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AP Psychology Module 9 Flashcards

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5235339931Biological psychologistsStudy links between biological activity and psychological events.0
5235343776DendriteReceive messages from other neurons.1
5235347013Cell BodyIs in charge of the neuron's activities.2
5235350415Nucleuscontains the genetic material of the cell.3
5235353040Axonsends messages from the cell body to the dendrites of other neurons.4
5235388960Axon TerminalsAre the hair like ends that receive the message.5
5236628837Myelin Sheathcovers the axons insulates them and speeds their impulse.6
5236692631Action potentialforms an electrical charge that goes down its axon.7
5236704754Refractory periodThe resting period after the neuron fires.8
5236711535ThresholdThe level of stimulation required to trigger a neural impulse. (To be activated)9
5236720101All-or-none responsethe neuron's reaction to firing or not firing.10
5236735390SynapseThe gap between the axon tip of sending neuron and the dendrite/cell body meet.11
5236743035Neurotransmitters (A key to a lock)When the action potential reaches the knob-like terminals at an axon's end, where it reaches chemical messages into the gap.12
5260198948Reuptakethe sending neuron reabsorbs the excess neurotransmitters.13
5261246573Acetylcholine (ACh)- Plays a role in learning and memory - Contracts after being released into muscle cells - Enables muscle action - Lack of it can cause Alzheimer's Disease (ACh neurons deteriorate) - If blocked, we end up paralyzed14
5261276690Dopamine- Influences movement, learning, attention, and emotion - Activates reward pathway - Oversupply = Schizophrenia - Undersupply = tremors and decreased mobility in Parkinson's disease - Drugs like heroin increases release of neurotransmitter - May be treated with L-DOPA15
5261313202Serotonin- Affects mood, hunger, sleep, and arousal - Undersupply = Depression - Some antidepressant drugs raise serotonin levels (aggressive behavior) - Zoloft and Paxil16
5261364440Norepinephrine- Controls alertness and arousal - Undersupply = depress mood - Signals body to dangers17
5261388385Gaba (Gamma-Aminobutryic Acid)- A major inhibitory nuerotransmitter - Undersupply = seizures, tremors, and insomnia - Huntington's disease18
5261407529Glutamate- A major excitatory neurotransmitter involved in memory - Oversupply = Migraines and seizures19
5261424249Endorphin- In response to pain or rigorous exercise - "Runner's high" -20
5262189628AgonistMimic neurotransmitters21
5262193062AntagonistBlock neurotransmitters22
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AP Psychology Chapter 2 Flashcards

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5155639549hindsight biasThe tendency to believe, after learning an outcome, that one would have foreseen it- "I knew it all along"0
5155639550critical thinkingIs rationally deciding what to believe or what to do. When one rationally decides something, he or she evaluates information to see if it makes sense, whether it's coherent, and whether the argument is well founded on evidence.1
5155639551theoryA hypothesis that has been tested with a significant amount of data2
5155639552hypothesisA testable prediction, often implied by a theory3
5155639553operational definitionA statement of the procedures used to define research variables4
5155639554replicationreplicate the original study5
5155639555case studyAn observation technique in which one person is studied in depth in the hope of revealing universal principles.6
5155639556surveyA study, generally in the form of an interview or questionnaire, that provides researchers with information about how people think and act.7
5155639557populationthe whole group that you want to study and describe8
5155639558random sampleA sample that fairly represents a population because each member has an equal chance of inclusion9
5155639559naturalistic observationObserving and recording behavior in naturally occurring situations without trying to manipulate and control the situation10
5155639560correlationA measure of the relationship between two variables11
5155639561correlation coefficientA statistical index of the relationship between two things (from -1 to +1)12
5155639562scatterplotA graphed cluster of dots, each of which represents the values of two variables.13
5155639563illusory correlationThe perception of a relationship where none exists14
5155639564experimentA research method in which an investigator manipulates one or more factors to observe the effect on some behavior or mental process15
5155639565random assignmentAssigning participants to experimental and control conditions by chance, thus minimizing preexisting differences between those assigned to the different groups16
5155639566double-blind studyAn experiment in which neither the participant nor the researcher knows whether the participant has received the treatment or the placebo17
5155639567placebo effectExperimental results caused by expectations alone; any effect on behavior caused by the administration of an inert substance or condition, which is assumed to be an active agent.18
5155639568experimental groupA subject or group of subjects in an experiment that is exposed to the factor or condition being tested.19
5155639569control groupIn an experiment, the group that is not exposed to the treatment; contrasts with the experimental group and serves as a comparison for evaluating the effect of the treatment.20
5155639570independent variable(statistics) a variable whose values are independent of changes in the values of other variables21
5155639571confounding variableA factor other than the independent variable that might produce an effect in an experiment.22
5155639572dependent varibalethe outcome factor the cariable that may change in response to manipulations of the independent variables --what you are measuring (ex. obesity rates)23
5155639573modeMeasure of central tendency that uses most frequently occurring score.24
5155639574meanAverage25
5155639575medianA measure of center in a set of numerical data. The median of a list of values is the value appearing at the center of a sorted version of the list - or the mean of the two central values if the list contains an even number of values.26
5155639576rangeDistance between highest and lowest scores in a set of data.27
5155639577standard deviationA computed measure of how much scores vary around the mean score.28
5155639578normal curvethe symmetrical bell-shaped curve that describes the distribution of many physical and psychological attributes. Most scores fall near the average, and fewer and fewer scores lie near the extremes.29
5155639579statistical significanceA statistical statement of how likely it is that an obtained result occurred by chance30
5155639580cultureBeliefs, customs, and traditions of a specific group of people.31
5155639581informed consentA written agreement to participate in a study made by an adult who has been informed of all the risks that participation may entail.32
5155639582debriefingA verbal description of the true nature and purpose of a study33
5155639583sampleA part of the population you are studying.34
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AP Biology Nervous System Flashcards

