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AP PSYCHOLOGY CHAPTER 5 Flashcards

Advanced Placement Psychology
Enterprise High School, Redding, CA
All terms from Myers Psychology for AP (BFW Worth, 2011)

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5020717013	consciousness	our awareness of ourselves and our environment.	0
5020717014	circadian rhythm	the biological clock; regular bodily rhythms (for example, of temperature and wakefulness) that occur on a 24-hour cycle.	1
5020717015	REM (rapid eye movement) sleep (Paradoxical sleep)	rapid eye movement sleep; a recurring sleep stage during which vivid dreams commonly occur. Also known as paradoxical sleep, because the muscles are relaxed (except for minor twitches) but other body systems are active.	2
5020717016	alpha waves	the relatively slow brain waves of a relaxed, awake state (stages 1 and 2 in the sleep cycle)	3
5020717017	sleep	periodic, natural loss of consciousness—as distinct from unconsciousness resulting from a coma, general anesthesia, or hibernation. (Adapted from Dement, 1999.)	4
5020717018	hallucinations	false sensory experiences, such as seeing something in the absence of an external visual stimulus.	5
5020717019	delta waves	the large, slow brain waves associated with deep sleep.	6
5020717020	NREM sleep	non-rapid eye movement sleep; encompasses all sleep stages except for REM sleep.	7
5020717021	insomnia	recurring problems in falling or staying asleep.	8
5020717022	narcolepsy	a sleep disorder characterized by uncontrollable sleep attacks. The sufferer may lapse directly into REM sleep, often at inopportune times.	9
5020717023	sleep apnea	a sleep disorder characterized by temporary cessations of breathing during sleep and repeated momentary awakenings.	10
5020717024	night terrors	a sleep disorder characterized by high arousal and an appearance of being terrified; unlike nightmares, these occur during Stage 4 sleep, within two or three hours of falling asleep, and are seldom remembered.	11
5020717025	dream	a sequence of images, emotions, and thoughts passing through a sleeping person's mind. These are notable for their hallucinatory imagery, discontinuities, and incongruities, and for the person 's delusional acceptance of the content and later difficulties remembering it.	12
5020717026	manifest content	The literal content of our dreams	13
5020717027	latent content	The unconscious meaning of our dreams	14
5020717028	REM rebound	the tendency for REM sleep to increase following REM sleep deprivation (created by repeated awakenings during REM sleep).	15
5020717029	hypnosis	a social interaction in which one person suggests to another that certain perceptions, feelings, thoughts, or behaviors will spontaneously occur.	16
5020717030	posthypnotic suggestion	A suggestion of the ways in which patients should behave after coming out of hypnosis	17
5020717031	psychoactive drug	a chemical substance that alters perceptions and moods.	18
5020717032	tolerance	the diminishing effect with regular use of the same dose of a drug, requiring the user to take larger and larger doses before experiencing the drug's effect.	19
5020717033	withdrawal	the discomfort and distress that follow discontinuing the use of an addictive drug.	20
5020717034	physical dependence	a physiological need for a drug, marked by unpleasant withdrawal symptoms when the drug is discontinued.	21
5020717035	psychological dependence	a psychological need to use a drug, such as to relieve negative emotions.	22
5020717036	addiction	compulsive drug craving and use, despite adverse consequences.	23
5020717037	depressants	drugs (such as alcohol, barbiturates, and opiates) that reduce neural activity and slow body functions.	24
5020717038	barbiturates	drugs that depress the activity of the central nervous system, reducing anxiety but impairing memory and judgment.	25
5020717039	opiates	opium and its derivatives, such as morphine and heroin; they depress neural activity, temporarily lessening pain and anxiety.	26
5020717040	stimulants	drugs (such as caffeine, nicotine, and the more powerful amphetamines, cocaine, and Ecstasy) that excite neural activity and speed up body functions.	27
5020717041	amphetamines	drugs that stimulate neural activity, causing sped-up body functions and associated energy and mood changes.	28
5020717042	methamphetamines	a powerfully addictive drug that stimulates the central nervous system, with sped-up body functions and associated energy and mood changes; over time, appears to reduce baseline dopamine levels.	29
