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ap Flashcards

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6733829907retroactive inhinitiontendency of later learning to hinder the memory of previously learned material0
6733836675confirmation biasoccurs from the direct infulence of desire on beliefs . We want something to be true so we believe it1
6733845042availibility heuristicmental shortcut that helps our mind make fast decisions. See shooting in ky, believe we have more than ohio2
6733852970misunderstanding of correlationfailure to understand that corellation does not imply causation3
6733858774proactive interferenceold behaviors inhibit new learning; hard to think of new address because the keep remembering the old one4
6733868601correlation researcha relationship between two variables.5
6733871704overjustification effectoccurs when an expected external incentive such as money or prizes decreases a person's intrinsic motivation to perform a task.6
6733871705source amnesiainability to remember how previosly learned info has been acquired7
6733877248retroactive intereferencethe tendency of later learning to hinder the memory of previously learned material.8
6733881120prospective memoryinvolves remembering to perform a planned action or recall a planned intention at some future point in time9
6733913325gesalt principle of closurestates that individuals perceive objects such as shapes, letters, pictures, etc., as being whole when they are not complete.10
6733919164statistical significancethe quality of being worthy of attention; importance.11
6733967231feature detectorsindividual neurons—or groups of neurons—in the brain which code for perceptually significant stimuli12
673397483413
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AP Psychology AP Review Flashcards

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9659987854psychologythe study of behavior and mental processes0
9659987855biological approachgenetics, close-relatives, body functions (approach)1
9659987856evolutionary approachspecies - helped with survival (ancestors) (approach)2
9659987857psychodynamic approach(Freud) subconscious, repressed feelings, unfulfilled wishes (approach)3
9659987858behavioral approachlearning (classical and operant) observed (approach)4
9659987859cognitive approachthinking affects behavior (approach)5
9659987860humanistic approachbecoming a better human (behavior, acceptance) (approach)6
9659987861descriptive, correlational, and experimentaltypes of research methods7
9659987862case studystudies one person in depth may not be typical of population8
9659987863surveystudies lots of people not in depth9
9659987864naturalistic observationobserve + write facts without interference10
9659987865correlational methodshows relation, but not cause/effect scatterplots show research11
9659987866experimental methoddoes show cause and effect12
9659987867sampleactual people who will be used (randomness reduces bias)13
9659987868random assignmentchance selection between experimental and control groups14
9659987869control groupnot receiving experimental treatment receives placebo15
9659987870experimental groupreceiving treatment/drug16
9659987871independent variabledrug/procedure/treatment17
9659987872dependent variableoutcome of using the drug/treatment18
9659987873confounding variablecan affect dependent variable beyond experiment's control19
9659987874scientific methodtheory hypothesis operational definition revision20
9659987875theorygeneral idea being tested21
9659987876hypothesismeasurable/specific statement22
9659987877sensory neuronstravel from sensory receptors to brain23
9659987878motor neuronstravel from brain to "motor" workings24
9659987879interneurons(in brain and spinal cord) connecting motor and sensory neurons25
9659987897neuron26
9659987880neurotransmitterschemical messengers27
9659987881excitatory charge"Let's do it!"28
9659987882inhibitory charge"Let's not do it!"29
9659987883central nervous systembrain and spinal cord are part of the30
9659987884peripheral nervous systemsomatic nervous system autonomic nervous system31
9659987885somatic nervous systemvoluntary movements are controlled by32
9659987886autonomic nervous systeminvoluntary movements (sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems)33
9659987887sympathetic nervous systemarousing34
9659987888parasympathetic nervous systemcalming35
9659987889endocrine systemslow uses hormones in the blood system36