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6460178609neuronmain cell of the nervous system0
6460178610glial cellscells that support neurons (ex: Schwann cells)1
6460178611cell bodycontains nucleus of the neuron2
6460178612dendritereceive stimuli; highly branched extensions3
6460178613axonconduct and propagate impulses4
6460178614Schwann cellcreates the myelin sheath5
6460178615node of Ranviergap between myelin sheaths that expose the axon, help accelerate impulses6
6460178617sensory neuronpick up stimuli from the environment and send to the brain7
6460178618motor neuronsends impulses to muscles to create movement8
6460178619interneuronneurons in the CNS that communicate internally and connect sensory to motor neurons; are responsible for reflexes9
6460178622resting potentialmembrane potential of a neuron that is not firing, -70 mV10
6460178625sodium-potassium pumpprotein that uses active transport to move 3 Na out of the membrane and 2 K in, which resets the neuron to resting potential11
6460178626action potentialrapid change in the voltage between the membrane of a neuron in response to a stimulus12
6460178628thresholdthe voltage needed to open the voltage gated Na channels and start the unstoppable flow of Na into the cell, -55 mV13
6460178629depolarizationthe massive influx of Na causes the cell's voltage to become less negative, all the way up to 35 mV14
6460178630repolarizationNa channels close and K channels open, which allows K out of cell so the cell is more negative15
6460178631undershootbecause K channels are slow to close, the voltage reaches -80 mV, and causes the Na/K pump to reset the neuron16
6460178632refractory periodperiod where the neuron resets using the Na/K pump before a neuron can be fired again17
6460178634synapsetransmission of information is from one neuron to the next18
6460178637neurotransmittermolecule that neurons use in synaptic transmission19
6460178638synaptic vesiclehold the neurotransmitters in the presynaptic neuron20
6460178639postsynaptic receptorreceive neurotransmitters and open Na gated ion channels to start another action potential21
6460178641synaptic cleftspace between the pre and postsynaptic neurons22
6460233705myelin sheathinsulates the axon and speeds transmission of the impulse23
6460250127afferent pathwaysignal received from outside your nervous system and conducted toward it24
6460258958efferent pathwaycarry signals away from the central nervous system toward muscle cells or glandular cells25
6460263787dopamineneurotransmitter that controls the brain's reward and pleasure center26
6460271399serotoninneurotransmitter responsible for maintaining mood balance27
6460276245GABAneurotransmitter that inhibits nerve impulse from being transmitted28
6460302907ion-gated channelsproteins responsible for allowing sodium or potassium to diffuse into or out of the axon29
6460306842sodiumion responsible for depolarization30
6460310660potassiumion responsible for repolarization31
6460311941calciumion that signals vesicles to release neurotransmitters32
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Cellular Respiration (AP Bio) Flashcards