5020717043	Ecstacy (MDMA)	a synthetic stimulant and mild hallucinogen. Produces euphoria and social intimacy, but with short-term health risks and longer-term harm to serotonin-producing neurons and to mood and cognition.	30
5020717044	hallucinogens	psychedelic ("mind-manifesting") drugs, such as LSD, that distort perceptions and evoke sensory images in the absence of sensory input.	31
5020717045	LSD	a powerful hallucinogenic drug; also known as acid (lysergic acid diethylamide).	32
5020717046	THC	the major active ingredient in marijuana; triggers a variety of effects, including mild hallucinations.	33

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AP Calculus AB Formulas Flashcards

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6583226322	Definition of Derivative		0
6583226323	Alternate Definition of Derivative		1
6583226324	Volume using Disks		2
6583226325	Volume using Washers		3
6583226326	Volume of Cross-Sections		4
6583226327	y	position	5
6583226328	ft/sec		6
6583226329	ft		7
6583226330	ft/sec^2		8
6583226331	y'		9
6583226332	y''		10
6583226333	The particle is slowing down		11
6583226334	The particle is speeding up		12
6583226335	Total distance traveled		13
6583226336	Average value		14
6583226337	Displacement		15
6583226338	Average rate of change or average velocity		16
6583226339	True	~True or False	17
6583226340	Fundamental Theorem of Calculus		18
6583226341	(x')f(x)		19
6583226342	\|velocity\|		20
6583226343	vertical asymptote		21
6583226344	removable discontinuity		22
6583226345	slope		23
6583226346	concavity		24
6583226347	critical point		25
6583226348	inflection point		26
6583226349	nx^(n-1)		27
6583226350	u'v+uv'		28
6583226351	(u'v-v'u)/(v^2)		29
6583226352	e^x		30
6583226353	1/x		31
6583226354	1/(xlna)		32
6583226355	a^x∙lna		33
6583226356	f'(g(x))∙g'(x)		34
6583226357	cosx		35
6583226358	-sinx		36
6583226359	(secx)^2		37
6583226360	-(cscx)^2		38
6583226361	-cscxcotx		39
6583226362	secxtanx		40
6583226363	1/[f'(f^(-1)(a))]		41
6583226364	u'/√(1-u^2)		42
6583226365	-u'/√(1-u^2)		43
6583226366	u'/(1+u^2)		44
6583226367	-u'/(1+u^2)		45
6583226368	u'/[\|u\|√(u^2-1)]		46
6583226369	-u'/[\|u\|√(u^2-1)]		47
6583226370	x^(n+1)/(n+1) + C		48
6583226371	e^u + C		49
6583226372	(a^u)/lna + C		50
6583226373	ln\|u\| + C		51
6583226374	-cosu + C		52
6583226375	sinu + C		53
6583226376	-ln\|cosu\| + C		54
6583226377	ln\|sinu\| + C		55
6583226378	ln\|secu+tanu\| + C		56
6583226379	-ln\|cscu+cotu\| + C		57
6583226380	tanu + C		58
6583226381	-cotu + C		59
6583226382	secu + C		60
6583226383	-cscu + C		61
6583226384	arcsin(u/a) + C		62
6583226385	(1/a)arctan(u/a) + C		63
6583226386	(1/a)arcsec(\|u\|/a) + C		64

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AP Semaine 11 - Les Maladies Flashcards

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5362941387	allergy	l'allergie (f)	0
5362941388	arthritis	l'arthrite (f)	1
5362942541	asthma	l'asthme (m)	2
5362942542	to sneeze	éternuer	3
5362943248	to have a cold	être enrhumé(e)	4
5362943249	the flu	la grippe	5
5362944782	sore throat	le mal de gorge	6
5362945529	nausea	la nausée	7
5362945530	pneumonia	la pneumonie	8
5362946745	hay fever	le rhume des foins	9
5362946746	to bleed	saigner	10
5362946747	cough	la toux	11
5362947717	to cough	tousser	12
5362947718	dizzy spell	le vertige	13
5362948514	to throw up	vomir	14

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AP Government Chapter 7 Flashcards

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8671362516	Apportionment	process of allotting congressional seats to each state following the decennial census according to the proportion of the population	0
8671362517	bicameral legislature	A legislature divided into two houses; the US congress and the state legislatures are bicameral except for Nebraska which is unicameral	1
8671362518	Bill	a proposed law	2
8671362519	Cloture	mechanism requiring 60 senators to vote to cut off debate	3
8671362520	Conference committee	special joint committee created to reconcile differences in bills passed in house of representatives and senate	4
8671362521	congressional review	a process whereby congress can nullify agency regulations by a joint resolution of legislative disapproval	5
8671362522	delgeate	role played by an elected representative who votes the way his or her party would want him to regardless of his or her own opinion	6
8671362523	discharge petiton	petition that gives the majority of the house of representatives the authority to bring an issue to the floor in the face of committee inaction	7
8671362524	divided government	the political condition in which different political parties control the presidency and congress	8