9659987890master glandpituitary gland37
9659987891frontal lobejudgement, personality, processing (Phineas Gage accident) (part of brain)38
9659987892parietal lobemath and spatial reasoning (part of brain)39
9659987893temporal lobeaudition and recognizing faces (part of brain)40
9659987894occipital lobevision (part of brain)41
9659987895corpus callosumsplit in the brain to stop hyper-communication (eliminate epileptic seizures)42
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Ap Art History Prehistoric Flashcards

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4776477536#1 Apollo 11 StonesNamibia, Africa 25,500-25,300 B.C.E Charcoal on stone0
4776477537#2 Great Hall of the BullsLascaux, France Paleolithic Europe 15,000-13,000 B.C.E Rock Painting1
4776477538#3 Camelid Sacrum in shape of a canineTequixquiac, Mexico 14,000-7,000 B.C.E Bone2
4776477539#4 Running Horned WomanTassili n'Ajjer, Algeria 6,000-4,000 B.C.E Pigment on Rock3
4776477540#5 Beaker (Bushel) with ibex motifsSusa, Iran 4,200-3,500 B.C.E Painted terra cotta4
4776477541#6 Anthropomorphic SteleArabian Peninsula 4,000 B.C.E Sandstone5
4776477542#7 Jade CongLiangzhu, China 3,300-2,200 B.C.E Carved Jade (stone)6
4776477543#8 StonehengeWiltshire, UK Neolithic Europe 2,500-1,600 B.C.E Sandstone7
4776477544#9 The Ambum StoneAmbum Valley, Enga Province Papus, New Guinea 1,500 B.C.E Greywacke8
4776477545#10 Tlatilco Female FigurineCentral Mexico, site of Tlatilco 1,200-900 B.C.E Ceramic9
4776477546#11 Terra Cotta FragmentLapita Solomon Islands 1,000 B.C.E Terra Cotta10
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APES Unit 4 Flashcards

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8447239727PopulationGroup of organisms of same species that live in the same area at the same time and reproduce fertile offspring.0
8447239728Biotic PotentialUnrestrained population growth.1
8447239729Exponential GrowthGrowth at a constant rate of increase per unit of time. Represented with a "J Shaped" curve2
8447239730Carrying Capacity (k)Maximum number of individuals that cane be supported.3
8447239731Logistic GrowthSlow down in population growth as population reaches carrying capacity begins to level out. Represented by a "S/Sigmoidal growth curve).4
8447239732Boom and Bust CycleRapid population growth followed by a rapid decline that occurs above and below the carrying capacity.5
8447239733Density Dependent Limiting FactorsFactors that limit the growth of a population that are influenced by the number of individuals. (predation, disease, parasitism, predation, competition, and physiological stress)6
8447239734Density Independent Limiting FactorsFactors that limit the growth of a population no matter the size of the population. (HIPPOC and natural disasters)7
8447239735r selected speciesReproductive strategy defined by many offspring with limited parental investment and high infant mortality.8
8447239736k selected speciesReproductive strategy defined by few offspring with high parental investment and low infant mortality.9
8447239737Survivorship curveRelative longevity among species represented by curves that depict the number of individuals that survive to at various ages.10
8447239738Survivorship Curve 1Mortality peaks later in life.11
8447239739Survivorship Curve 2Probability of death is unrelated to age.12
8447239740Survivorship Curve 3Mortality peaks early in life.13
8447239741Crude Birth RateBirths/1,000 people14
8447239742Crude Death RateDeaths/1,000 people15
8447239743Rate of natural increaseGrowth rate that only include births and deaths.16
8447239744ImmigrationIndividuals entering a population17
8447239745EmigrationIndividuals exiting a population18
8447239746Growth RateBIDE (birth+immigration) - (death+emigration) = +/- growth rate19
8447239747Sex RatioDifference between the number of reproducing females and reproducing males that can affect birth rate20
8447239748Doubling timeThe time it will take for a population double.21
8447239749Age Structure DiagramGraph that shows the number of males and females alive at various age groups in a population.22
8447239750Total Fertility Rate (TFR)Average number of children born per women during their lifetime.23
8447239751Replacement Level FertilityThe TFR that keeps a population stable24
8447239752Demographic TransitionThe difference in birth and death rates as a population transitions from fast doubling time to a slow doubling time.25
