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AP Psychology Sensation and Perception Flashcards

10076778995	sensation	the process by which our sensory receptors and nervous system receive and represent stimulus energies from our environment	0
10076778996	perception	the process of organizing and interpreting sensory information, enabling us to recognize meaningful objects and events	1
10076778997	bottom-up processing	analysis that begins with the sensory receptors and works up to the brain's integration of sensory information	2
10076778998	top-down processing	information processing guided by higher-level mental processes, as when we construct perceptions drawing on our experience and expectations	3
10076778999	selective attention	the focusing of conscious awareness on a particular stimulus	4
10076779000	inattentional blindness	failing to see visible objects when our attention is directed elsewhere	5
10076779001	change blindness	failing to notice changes in the environment	6
10076779002	psychophysics	the study of relationships between the physical characteristics of stimuli, such as their intensity, and our psychological experience of them	7
10076779003	absolute threshold	the minimum stimulation needed to detect a particular stimulus 50 percent of the time	8
10076779004	signal detection theory	a theory predicting how and when we detect the presence of a faint stimulus amid background stimulation . Assumes there is no single absolute threshold and that detection depends partly on a person's experience, expectations, motivation, and alertness	9
10076779005	subliminal	below one's absolute threshold for conscious awareness	10
10076779006	priming	the activation, often unconsciously, of certain associations, thus predisposing one's perception, memory, or response	11
10076779007	difference threshold	the minimum difference between two stimuli required for detection 50 percent of the time. We experience this as a just noticeable difference.	12
10076779008	Weber's law	the principle that, to be perceived as different, two stimuli must differ by a constant percentage (rather than a constant amount).	13
10076779009	sensory adaptation	diminished sensitivity as a consequence of constant stimulation	14
10076779010	transuction	conversion of one form of energy into another. In sensation, the transforming of stimulus energies, such as sights, sounds, and smells, into neural impulses our brains can interpret	15
10076779011	wavelength	the distance from the peak of one light or sound wave to the peak of the next.	16
10076779012	hue	the dimension of color that is determined by the wavelength of light	17
10076779013	intensity	the amount of energy in a light or sound wave, which we perceive as brightness or loudness, as determined by the wave's amplitude	18
10076779014	pupil	the adjustable opening in the center of the eye through which light enters	19
10076779015	iris	a ring of muscle tissue that forms the colored portion of the eye around the pupil and controls the size of the pupil opening	20
10076779016	lens	the transparent structure behind the pupil that changes shape to help focus images on the retina	21
10076779017	retina	the light-sensitive inner surface of the eye, containing the receptor rods and cones plus layers of neurons that begin the processing of visual information	22
10076779018	accommodation	the process by which the eye's lens changes shape to focus near or far objects on the retina	23
10076779019	rods	retinal receptors that detect black, white, and gray; necessary for peripheral and twilight vision, when cones don't respond	24
10076779020	cones	retinal receptor cells that are concentrated near the center of the retina and that function in daylight or in well-lit conditions. They detect fine detail and give rise to color sensations	25
10076779021	optic nerve	the nerve that carries neural impulses from the eye to the brain	26
10076779022	blind spot	the point at which the optic nerve leaves the eye, creating a place you can't see because no receptor cells are located there	27
10076779023	fovea	the central focal point in the retina, around which the eye's cones cluster	28
10076779024	feature detectors	nerve cells in the brain that respond to specific features of the stimulus, such as shape, angle, or movement	29
10076779025	parallel processing	the processing of many aspects of a problem simultaneously; the brain's natural mode of information processing for many functions, including vision. Contrasts with the step-by-step (serial) processing of most computers and of conscious problem solving	30
10076779026	Young-Helmholtz trichromatic (three-color) theory	the theory that the retina contains three different color receptors - one most sensitive to red, one to green, one to blue - which, when stimulated in combination, can produce the perception of any color	31
10076779027	opponent-process theory	the theory that opposing retinal processes (red-green, yellow-blue, white-black) enable color vision. For example, some cells are stimulated by green and inhibited by red; others are stimulated by red and inhibited by green.	32
10076779028	audition	the sense or act of hearing	33
10076779029	frequency	the number of complete wavelengths that pass a point in a given time (i.e. per second)	34
10076779030	pitch	a tone's experienced highness or lowness; depends on frequency	35
10076779031	middle ear	the chamber between the eardrum and cochlea containing three tiny bones (hammer, anvil, stirrup) that concentrate the vibrations of the eardrum on the cochlea's oval window	36
10076779032	cochlea	a coiled, bony, fluid-filled tube in the inner ear through which sound waves trigger nerve impulses	37
10076779033	inner ear	the innermost part of the ear, containing the cochlea, semicircular canals, and vestibular sacs	38
10076779034	place theory	in hearing, the theory that links the pitch we hear with the location where the cochlea's membrane is stimulated	39
10076779035	frequency theory	in hearing, the theory that the rate of nerve impulses traveling up the auditory nerve matches the frequency of a tone, thus enabling us to sense its pitch	40
10076779036	conduction hearing loss	hearing loss caused by damage to the mechanical system that conducts sound waves to the cochlea	41
10076779037	sensorineural hearing loss	hearing loss caused by damage to the cochlea's receptor cells or to the auditory nerves also called nerve deafness	42
10076779038	cochlear implant	a device for converting sounds into electrical signals and stimulating the auditory nerve through electrodes threaded into the cochlea	43
10076779039	kinesthesis	the system for sensing the position and movement of individual body parts	44
10076779040	vestibular sense	the sense of body movement and position, including the sense of balance	45
10076779041	gate-control theory	the theory that the spinal cord contains a neurological "gate" that blocks pain signals or allows them to pass on to the brain. The "gate" is opened by the activity of pain signals traveling up small nerve fibers and is closed by activity in larger fibers or by information coming from the brain.	46
10076779042	sensory interaction	the principle that one sense may influence another, as when the smell of food influences its taste	47
10076779043	grouping	the perceptual tendency to organize stimuli into coherent groups	48
10076779044	depth perception	the ability to see objects in three dimensions although the images that strike the retina are two-dimensional; allows us to judge distance	49
10076779045	visual cliff	a laboratory device for testing depth perception in infants and young animals	50
10076779046	binocular cues	depth cues, such as retinal disparity, that depend on the use of two eyes	51
10076779047	retinal disparity	a binocular cue for perceiving depth; By comparing images from the retinas in the two eyes, the brain computes distance - the greater the disparity (difference) between the two images, the closer the object	52
10076779048	monocular cues	depth cues, such as interposition and linear perspective, available to either eye alone	53
10076779049	phi phenomenon	an illusion of movement created when two or more adjacent lights blink on and off in quick succession	54
10076779050	perceptual constancy	perceiving objects as unchanging (having consistent shapes, size, lightness, and color) even as illumination and retinal images change	55
10076779051	color constancy	perceiving familiar objects as having consistent color, even if changing illumination alters the wavelengths reflected by the object	56
10076779052	perceptual adaptation	in vision, the ability to adjust to an artificially displaced or even inverted visual field	57
10076779053	perceptual set	a mental predisposition to perceive one thing and not another	58
10076779054	extrasensory perception (ESP)	the controversial claim that perception can occur apart from sensory input; includes telepathy, clairvoyance, and precognition	59
10076779055	parapsychology	the study of paranormal phenomena, including ESP and psychokinesis	60