8671362525	earmark	fund that an appropriations bill designates for specific projects within a state or congressional district	9
8671362526	filibuster	a formal way of halting senate action on a bill by means of long speeches or unlimited debate	10
8671362527	hold	a tactic by which a senator asks to be informed before a particular bill or nomination is brought to the floor	11
8671362528	impeachment	power delegated to house to charge civil officers with treason, bribery, or other high crimes and misdemeanors	12
8671362529	incumbancy	already holding an office	13
8671362530	joint committee	standing committee that includes members from both houses of congress setup to conduct investigations or special studies	14
8671362531	logrolling	vote trading, voting to support a colleagues bill in return for a promise of future support	15
8671362532	majority leader	head of the party controlling the most seats in the house or senate	16
8671362533	majority party	political party with the most members	17
8671362534	markup	a session in which committee members offer changes to a bill before it goes to the floor	18
8671362535	minority party	political party in house with second most members	19
8671362536	minority leader	the head of the party with the second highest number of elected representatives in the house of representatives or senate	20
8671362537	oversight	Congressional review of the activities of an agency, department or office	21
8671362538	party or caucus or conference	A formal gathering of all party members	22
8671362539	pocket veto	if congress is not in session and president doesn't approve a bill within 10 days, it is considered vetoed without his signature	23
8671362540	politico	role played by an elected representative who acts as a trustee or as a delegate, depending on the issue	24
8671362541	pork	legislation that allows representation to bring money and jobs to their districts in the form of public works programs, military bases, or other programs	25
8671362542	president pro tempore	the official chair of the senate, usually the most senior member of the majority party	26
8671362543	redistricting	process of redrawing congressional districts to reflect increases or decreases in seats allotted to the states as well as population shifts within a state	27
8671362544	select committee	temporary committee appointed for a specific purpose	28
8671362545	senatorial courtesy	process by which presidents, when selecting district court judges, defer to the senators in whose state the vacancy occurs	29
8671362546	seniority	time of continuous service on a committee	30
8671362547	Speaker of the house	the only officer of the house of representatives specifically mentioned in the constitution	31
8671362548	standing committee	committee to which proposed bills are referred, continues from one congress to the next	32
8671362549	trustee	role played by an elected representative who listens to constituents opinions and then uses his or her best judgement to make a final decision	33
8671362550	veto	the formal constitutional authority of the president to reject bills passed by both houses of congress thus preventing it from becoming a law without further congressional action	34
8671362551	War powers act	Passed by congress in 1973; the president is limited in the deployment of troops overseas to a sixty say period in peacetime unless congress explicitly gives its approval for a longer period	35
8671362552	whip	party leader who keeps close contact with all members of his or her party, takes voting count on key legislation, prepares summaries of bills, and acts as a communications link within a party	36

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AP Human Geography Vocab Flashcards

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6737096681	Acculturation	the process of cultural change and psychological change that results following meeting between cultures.	0
6737099153	assimilation	The process through which people lose originality differentiating traits, such as dress, speech, particularities, or mannerisms, when they come into contact with another society or culture.	1
6737101278	Agglomeration	In the study of urban geography, an agglomeration is an extended town area consisting of the built-up area of a central place and any suburbs linked by continuous urban area.	2
6737101279	Ancillary activities	supporting activity undertaken within an enterprise in order to create the conditions within which the principal or secondary activities can be carried out	3
6737140727	Animal Domestication	to tame (an animal), especially by generations of breeding, to live in close association with human beings as a pet or work animal and usually creating a dependency so that the animal loses its ability to live in the wild.	4