8447239753Pre-industrial / Pre-modern stage (stage 1)High birth rates and death rates26
8447239754Transitioning / Industrializing (stage 2)High birth rates and falling death rates27
8447239755Industrial (stage 3)Falling birth rates and low death rates28
8447239756Post industrial (stage 4)Low birth rates and low death rates29
8447239757Wealth GapUnequal distribution of wealth and consumption around the world. The wealthiest nations consume the bulk of the earth's resources and is responsible for the bulk of environmental degradation and loss of biodiversity.30
8447239758Food securityThe ability to receive adequate nutrition on a regular basis31
8447239759FamineLarge scale food shortage, massive starvation, social disruption, and economic chaos32
84472397603 Major cropsWheat, corn, and rice33
8447239761CAFOConfined Animal Feeding Operation34
8447239762Environmental Consequences of Meat/Dairy/Egg ConsumptionDeforestation, grassland degradation, green house gas production, fresh water consumption, animal waste production, antibiotic resistance, over use of hormones and additives, and loss of biodiversity35
8447239763Commercial Fishing MethodsDragnet, Troweling, Longline36
8447239764Bycatch/BykillThe unintended marine life caught and killed in commercial fishing.37
8447239765Aquaculture /Fish farmingMarine CAFOS38
8447239766Green RevolutionMovement that promoted the use of monoculture/monocrops that rely on the use of pesticides, fertilizers, and larger amounts of water than native species in order to produce higher yields in many parts of the world.39
8447239767GMOGenetically Modified Organisms - crops whose DNA has been altered to withstand various biotic and abiotic factors40
8447239768Issues of Food WasteWaste of water, soil, and land. Unnecessary application of pesticides and fertilizers. Lost landfill space. Methane production from landfill.41
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Ap Human Geography: Migration Flashcards

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5296993823Relocation DiffusionThe spread of characteristics from one place to another0
5296993824MigrationPermanent movement to a new location1
5296993825MobilityGeneral term for all types of movement from one place to another2
5296993826CirculationRepetitive movement that occurs on a regular basis3
5296993827EmigrationMigration from a location; focus is exit4
5296993828ImmigrationMigration to a location; focus is coming5
5296993829Net migrationDifference between immigrants and emigrants. Result can be net in-migration (+) or net out-migration (-).6
5296993830Voluntary MigrationMigrants chose to move; economic improvement7
5296993831Forced MigrationMigrant is compelled to move; political/environmental factors8
5296993832International MigrationPermanent movement from one country to another9
5296993833Internal MigrationPermanent movement within a country10
5296993834Interregional MigrationMovement from one region of a country to another region11
5296993835Intraregional MigrationMovement within a region12
5296993836CounterurbanizationUrban to rural13
5296993837UrbanizationRural to urban14
5296993838SuburbanizationUrban to suburban15
5296993839Push FactorsPersuades people to move out of current location16
5296993840Pull FactorPersuades people to move to a new location17
5296993841RefugeeForced to migrate to a new country due to political/ environmental factors and cannot return due to fear of persecution18
5296993842Internally Displaced PersonsForced to migrated with the same country due to same reasons as a refugee19
5296993843Asylum SeekerSomeone who migrated to a new country to be recognized as a refugee20
5296993844FloodplainArea subjected to flooding during a specific number of years based on historic trends21
5296993845Guest WorkerImmigrants temporary allowed into a country for a job22
5296993846Intervening ObstacleEnvironmental/ political factor that stops migration23
5296993847QuotaMaximum limits to number of immigrants to USA annually, per country.24
5296993848Brain DrainWhen talented professionals all migrate to the USA or another region25
5296993849Chain MigrationMigration specific to a specific location because of relatives or people of the same nationality26
5296993850Unauthorized (or undocumented) ImmigrantsImmigrants who enter without proper documents27
5296993851RemittancesMoney sent back home by migrants to family members in home country28
5296993852Regions with the Largest FlowsAsia to Europe Asia to North America Latin America to North America29