Vocabulary: aerobic respiration, anaerobic respiration, fermentation, oxidation, reduction, reducing agent, oxidizing agent, redox reaction, electron transport chain, NAD (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide), glycolysis, Kreb cycle (citric acid cycle), oxidative phosphorylation, substrate-level phosphorylation, chemiosmosis, ATP synthase, cytochromes, proton-motive force, obligate aerobe, obligate anaerobe, facultative anaerobe, beta oxidation, biosynthesis
Objectives: After attending lectures and studying the chapter, the student should be able to:
1. Define cellular respiration.
a. State which organisms undergo cellular respiration.
b. Distinguish between the site of cellular respiration in prokaryotic cells and in eukaryotic cells.
c. Distinguish between the terms aerobic and anaerobic.
d. Write the general chemical equation for aerobic cellular respiration.
e. Write the general chemical equation for lactic acid fermentation and state which organisms can undergo this process.
f. Write the general chemical equation for alcohol fermentation and state which organisms can undergo this process.
2. Relating to cellular energy:
a. Explain the chemical energy relationship between glucose and ATP.
b. Explain the chemical energy role of ATP in driving cellular reactions.
c. Describe the structure of ATP, ADP, and AMP.
d.Explain why ATP is considered the "energy currency" of the cell and glucose is not.
e. State how many ATPs are produced from 1 glucose molecule during:
* aerobic cellular respiration in prokaryotic cells
* aerobic cellular respiration in eukaryotic cells
* fermentation
3. Describe the making of ATP through substrate-level phosphorylation.
4. Relating to oxidative phosphorylation (electron transport chain + chemiosmosis):
a. Define oxidation and reduction and describe the redox reactions of an electron transport chain.
b.

Terms : Hide Images
5264873916Aerobicin the presence of oxygen0
5264873917Glycolysisfirst step in CR; produces net 2 ATP, 2 NADH, 2 pyruvates1
5264873918Electron Transport Chain3rd step in CR; occurs on the inner membrane of the mitochondria.; transfers H from NADH and FADH2 to oxgyen; creates 34 ATP2
5264873919oxidationpartial or complete loss of electrons; occurs to glucose during CR3
5264901638redox reactionsinvolves the complete or partial transfer of electrons from one reactant to another4
5264903086reductionpartial or complete gain of electrons; occurs to oxygen in CR5
5264905379facultativeorganism that can live in either aerobic or anaerobic environments6
5264907925obligate aerobeorganism that must live in the presence of oxygen7
5264909142obligate anaerobeorganism that must live in an oxygen free environment8
5264912503Krebs Cycle2nd step of CR; catabolic pathway that oxidizes acetyl CoA producing 2 AATP, 6 NADH, 2 FADH2, and 4 CO29
5264919115Acetyl CoAcompound that enters the Krebs Cycles; formed from the oxidation of pyruvate during the "transition step"10
5264922094fermentationanaerobic catabolism of organic nutrients11
5264926434alcoholicfermentation that converts pyruvate into ethanol; performed by yeast and bacteria12
5264928867lactic acidfermentation that converts pyruvate into lactic acid13
5264939415substrate - levelphosphorylation of ADP as a result of enzyme controlled pathways14
5264940783oxidativephosphorylation as a result of chemiosmosis and the ETC15
5264943651chemiosmosiscoupling of exergonic electron flow down the ETC to the endergonic production of aTP16
5264946434ATP synthaseenzyme in the inner membrane that drives the oxidative phosphorylation of ATP during the ETC17
5264951823Cellular respirationan ATP producing catabolic pathway in which the final electron acceptor is oxygen; complete degradation of sugars producing ATP18
5264956475Anaerobic respirationoccurs without oxygen; includes glycolysis and fermentation19
5264961516Matrixin the mitochondria; site of the Krebs cycle20
5264962751inner membranein the mitochondria; site of ETC and oxidative phosphorylation21
5264968157cristaefolds of the inner membrane of the mitochondria; increases SA for the ETC22
5264972838cytosolwhere glycolysis and fermentation occurs23
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vocab 10 AP Language Flashcards

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9051815155feignto fake or pretend0
9051815156laudto praise1
9051815157mordantsharp and biting wit2
9051815158impertinentuncivil or irrelevant3
9051815159indifferentnot caring or without interest4
9051815160figure of speecha device used to produce figurative language5
9051815161generic conventionstraditions for each genre6
9051815162genrea major category in which a piece of literture fits7
9051815163barragebombardment8
9051815164hegemonydominance of one group over others9
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AP Language Terms #3 Flashcards

