:The amount of a substance being oxidized or reduced at each electrode during electrolysis is directly proportional to the amount of electricity that passes through the cell.3
5854477109Reductionthe gain of electrons reduction of charge4
5854478751Oxidation numberthe assigned charge on an atom5
5854479515Oxidizing agent (OA)the species that is reduced and thus causes oxidation6
5854486816n in the Nernst equationn = the # of electrons exchanged in the balanced redox equation Got it?7
5854488209Q in the Nernst equationQ = reaction quotient (Use the coefficients) [products] / [reactants] (I don't actually know what this means)8
5854492816F in the Nernst equationFaraday constant - i'm sure it's on detail somewhere9
5854495760R in Nernst equation9.315 J/K x mol Gas constant10
5854477892Nernst EquationE = E cell - (RT/nF ) lnQ Fun fact! When the cell is not at standard conditions, use this equation11
5854480183Reducing agent (RA)the species that is oxidized and thus causes reduction12
5854488778inert electrodesused when a gas is involved OR ion to ion involved such as Fe3+ being reduced to FE2+ rather than Fe0. Made of Pt or graphite13
5854494338electron flowalways from anode to cathode (through the wire)14
5854498651voltmetermeasures the cell potential (emf) usually is measured in volts15
5854494921standard cell notation (line notation)anode/solution//cathode solution/cathode ex. Zn/Zn2+(1.0M)//Cu2+(1.0M)/Cu16
5854491485salt bridgea device used to maintain electrical neutrality in a galvanic cell. may be filled with agar which contains a neutral salt or it may be replaced with a porous cup.17
5854482465Galvanic (voltaic) cellsspontaneous chemical reactions (battery)18
5854486934cathodethe anode where reduction occurs may become larger over time as ions from the solution plates onto it19
5854492653number of coulombsamp ( I ) x time20
5854488833Formula weightgrams/mole21
5854483844Electrolytic cellsnon-spontaneous require external electron source (DC power source)22
585450362023
5854484900anodethe electrode where oxidation occurs may become smaller over time as it falls into solution24
5854487262Balanced redox equationsnumber of moles of electrons/mole of substance25
5854476363Lead- storage batteriesPb anode, PbO2 cathode, H2SO4 electrolyte26
5854489107electroplatingone type of application of electrolytic cells; it applies a thin layer of an expensive metal to a less expensive one27
5854476356Oxidationthe loss of electrons increase in charge28
5854491820Electrons in a voltaic/galvanic cell always flow from __________ to _____________Anode to Cathode29
5854489438Reduction occurs at the...Cathod (RED CAT) - mass increase30
5854487556Oxidation occurs at the...Anode (AN OX) - mass decrease31
5854484341Faraday96,500 Coulombs/mole of electrons32
58544829871 Amp1 Coulomb/second33
5854502080Voltmeter- measures electrical potential, some energy is lost as heat which keeps the voltmeter reading a tad lower than the actual or calculated voltage.34
58544803621 Volt1 Joule/Coulomb35
5854495918Cell potential (Ecell, Emf)It is a measure of the electromotive force or the "pull" of the electrons as they travel from the anode to the cathode36
5854486602Batteriescells connected in series; potentials add together to give a total voltage37
5854488151Faraday96500 Coulombs/mole of electrons38
58544873541 amp1 Coulomb/second39
5854478986dry cell batteriesacid versions: Zn anode, C cathode; MnO2 and NH4Cl paste alkaline versions: some type of basic paste, ex. KOH Nickel - Cadmium - anode and cathode can be recharged40
5854492203Porous disk or cupallows both cells to remain neutral by allowing ions to flow41
58544868381 volt1 Joule/Coulomb42
5854482818Fuel cellsreactants continuously supplied (spacecraft - hydrogen and oxygen)43
5854485143Faraday's lawthe amount of a substance being oxidized or reduced at each electrode during electrolysis is directly proportional to the amount of electricity that passes through the cell44
5854490677corrosionprocess of returning metals tot heir natural state, the ores45
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AP Government Chapter 12 Flashcards

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4773095375Twenty-second amendmentPassed in 1951, the amendment that limits presidents to two terms of office.0
4773095378Twenty-fifth amendmentPassed in 1951, this amendment permits the vice president to become acting president if the president's cabinet determines that the president is disabled. The amendment also outlines how a recuperated president can reclaim the job.1
4773095376ImpeachmentPolitical equivalent of an indictment in criminal law, prescribed by the Constitution. The House of Representatives may impeach the president by a majority vote for "treason, bribery, or other high crimes and misdemeanors."2
4773095377WatergateThe events and scandal surrounding a break-in at the Democratic National Committee headquarters in 1972 and the subsequent cover-up of White House involvement, leading to the eventual resignation of President Nixon under the threat of impeachment.3
4773098051Executive OrderRegulations originating with the executive branch. Executive orders are one method presidents can use to control the bureaucracy.4
4773095379CabinetA group of presidential advisors not mentioned in the constitution, although every president has had one. Today it is composed of 14 secretaries and the attorney general.5
4773095380National Security CouncilAn office created in 1947 to coordinate the president's foreign and military policy advisors. Its formal members are the president, vice president, secretary of state, and secretary of defense, and it is managed by the president's national security assistant.6