5296993853Typical International FlowDeveloping (LDCs) to Developed (MDCs) Countries30
5296993854Types of Intraregional MigrationRural to Urban Urban to Suburban Urban to Rural31
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AP Bio Flashcards

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9554955481TetrapodVertebrates that had limbs and can move on land (evolution)0
9555013369Oxidationundergo or cause to undergo a reaction in which electrons are lost to another species (cells)1
9555296565Intravenousexisting or taking place within, or administered into, a vein or veins (cells)2
9645795429Dehydration Synthesis(Cells) Condensation reaction where molecules are connected by loss of a water molecule.3
9645803215hydrolysis(Cells) Reaction where water split into two hydrogens and one oxygen; this breaks a polymer.4
9645818842Innate Immunityrecognition of traits shared by broad rnages of pathogen, using a small set of receptors ex. skin (genetics)5
9645833463Adaptive Immunityrecognition of traits specific to particular pathogens ex. antibodies (genetics)6
9645851894artificial selectionHumans modifying species for desired traits through selective breeding (genetics)7
9645862633vestigial structuresAre little or no importance to organism, but remain from an ancestor (evolution)8
9645875563sexual recombinationCrossing over and shuffling of genes during meiosis (genetics)9
9645886487founder effectWhen a small number of individuals colonize a new area; the new gene pool is not reflective of original population (genetics)10
9645898300speciationOrigin of new species and the source of biological diversity (ecology)11
9645921627homeotic genesGenes that determine basic features of where a body part is (genetics)12
9645949709conjugationIn bacteria, the direct transfer of DNA between two cells that are temporarily joined (cells)13
9645988799keystone speciesNot necessarily abundant, but exert a strong control on community structure due to a pivotal ecological role (ecology)14
9646024467bioremediationUse of living organisms such as prokaryotes, fungi, or plants to detoxify polluted ecosystems (ecology)15
9646064616phagocytosisProcess in which extensions of cytoplasm surround and engulf large particles and take them into the cell (cells)16
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AP Psychology: Sleep and Dreams Flashcards

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5777935089DreamA sequence of images, emotions and thoughts passing through a sleeping person's mind.0
5777935780REMSleep phase during which dreams occur.1
5777936303InsomniaPersistent problems in falling asleep or staying asleep (the most common sleep disorder).2
5778613054NarcolepsyA sleep disorder characterized by uncontrollable sleep attacks. The sufferer may lapse directly into REM sleep, often at inappropriate times. VERY rare3
5778616808Sleep ApneaA sleep disorder characterized by temporary cessations of breathing during sleep and repeated momentary awakenings. Overweight men are most likely to have this.4
5778623140Night TerrorsA sleep disorder characterized by high arousal and an appearance of being terrified; unlike nightmares, these occur only during stage 4 sleep, within 2/3 hours of falling asleep and are seldom remembered. Happens mostly to children.5
5778631993Manifest ContentAccording to Freud, the remembered story line of a dream6
5778634339Freud__________________ believed that dreams provide a psychic safety valve that discharges otherwise unacceptable things.7
5778636369Latent ContentAccording to Freud, the underlying meaning of a dream.8
5778643193MemoriesOne theory on dreams states that dreams may help fix the day's experiences into ____________________________.9
5778646354Brain activityOne dream theory states that the _____________ _______________ associated with REM sleep provides the sleeping brain with periodic stimulation.10
5778654191NeuralOne dream theory states that random _________________ activity takes place when we dream, and dreams are our body's way of making sense of it.11
5778660235CognitiveOne dream theory states that dreams reflect ____________________ development.12
5778663133REM reboundThe tendency for REM sleep to increase following REM sleep deprivation.13
5778669596Sleep deprivationThe following are the effects of___________ _________: Weakened immune system Diminished productivity Increased cortisol levels Impaired concentration14