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7589316936Hubrisexcessive pride or arrogance that results in the downfall of the protagonist or a tragedy0
7589322795Hyperboleintentional exaggeration to create an effect1
7589329279Hypothetical Questiona question that raises a situation not based on reality2
7589333897Idioman expression in a given language that cannot be understood from the literal meaning of the words in the expression3
7589342378Imagerythe use of figures of speech to create vivid images that appeal to one of the senses4
7589356523Implicationa suggestion an author or speaker makes without stating it directly and the audience is meant to understand it5
7589361423Inductive Reasoninga conclusion reached through certain facts or instances6
7589368296Inferencea conclusion based on premises assumed to be true7
7589377993Invectivean intensely vehement, highly emotional verbal attack8
7589383417Ironythe use of words to convey the opposite of their literal meaning, or, incongruity between what is expected and what actually occurs9
7589398159Jargonthe specialized language or vocabulary of a particular group or profession10
7589403806Juxtapositionplacing two elements side by side to present a comparison or contrast11
7589409429Limerickusually a humorous verse containing give lines that follow the aabba rhyme scheme Limited narrator- a story that is told as it is seen and understood by a single character and restricts information to what is seen, heard, thought or felt by that one character12
7589455969Limited Narratora story that is told as it is seen and understood by a single character and restricts information to what is seen, heard, thought or felt by that one character13
7589421289Literary Licensedeviating from normal rules or methods in order to achieve a certain effect14
7589428265Litotesa type of understatement in which an idea is expressed by negating its opposite15
7589436068Malapropismthe mistaken substitution of one word for another word that sounds similar16
7589443490Maxima concise statement, often offering advice; an adage17
7589466199Metaphora direct comparison of two different things18
7589473324Metonymysubstituting the name of one object for another object closely associated with it19
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AP HUG- Language Unit Flashcards

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8541656676Literary TraditionA system of written communication0
8541664077official languagethe language adopted for use by government for the conduct of business and publication of documents1
8541670554Languages may be written in one of three ways--Alphabetic: one letter = one sound (ex: English) -Syllabic: one letter = one syllable (ex: Korean) -Ideogrammatic/ Ideographic: one letter = one word or concept2
8541682744Language Families(Trunk) ex: Indo-European and Sino- Tibetan3
8541686939Language Branches(Branch) ex: Germanic Branch, Romance Branch4
8541692824Language Groups(Leaves) ex: English, Mandarin5
8541697498ideograma pictorial character or symbol that represents a specific meaning or idea6
8541712087Distribution of Language Families-Indo-European... Europe, South Asia, North America, Latin America Sino-Tibetan... Peoples Republic of China, Southeast Asia7
8541719908The most used Sino-Tibetan Language is...Mandarin8
8541725073African Language Families--more than 1,000 distinct languages - THE BIG ONE: Niger-Congo (Swahili)9
8541732106Distribution of Indo-European Languages- 1. Germanic Branch1. Germanic branch -spoken primarily in: Northwestern Europe and North America -Divided into North and West groups -west is divided into High and Low -High Germanic- German -Low Germanic- , English, Dutch, Flemish, Afrikaans -North Germanic- Swedish, Danish, Icelandic, Norwegian10
8541753651Distribution of Indo-European Languages- 2. Indo-Iranian branch2. Indo-Iranian branch -spoken primarily in: South Asia -Divided into: Eastern Group- Indic Western Group- Iranian11
8541762673Distribution of Indo-European Languages- 3. Balto-Slavic branch3. Balto-Slavic branch -spoken primarily in: Eastern Europe -Divided into: East Slavic and Baltic Groups: Russian, Ukrainian, -Belarusan West and South Slavic Groups: Polish, Czech Slovak (West) Sero-Croatian (South)12
8541778476Distribution of Indo-European Languages- 4. Romance branch4. Romance branch -spoken primarily in: Southwestern Europe and Latin America -most widely used languages are: Spanish, Portuguese, French, and Italian13
8541789181Three Germanic Tribes...1. Angles 2. Jutes 3. Saxons14
8541790738Two Big Theories...1. Nomadic Warrior (Kurgan) 2. Sedentary Farmer (Ahatolian)15
8541793771Pidgin LanguageLanguage that is a simplified combination of two other languages: Spanglish16
8541794545Creolea mother tongue that originates from contact between two languages17
8541799572Lingua Franca-A language of international communication -a common language used by speakers of different languages ex: English18
8541807389isoglossA boundary that separates regions in which different language usages predominate19
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AP LANGUAGE VOCAB LIST #20 Flashcards

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9578321021Affablefriendly; social; easygoing0
9578321022Bureaucracyofficials in an organization1
9579481240Degradationdeprivation; poverty; debasement2
9579481241Eulogypraise3
9579481242Hypochondriaca person obsessed with health; having imaginary illnesses4
9579481243Legionin large numbers5
9579481244Officiousdomineering; intrusive; meddlesome6
9579481245Posthumousafter death7
9579481246Rigorthoroughness8
9579481247Totterwalk unsteadily9
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AP English Language 1st Qtr. Vocab Flashcards