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Ap Government Chapter 4 Flashcards

Chapter 4 Key Terms

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6600566806	civil liberties	The legal constitutional protections against government. Although our civil liberties are formally set down in this, the courts, police, and legislatures define their meaning. "Civil liberties protect citizens."	0
6600566807	Bill of Rights	The first ten amendments to the U.S. Constitution, which define such basic liberties as freedom of religion, speech, and press guarantee defendants' rights. "First ten amendments are the B of R"	1
6600566808	First Amendment	The constitutional amendment that establishes the four great liberties: freedom of the press, of speech, of religion, and of assembly. "First Amendment is the root of AMerica"	2
6600566809	Fourteenth Amendment	The constitutional amendment adopted after the civil war that states, "No State shall make or enforce any law which shall abridge the privileges or the immunities of citizens of the United States; nor shall any state deprive any person of life, liberty, or property, without due process of law; nor deny to any person within its jurisdiction the equal protection of the laws."	3
6600566810	incorporation doctrine	The legal concept under which the Supreme Court has nationalized the Bill of Rights by making most of its provisions applicable to the states through the Fourteenth Amendment. "Incorporation gives power to states"	4
6600566811	establishment clause	Part of the First Amendment stating that "Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion." "Establishment clause is good"	5
6600566812	free exercise clause	A First Amendment provision that prohibits government from interfering with the practice of religion. "Government should'nt interfere"	6
6600566813	prior restraint	A government preventing material from being published. This is a common method of limiting the press in some nations, but it is usually unconstitutional in the United States, according to the First Amendment and as confirmed in the 1931 Supreme Court case of Near v. Minnesota. "Prior restraint is important"	7
6600566814	libel	The publication of false or malicious statements that damage someone's reputation. "Libel damages"	8
6600566815	symbolic speech	Nonverbal communication, such as burning a flag or wearing and armband. The Supreme Court has accorded some symbolic speech protection under the First Amendment. "Symbolic speech is covered"	9
6600566816	commercial speech	Communication in the form of advertising. It can be restricted more than many other types of speech but has been receiving increased protection from the Supreme Court.	10
6600566817	probable cause	The situation occurring when the police have reason to believe that a person should be arrested. In making the arrest, police are allowed legally to search for and seize incriminating evidence. "Probable cause is important"	11
6600566818	unreasonable searches and seizures	Obtaining evidence in a haphazard or random manner, a practice prohibited by the Fourth Amendment. Probable cause and/or a search warrant are required for a legal and proper search for and seizure of incriminating evidence. "Unreasonable searches are bad'	12
6600566819	search warrant	A written authorization from a court specifying the area to be searched and what the police are searching for. "Search warrant are required"	13
6600566820	exclusionary rule	The rule that evidence, no matter how incriminating, cannot be introduced into a trial if it was not constitutionally obtained. The rule prohibits use of evidence obtained through unreasonable search and seizure. "Evidence can't be introduced into trial if illegal"	14
6600566821	Fifth Amendment	The constitutional amendment designed to protect the rights of persons accused of crimes, including protection against double jeopardy, self-incrimination, and punishment without due process of law. "Fifth protects rights"	15
6600566822	self-incrimination	The situation occurring when an individual accused of a crime is compelled to be a witness against himself or herself in court. The Fifth Amendment forbids self-incrimination. "Self-incrimation is not required"	16
6600566823	Sixth Amendment	The constitutional amendment designed to protect individuals accused of crimes. It includes the right to counsel, the right to confront witnesses, and the right to a speedy and public trial. "Sixth amendment allows trial"	17
6600566824	plea bargaining	A bargain struck between the defendant's lawyer and the prosecutor to the effect that the defendant will plead guilty to a lesser crime (or fewer crimes) in exchange for the state's promise not to prosecute the defendant for a more serious (or additional) crime. "Plea bargaining is how most cases end"	18
6600566825	Eighth Amendment	The constitutional amendment that forbids cruel and unusual punishment, although it does not define this phrase. Through the Fourteenth Amendment, this Bill of Rights provision applies to the states. "Eighth amendment is critical:"	19
6600566826	cruel and unusual punishment	Court sentences prohibited by the Eighth Amendment. Although the Supreme Court has ruled that mandatory death sentences for certain offenses are unconstitutional, it has not held that the death penalty itself constitutes cruel and unusual punishment "cruel and unusual punishment is protected".	20
6600566827	right to privacy	The right to a private personal life free from the intrusion of government. "right to privacy is critical"	21