5781791192Circadian RhythmsOccur on a 24 hour cycle and include sleep and wakefulness;"Biological clock".15
5781795468MelatoninThe sleep hormone; darkness promotes the release of this.16
578179629590How many minutes is the average sleep cycle?17
57817970211In which sleep stage do the brain waves look similar to those of a day dreamer?18
57817974422In this sleep stage the waves produced are theta waves and are spindles.19
57817986903/4These are the sleep stages with the deepest sleep and that produce delta waves.20
5781799597Sleep cycle21
5781800810REM sleepThis is often called paradoxical sleep; beta waves indicate this sleep stage.22
5781804028Pineal glandThis produces melatonin and helps maintain the circadian rhythm23
5781805476Suprachiasmatic nucleusLocated in the Hypothalamus this is concerned with the regulation of physiological circadian rhythms.24
5781809287Sleep protectsThis sleep theory states that sleep is evolutionarily advantageous because when animals are sleeping in a cave they are protected from predators and other threats.25
5781813376Memory storageSleep theory that states that sleep's purpose is to restore, rebuild, and process the previous day's events.26
5781813375Sleep helps us recuperateSleep theory that states that sleep helps to repair and restore brain tissue; sleep also helps flush toxins from the brain.27
5781819694Sleep and growthSleep theory that states that when sleeping we produce growth hormones.28
5781821841Sleep walkingA sleep disorder most common in children in which the victim walks in their sleep. Occurs during stage 4 sleep.29
5781821842Sleep talkingA sleep disorder most common in children in which victims speak in their sleep. Occurs during stage 4 sleep.30
5781824674Sleep eatingA sleep disorder most common in children in which victims eat in their sleep. Occurs during stage 4 sleep.31
5781824803Wish fulfillmentFreud's theory that repressed desires are expressed through dreams.32
5781826748Social Influence TheoryStates that hypnotic subjects may simply be imaginative actors plating a social role (they do what they think they are supposed to)33
5781828771Divided Consciousness TheoryStates that hypnosis is a special state of consciousness.34
5781819695Sleep and creative thinkingSleep theory that states that decision making and creative thinking are improved after sleeping.35
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AP Biology: Transcription & Translation Flashcards

chapter 14

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9352842555Central dogma of medicinesequence of information is DNA → RNA → proteins0
9352842556RNAsingle stranded, ribose is the sugar, nitrogenous bases=A,U,C,G1
9352842557DNAdouble stranded, deoxyribose is the sugar, nitrogenous bases=A,T,C,G2
9352842558Prokaryotic transcription & translationall in cytoplasm (no nucleus); mRNA made directly into protein (no splicing); transcription and translation can occur at same time on same strand3
9352842559Eukaryotic transcription & translationhas nucleus; original mRNA molecule modified and sent to ribosomes for translation4
9352842560pre-mRNAnewly transcribed and non-edited mRNA5
9352842561Three main types of RNAmessenger RNA (mRNA), transfer RNA (tRNA), & ribosomal RNA (rRNA); all have different structures/functions6
9352842562Messenger RNAsingle stranded; created during transcription using DNA code7
9352842563Transfer RNAcloverleaf shaped molecule; "reads" mRNA code during translation; each tRNA carries a specific amino acid and "reads" a specific mRNA sequence; has lots of G & C nucleotides b/c they're stronger (3 bonds, not 2)8
9352842564Ribosomal RNAglobular molecule; along with proteins, makes up ribosomes; no specific role in translation/transcription; structural rather than informational9
9352842565snRNAsmall nuclear RNA; part of spliceosome; structural and catalytic roles10
9352842566srpRNAsignal recognition particle that binds to signal peptides11
9352842567RNAiinterference RNA; a regulatory molecule12
9352842568miRNA/siRNAmicro/small interfering RNA; bind to mRNA or DNA to block it, regulate gene expression, or cut it up13
9352842569RibozymeRNA that functions as an enzyme (snRNP) and self-edit/splice out own introns14
9352842570Location of transcriptionnucleus (for eukaryotes)15
93528425713 steps of transcriptioninitiation, elongation, and termination16
9352842572Initiation step of transcriptionRNA polymerase binds to promoter region of DNA and separates strands, moving in 5' → 3' direction (does not need primer)17