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5147643861EbullientCheerful; Full of energy0
5147654317MisogynyDislike of women.1
5147663848ReviledTo criticize in an abusive or angrily insulting manner.2
5147698586PolemicalInvolving strongly critical, controversial, or disputatious writing or speech.3
5147722020DidacticIntended to teach, particularly in having moral instruction as an ulterior motive.4
5147738416AntitheticalDirectly opposed or contrasted; mutually incompatible.5
5147758608ObsolescenceThe state of being which occurs when an object, service, or practice is no longer wanted even though it may still be in good working order.6
5147768580DelineateDescribe or portray (something) precisely.7
5147802589SolicitousCharacterized by or showing interest or concern.8
5147826714ChagrinDistress or embarrassment at having failed or been humiliated.9
5147837789AnalogousComparable in certain respects, typically in a way that makes clearer the nature of the things compared.10
5147969898UbiquitousPresent, appearing, or found everywhere.11
5147984792SatireThe use of humor, irony, exaggeration, or ridicule to expose and criticize people's stupidity or vices, particularly in the context of contemporary politics and other topical issues.12
5148003369InviolableNever to be broken, infringed, or dishonored.13
5148038580CircuitousBeing or taking a roundabout, lengthy course.14
5148057092PresageSomething that portends or foreshadows a future event; an omen, prognostic, or warning indication.15
5148075503PetulantHaving or showing the attitude of people who become angry and annoyed when they do not get what they want.16
5148087765AmalgamA mixture of blend.17
5148105099DiscombobulatedConfused or disconcerted18
5148122078AcerbicExpressing harsh or sharp criticism in a clever way19
5148149351DichotomyA division or contrast between two things that are or are represented as being opposed or entirely different:20
5148206646AgglutinatedFirmly stick or be stuck together to form a mass:21
5148220148BlightedTo have a deleterious effect on; ruin.22
5148240601PerpetuityThe state or quality of lasting forever.23
5148270643QuixoticExceedingly idealistic; unrealistic and impractical.24
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AP Language Vocabulary Q1 Flashcards

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7656071901Metaphora figure of speech in which a word or phrase is applied to an object or action to which it is not literally applicable.0
7656080370Dead MetaphorAn expression that once had figurative value, but has two terms that are so closely related that a metaphor is now accepted as a literal truth. Ex. A ¨face¨ of a clock is not actually a face but has been socially accepted as a literal truth.1
7656144918Similiea figure of speech involving the comparison of one thing with another thing of a different kind, used to make a description more emphatic or vivid (e.g., as brave as a lion, crazy like a fox ). Often uses like or as.2
7656177090Enthymemean argument in which one premise is not explicitly stated. Ex. ¨All murderers should be executed" What should be implied is the missing premise is all murderers are menaces to public safety.3
7656218952Syllogisman instance of a form of reasoning in which a conclusion is drawn (whether validly or not) from two given or assumed propositions (premises), each of which shares a term with the conclusion, and shares a common or middle term not present in the conclusion (e.g., all dogs are animals; all animals have four legs; therefore all dogs have four legs ).4
7656276657Rhetorical Questiona question asked in order to create a dramatic effect or to make a point rather than to get an answer. Ex. Are you crazy?5
7656294352HypophoraThe technique of asking a question, then proceeding to answer it.6
7656314637EthosThe appeal of having the reader beleive that you are simular and have common interests. Ex. ¨We´re all in this together.¨7
7656390787PathosAn appeal to emotions, values, desires, hopes, fears, or prejudice. Ex. ¨Political wars can hurt your friends and family.¨8
7656398139LogosThe appeal to logical evidence behind an argument. Ex. ¨"More than one hundred peer-reviewed studies have been conducted over the past decade, and none of them suggests that this is an effective treatment for hair loss."9
7656444058Antithesisa figure of speech in which an opposition or contrast of ideas is expressed by parallelism of words that are the opposites of, or strongly contrasted with, each other, such as "hatred stirs up strife, but love covers all sins".10
7656465792Litotesironic understatement in which an affirmative is expressed by the negative of its contrary (e.g., you won't be sorry, meaning you'll be glad ). Emphasizes a point by using a word opposite to the condition. ex. ¨The school was certainly not bad at teaching.¨11
7656497011HyperboleAn exaggeration of a statement in order to give it emphasis or focus. Ex. ¨Florida feels like a human microwave when it comes to the hot weather. ¨12
7669597956AnalogyMakes use of something already well known to explain something that is less well known. Ex. Comparing the managment declining an offer to an ungrateful child getting mad when he opens a gift he doesnt like.13
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