4773095381Council of Economic AdvisorsA three-member body appointed by the president to advice the president on economic policy.7
4773095382Office of Management and BudgetAn office that grew out of the Bureau of the Budget, created in 1921, consisting of a handful of political appointees and hundreds of skilled professionals. It performs both managerial and budgetary functions.8
4773095383VetoConstitutional power of the president to send a bill back to Congress with reasons for rejecting it. A two-thirds vote in each house can override it.9
4773095384Pocket vetoVeto taking place when Congress adjourns within 10 days of submitting a bill to the president, who simply lets it die by neither signing nor vetoing it.10
4773095385Presidential coattailsThese occur when voters cast their ballots for congressional candidates of the president's party because they support the president.11
4773095386War Powers ResolutionA law passed in 1973 in reaction to American fighting in Vietnam and Cambodia that requires presidents to consult with Congress whenever possible prior to using military force and to withdraw forces after 60 days unless Congress declares war or grants an extension.12
4773095387Legislative vetoThe ability of Congress to override a presidential decision. Although the War Powers Resolution asserts this authority, there is reason to believe that, if challenged, the Supreme Court would find the legislative veto in violation of the doctrine of separation of powers.13
4773095388CrisisA sudden, unpredictable, and potentially dangerous event requiring the president to play the role of crisis manager.14
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AP Psychology - Memory Flashcards

Advanced Placement Psychology

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6495895713memorythe persistence of learning over time through the storage and retrieval of information.0
6495895714encodingthe processing of getting information into the memory system.1
6495895715storagethe retention of encoded information over time.2
6495895716retrievalthe process of getting information out of memory storage.3
6495895717sensory memorythe immediate, very brief recording of what we hear and see.4
6495895718short-term memoryholds a few items for as long as we are thinking about them.5
6495895719long-term memorythe relatively permanent and limitless storehouse of the memory system. Includes knowledge, skills, and experiences.6
6495895720rehearsalthe conscious repetition of information, either to maintain it in consciousness or to encode it for storage.7
6495895723visual encodingthe encoding of picture images.8
6495895724acoustic encodingthe encoding of sound, especially the sound of words.9
6495895725imageryusing mental pictures to effortfully encode information10
6495895726mnemonicsmemory aids that use silly sentences, associations, acrostics, and acronyms11
6495895727chunkingorganizing items into smaller, related, manageable units; often occurs automatically.12
6495895729echoic memoryA momentary sensory memory of auditory stimuli; if attention is elsewhere, sounds and words can still be recalled within 3 or 4 seconds.13
6495895731flashbulb memorya clear memory of an emotionally significant moment or event.14
6495895732implicit memorySomething you were not consciously aware that you remembered until you did it. These are mostly procedural memories.15
6495895733explicit memorymemory of facts and experiences that one can consciously know and "declare." (Also called declarative memory.)16
6495895734hippocampusa neural center that is located in the limbic system; helps process and form new long term memories17
6495895735recallwhen a person must retrieve a memory with few external cues. It must be "pulled" from their mind and produced. Fill in the blank or an essay are examples18
6495895736recognitionthe ability to match a piece of information to a stored image or fact. Multiple choice questions19
6495895738déjà vuthat eerie sense that "I've experienced this before." Cues from the current situation may subconsciously trigger retrieval of an earlier experience.20
6495895739mood-congruent memorythe tendency to recall experiences that are consistent with one's current good or bad mood.21
6495895740proactive interferencethe disruptive effect of prior learning on the recall of new information.22
6495895741retroactive interferencethe disruptive effect of new learning on the recall of old information.23
6495895742misinformation effectincorporating misleading information into one's memory of an event.24
6495895749Semantic Memorya memory of a fact or bit of information. Congress has two houses, the Senate and House of Representatives.25
6495895750Episodic Memorya memory of something you have personally experienced. I went on the Tower of Terror when I was 5 and hated it.26
6495895751Elizabeth LoftusResearcher who demonstrated that eyewitness testimony is not as accurate as we think27
6495895754State Dependent MemoryYou are more likely to remember something when you are in the same mental state as when the memory took place28
6495895758Retrograde Amnesiathe inability to remember what happened before sustaining brain injury29
6495895759Anterograde Amnesiathe inability to form new memories after sustaining brain injury.30
6496174617H.M.Patient that suffered from anterograde amnesia after having his hippocampus removed, a leading case study that helped develop the field of neuropsychology.31
6496194678Stephen WiltshireHe suffers from autism, but also has the ability to draw extensive landscapes from memory. (Savant Syndrome)32