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AP Vocab 01 Flashcards

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6987388853	Balanced Sentence	the phrases or clauses balance each other by virtue of their likeness or structure, meaning, and/or length.	0
6987388854	Colloquial Language	slang	1
6987388855	Complex Sentence	contains an independent clause and one or more subordinating clauses.	2
6987388856	Compound Sentence	contains two independent clauses joined by a coordinating conjunction or by a semicolon.	3
6987388857	Compound-Complex Sentence	contains two or more independent clauses and one or more dependent clauses.	4
6987388858	Diction	Analysis of word choice. Word choice conveys voice or the author's or character's personality through the choice of idiom.	5
6987388859	Figurative Language	Uses figures of speech. It is a way of saying something other than the literal meanings of the words	6
6987388860	Inverted Order Sentence	When the verb or part of the verb comes before the subject in a sentence.	7
6987388861	Involved Sentence	thirty words or more words	8
6987388862	Loose Sentence	makes complete sense if brought to a close before the actual ending	9
6987388863	Medium Sentence	approximately 18 words in length or long	10
6987388864	Monosyllabic Words	one syllable in length	11
6987388865	Natural Order Sentence Structure	constructing a sentence so the subject comes before the predicate	12
6987388866	Parallel Structure	grammatical or structural similarity between sentences or parts of a sentence. It involves an arrangement of words, phrases, sentences, and paragraphs so that elements of equal importance are equally developed and similarly phrased	13
6987388867	Periodic Sentence	makes sense only when the end of the sentence is reached	14
6987388868	Polysyllabic Words	more than one syllable in length	15
6987388869	Simple Sentence	A sentence with one complete clause	16
6987388870	Split Order Sentence Structure	the predicate is divided into two parts, with the subject in the middle	17
6987388871	Style	the manner in which ideas are expressed; the combination of distinctive or unique features characterizing a writer or person	18
6987388872	Syntax	The ordering of words into meaningful verbal patterns, such as phrases, clauses, and sentences.	19
6987388873	Telegraphic Sentences	a concise sentence typically containing five words or less	20
6987393661	Deconstruction / Deconstruct	A concept originating in poststructuralist critical theory, which is used in many ways. It refers to the analysis of a text taking into account that its meaning is not fixed but can vary according to the way in which the writer, and reader, interpret language. Instead of looking for meanings, aims to analyze concepts and modes of thought to expose the preconceived ideas on which they are founded.	21
6987393663	Existentialism / Existential	A worldview that sees human existence as ultimately meaningless - a situation which causes 'angst', or dread - but at the same time emphasizes the importance of each individual taking responsibility for his or her own choices concerning decisions and actions.	22
6987393664	Feminist Criticism	a form of literary criticism in which the work is explored based on construction of genders and identities, the role of women in society, and the possibilities of women's creative expression.	23
6987393665	Formalism	In the case of literature, formalism assumes that well-wrought form (the structure of the literary piece, its constituent images, metaphors, and other 'building blocks') can carry the most important dimensions of content from the author to the reader without reference to contextual elements	24
6987393666	Freudian Criticism	shows the importance of the unconscious in all aspects of human life, and developed techniques of psychoanalysis and dream interpretation as ways of gaining access to it.	25
6987393667	Marxist Criticism	Literary criticism deriving from the theories of Marx, which emphasizes the cultural and political context in which the text was produced.	26
6987393668	Modernism / Modernist	A movement in all the arts in Europe, with its roots in the nineteenth century but flourishing in the period during and after the First World War. The period 1910 to 1930 is sometimes called the period of 'high Modernism'. The War having undermined faith in order and stability in Europe, artists and writers sought to break with tradition and find new ways of representing experience. Some of the characteristic features of modernist literature are: a drawing of inspiration from European culture as a whole; experimentation with form; the radical approach to plot, time, language, and character presentation; a decrease in emphasis on morality, and an increase in subjective, relative, and uncertain attitudes; in poetry, a move towards simplicity and directness in the use of language.	27
6987393669	Naturalism / Naturalist	A term often used interchangeably with Realism, but which has a more specific meaning suggesting that human life is controlled by natural forces such as those explored in the natural sciences, particularly those expounded by Charles Darwin (1809-1882). Naturalist writers aimed to create accurate representations of characters and their interaction with their environment based on scientific truth.	28
6987393671	Postcolonial Criticism	Branch of literary criticism which focuses on seeing the literature and experience of peoples of former colonies in the context of their own cultures, as opposed to seeing them from the perspective of the European literature and criticism dominant during the time of the Empire	29
6987393672	Postmodern / Postmodernism	In literature one of its manifestations is the attempts by some writers to examine and break down boundaries involved in such issues as race, gender, and class, and to break down divisions between different genres of literature. Other aspects of the postmodernist outlook are: a spirit of playfulness with the fragmented world, the awareness of fiction as an artifice, and the creation of works as a pastiche of forms from the past.	30
6987393673	Poststructuralism	A postmodern approach to literary criticism, and other disciplines, growing out of structuralism. Like structuralism, it questions the relationship between language and reality, and it sees 'reality' as something socially constructed	31
6987393674	Psychoanalytical Criticism	argues that literary texts, like dreams, express the secret unconscious desires and anxieties of the author, that a literary work is a manifestation of the author's own neuroses.	32
6987393675	Realism	This refers to any subject matter or techniques that create a "true-to-life" impression on the reader. Writers of realism record life "as it is" and allow stories "to tell themselves". Realism can also refer to stories which are about simple, everyday people.	33
6987393676	Structuralism	An approach to literary criticism which emphasizes that a text does not have one fixed meaning, but is open to any number of interpretations, depending on the meanings attributed to words by both the writer and the reader. It is founded on the idea that the meanings of words are ultimately arbitrary, and instead of looking for the meaning of a text, structural analysis aims to explore oppositions and conflicts within the text, and the underlying structures of thought which produce meanings.	34
6987393677	Symbolist / Symbolism Movement	aimed to break away from the formal conventions of French poetry, and attempted to express the transitory perceptions and sensations of inner life, rather than rational ideas; believed in the imagination as the arbiter of reality, were interested in the idea of a correspondence between the senses, and aimed to express meaning through the sound patterns of words and suggestive, evocative images, rather than by using language as a medium for statement and argument.	35
6987393678	The New Criticism	A movement in literary criticism which developed in the USA in the 1940s, and which aimed to approach literary texts in an 'objective' way, as self-contained objects of study, without reference to such contextual factors as the author's biography, or intentions.	36