6737143882	Aquaculture	the rearing of aquatic animals or the cultivation of aquatic plants for food.	5
6737143883	Basques	Basques are indigenous to and primarily inhabit an area traditionally known as the Basque Country (Basque: Euskal Herria), a region that is located around the western end of the Pyrenees on the coast of the Bay of Biscay and straddles parts of north-central Spain and south-western France.	6
6737146364	Beaux arts	relating to the classical decorative style maintained by the École des Beaux-Arts in Paris, especially in the 19th century.	7
6737146365	Biomass Fuel	Renewable organic materials, such as wood, agricultural crops or wastes, and municipal wastes, especially when used as a source of fuel or energy. Biomass can be burned directly or processed into biofuels such as ethanol and methane.	8
6737150334	Buffer State	a small neutral country, situated between two larger hostile countries, serving to prevent the outbreak of regional conflict.	9
6737153185	Commodity Chains	A commodity chain is a process used by firms to gather resources, transform them into goods or commodities, and finally, distribute them to consumers. It is a series of links connecting the many places of production and distribution and resulting in a commodity that is then exchanged on the world market.	10
6737153186	Conservation	a careful preservation and protection of something; especially : planned management of a natural resource to prevent exploitation, destruction, or neglect water conservation wildlife conservation. 2 : the preservation of a physical quantity during transformations or reactions.	11
6737157380	Conurbation	an extended urban area, typically consisting of several towns merging with the suburbs of one or more cities.	12
6737157381	Debt for nature swap	a transaction in which a foreign exchange debt owed by a developing country is transferred to another organization on the condition that the country use local currency for a designated purpose, usually environmental protection.	13
6737159962	Denomination	A division of a branch that unites a number of local congregations in a single legal and administrative body.	14
6737159963	Devolution	The process whereby regions within a state demand and gain political strength and growing autonomy at the expense of the central government.	15
6737162716	Dowry	property or money brought by a bride to her husband on their marriage	16
6737162717	E-commerce	Web-based economic activities	17
6737166425	Ecotourism	A form of tourism, based on the enjoyment of scenic areas or natural wonders, that aims to provide an experience of nature or culture in an environmentally sustainable way.	18
6737166426	Ecumene	The portion of Earth's surface occupied by permanent human settlement.	19
6737166427	Enclave	a distinct region or community enclosed within a larger territory	20
6737168684	Ethnocentrism	Belief in the superiority of one's nation or ethnic group.	21
6737168685	Exclave	A bounded territory that is part of a particular state but is separated from it by the territory of a different state.	22
6737171457	Exclusive economic zones (EEZ)	enerally a state's EEZ extends to a distance of 200 nautical miles (370 km) out from its coast. The exception to this rule occurs when EEZs would overlap; that is, state coastal baselines are less than 400 nautical miles apart. When an overlap occurs, it is up to the states to delineate the actual boundary.[1] Generally, any point within an overlapping area defaults to the most proximate state	23
6737173866	Exurbanite	Person who has left the inner city and moved to outlying suburbs or rural areas.	24
6737173867	Feedlot	a plot of land on which livestock are fattened for market	25
6737177517	Footloose Industry	industry in which the cost of transporting both raw materials and finished product is not important for the location of firms	26
6737177518	Forward Capital	A capital city placed in a remote or peripheral area for economic, strategic, or symbolic reasons.	27
6737181079	Generation X	A term coined by artist and author Douglas Coupland to describe people born in the United States between the years 1965 and 1980. This post-baby-boom generation will have to support the baby boom cohort as they head into their retirement years.	28
6737181080	Geopolitics	The study of the interplay between political relations and the territorial context in which they occur.	29
6737190038	Ghetto	A poor densely populated city district occupied by a minority ethnic group linked together by economic hardship and social restrictions	30