6496206571Clive WearingSuffers from anterograde amnesia. His memories of conducting music and motor memories for playing the piano are intact, but he can not form new memories.33
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AP Human Geography Industry Flashcards

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6734747917DevelopmentA process of improvement in the material conditions of people through diffusion of knowledge and technology. In order to be in the last part of the demographic transition model a country needs to develop.0
6734747918Foreign direct investmentInvestment made by a foreign company in the economy of another country. Usually companies invest where work is cheaper.1
6734747919Gross domestic productThe total value of goods and services produced within the borders of a country during a specific time period, usually one year. GDP is important to a countries economic world rating.2
6734747920Gross national productThe total value of goods ad services, including income received from abroad, produced by the residents of a country within a specific time period, usually one year. Like "gross domestic product," only the incomes that people earn abroad are also considered3
6734747921Human development indexMeasure used by the United Nations that calculates development not in terms of money or productivity but in terms of human welfare. The HDI evaluates human welfare and costs of living.4
6734747922Measures of developmentThe process of achieving an optimum level of health and well-being. It includes physical, biological, mental, emotional, social, educational, economic, and cultural components.5
6734747923Rostows "Stages of Growth" modelFive stages a country goes through in developing their economy through international trade. Rostows "Stages of Growth" model shows how long and how much a country can develop its trade.6
6734747924World System modelTheorized that the modern network of countries engaged in trade and competition emerged when European nations began exploring the rest of the world. Immanuel Wallerstein developed model to explain a three level hierarchy in the world: core, periphery, and semi-periphery.7
6734747925AgglomerationThe term often refers to manufacturing plants and businesses that benefit from close proximity because they share skilled-labor pools and technological and financial amenities. This process involves the clustering or concentrating of people or activities.8
6734747926FordismThe manufacturing economy and system derived from assembly-line mass production and the mass consumption of standardized goods. This type of work was named after Henry Ford.9
6734747927Break-of-bulk pointA location where goods are transferred from one type of carrier to another. For example from barge to railroad.10
6734747928DeindustrializationProcess by which companies move industrial jobs to other regions with cheaper labor, leaving the newly deindustrialized region to switch to a service economy and to work through a period of high unemployment. A synonym is outsourcing, since both deal with the moving of jobs.11
6734747929Industrial location theoryAlfred Weber, the selection of optimal factory locations has much to do with the minimization of land, labor, resource, and transportation costs, variable-cost framework that affects location of factory sites. This made back in the 1900s where there were only a couple of markets.12
6734747930Industrial RevolutionA period of rapid growth in the use of machines in manufacturing and production that began in the mid-1700s. Began in England with the invention of the steam engine.13
6734747931InfrastructueThe basic physical systems of transportation, communication, sewage water, and electric. Infrastructure is what we call interstates and roads.14
6734747932International division of laborA division of work between rich and poor countries under which low-waged workers in the global South do assembly, manufacturing, and office work on contract to companies based in the global North. The process where the assembling procedures for a product are spread out through different parts of the world.15
6734747933MaquiladoraA foreign-owned assembly company located in the United States-Mexico border region in order to take advantage of cheaper labor, favorable tax breaks, and lax environmental regulations. This company was located near the border due to export processing zones.16
6734747934OutsourcingSending industrial processes out for external production. The term outsourcing increasingly applies not only to traditional industrial functions, but also to the contracting of service industry functions to companies to overseas locations, where operating costs remain relatively low. A decision by a corporation to turn over much of the responsibility for production to independent suppliers is an example of outsourcing.17
6734747935PostindustrialPeople moving into the service sector, quaternary and quinary sectors of the economy. Information is created, processed, and stored in the postindustrial era.18
6734747936Transnational corporationA company that conducts research, operates factories, and sells products in many countries, not just where its headquarters or shareholders are located. Apple is a real life example of a transnational corporation company.19
6734747937Bulk-gaining industryAn industry in which the final product weighs more or comprises a greater volume than the inputs. Coca-cola is an example of bulk-gaining product.20
6734747938Bulk-reducing industryAn industry in which the final product weighs less or comprises a lower volume than the inputs. Copper factories have to be close to the mine because of bulk-reducing industry.21
