AP Flashcards
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| 4873606140 | The respiratory system works with which other system? | circulatory | 0 | |
| 4873727996 | what is the PLEURA? | the pleura is the tough protective double membrane in which holds each lobe of the lungs. | 1 | |
| 4873610436 | ventilation is the process of _____________ the lungs. | aerating | 2 | |
| 4873632671 | Air goes in from the _________ or ________ into the __________ then goes through branching tubes called ____________, which then lead into the ___________ and terminate in the ____________. | Air goes in from the mouth or nose into the trachea then goes through branching tubes called bronchi, which then lead into the lungs and terminate in the alveoli | 3 | |
| 4873647429 | what is the trachea reinforced by? | The trachea is reinforced by cartilage rings. | 4 | |
| 4873654095 | what are alveoli? what are there features? | they are tiny air sacs in the lungs where exchange of o2 and co2 takes place #gas exchange; Alveoli are bathed in a layer of aqueous surfactant in which serves as a medium for gas exchange, | 5 | |
| 4873682215 | why is it important that the lungs have a surfactant? | it is important because otherwise there would be surface tension and it could cause the lung to collapse on itself. | 6 | |
| 4873690917 | Since the heart is asymmetrically, more to the _________ side, in turn the __________ ___________ is a little larger. | Since the heart is asymmetrically, more to the left side, in turn the right lung is a little larger. | 7 | |
| 4873706004 | What are the segments in the lungs called? | lobes | 8 | |
| 4873707611 | How many lobes do each of the lungs have? | the right lung has 3 lobes; the left lung has 2 lobes | 9 | |
| 4873722615 | Describe the structure of the lungs lobes. | each lobe is contained with in a tough protective double membrane called the PLEURA | 10 | |
| 4873738242 | The lungs are perfused by __________________ from the _____________. | The lungs are perfused by blood vessels from the heart. | 11 | |
| 4873749776 | Gas exchange in the lungs occurs by __________ which is ____________ transport. | Gas exchange in the lungs occurs by diffusion which is passive transport. | 12 | |
| 4873757609 | The lungs exhale ____________ back into the atmosphere. | The lungs exhale co2 back into the atmosphere. | 13 | |
| 4873761633 | Ventilation a combination of ___________ and ______________. | Ventilation is combination of muscle action and negative pressure. | 14 | |
| 4873782835 | The _________ and ______________ of the ribs relax simultaneously to _____________________ (increase or decrease) the _____________ of the lungs and __________________ (increase or decrease) _______________ in the lungs. VISE VERSA WHEN CONTRACTING | The diaphragm and intercostal muscles of the ribs relax simultaneously to increase the volume of the lungs (air is being taken in) and decrease pressure in the lungs. when contracting, the diaphragm and intercostal muscles of the ribs contract simultaneously to decrease the volume of the lungs and to increase the pressure of the lungs. | 15 | |
| 4873835018 | the amount of air breathed in and out of the lungs is called the _______________. | tidal volume | 16 | |
| 4873839952 | What is the small amount of stale air called in the lungs and where is it found. | residual capacity, found trapped in the alveoli | 17 | |
| 4873850810 | Where is the breathing control found and what is it called? HOW is respiration monitored? | the medulla oblongata and it is found in the brain, Respiration is controlled by monitoring CO2 and Blood PH | 18 | |
| 4873876203 | High altitudes lead to what of the lungs? | They lead to depression of the lungs function, an in effect it can leader to developing larger lungs #adaptation. | 19 | |
| 4873881453 | What can chemical, smoking, and pollen cause? | They can impede lung function due to damage to CILIA which can cause EMPHYSEMA, allergies, and inflammation EMPHYSEMA can lead to enlarged alveoli that is also destroyed making it harder to breathe, shortness of breathe | 20 | |