9352842573Elongation step of transcriptionRNA chain grows in 5' → 3' direction as free nucleotides pair with nucleotides on template strand; non-coding strand reforms double helix18
9352842574Termination step of transcriptiontranscription proceeds until reaches terminator site on DNA; RNA molecule then released19
9352842575Additions to pre-mRNA during processingfor protection GTP "cap" added to 5' end and polyA "tail" added to 3' end20
9352842576Intronnon-coding DNA segment; removed by snRNP before mRNA travels to ribosome21
9352842577Exoncoding DNA segment that determines traits of organism (codes for proteins)22
9352842578snRNPenzymes made of proteins and RNA; part of spliceosome23
9352842579UTRuntranslatable sequence at each end of mRNA24
9352842580Benefit of intronsallows alternative splicing (introns and exons can vary), which allows for many combinations of genes25
9352842581Useful characteristics of mRNAsingle-stranded so can exit nuclear pores; has triplets (groups of 3 nucleotides) called "codons" that are read by tRNA triplets called "anticodons" via complementary base pairing26
9352842582Useful characteristics of tRNAcloverleaf structure; each tRNA attaches to different amino acid; anticodon matches with mRNA's codon to "read" and translate it into amino acid27
9352842583Ribosome structuremade of rRNA and proteins; large and small subunits join to form functional ribosome when mRNA present28
9352842584rRNA productionmade in nucleolus, assembled with proteins from cytoplasm to make ribosomes29
93528425853 binding sites for trNA in ribosomeA (aminoacyl-tRNA) site, P (peptidyl-tRNA) site, and E (exit) site30
93528425863 steps of translationinitiation, elongation and termination (same as transcription)31
9352842587Initiation step of translationsmall ribosomal subunit attaches to 5' end of mRNA ('start' codon - AUG); tRNA carries 1st amino acid (Met) to mRNA; large ribosomal subunit attaches to mRNA32
9352842588Elongation step of translationribosome moves along mRNA and matches anticodons with codons; tRNA attaches to mRNA in A site; tRNA moves to P site; new amino acid moves to A site; polypeptide bond forms between amino acids; tRNA in P site releases amino acid and enters E site then exits33
9352842589Termination step of translationoccurs when ribosome encounters 'stop' codon; ribosome subunits detach, releasing mRNA and polypeptide (mRNA can be "re-read")34
9352842590Polysomesstrings of ribosomes that can work on same mRNA at same time to increase efficiency of translation35
9352842591Redundancy in genetic code64 codons code from 20 amino acids (accounts for wobble)36
9352842592Wobblecodons for the same amino acid often differ in 3rd base37
9352842593Post-translational modificationchanges that happen to polypeptide after translation in order to make fully folded protein (example: chaperonins); correct folding is very important! (misfolded proteins causes many diseases, like Mad Cow)38
9352842594Chaperoninsbarrel shaped proteins molecules that help wrap protein into 3D shape39
9352842595Types of post-translational modificationsmolecular groups added (sugars, lipids, phosphates, etc.); and/or amino acid segments removed40
9352842596Mutagensenvironmental factors that cause mutations (example: radiation & cigarette smoke)41
9352842597Carcinogenmutagen that causes change in genes that regulate cell cycle/division42
93528425982 main types of mutationspoint mutation & frameshift mutation43
9352842599Point mutationchange in one base pair of a gene (substitution: replace one base with another)44
93528426003 types/effects of point mutationssilent, missense, & nonsense45
9352842601Silent mutationchanges one base, but codes for same amino acid46
9352842602Missense mutationchange in one base codes for another amino acid (example: sickle cell disease)47
9352842603Nonsense mutationchange in one base codes for a stop codon (makes nonfunctional protein that is terminated early)48
9352842604Frameshift mutationmutation affects all nucleotides/codon groupings farther along DNA/RNA code49
93528426052 types of frameshift mutationsinsertion and deletion50
9352842606Insertion mutationadding extra nucleotides; causes frameshift unless multiple of 3 is added51
9352842607Deletion mutationremoving nucleotides; causes frameshift unless multiple of 3 is removed52
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