6734747939Market orientedThe degree to which a company follows the marketing concept. At one point in the evolution of marketing, the United States entered a buyer's market and the customer became king. Which era is being described.22
6734747940Resource orientedWeight-losing; lower cost of transportation for finished product. Industries that are located close to the resource because it is too heavy/bulky to transport in resource oriented industries.23
6734747941Categories of wealthMDC's are more developed countries with better quality of life and LDC's are the opposite. MDC's have a higher fraction of wealth and are in the final state of the demographic model.24
6734747942Industrial regionsA region with extremely dense industry. It is usually heavily urbanized. Western Europe, Eastern Europe, North America, East Asia are the industrial regions of the world.25
6734747943Cottage IndustryWeaving, sewing, carving, and other small-scale industries that can be done in the home. The laborers, frequently women, are usually independent. Most manufacturing was done this way before the industrial revolution. An industry in which the production of goods and services is based in homes, as opposed to factories.26
6734747944Comparison of transportation systems27
6734747945Site factors of industrial locationsThree economic factors based on the location of a factory: land, labor, and capital. One of the two geographic costs an ordinary company will face and results from the unique characteristics of location.28
6734747946Situational factors of industrial locationProximity(physical distance), Familiarity(mere exposure effect). The less money there is in a place the lower the wages can be.29
6734747947Brandt lineImaginary line that separates the rich "Global North" from the poor "Global South". The Brandt line is a line created 30 years ago so it is very ineffective.30
6734747948Changing geography of jobsShift from extracting natural resources from the earth, to converting raw materials into goods and services, to selling the goods and services. There are more computer and technologies created than ever before.31
6734747949Just-in-time deliveryMethod of inventory management made possible by efficient transportation and communication systems, whereby companies keep on hand just what they need for near-term production, planning that what they need for longer-term production will arrive when needed. Shipment of parts and materials to arrive at a factory moments before they are needed usually by mail companies.32
6734747950International trade approachMethod of improving a country's development that pushes the country to identify its unique set of strengths in the world and to channel investment toward building on these strengths. To compete internationally, this approach argues, a country must find out what it can offer the world and capitalize on that good or service.33
6734747951Self-suffiency modelFocus on local economy-wide growth (promote internal development. More focus on making the most profit for the country.34
6734747952Informal economyEconomic activity that is neither taxed nor monitored by a government; and is not included in that government's Gross National Product; as opposed to a formal economy. This is another word for the black market.35
6734747953Gender Inequality IndexA United Nations index, introduced in 2010, which measures a country's loss of achievement due to gender inequality, based on reproductive health, employment, and general empowerment. The UN index which measures a country's loss of achievement due to gender inequality.36
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AP Calculus AB SUMNOCO Flashcards

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5124491433Write the notation for the limit of f(x) as x approaches c from the left.0
5124491434Write the notation for the limit of f(x) as x approaches c from the right.1
5124491435State the 3 conditions of continuity of a function at x=c.1. f(c) is defined 2. The limit of f(x) as x approaches c exists 3. The limit of f(x) as x approaches c equals f(c)2
5124491436List the 3 situations in which a limit fails to exist.1. Unbounded behavior 2. Differing left/right behavior 3. Oscillation3
5124491437List the 3 situations in which a derivative fails to exist.1. Sharp turns 2. Vertical tangent lines 3. Discontinuities4
5124491438What is the limit of sin(x)/x as x approaches 0?5
5124491439What is the limit of (1-cos(x))/x as x approaches 0?6
5124491440Write the equation of a line in point-slope form.7
5124491441What is ln (1)?08
5124491442What is ln (e)?19
5124491443State the IVT, Intermediate Value Theorem.If f is continuous on [a, b] with k between f(a) and f(b), then there exists at least one value of c in [a, b] such that f(c)=k.10
5124491444State the limit definition of the derivative of f(x).11
5124491445State the limit definition of the derivative of f(x) at x=c.12
5124491446What is the derivative with respect to x of u*v, where u and v are functions of x?13
5124491447What is the derivative with respect to x of u/v, where u and v are functions of x?14
5124491448What is the derivative with respect to x of x^n?15
5124491449What is the derivative with respect to x of f(u), where u is a function of x?16
5124491450What is the derivative with respect to x of sin(u), where u is a function of x?17
5124491451What is the derivative with respect to x of cos(u), where u is a function of x?18
5124491452What is the derivative with respect to x of tan(u), where u is a function of x?19
5124491453What is the derivative with respect to x of cot(u), where u is a function of x?20