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AP Vocab 02 Flashcards

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6987430492	Ad Misericordiam	An appeal to the audience's sympathy; an attempt to persuade another, using a hard-luck story rather than logic or reason	0
6987430493	Anecdote	A short and often personal story used to emphasize a point, to develop a character or theme, or to interject humor	1
6987430494	Aphorism	A terse statement that expresses a general truth or moral principle; sometime considered a folk proverb	2
6987430495	Attitude	The author's feelings toward the topic he or she is writing about; often used interchangeably with "tone" and is usually revealed through word choice.	3
6987430496	Audience	The intended group of readers / listeners / viewers of a text.	4
6987430497	Cause and Effect	noting a relationship between actions or events such that one or more are the result of the other or others.	5
6987430498	Circumlocution	an ambiguous or paradoxical way of expressing things, ideas or views; "talking around" or "talking in circles." Discussing something in an indirect way, without directly referencing the subject.	6
6987430499	Dialect	The language used by the people of a specific area, class, district or any other group of people.	7
6987430500	Ethos	represents credibility or an ethical appeal which involves persuasion by the character involved.	8
6987430501	Foreshadowing	a literary device in which a writer gives an advance hint of what is to come later in the story.	9
6987430502	Kairos	in Ancient Greek meant "time" - but it wasn't just any time. It was exactly the right time for whatever event was happening. In modern literature, it refers to making exactly the right statement at exactly the right moment.	10
6987430503	Logos	a literary device that can be defined as a statement, sentence or argument used to convince or persuade the targeted audience by employing reason or logic	11
6987430504	Misdirection	Deliberately misguiding the audience in order to conceal information, usually to build suspense	12
6987430505	Oxymoron	a figure of speech in which two opposite ideas are joined to create an effect. The common oxymoronic phrase is a combination of an adjective preceded by a noun with contrasting meanings	13
6987430506	Pathos	a quality of an experience in life or a work of art that stirs up emotions of pity, sympathy and sorrow. Pathos can be expressed through words, pictures or even with gestures of the body	14
6987430507	Purpose	a person's reason for writing, such as to inform, entertain, explain, or persuade.	15
6987430508	Rhetoric	a technique of using language effectively and persuasively in spoken or written form	16
6987430509	Rhetorical Devices	Rhetorical figures or devices are employed to achieve particular emphasis and effect. Rhetorical devices, however, are different from "figures of speech". Wherever and whenever a figure of speech is used in written texts and speech, it alters meanings of words. For example, the metaphor used in the expression "He is a tiger," is a complete altered form of a simple idea "He is brave."	17
6987430510	Speaker	voice in a poem; the person or thing that is speaking; The speaker should not be confused with the author. Speakers are often fictional personas used to accomplish the purpose of the text.	18
6987430511	Universality	That quality in a work of art which enables it to transcend the limits of the particular situation, place, time, person and incident in such a way that it may be of interest, pleasure and profit (in the non-commercial sense) to all people at any time in any place.	19
6987430512	Ambiguous	open to or having several possible meanings or interpretations; equivocal	20
6987430513	Elixir	a magical liquid that can cure illness or extend life	21
6987430514	Forestall	to stop (something) from happening or to cause (something) to happen at a later time: to act before (someone else) in order to prevent something	22
6987430515	Importunity	an importuning or being importunate; persistence in requesting or demanding	23
6987430516	Tumultuously	loud, excited, and emotional: involving a lot of violence, confusion, or disorder	24

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AP Vocab 03 Flashcards

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6987539914	Anachronism	An element in a story that is out of its time frame; sometimes used to create a humorous or jarring effect.	0
6987539915	Antagonist	The character, force, or collection of forces n fiction or drama that opposes the protagonist and gives rise to the conflict of the story	1
6987539916	Antecedent Action	events that occur before a play or a story begins	2
6987539917	Artistic Unity	The single purpose that ties all elements of a work together	3
6987539918	Chance	occurrence of an event that has no apparent cause in previous events or in predisposition of character	4
6987539919	Climax	From the reader's perspective, the climax is the highest point of emotional intensity in a story. It usually marks the turning point in the protagonist's fortunes and the major crisis in the story.	5
6987539920	Coincidence	chance occurrence of two events that may have a peculiar correspondence	6
6987539921	Conflict	A conflict is a struggle between opposing characters or forces, usually between the protagonist and someone or something else. All conflicts are either external (physical) or internal (emotional, moral, psychological)	7
6987539922	Crisis	The crisis is a moment of intense conflict leading up to the climax.	8
6987539923	Denouement	The outcome or clarification at the end of a story or play	9
6987539924	Deus ex Machina	When the gods intervene at a story's end to resolve a seemingly impossible conflict; refers to an unlikely or improbable coincidence	10
6987539925	Dilemma	a position in which he or she must choose between two courses of action, both undesirable	11
6987539926	Episode	An episode is an incident or single set of events within the main plot of the story.	12
6987539927	Exposition	The background information provided by the author to further the plot, conflict, setting, and characterization is called exposition	13
6987539928	Falling Action	The part of a story immediately following climax and lasting until the end of the story is the falling action.	14
6987539929	Flashback	A flashback is a plot device which shifts the story from the present to the past, usually done in order to illustrate an important point or to reveal a change in character	15
6987539930	Full Circle Story	This is the type of story which begins and ends in the same situation or place	16
6987539931	Goal	This is the aim of the protagonist. Many protagonists have aims which they strive to accomplish. The desire to achieve a goal often creates conflict, and failure or success in achieving a goal is frequently apparent in the climax of a story	17
6987539932	Happy Ending	protagonist solves his or her problem	18
6987539933	Inciting Incident	This is the incident that initiates or begins the main conflict of the story	19
6987539934	Indeterminate Ending	no definitive conclusion is reached	20
6987539935	Man vs Himself	The character experiences a conflict in emotion or thought. Maybe emotional, intellectual, moral, or spiritual	21
6987539936	Man vs Man	This is a conflict between two characters. The struggle may be physical, emotional, moral, or psychological.	22
6987539937	Man vs Nature	This is a conflict between a character and his or her environment, whether this is nature, society, or circumstances.	23
6987539938	Man vs Supernatural	This is a conflict between a character and some aspect beyond our scientific understanding	24
6987539939	Mystery	unusual set of circumstances for which the reader craves an explanation	25
6987539940	Plot	The storyline or organization of incidents in a story is called the plot. It consists of episodes and conflict. Plots usually have rising and falling action	26
6987539941	Plot Manipulation	turns in a plot that are unjustified by the situation or characters	27
6987539942	Predicament	This is a position or situation that is difficult to get out of or that presents a problem difficult to solve. Predicaments should not be confused with dilemmas.	28
6987539943	Protagonist	central character in the conflict	29
6987539944	Resolution	The resolution is the solving of all of the conflicts in the story	30
6987539945	Rising Action	The rising action consists of the events preceding the climax. During this stage of the story, background information is given, conflicts are introduced, and suspense is built up. There may even be moments of crisis. Because it accomplishes so much, the rising action is always longer than the falling action of a story	31
6987539946	Structure	arrangement of plot elements	32
6987539947	Subplot	A subplot is a minor storyline, secondary to the main plot. Subplots may be related or unrelated to the main plot.	33
6987539948	Surprise Ending	One that features a sudden, unexpected turn or twist; most acceptable when it serves a purpose	34
6987539949	Unhappy Ending	Many situations in real life do have unpleasant outcomes; forces people to ponder the complexities of life	35