| 4873902390 | what are some genetic factors that can impede lung functions? | Asthma, lung surfactant insufficiency, cystic fibrosis (Cystic fibrosis affects the cells that produce mucus, sweat, and digestive juices. It causes these fluids to become thick and sticky. They then plug up tubes, ducts, and passageways.) | 21 | |
| 4873931032 | mycoplasma infection | Walking pneumonia (alveolar walls thickened by edema, fluid and blood in alveoli | 22 | |
| 4873942873 | inherited gene mutation | cystic fibrosis (Cystic fibrosis affects the cells that produce mucus, sweat, and digestive juices. It causes these fluids to become thick and sticky. They then plug up tubes, ducts, and passageways.) | 23 | |
| 4873949660 | coronavirus group | influenza | 24 | |
| 4873953978 | mycobacterium | Tuberculosis (can be underlying and undetected however can also have a chronic cough with blood. | 25 | |
| 4873963250 | mycosis | fungal | 26 | |
| 4874053458 | The cardiovascular system is associated with which other system? | the lymphatic system | 27 | |
| 4874055545 | What does lymph do? | it bathes the interstitial spaces between cells | 28 | |
| 4874091009 | what does the closed-circulatory system consist of? | It is a double loop system - thick walled arteries > transports blood away from heart -thinner walled veins > transport blood to the heart - capillaries are made of a single layer of endothelium forming a network that connects arteries to veins in tissues | 29 | |
| 4874583195 | what does the open-LYMPHATIC system consist of? | circulates and filters INTERSTITIAL FLUID between cells and eventually DRAINS into the circulatory system | 30 | |
| 4874583196 | SYSTOLE | contraction of heart muscle | 31 | |
| 4874583197 | DIASTOLE | relaxation of heart muscle | 32 | |
| 4874583198 | what do the atrioventricular valves consist of? | tricuspid and bicuspid valves or mitral | 33 | |
| 4874583199 | what do the semilunar valves consist of? | aortic valves and pulmonary valves | 34 | |
| 4874583200 | How is the "lub" sound created? | the tricuspid and mitral or bicuspid valves close when in systole (contracting) | 35 | |
| 4874583201 | what happens after the tricuspid and mitral valves close when in systole? | the the empty ventricles are filled by blood that was pushed out during atrial systole | 36 | |
| 4874583202 | How is the "dub" sound created? | The semilunar valves (aortic and pulmonary) close at this point in order to prevent back flow | 37 | |
| 4874583203 | what are the contractions of the heart controlled by? | the pacemaker | 38 | |
| 4874583204 | what is the pacemaker of the cardiovascular system? | sinotrial node | 39 | |
| 4874583205 | how is CO2 dispersed around the body? | CO2 dissolves in plasma, lungs remove CO2 | 40 | |
| 4874583206 | RBC's transport ____________ from ____________ to the rest of the body. | RBC's transport oxygen from lungs to the rest of the body. | 41 | |
| 4874583207 | What type of cells protect against disease? | lymphocytes and leukocytes | 42 | |
| 4874583208 | what is a good way to describe the action of lymphocytes and leukocytes? | they provide surveillance for the body | 43 | |
| 4874583209 | Where does lymph eventually go? | Eventually lymph drains back into the large veins leading back to the heart #circulatory system | 44 | |
| 4874583210 | what is lymph ESSENTIALLY? | lymph is plasma without the RBC's | 45 | |
| 4874583211 | what is found in the lymph nodes? | leukocytes and lymphocytes | 46 | |
| 4874583212 | what is the role of leukocytes and lymphocytes? | -they monitor and respond to foreign molecules -enriched where foreign entities may enter the body (mouth, genitals, nose) | 47 | |
| 4874583213 | What is another way to say the digestive system? | gastrointestinal system, ALIMENTARY canal | 48 | |
| 4874583214 | where does digestion start? | in the mouth | 49 | |
| 4874583223 | what is it called when there is a series of muscle contractions that move food through the digestive tract | peristalsis | 50 | |
| 4874583215 | what is produced in the mouth to promote digestion | mucus and saliva | 51 | |
| 4874583216 | what is the purpose of the mucus and saliva for a part of the digestive system? | it lubricates the food , and SALIVA provides amylase and lipase. | 52 | |