5124491454What is the derivative with respect to x of sec(u), where u is a function of x?21
5124491455What is the derivative with respect to x of csc(u), where u is a function of x?22
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ap euro ch 17 Flashcards

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5544243886natural philosophyan early modern term for the study of the universe, its purpose, and how it functioned; it encompassed what we would call "science" today0
5544271744ptolemysecond century Greek scholar who said that planets moved in small circles, called epicycles, each of which moved in turn along a larger circle or deferant1
5544317615first important development in the scientific revolutionmedieval university2
5544352828copernican hypothesis (by Nicholaus Copernicus, a Polish cleric)belief that the sun, not the earth, was the center of the universe3
5544363021On the Revolutions of the Heavenly SpheresCopernicus' book, which he published right before his death4
5544438439Tycho Brahe-agreed with Copernicus that the sun was the center of the universe -created the "Rudolfine tables" which were tables of planetary motion -died before he could make sense of data5
5544451398johannes kepler-assistant to Brahe -had three laws of planetary motion6
5544456837The New AstronomyKepler's book with his first two laws of planetary motion7
5544475989experimental methodthe approach, pioneered by Galileo, that the proper way to explore the workings of the universe was through repeatable experiments rather than speculation8
5556861134galileo galileiformed law of inertia and found 4 moons of jupiter which busted aristotle and ptolemy theory9
5556865757isaac newtondiscovered law of gravity, centripetal force, and acceleration10
5544483147law of inertiaa law formulated by Galileo that states that motion, not rest, is the natural state of an object, that an object continues in motion forever unless stopped by some external force11
5544517047Dialogue on the Two Chief Systems of the WorldGalileo's book which defended Copernicus' view12
5544565082Philosophicae Naturalis Principia Mathematica (Mathmatical Principles of Natural Philosophy)Newton's book about threee laws of motion13
5544567708law of universal gravitationNewton's law that every body in the universe attracts every other body in the universe in a precise mathematical relationship14
5544598753empiricisma theory of inductive reasoning that calls for acquiring evidence through observation and experimentation rather than reason and speculation [by Francis Bacon]15
5556879841rene Descartesrealized the connection between geometry and algebra but thought vacuums didn't exist16
5544631370Cartesian dualismDescartes' view that all of reality could ultimately be reduced to mind and matter17
5548343776On the Structure of the Human Bodybook by Andreas Vesalius about human anatomy18
5556907734GalenGreek physician who thought health was based on the four humors: blood, phylegrn, black bile, yellow bile19
5556914817paracelsiusfirst doctor to use chemicals and drugs for treatment20
5548354974William HarveyEnglish royal physician who was the first to explain that the heart worked like a pump and to explain the function of its muscles and valves21
5548366719Robert BoyleIrishman; first to create vacuum; discovered that a pressure of a gas varies inversely with volume [chemistry]22
5548377942Enlightenmentthe influential intellectual and cultural movement of the late 17th and 18th centuries that introduced a new worldview based on the use of reason, the scientific method, and progress.23
5548643912rationalisma secular, critical way of thinking in which nothing was to be accepted on faith, and everything was to be submitted by reason24
5548673941Historical and Critical Dictionary-written by Pierre Bayle, a French Hugenot -talked about skepticism: nothing could ever be beyond all doubt25
5548692532Essay Concerning Human Understanding-written by John Locke -first major text of the Enlightenment -insisted that all ideas are derived from experience26
5548700230sensationalismidea that all human ideas and thoughts are produced as a result of sensory impressions27
5548708181philosophesa group of French intellectuals who proclaimed that they were bringing the light of knowledge to their fellow creatures in the Age of Enlightenment28
5548750108Montesquieu-philosophe -wrote The Persian Letters and The Spirit of Laws29
5548755981The Persian Letterswritten by Montesquieu; was a satire that used the relationship between men and women as highly representative of the overal social and political system30
5548766681The Spirit of Lawswritten by Montesquieu; was a form of social science31
5548786625Francois Marie Arouet-pen name "Voltaire" -most famous philophe -studied with Gabrielle...de Breteuil, who was a great woman scientist -believed God was "the great watchmaker"32
5556925105Catherine the greatwesternized Russia; domestic reform; oppressed serfs33
5556928207Joseph IIabolished serfdom34
5556930143Leopald IIcanceled Joseph's edict35
5556936903Moses MendelssohnJewish enlightenment philosopher36
5548821407Encyclopedia: The Rational Dictionary of the Sciences, the arts, and the Crafts-compilement of different philosophes that set out to teach people critically and objectively about all matters37
5555527289reading revolutiontransition from patriarchal and communal readings to commonplace literacy and broad and diverse material38
5555810743salonsregular social gatherings held by talented and rich Parisian women in their homes where you could discuss literature, science, and philosophy39