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AP Psychology Unit 8 Flashcards

Myers Psychology for AP 2e - Unit 08

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8609423299	motivation	a need or desire that energizes and directs behavior. (Myers Psychology for AP 2e p. 390)	0
8609423300	instinct	a complex behavior that is rigidly patterned throughout a species and is unlearned. (Myers Psychology for AP 2e p. 391)	1
8609423301	drive-reduction theory	the idea that a physiological need creates an aroused tension state (a drive) that motivates an organism to satisfy the need. (Myers Psychology for AP 2e p. 391)	2
8609423302	homeostasis	a tendency to maintain a balanced or constant internal state; the regulation of any aspect of body chemistry, such as blood glucose, around a particular level. (Myers Psychology for AP 2e p. 391)	3
8609423303	incentive	a positive or negative environmental stimulus that motivates behavior. (Myers Psychology for AP 2e p. 392)	4
8609423305	hierarchy of needs	Maslow's pyramid of human needs, beginning at the base with physiological needs that must first be satisfied before higher-level safety needs and then psychological needs become active. (Myers Psychology for AP 2e p. 393)	5
8609423306	glucose	the form of sugar that circulates in the blood and provides the major source of energy for body tissues. When its level is low, we feel hunger. (Myers Psychology for AP 2e p. 397)	6
8609423307	set point	the point at which an individual's "weight thermostat" is supposedly set. When the body falls below this weight, an increase in hunger and a lowered metabolic rate may act to restore the lost weight. (Myers Psychology for AP 2e p. 398)	7
8609423308	basal metabolic rate	the body's resting rate of energy expenditure. (Myers Psychology for AP 2e p. 398)	8
8609423309	sexual response cycle	Excitement, plateau, orgasm, and resolution.	9
8609423310	refractory period	(2) a resting period after orgasm, during which a man cannot achieve another. (Myers Psychology for AP 2e p. 407)	10
8609423311	sexual dysfunction	a problem that consistently impairs sexual arousal or functioning. (Myers Psychology for AP 2e p. 407)	11
8609423312	estrogens	sex hormones, such as estradiol, secreted in greater amounts by females than by males and contributing to female sex characteristics. In nonhuman female mammals, estrogen levels peak during ovulation, promoting sexual receptivity. (Myers Psychology for AP 2e p. 408)	12
8609423313	testosterone	the most important of the male sex hormones. Both males and females have it, but the additional testosterone in males stimulates the growth of the male sex organs in the fetus and the development of the male sex characteristics during puberty. (Myers Psychology for AP 2e pp. 408, 526)	13
8609423314	emotion	a response of the whole organism, involving (1) physiological arousal, (2) expressive behaviors, and (3) conscious experience.	14
8609423315	James-Lange theory	the theory that our experience of emotion is our awareness of our physiological responses to emotion-arousing stimuli. (Myers Psychology for AP 2e p. 421)	15
8609423316	Cannon-Bard theory	the theory that an emotion-arousing stimulus simultaneously triggers (1) physiological responses and (2) the subjective experience of emotion. (Myers Psychology for AP 2e p. 422)	16
8609423317	two-factor theory	the Schachter-Singer theory that to experience emotion one must (1) be physically aroused and (2) cognitively label the arousal. (Myers Psychology for AP 2e p. 422)	17
8609423319	facial feedback effect	the tendency of facial muscle states to trigger corresponding feelings such as fear, anger, or happiness. (Myers Psychology for AP 2e p. 438)	18
8609433849	Lateral hypothalamus	Part of brain controlling hunger. If destroyed, we stop eating. If stimulated, we overeat.	19
8609435681	Ventromedial hypothalamus	Part of brain controlling hunger. If destroyed, we overeat. If stimulated, we stop eating.	20