6737201683	Hobby Farmers	Farm where no one lives, but migratory workers harvest the produce	31
6737201684	Suitcase Farmers	farmers who worked in the city, but kept farms outside of town	32
6737204788	Truck Farms	The term truck farms refers to a farm where farmers produce fruits for the market. Truck farms use mechanization to produce large quantities of fruits and vegetables, which are sold to processors.	33
6737204815	Intertillage	the clearing of rows in the field through the use of hoes, rakes, & other manual equipment	34
6737207839	Irredentism	a policy of cultural extension and potential political expansion by a country aimed at a group of its nationals living in a neighboring country	35
6737207840	J-Curve	curve showing J-shaped or exponential growth	36
6737212707	Sustainability Land Use model	taking something from the land and replacing it with something else, renewable resources are good examples, such as the timber industry. The company cuts down trees and then replants seedlings	37
6737214927	Environmental Land Use model	Encourages people to protect the natural environment by limit in the ways in which people use it. According to this framework, people may build on and use the land in the area, but not in a way hat it damages the environment or depletes its resources.	38
6737214928	Preservationist Land Use model	This decision-making model encourages people to protect the environment by not altering the natural landscape. Preservationists view the natural environment as more important that human economic activity and believe that people should avoid exploiting untouched wilderness areas.	39
6737219758	Manifest Destiny	A notion held by a nineteenth-century Americans that the United States was destined to rule the continent, from the Atlantic the Pacific.	40
6737219759	38. Material culture & Non material culture	it includes usage, consumption, creation and trade of objects, and the behaviors, norms and rituals these objects create or take part in. The term is commonly used in archaeological and anthropological studies, specifically focusing on the material evidence which can be attributed to culture, in the past or present. Thoughts or ideas that make up a culture are called the non-material culture. In contrast to material culture, non-material culture does not include any physical objects or artifacts. Examples of non-material culture include any ideas, beliefs, values, norms that may help shape society.	41
6737222432	Mental Map	An internal representation of a portion of Earth's surface based on what an individual knows about a place, containing personal impressions of what is in a place and where places are located.	42
6737222433	Node (as relates to geography)	a center of influence in a functional or nodal region	43
6737225040	Ozone	A form of oxygen that has three oxygen atoms in each molecule instead of the usual two.	44
6737225041	Parallels and meridians	what is township and range based on	45
6737227608	Polyglot	a speaker of many languages	46
6737227609	Québécois	a native or inhabitant of Quebec (especially one who speaks French)	47
6737231034	Seed Planting v Vegetative Planting	Reproduction of plants through annual introduction of seeds, which result from sexual fertilization. reproduction of plants by direct cloning from existing plants	48
6737234523	Sequent occupance	the notion that successive societies leave their cultural imprints on a place, each contributing to the cumulative cultural landscape	49
6737234524	Shatterbelt	a region caught between stronger colliding external cultural-political forces, under persistent stress, and often fragmented by aggressive rivals (e.g., Israel or Kashmir today; Eastern Europe during the Cold War,...).	50
6737236312	Special Economic Zones (SEZ)	Region offering special tax breaks, eased environmental restrictions, and other incentives to attract foreign business and investment.	51
6737236313	Staple Grains	Grains that can be stored and used throughout the year	52
6737239700	Subsidy	A government payment that supports a business or market	53
6737239701	Supranationalism	a venture involving 3 or more national states political economic or cultural cooperation to promote shared objectives	54
6737244496	Sustainable Development	Development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs.	55
6737244497	Theocracy	A government controlled by religious leaders	56
6737246933	UNCLOS	United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea	57
6737246934	Uniform landscape	the spatial expression of a popular custom in one location that will be similar to another	58