5555838494rococopopular art style known for its soft pastels, ornate interiors, sentimental portraits, and cupids in the 1800s40
5556795496public sphereintellectual space where the public came together to discuss issues about society, economics, and politics41
5556804903enlightened absolutismterm used for the 18th century monarchs, who without renouncing their own monarchy, adopted enlightened ideals of rationalism, progress, and tolerance42
5556812914cameralismview that monarchy is the best form of government43
5556816556haskalahJewish enlightenment44
5556822337reasonnatural science used to examine and understand things...enlightenment thinkers favorite word45
5556826543salonnierestalented hostesses who mediated discussions at salons46
5556830865Austrian SuccessionMaria Theresa cedes most of Silesia to Prussia47
55568365227 years warwar that planned to conquer and divide Prussia, but failed as Peter II stopped it48
5556842405pale of settlementall jews lived in [insert random little countries that I don't feel like copying down] as issued by Catherine the Great49
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AP World Regions Flashcards

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3695755836Sub-Saharan AfricaHighest concentration of Least Developed Countries (LDCs)0
3695768698AfricaSecond largest continent During the late 19th century European imperial powers brought almost all of the continent under their control (except Ethiopia and Liberia)1
3695770843EuropeConcentration of More Developed Countries (MDCs) Second smallest continent (about the same size as China)2
3695773609South AmericaConcentration of developing countries (Southern Cone--Argentina, Chile, Uruguay--is most developed). Very diverse (European, African, indigenous, some Asian) due to the history of colonialism3
5887681849North AmericaThe third largest continent. Most of the United States and Canada lie in the temperate zone.4
5888337903Central America5
5888438847AsiaThe largest continent by population and land area6
5888441136OceaniaIncludes the continent of Australia and the Pacific Islands.7
5888449071Antarctica8
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AP Flashcards

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9247319225SuplayDami ng produkto o serbisyo na handa at kaya ipagbili ng mga prodyuser o tindera sa isang takdang panahon0
9247323681Dalawang uri ng suplayindividual supply at market supply1
9247324184Individual supplyisang uri ng suplay2
9247324850Market supplypinag-sama samang supply3
9247330714Ceteris ParibusPresyo at tataas, Quantity supplied ay tataas4
9247333690Dami ng producerde-kalidad na produkto ang magagawa5
9247337718Teknolohiyamodernong teknolohiya6
9247338267Subsidytulong pinansyal ng gobyerno7
9247339610Kagastusandagdag sahod at buwis8
9247347530Klimatag-init o tag-ualn9
9247348472Complementary Goods/ Presyo ng kaugnaymga gamit na ginagamit kasama ng isang produkto10
9247353897Substitute Goods/ Presyo ng kapalitgamit na kapalit ng produkto11
9247357303Espekulasyonpagbabago sa politika (hoarding)12
9247373970Elastisidadpagsusuri ng ugnayan ng supply at demand sa presyo13
9247382300Elastisidad ng Supplysinusukat nito ang reaksyon ng mamimili o nagtitinda ayon sa pagbabago sa presyo ng ibang paninda14
9247382301Elastisidad ng Demandsinusukat nito ang reaksyon ng mamimili at nagtitinda sa pagbabago ng Presyo15
9247431977ELASTIK>1 Maraming pamalit; luxury goods; di gaanong kailangan (grap: pababa)16
9247444052Ganap na ElastikHindi maaring baguhin and P (grap: derecho horizontal)17
9247444768Ganap na Di-ElastikHindi nagbabago and D ex. gamot (grap: derecho vertical)18
9247448801Di-Elastik<1 basic needs (grap: matarik, pababa)19
9247450558Unitary=1 non basic, luxury (grap: right triangle)20
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AP Pysch Bio Review Flashcards

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5281673318NeuronA nerve cell; the basic building block of the nervous system.0
5281673319DendritePart of a neuron that bring information INTO the cell. The receiving end of the neuron.1
5281673320AxonPart of a neuron that sends information OUT of the cell. This is the "talking" end of the neuron.2
5281673321Myelin SheathA fatty, insulating membrane surrounding the axon in some neurons. Makes the information "faster" (and disintegrates with old age).3
5281673322NeurotransmitterChemical messengers that cross the synaptic gaps between neurons.4
5281673323SynapseThe space between neurons (axons and dendrites).5
5281673324ThresholdThe level of stimulation required to trigger a neural impulse (why a neuron firing is all or nothing).6
5281673325Action PotentialA neural impulse; a brief electrical charge that travels down an axon.7
5281673326All or None PotentialIf a threshold is reached, a neuron fires. There is no halfway, a neuron fires or it doesn't.8
5281673327Excitatory NeurotransmitterCauses a neuron to fire . Leads to changes that generate a new action potential in the post synaptic neuron (ex. glutamate).9
5281673328Inhibitory NeurotransmitterPrevents or reduces the ability of a neuron to fire.10
5281673329AcetylcholineA neurotransmitter that enables learning and memory and also triggers MUSCLE CONTRACTION.11
5281673330DopamineA neurotransmitter associated with movement, attention and learning and the brain's pleasure and reward system. (Ex. too much makes you schizophrenic).12
5281673331EndorphinsChemical substances in the nervous system that reduce the perception of pain (our body'd natural version of morphine).13