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**** AP Flashcards

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5089165119	The 9 regions	Top right and left = R/l Hypochondriac Mid= epigastric Middle r/l = lumbar region Mid= Umbilical region Bottom rl= inguinal region Mid= Hypogastric (pubic)	0
5089175829	Reginal terms	Axial, Appendicular	1
5089175830	The planes of the body	Sagital (median/middle) Coronal (frontal) Transverse (Horizontal)	2
5089179499	Body cavities and what they do	Protects organs from shock Permits change in size and shape or organs	3
5089348923	Thoracic cavity	R/l Pleular cavities Contain right and left lung	4
5089355659	Mediastinum	Upper portion contains=Filled with blood vessels, trachea, esophagus, thymus Lower portion= Heard within the pericardial cavity	5
5089182240	Tissue	Group of similar cells Form discrete region of an organ preform same function	6
5089182241	Organ	Composed of 2 or more types of tissue	7
5089182242	Organ system	systemic anatomy = study of one organ system	8
5089187194	Definition + example of Ionic bonds	Electrons are given or taken from outer shell of atom Sodium and Chlorine Sodium gives up atom to make sodium chloride	9
5089549077	Colliods	Mixture of protein and water Hetrogenous Remains mixed	10
5089187195	Polar	Unequal sharing of	11
5089189754	Covenant bonding	electrons are shared between atoms	12
5089192643	Function and characteristics of protein		13
5089968832	Disaccharides	Sugar molecules composed of 2 monosaccharides	14
5089993202	Polysaccharides	Chain of glucose subunits	15
5089975918	Sucrose is what kind of sugar	table sugar, glucose + fructose	16
5089981594	Lactose is what kind of sugar	Sugar in milk	17
5089984524	Maltose is what kind of sugar	Grain products Glucose + glucose	18
5089192644	Function and characteristics of carbs	Short term energy	19
5089194710	Function and characteristics of lipids		20
5089196834	Storage form of carbs in the body?		21
5089201084	What is the definition of an organic molecule? Know examples.	Smallest unit of organic compounds. Proteins, carbs, lipids and nucleic acids	22
5089201085	What are the 4 elements that make up most of the body?	Oxygen, Nitrogen, Hydrogen and	23
5089203192	Know the differences between mixtures, colloids and suspensions	Suspension = Particles suspended in a solvent	24
5089206648	Know how to calculate the number of electrons in the valance shell if an atom if I give you the atomic number		25
5089209376	Know the 3 monosaccharides and how they combine the 3 disaccharides we discussed in class.	Monomers = similar subunit Polymers = Formed from monomers bonded togeather= Macromolecules Macromolecules = Very large Molecules	26
5089209377	Electron		27
5089211818	Molecule	Particles composed of 2 or more atoms (Contently bonded)	28
5089511974	Compound	Two or more atoms of different elements contently bonded (CO2C6H12O6)	29
5089211819	Matter	Anything that takes up space and has mass	30
5089211820	atom	smallest stable unit of matter	31
5089215136	Order of organization in an organism		32
5089215137	What is an ion? How is it formed? Be able to recognize an example of an ion.		33
5089217297	Know the properties of water that we discussed in class.		34
5089217298	Know about the pH scale and the normal pH of blood		35
5089612416	PH	the concentration of H+ ions in a solution	36
5089220281	Smooth ER	synthesis lipids and carbs	37
5089220282	Rough ER	synthesis proteins	38
5089222200	Hypertonic	more solute outside cell, crenates	39
5089222201	Hypotonic	more solute inside cell, lyses	40
5089222202	Isotonic	equal amount in and out	41
5089225549	Know the components and characteristics of the plasma membrane		42
5089225550	Know what diffusion, osmosis, facilitated transport, exocytosis and endocytosis are.		43
5089229365	Dehydration reaction	Removal of water that allows subunits to link together into larger molecules	44
5090004431	Dehydration synthesis	Monomers covalently bond together to form polymer with the removal of a water molecule How water is made	45
5089229378	Hydrolysis	The addition of water that breaks larger molecules into their subunits	46
5089232864	Metabolism		47
5089232865	Catabolism	The sum of all decomposition reactions in the body	48
5089232866	Anabolism	the sum of all synthesis reactions in the body	49
5089235142	What are the functions of carbohydrates, lipids and proteins?	Carbs for short energy, lipids for long tern energy, protein for	50
5089245075	What are the functions of epithelial tissue?		51
5091135569	Necleous	re-writes ribasomal RNA and combined with protein	52
5091157157	Nucleus	contains DNA and coding for all protein	53
5091179108	cytoplasm	material between plasma membrane and nucleus	54
5089245076	What are the characteristics of cartilage? Of bone?		55
5089247507	How are bone and cartilage similar? How are they different?		56
5089247508	What are the 4 hallmark signs of inflammation?		57
5089250035	What are the differences between the three types of cartilage? Location, types of fibers, amount of fibers		58
5089250036	What are the functions of the different types of epithelium?		59
5089254834	What are the 4 main types of connective tissues? Define the term tissue and describe the four basic types: Characteristics and functions	Proper, cartridge, bone, blood	60
5089260927	Cilia	Moves shit around the cell by pushing it	61
5089260928	Microvilli	Cellular membrane that increases surface area of cell (The Brush boarder)	62
5089260929	Flagella	Tail on sperm that allows it to move around	63
5089266535	General features functions and locations of the 3 types of muscle tissue		64
5089273069	synovial	Fills synovial joint capsules	65
5089273070	Serous	Fills body cavities	66
5089273071	Mucous	Secreted from exocrine glands and columnar cells	67
5089275811	Cell junction types	Tight junction= In vertebrate epithelial, act as barriers that regulate movement of water and solutes between epi layers GAP junction= allows for direct chemical communication between adjacent cellular cytoplasm through diffusion Adhesion junction=	68
5089275812	Endocrine gland	Secrete their products directly into the body	69
5089275813	Exocrine gland	Secrete their products into ducts (mucus)	70
5089277927	Holocrine gland	Accumulate products within then rupture	71
5089277928	Merocrine Gland	exocrine glands, secretes sweat	72
5089277929	Apocrine Gland	Accumulate products within but only apex ruptures	73
5089280932	Sudoriferous Gland		74

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Confusing pairs (AP PSYCH) Flashcards