6737249937	Urban revitalization	The process occurring in some urban areas experiencing inner city decay that usually involves the construction of new shopping districts, entertainment venues, and cultural attractions to entice young urban professionals back into the cities where nightlife and culture are more accessible.	59
6737252151	Vegetative Planting	reproduction of plants by direct cloning from existing plants	60

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AP Psychology Midterm Review Flashcards

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5844807295	psychology	the study of behavior and mental processes	0
5844807296	psychology's biggest question	Which is more important in determining behavior, nature or nurture?	1
5844807297	psychology's three levels of analysis	biopsychosocial approach (looks at the biological, psychological, and social-cultural approaches together)	2
5844807298	biological approach	genetics, close-relatives, body functions	3
5844807299	evolutionary approach	species - helped with survival (ancestors)	4
5844807300	psychodynamic approach	(Freud) subconscious, repressed feelings, unfulfilled wishes	5
5844807301	behavioral approach	learning (classical and operant) observed	6
5844807302	cognitive approach	thinking affects behavior	7
5844807303	humanistic approach	becoming a better human (behavior, acceptance)	8
5844807304	social-cultural approach	cultural, family, environment	9
5844807305	two reasons of why experiments are important	hindsight bias + overconfidence	10
5844807306	types of research methods	descriptive, correlational, and experimental	11
5844807307	descriptive methods	case study survey naturalistic observation (DON'T SHOW CAUSE/EFFECT)	12
5844807308	case study	studies one person in depth may not be typical of population	13
5844807309	survey	studies lots of people not in depth	14
5844807310	naturalistic observation	observe + write facts without interference	15
5844807311	correlational method	shows relation, but not cause/effect scatterplots show research	16
5844807312	correlation coefficient	+ 1.0 (both increase) 0 (no correlation - 1.0 (one increases, other decreases)	17
5844807313	experimental method	does show cause and effect	18
5844807314	population	type of people who are going to be used in experiment	19
5844807315	sample	actual people who will be used (randomness reduces bias)	20
5844807316	random assignment	chance selection between experimental and control groups	21
5844807317	control group	not receiving experimental treatment receives placebo	22
5844807318	experimental group	receiving treatment/drug	23
5844807319	independent variable	drug/procedure/treatment	24
5844807320	dependent variable	outcome of using the drug/treatment	25
5844807321	confounding variable	can affect dependent variable beyond experiment's control	26
5844807322	scientific method	theory hypothesis operational definition revision	27
5844807323	theory	general idea being tested	28
5844807324	hypothesis	measurable/specific	29
5844807325	operational definition	procedures that explain components	30
5844807326	mode	appears the most	31
5844807327	mean	average	32
5844807328	median	middle	33
5844807329	range	highest - lowest	34
5844807330	standard deviation	how scores vary around the mean	35
5844807331	central tendency	single score that represents the whole	36
5844807332	bell curve	(natural curve)	37
5844807333	ethics of testing on animals	need to be treated humanly basically similar to humans	38
5844807334	ethics of testing on humans	consent debriefing no unnecessary discomfort/pain confidentiality	39
5844807335	sensory neurons	travel from sensory receptors to brain	40
5844807336	motor neurons	travel from brain to "motor" workings	41
5844807337	interneurons	(in brain and spinal cord) connecting motor and sensory neurons	42
5844807338	neuron		43
5844807339	dendrites	receive messages from other neurons	44
5844807340	myelin sheath	protects the axon	45
5844807341	axon	where charges travel from cell body to axon terminal	46
5844807342	neurotransmitters	chemical messengers	47
5844807343	reuptake	extra neurotransmitters are taken back	48
5844807344	excitatory charge	"Let's do it!"	49
5844807345	inhibitory charge	"Let's not do it!"	50
5844807346	central nervous system	brain and spinal cord	51
5844807347	peripheral nervous system	somatic nervous system autonomic nervous system	52
5844807348	somatic nervous system	voluntary movements	53
5844807349	autonomic nervous system	involuntary movements (sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems)	54
5844807350	sympathetic nervous system	arousing	55