5281673332SerotoninA neurotransmitter that regulates MOOD, appetite, sleep, muscle contraction, and some cognitive functions including memory and learning (ex. too little and you're depressed).14
5281673336Afferent Neurons______ Neurons (SENSORY). Nerve cells that take information from the rest of the body (peripheral) to the brain (central).15
5281673337Efferent Neurons______ Neurons (MOTOR). Neurons that take information from the brain (central) to the rest of the body (peripheral).16
5281673338Central Nervous SystemComposed of the brain and the spinal cord.17
5281673339Peripheral Nervous SystemThe nervous system outside the brain and spinal cord.18
5281673340Somatic Nervous SystemThe part of the nervous system that contols voluntary movement.19
5281673341Sympathetic Nervous SystemActivates/Exerts energy (Ex. speeds up heart rate, ups blood pressure).20
5281673342ParasympatheticCalms you down, especially after a fight or flight response (Ex. lowers blood pressure, digests food).21
5281673344EEGUses electrodes attached to your scalp that detects electrical impulses our brain neurons use to communicate.22
5281673345CT ScanCAT scan. Computerized Axial Tomography. E-ray + computer creates cross-sectional images of the body.23
5281673346MRIMagnetic Resonance Imaging. A magnetic field aligns the spinning atoms of the brain, radio waves disorient atoms, and the soft tissue is mapped when they move back into place.24
5281673347PET ScanPositron Emission Tomography. Detects "food for thought", or GLUCOSE CONSUMPTION. Radioactive glucose is injected and usage is tracked.25
5281673348HindbrainThe posterior portion of the brain including cerebellum and brainstem (Oldest portion of the brain shared with reptiles).26
5281673349MedullaBase of brainstem; controls heartbeat and breathing.27
5281673350PonsA hindbrain structure that connects the medulla to the two sides of the cerebellum; helps coordinate and integrate movements on each side of the body.28
5281673351CerebellumA large structure of the hindbrain that controls fine motor skills. Posture/Balance.29
5281673352Reticular Formationcontrols general body arousal and the ability to focus. (Automatic Functions).30
5281673353ThalamusA relay station to high brain areas. A structure in the forebrain through which all sensory information (except smell) must pass to get to the cerebral cortex.31
5281673354HypothalamusPleasure Center (Ex. hunger, thirst, body temperature, sexual behavior). Also controls the pituitary gland.32
5281673355AmygdalaA limbic system structure involved in memory and emotion, particularly fear and aggression.33
5281673356HippocampusA part of the limbic system that processes memory, turning STM into LTM.34
5281673357Limbic SystemDoughnut-shaped neural system (including the hippocampus, amygdala, and hypothalamus) located below the cerebral hemispheres; associated with emotions and drives.35
5281673358Cerebral CortexC_______ C_______.The part of the brain where information processing takes place. Divided into four lobes.36
5281673359Left HemisphereThe hemisphere associated with: rational, logic, thought, speech, and words.37
5281673360Right HemisphereThe hemisphere associated with: images, emotions, intuitions, drawing, and inferences.38
5281673361Corpus CallosumThe section between the hemispheres that links them (can be cut for epilepsy).39
5281673362Broca's Area_______ Area. In the Frontal Lobe, deals with the motor functions of speech (incorrect pronunciations, inability to speak, etc.)40
5281673363Wernicke's Area________ Area. In the Temporal Lobe, deals with meaningful language (correct pronunciations, sentences that make no sense, etc.).41
5281673364Parietal LobeDeals with senses and perception. A region of the cerebral cortex whose functions include processing information about touch.42
5281673365Sensory CortexArea at the front of the parietal lobes that registers and processes body touch and movement sensations.43
5281673366Motor CortexAn area at the rear of the frontal lobes that controls voluntary movements.44
5281673367Occipital LobeA region of the cerebral cortex that processes visual information.45
5281673368Temporal LobeAn area on each hemisphere of the cerebral cortex near the temples that is the primary receiving area for auditory information.46
5281673369Brain PlasticityThe capacity for the brain to alter its structure and function (Ex. take over for damaged regions).47
5281673370Endocrine SystemA system of glands that secrete hormones that regulate processes such as growth, reproduction, and nutrient use (metabolism) by body cells.48
5281673371Adrenal GlandA pair of endocrine glands that sit just above the kidneys and secrete hormones (epinephrine and norepinephrine) that help arouse the body in times of stress.49
5281673372Pituitary GlandThe endocrine system's most influential gland. Under the influence of the hypothalamus, the pituitary regulates growth and controls other endocrine glands.50
5281673373Norepinerphrine...51
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Pre-AP Biology Review Flashcards

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5993833630Theoryproposed explanation for a wide variety of observations and experimental results0
5993833631Evolutionchange in genetic frequency in a population over time1
5993833632Artificial Selectionprocess by which humans modify a species by breeding it for certain traits2
5993833633Survival of the fittestevolutionary theory as a way of describing the mechanism of natural selection. The biological concept of fitness is defined as reproductive success.3
5993833634fitnessmeasure of an organisms ability to survive and produce offspring relative to other members of a population4