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6157735644	Bottom Up Processing	Individual elements to whole	0
6157735645	Top Down	Whole to parts	1
6157735646	agonist	chemicals that mimic the actions of neurotransmitters	2
6157735647	antagonist	chemicals that opposes the action of a neurotransmitter	3
6157735648	Random assignment	each participant has and equal chance of being placed into any group	4
6157735649	Random Sample	the process of choosing the research participants from the population and happens before assignmnet	5
6157735650	Foot in the door	start small then go big (extra in a B-movie to A-List actress)	6
6157735651	Door in the face	small to big (want skateboard, ask for car)	7
6157735652	Applied Research	clear, practical use and purpose (cancer research)	8
6157735653	Basic research	pure science research that aims to increase scientific knowledge	9
6157735654	QuaNitative	Numbers	10
6157735655	Qualitative	descriptions	11
6157735656	Self Serving Bias	tendency to overstate one's role in a positive venture & underestimate in a failure	12
6157735657	Self Fulfilling Prophecies	how peoples ideas about others cna shape the behavior of those others	13
6157735658	Coectivist cultures	Japan- family and company stressed	14
6157735659	Individualistic cultures	uniqueness of indiviudal stressed	15
6157735660	Structuralism	school of thought that thought the structure (parts of brain) and elements of immediate, conscious experience to be proper subject matter of psychology- Wundt, Titchener (USA	16
6157735661	Functionalism	school of thought that tried to understand how and why the mind functions and is related to conciousness (James)	17
6157735662	Descriptive Statistics	describes sets of data-central tendency; mean medain mode	18
6157735663	inferential statistics	determine whethere or not findings can be applied to the large population from which the sample was selected; cause and effect	19
6157735664	syntax	grammar	20
6157735665	semantics	meaning	21
6157735666	anterograde amnesia	cant remember new things AFTER a head injury	22
6157735667	retrograde	cant rember things from BEFORE a head injury	23
6157735668	systematic desensitization	behavior therapy used to reduce client anxiety resposnses	24
6157735669	aversion conditioning	behavior therapy in which an averse stimulus is paired to elicit an undesireable response (bad with bad)	25
6157735670	construct validity	test measures a particular hypothetical concept-creativity, IQ, extraversion	26
6157735671	Content validity	content of a test is representative of the domain it is supposed to conver (chapter tests)	27
6157735672	Independent variable	what is tested	28
6157735673	dependent variable	what is measured	29
6157735674	experimental group	group that is tested	30
6157735675	control group	compared to the experimental group,recevies placebo in a drug experiment	31
6157735676	left brain	language and logic	32
6157735677	right brain	creative and spatial	33
6157735678	sympathetic nervous system	fight or flight	34
6157735679	parasympathetic nervous system	division of the ANS that is most active in ordinary conditions; it counterbalances the effects of the sympathetic system by restoring the body to a restful state after a stressful experience	35
6157735680	Neurotransmitter	in the nervous system	36
6157735681	hormones	in the endocrine system	37
6157735682	lateral hypothalamus	stimulates hunger	38
6157735683	ventromedial hypothalamus	supresses hunger	39
6157735684	broca's area	makes words	40
6157735685	wernicke's area	comprehends words	41
6157735686	afferent neurons	sensory, body to brain	42
6157735687	effernt neurons	motor, brain to body	43
6157735688	assimilation	all for legged animals are dogs	44
6157735689	accommodation	doggies are different than kitties	45
6157735690	Concrete operations	logical thinking	46
6157735691	formal operations	philosophical thinking	47
6157735692	sensations	bottom up processing (parts to whole)	48
6157735693	perception	top down (whole to parts)	49
6157735694	Rods	night vision	50
6157735695	cones	color vision	51
6157735696	classical conditioning	a type of learning in which an organism comes to associate stimuli. A neutral stimulus that signals an unconditioned stimulus (US) begins to produce a response that anticipates and prepares for the unconditioned stimulus. Also called Pavlovian or respondent conditioning.	52
6157735697	operant conditioning	a type of learning in which behavior is strengthened if followed by a reinforcer or diminished if followed by a punisher	53
6157735698	Primacy effect	first items remembered	54
6157735699	recency effect	last items remembered	55
6157735700	Proactive	old interferes with new info	56
6157735701	retroactive	new interferes with old info	57
6157735702	implicit memory	memories we don't deliberately remember or reflect on consciously	58
6157735703	explicit memory	memory of facts and experiences that one can consciously know and "declare"	59
6157735704	recall memory	remember something off the top of your head (like fill in the blank)	60
6157735705	recognition memory	ability to tell whether a stimulus is the same as or similar to one they have seen before	61
6157735706	algorithms	very specific, step-by-step procedures for solving certain types of problems	62
6157735707	heuristics	mental shortcuts that help us to streamline our thinking and make sense of our world	63
6157735708	representative heuristics	rule of thumb for judging the likelihood of things in terms of how well they match particular prototypes; may lead one to ignore relevant information	64
6157735709	availability heuristics	the tendency to estimate the likelihood that an event will occurs by how easily instances of it come to mind	65
6157735710	phonemes	basic sound units	66
6157735711	morphemes	basic units of meaning (words)	67
6157735712	fluid intelligence	processing speed	68
6157735713	crystallized intelligence	aquired knowledge	69
6157735714	validity	test measures what it should	70
6157735715	reliability	same scores on a retest (accurate)	71
6157735716	achievement test	what you've learned (chapter tests)	72
6157735717	aptitude test	potential of test taker	73
6157735718	Intrinsic motivation	for personal satisfaction	74
6157735719	extrinsic motivation	for rewards	75
6157735720	Theory Y	assumes people are willing to work, like responsibility, and are self-directed and creative.	76
6157735721	Theory X	assumes that the average person dislikes work and will avoid it if possible. therefore, people must be forced, controlled, and threatened with punishment to accomplish organizational goals	77
6157735722	Internal locus of control	the perception that one controls one's own fate	78
6157735723	External locus of control	outside force or environment controls your fate	79
6157735724	Lithium	controls bi-polar	80
6157735725	Librium	treats anxiety	81
6157735726	Type A	Friedman and Rosenman's term for competitive, hard-driving, impatient, verbally aggressive, and anger-prone people	82
6157735727	Type B	Friedman and Rosenman's term for easygoing, relaxed people	83

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AP Government Chapter 2 Flashcards