5844807351	parasympathetic nervous system	calming	56
5844807352	neural networks	more connections form with greater use others fall away if not used	57
5844807353	spinal cord	expressway of information bypasses brain when reflexes involved	58
5844807354	endocrine system	slow uses hormones in the blood system	59
5844807355	master gland	pituitary gland	60
5844807356	brainstem	extension of the spinal cord responsible for automatic survival	61
5844807357	reticular formation (if stimulated)	sleeping subject wakes up	62
5844807358	reticular formation (if damaged)	coma	63
5844807359	brainstem (if severed)	still move (without purpose)	64
5844807360	thalamus	sensory switchboard (does not process smell)	65
5844807361	hypothalamus	basic behaviors (hunger, thirst, sex, blood chemistry)	66
5844807362	cerebellum	nonverbal memory, judge time, balance emotions, coordinate movements	67
5844807363	cerebellum (if damaged)	difficulty walking and coordinating	68
5844807364	amygdala	aggression, fear, and memory associated with these emotions	69
5844807365	amygdala (if lesioned)	subject is mellow	70
5844807366	amygdala (if stimulated)	aggressive	71
5844807367	hippocampus	process new memory	72
5844807368	cerebrum	two large hemispheres perceiving, thinking, and processing	73
5844807369	cerebral cortex	only in higher life forms	74
5844807370	association areas	integrate and interpret information	75
5844807371	glial cells	provide nutrients to myelin sheath marks intelligence higher proportion of glial cells to neurons	76
5844807372	frontal lobe	judgement, personality, processing (Phineas Gage accident)	77
5844807373	parietal lobe	math and spatial reasoning	78
5844807374	temporal lobe	audition and recognizing faces	79
5844807375	occipital lobe	vision	80
5844807376	corpus callosum	split in the brain to stop hyper-communication (eliminate epileptic seizures)	81
5844807377	Wernicke's area	interprets auditory and hearing	82
5844807378	Broca's area	speaking words	83
5844807379	plasticity	ability to adapt if damaged	84
5844807380	sensation	what our senses tell us	85
5844807381	bottom-up processing	senses to brain	86
5844807382	perception	what our brain tells us to do with that information	87
5844807383	top-down processing	brain to senses	88
5844807384	inattentional blindness	fail to "gorilla" because attention is elsewhere	89
5844807385	cocktail party effect	even with tons of stimuli, we are able to pick out our name, etc.	90
5844807386	change blindness	giving directions and person is changed and we don't notice	91
5844807387	choice blindness	when defending the choice we make, we fail to notice choice was changed	92
5844807388	absolute threshold	minimum stimulation needed in order to notice 50% of the time	93
5844807389	signal detection theory	we notice what is more important to us (rather hear a baby crying)	94
5844807390	JND (just noticeable difference)	(Weber's law) difference between different stimuli noticed in proportion	95
5844807391	sensory adaptation	tired of noticing (Brain says, "Been there, done that. Next?"	96
5844807392	rods	night time	97
5844807393	cones	color	98
5844807394	parallel processing	notice color, form, depth, movement, etc.	99
5844807395	Young-Helmholtz trichromatic theory	3 corresponding color receptors (RGB)	100
5844807396	Hering's opponent-process theory	after image in opposite colors (RG, YB, WB)	101
5844807397	trichromatic + opponent-process	Young-Helmholtz -> color stimuli Hering -> en route to cortex	102
5844807398	frequency we hear most	human voice	103
5844807399	Helmoltz (hearing)	we hear different pitches in different places in basilar membrane (high pitches)	104
5844807400	frequency theory	impulse frequency (low pitches)	105
5844807401	Helmholtz + frequency theory	middle pitches	106
5844807402	Skin feels what 4 things	warmth, cold, pressure, pain	107
5844807403	gate-control theory	small fibers - pain large fibers - other senses	108
5844807405	smell	close to memory section (not in thalamus)	109
5844807406	grouping	Gestalt make sense of pieces create a whole	110
5844807407	grouping groups	proximity similarity continuity connectedness closure	111
5844807408	make assumptions of placement	higher - farther smaller - farther blocking - closer, in front	112
5844807409	perception =	mood + motivation	113
5844807410	consciousness	awareness of ourselves and the environment	114
5844807411	circadian rhythm	daily biological clock and regular cycle (sleep and awake)	115
5844807412	circadian rhythm pattern	- activated by light - light sensitive retinal proteins signal brains SCN (suprachiasmatic nucleus) - pineal gland decreases melatonin	116