| 4874583217 | what does saliva produce and what does it help to initiate? | saliva produces lipase and amylase in which promote chemical digestion of STARCH and LIPIDS | 53 | |
| 4874583218 | what is another word for swallow? | deglutition | 54 | |
| 4874583219 | what occurs after food has been chewed in the mouth as a part of the digestive system? | food is then swallowed or goes through deglutition in which is packaged into small parcels called BOLUS | 55 | |
| 4874583220 | how is food swallowed? | into small parcels called bolus | 56 | |
| 4874583221 | What happens next after the bolus has been created? | It then passes through the pharynx in which at this point the epiglottis closes the tracheal opening allowing food to pass into the esophagus | 57 | |
| 4874583222 | what occurs to food when the tracheal opening is closed by the epiglottis? | it is then able to move into the esophagus | 58 | |
| 4874606325 | how does the stomach complete chemical digestion? using what!! | Through the use of the enzyme PEPSIN, activated by acid and autocatalysis | 59 | |
| 4874589293 | what is peristalsis? | it is a series of muscle contractions that move food through the digestive tract | 60 | |
| 4874591367 | what moves the bolus down to the stomach? | peristalsis | 61 | |
| 4874592704 | where does the bolus go after it passes through the esophagus? and through what!! | it passes into the stomach through the gastric sphincter | 62 | |
| 4874594764 | what is the gastric sphincter good for? | it prevents food from going back into the esophagus | 63 | |
| 4874602499 | what kind of digestion does the stomach do? | Chemical digestion of proteins | 64 | |
| 4874611604 | what is pepsin activated by! | acid and autocatalysis | 65 | |
| 4874615941 | what are the 3 main secretions of the stomach? and what are the cells called!!! | - pepsinogen (chief cells) - mucus (goblet cells) - hydrochloric acid (parietal cells) | 66 | |
| 4874622170 | The bolus in the stomach is now called what or the contents in the stomach are now called what? | chime | 67 | |
| 4874623157 | what are the order of the small intestine? | duodenum > jejunum > ileum |  | 68 |
| 4874632046 | where does the chime pass through and go into and where is it found (chime)? | chime passes through the pyloric sphincter and into the small intestine (starting with he duodenum) | 69 | |
| 4874766569 | how is chyme neutralized? | chyme is neutralized by BICARBONATE in pancreatic secretions also receiving alkaline bile juices from the gall bladder | 70 | |
| 4874776157 | what does the duodenum produce a lot of? | a lot of enzymes such as proteases, lactase, disaccharides, bicarbonate | 71 | |
| 4874779724 | what is found in LARGE in the ileum? and what is there role? | villi and microvilli, they absorb polar digested nutrients into the blood, lipids into lacteals as chylomicrons (dietary lipids) and vitamin b12 | 72 | |
| 4874811440 | so what is the next step after food has processed through the small intestine? | Then blood carrying nutrients flow through the hepatic portal duct into the liver. | 73 | |
| 4874821623 | what does the liver allow? the liver enzymes | it allows : -deamination of amino acids -converts ammonia to urea -metabolizes consumed toxins -store glucose as glycogen | 74 | |
| 4877143487 | Where does digested material then pass into after it has been in the liver? | the cecum, the into the large intestine #colon | 75 | |
| 4877151298 | what is located at the junction of the large and small intestines in which it projects from the _____________? | the vermiform appendix, cecum | 76 | |
| 4877157416 | small intestine vs large intestine | -small intestine has a lot of water and nutrients absorbed as -large intestine absorbs the remaining water and salts from digested food, as well as vitamin k is also absorbed here, also the colon takes what was found as waste in the small intestine and it is then exposed to bacterial fermentation here. | 77 | |
| 4877376891 | which male reproductive part houses the testes away from the body to lower the temperature during sperm production? | scrotum | 78 | |