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4749620743	Constitution	Nation's basic law. Creates political institutions, allocates power within government, and often provides guarantees to citizens.	0
4749621429	Declaration of Independence	Written by Jefferson and adopted on July 4th, 1776. Colonies declared their independence from British	1
4749621430	Natural Rights	Rights inherited in human beings, not dependent on governments including life, liberty, and property. Was also central in John Locke's theories about government	2
4749622549	Consent of the Governed	People must agree on who their rulers will be	3
4749622833	Limited Government	There must be clear restrictions on what rulers can do, to protect natural rights of citizens	4
4749622834	Articles of Confederation	First constitution of America, adopted in 1778 and enacted in 1781. Established national legislature and the continental congress. Most authority went to the state legislatures	5
4749623245	Shay's Rebellion	Series of attacks on courthouses by a small band of farmers to prevent judges from foreclosing farms.	6
4749623246	US Constitution	Written in 1787, ratified in 1788. Sets forth the institutional structure of U.S government and the tasks these institutions perform. It replaced the articles of confederation. 55 delegates wrote this.	7
4749624314	Factions	Parties or interest groups, rising from unequal distribution of property or wealth. Madison attacked this topic in the Federalist paper 10	8
4749624315	New Jersey Plan	Proposed by William Paterson. Called for each state FOR equal representation in the new congress	9
4749624429	Virginia Plan	Called for GIVING each state representation in congress based on the state's share of the American population	10
4749624430	Connecticut Compromise	Established to create two houses in congress. The senate would have two members from each state, and the House of Representatives would have representation based on population.	11
4749625115	Writ of Habeas Corpus	A court order requiring jailers to explain to a judge why they are holding a prisoner in custody	12
4749625116	Separation of Powers	Requires each of the three branches of government; executive, legislative and judicial to be independent of the others so that one cannot control the other	13
4749625868	Checks and Balances	Limits governments power by requiring that power be balanced among the different (gov) institutions. These institutions constrain one another's activities	14
4749625869	Republic	A form of government in which the people select representatives to govern them and make laws	15
4749627546	Federalists	Supporters of the Constitution. Pro strong central government	16
4749628172	Anti-Federalists	Opponents of the Constitution. Pro strong state government	17
4749630258	Federalist Papers	85 articles written by Alexander Hamilton, John Jay and James Madison under the name "publius" to defend the constitution	18
4749630259	Bill of Rights	The first 10 amendments which was drafted in response to anti federalist concerns	19
4749630394	Equal Rights Amendment	Passed in 1972 stating that "equality of rights under the law shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or by any state on the account of sex" but failed to be ratified	20
4749630395	Marbury v. Madison	1803 case in which supreme court decided it would be the one to resolve differences of opinion	21
4749630569	Judicial Review	Power of the courts to determine whether acts of congress, and by implication the executive, are in accord with the us constitution. This was established by John Marshall.	22

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Ap Biology Chapter 36 Flashcards

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4867471437	phyllotaxy	The arrangement of leaves on the stem (This is specific to each species of plant)	0
4867479622	Leaf area index	The ratio of total upper leaf surface area of a plant divided by the surface area of the land on which it grows	1
4867895400	Mycorrhizae	The symbiotic association between roots and the hyphae of soil fungi (hyphae are vegetative parts of fungi, This is unimportant)	2
4867922676	Transport protein	Embedded in the cell membrane-most solutes pass through this	3
4867927212	Proton pump	An important transport protein for active transport (Active transport)	4
4867938234	Membrane potential	Voltage formed by proton pumps functioning	5
4867943103	Megapascals	The unit of measure for water potential	6
4867988182	Ψ = Ψs + Ψp	The equation for water potential (water potential= pressure potential+solute potential)	7
4867994764	Solute/osmotic potential	The proportion of the number of dissolved molecules to the solute-the more moleceules means a negative solute potential	8
4868008699	Pressure potential	The physical pressure on a solution	9
4868012030	Turgor pressure	The pressure exerted by the plasma membrane against the cell wall and the cell wall against the protoplast	10
4868018493	Symplast	Movement of material through the cytoplasmic continuum (centers of cells)	11
4868133687	Apoplast	Movement of material through the continuum of cell walls and extracellular spaces (through and between cells)	12
4868145050	Phloem	Sieve tubes- Tubes for the movement of sugars	13
4868148696	Endodermis	The inner most layer of cells in the root cortex-This surrounds the vascular cylinder, the xylem, and the phloem and is the last "checkpoint"	14
4868162806	Casperian strip	The waxy wall that blocks apoplastic transfer of minerals from the cortex to the vascular cylinder	15
4868202546	Root pressure	Pressure generated by water flowing in from the root cortex	16
4868216429	Transpiration	The evaporation of water from the plant's surface	17
4868216430	Xylem sap	The bulk flow of water and minerals	18
4868216431	Guttation	The exudation(secretion) of water droplets on the tips or edges of leaves	19
4868229096	Transpirtation-Cohesion-Tension Mechanism	This pulls water up from the roots to the leaves, transpiration pulls the water that is cohesively held together through cohesion up the xylem	20
4868245880	95%	The percentage of water that is lost through the stomata	21
4868252406	Guard Cells	The cells that open and close (through the movement of solutes and water) to allow photosynthesis and water loss	22
4868269271	Xerophytes	Plants adapted to arid (dry) climates-This means small leaves/needles	23
4868283896	(C.A.M.) Crassulacean Acid Metabolism	"photosynthesis" during the night through storing carbon dioxide throughout the day and using it at night	24
4868299926	Circadian Rythm	Plants "internal" clock based off of 24 hour, Tells the plant when to start and stop photosynthesis	25
4868316400	Translocation	The products of photosynthesis are transported through the phloem to various parts of the plant	26
4868326038	Phloem sap	An aqueous solution that is high in sucrose	27
4868330087	Sugar source	An organ that is a net producer of sugar (I.e. Leaves)	28
4868334501	Sugar sink	An organ that is a net consumer or storer of sugar (I.e. Bulbs or Tubers)	29
4868343883	Transfer cells	Modified companion cells that enhance solute movement between the apoplast and the symplast	30
4868354906	Sieve-tube elements	Sugar must be put in here from sugar sources to go to the sugar sinks	31

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