5993833635adaptationinherited trait that is selected for over time because it allows organisms to better survive in their environment5
5993833636descent with modificationThe other meaning of evolution referred to structural change in a species that took place over time6
5993833637fossilstrace of an organism from the past7
5993833638homologous structuresbody part that is similar in structure on different organisms but performs different structures8
5993833639extinctionelimination of a species on earth9
5993833640speciesgroup of organisms so similar to one another that they can breed and produce fertile offspring10
5993833641ribosomeorganelle that links amino acids together to form proteins11
5993833642virusinfectious particle made only of a strand of either DNA or RNA surrounded by a protein coat12
5993833643antibioticschemical that kills or slows the growth of bacteria13
5993833644host cellan animal or plant on or in which a parasite or commensal organism lives. a living cell in which a virus multiplies14
5993833645vaccinesubstance that stimulates an immune response, producing acquired immunity without illness or infection15
5993833646pathogenagent that causes disease16
5993833647biotic factorsliving things of influences in an ecosystem or habitat17
5993833648Producerorganism that obtains its energy from abiotic sources such as sunlight or inorganic chemicals18
5993833649ecosystemcollection of organisms as well as all nonliving things , such as climate , soil, water, rocks, in an area19
5993833650trophic levellevel of nourishment in a food chain20
5993833651biodiversityvariety of life in an area. Biodiversity is a measure of the number and types of organisms that live in an ecosystem21
5993833652communitycollection of all of the different populations that live in one area22
5993833653consumerorganism that obtains its energy and nutrients by eating other organisms23
5993833654abiotic factornonliving influence in an ecosystem ,such as moisture,air,water,minerals24
5993833655ecologystudy of interactions among living things and their surroundings25
5993833656parasitismecological relationship in wich one organism benefits while harming the other26
5993833657transpirationmovement of water through the plant tissue27
5993833658Allelesdifferent forms of a gene28
5993833659Cell Wallstrong layer around the cell membrane in plants, algae, and some fungi and bacteria. Not in animal cells.29
5993833660ChromosomesDNA coiled tightly around proteins30
5993833661Diploidcell with two of each kind of chromosome31
5993833662DNAdeoxyribonucleic acid32
5993833663DNA Replicationa semi-conservative process creating an identical (usually) copy of the genetic material33
5993833664Dominantan organism with this allele for a particular form of a trait will always exhibit that form of the trait. (Capital letter!)34
5993833665Gametesreproductive cells, have only half the number of chromosomes as body cells; in humans, the egg or sperm35
5993833666Genessequence of DNA that codes for a protein and thus determines a trait. There can be thousands of these one just ONE chromosome36
5993833667Phenotypethe set of observable characteristics of an individual resulting from the interaction of its genotype with the environment37
5993833668Haploidan organism or cell having only one complete set of chromosomes instead of two38
5993833669HeterozygousAlleles are different (Tt)39
5993833670Homologous structuresAre structures that share a similar structure even though their functions may differ. Evidence of evolution from a common ancestor, i.e. bird wing, bat wing, human arm40
5993833671HomozygousBoth alleles are the same (TT) or (tt)41
5993833672Meiosiscell division that produces reproductive cells in sexually reproducing organisms; create 4 unique cells42
5993833673Mitochondriaorganelle that produces energy (ATP) from oxygen and sugar; cellular respiration takes place here43
5993833674Mitosiscell division that produces somatic (non-reproductive body cells); creates 2 identical cells44
5993833675Mutationschange in a DNA sequence that affects genetic information; can passed on to offspring if they occur in the gametes45
5993833676Natural SelectionProcess by which individuals that are better suited to their environment survive and reproduce most successfully; also called survival of the fittest46
5993833677Nucleusa part of the cell containing DNA and RNA and responsible for growth and reproduction. Only in eukaryotic cells.47
5993833678Order of Organism ComplexityCell, tissue, organ, organ system, organism48
5993833679Photosynthesisprocess performed in the chloroplast buy producers. Turns solar energy into chemical energy (sugar)49
5993833680Plant cellsContain chloroplasts (photosynthesis sites) and large vacuoles (water storage areas) that are not found in animal cells50
5993833681Primary producersthe trophic level that's responsible for creating the majority of available food energy in an ecosystem51
5993833682Punnett Squaresa method of solving genetic probability questions.52
5993833683Cellular RespirationAnimal cells turn carbohydrates, water and oxygen into energy (ATP). Waste product is carbon dioxide.53
5993833684Ribosomesmall organelle in the cell on which proteins are assembled; made of RNA and protein; where amino acids are made into proteins54
5993833685RNAA pairs with U and C pairs with G. At this point the base Uracil is put in place of Thymine (so A now bonds only with U).55
5993833686Somaticany body cell expect for sex cells56
5993833687Successionthe gradual process of change in an ecosystem after a disturbance. generally leads back to a climax community57
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