| 4877168585 | where does waste accumulate? | rectum and then ejected through the anus | 79 | |
| 4877172455 | which hormone induces hunger and which one induces a sensation of satisfaction or having enough? | 1) ghrelin 2) leptin | 80 | |
| 4877176900 | what is the role of hormones? | they induce secretions and speed up the movement of food through the small intestine. | 81 | |
| 4877183925 | what is the role of insulin? | it induces the cellular uptake of glucose and glucagon and stimulates the breakdown of stored glycogen | 82 | |
| 4877197453 | what is the neuromuscular system important for? | it is important for voluntary and involuntary movements | 83 | |
| 4877204115 | describe the structure of nerves. | nerves are long bundles of axons that transmit signals to the central nervous system | 84 | |
| 4877218279 | We begin at the end of the nerve cell, as __________________, then travels along the ____________, and transmitted to the next cell using ___________________ secreted into the _______________ from the __________________________. | We begin at the end of the nerve cell, as electrical impulses, then travels along the axon, and transmitted to the next cell using chemical neurotransmitters secreted into the synapse from the axon terminals. | 85 | |
| 4877238900 | what are the different types of nerves? and what do they send messages to? | sensory (afferent) > CNS motor (efferent) > muscles | 86 | |
| 4877262547 | involuntary nervous system vs voluntary nervous system | involuntary nervous system aka autonomic >>> controls cardiac and smooth muscles such that heart rhythm, digestion, breathing voluntary >>> makes skeletal muscles do deliberate action such as walking, throwing, typing | 87 | |
| 4877285624 | muscles contain __________ made of ____________ units, each consisting of long strands of _________. __________ is thick and _________ is thin. | muscles contain myofibrils made of sarcomere units, each consisting of long strands of proteins. myosin is thick and actin is thin. | 88 | |
| 4877329368 | SKELETAL MUSCLES AND HOW THEY CONTRACT: - _____________ system sends signals to a muscle - _________ and ________ in the muscle _______ past each other in order to create a contraction or relaxation of a muscle | SKELETAL MUSCLES AND HOW THEY CONTRACT: - nervous system sends signals to a muscle -actin and myosin in the muscle slide past each other in order to create a contraction or relaxation of a muscle. | 89 | |
| 4877349207 | _________ and ________ are responsible for all muscle movements. | contraction and relaxation are responsible for all muscle movements | 90 | |
| 4877351946 | each muscle fiber is connected to a ____________. | each muscle fiber is connected to a nerve fiber. | 91 | |
| 4877357605 | ________ powers contraction along with many muscle fibers and nerves. | ATP | 92 | |
| 4877368314 | reproductive system works with which other system?? | endocrine system | 93 | |
| 4877369406 | what are the male gametes? | sperm | 94 | |
| 4877372012 | what is the role of the scrotum? | it houses the testes away from the body to lower the temperature during sperm production | 95 | |
| 4877382413 | _____________ and __________ vesicles produce fluids necessary for lubricating and nourishing sperm. | prostate and seminal | 96 | |
| 4877388459 | where does sperm eject through? | vas deferens, penis, urthera | 97 | |
| 4877398241 | what is the opening to the uterus called? | the cervix | 98 | |
| 4877401335 | ______________ connect ovaries to the uterus. | fallopian tubes | 99 | |
| 4877427458 | ___________________ in ___________ matures and in effect releases an egg that then travels down the _______________ to the __________. | graafian follicle in ovary matures and in effect releases an egg that then travels down the fallopian tubes to the uterus. | 100 | |
| 4877440377 | where does fertilization occur and then what happens after that, the next step? | fertilization occurs in the fallopian tubes, then the fertilized egg embeds itself into the uterine wall (endometrium) and produces a PLACENTA | 101 | |
| 4877479739 | what is the role of the placenta? | allows the fetus - | 102 |