5844807413	What messes with circadian rhythm?	artificial light	117
5844807414	The whole sleep cycle lasts how long?	90 minutes	118
5844807415	sleep stages	relaxed stage (alpha waves) stage 1 (early sleep) (hallucinations) stage 2 (sleep spindles - bursts of activity) (sleep talk) stage 3 (transition phase) (delta waves) stage 4 (delta waves) (sleepwalk/talk + wet the bed) stage 5 (REM) (sensory-rich dreams) (paradoxical sleep)	119
5844807416	purpose of sleep	1. recuperation - repair neurons and allow unused neural connections to wither 2. making memories 3. body growth (children sleep more)	120
5844807417	insomnia	can't sleep	121
5844807418	narcolepsy	fall asleep anywhere at anytime	122
5844807419	sleep apnea	stop breathing in sleep	123
5844807420	night terrors	prevalent in children	124
5844807421	sleepwalking/sleeptalking	hereditary - prevalent in children	125
5844807422	dreaming (3)	1. vivid bizarre intense sensory experiences 2. carry fear/survival issues - vestiges of ancestors' survival ideas 2. replay previous day's experiences/worries	126
5844807423	purpose of dreaming (5 THEORIES)	1. physiological function - develop/preserve neural pathways 2. Freud's wish-fulfillment (manifest/latent content) 3. activation synthesis - make sense of stimulation originating in brain 4. information processing 5. cognitive development - reflective of intelligence	127
5844807424	1. Can hypnosis bring you back in time? 2. Can hypnosis make you do things you wouldn't normally do? 3. Can it alleviate pain? 4. What state are you in during hypnosis? 5. Who is more susceptible?	1. cannot take you back in time 2. cannot make you do things you won't do 3. can alleviate pain 4. fully conscious ((IMAGINATIVE PEOPLE MORE SUSCEPTIBLE))	128
5844807425	depressants	slows neural pathways	129
5844807426	alcohol	((depressant)) disrupts memory formation (REM) lowers inhibition expectancy effect	130
5844807427	barbituates (tranquilizers)	((depressant)) reduce anxiety	131
5844807428	opiates	((depressant)) pleasure reduce anxiety/pain	132
5844807429	stimulants	hypes neural processing	133
5844807430	methamphetamine	((stimulant)) heightens energy euphoria affects dopamine	134
5844807431	caffeine	((stimulant))	135
5844807432	nicotine	((stimulant)) CNS releases neurotransmitters calm anxiety reduce pain affects (nor)epinephrine and dopamine	136
5844807433	cocaine	((stimulant)) euphoria affects dopamine, serotonin, and norepinephrine	137
5844807434	hallucinogen	excites neural activity	138
5844807435	ecstasy	((hallucinogen)) reuptake is blocked affects dopamine and serotonin	139
5844807436	LSD	((hallucinogen)) affects sensory/emotional "trip" (+/-) affects serotonin	140
5844807437	marijuana	((hallucinogen)) amplify sensory experience disrupts memory formation	141
5844807441	famous operant psychologist	Skinner	142
5844807451	Skinner's experiment	operant chamber / Skinner box (lead to shaping)	143
5844807455	fixed ratio	happens a certain number of times (Starbucks punch card)	144
5844807456	variable ratio	happens an unpredictable number of times (winning the lottery)	145
5844807458	fixed interval	happens at a certain time (mailman comes to the house at 10:00 AM)	146
5844807459	variable interval	happens at any time (receive texts from friends)	147
5844807468	mirror neurons	"feel" what is observed happens in higher order animals	148
5844807470	observational learning	biological behaviors work best	149
5844807471	habituation	get used to it -> stop reacting	150
5844807472	examples for observational learning	lectures and reading	151
5844807473	serotonin involved with memory	speeds the connection between neurons	152
5844807475	CREB	protein that can switch genes on/off with memory and connection of memories	153
5844807478	flashbulb memory	type of memory remembered because it was an important/quick moment	154
5844807479	amygdala (memory)	boosts activity of proteins in memory-forming areas to fight/flight	155
5844807480	cerebellum (memory)	forms and stores implicit memories ((classical conditioning))	156
5844807481	hippocampus (memory)	active during sleep (forming memories) ((information "moves" after 48 hours))	157
5844807509	source amnesia	what is the truth? (is it a dream, story, memory, etc.?)	158
5844807510	priming	association (setting you up)	159
5844807511	context	environment helps with memory	160
5844807516	proactive interference	old information interferes with the new	161
5844807517	retroactive interference	new information interferes with the old	162
5844807518	children can't remember before age __	3	163
5844807523	mental set	what has worked in the past	164
5844807528	phonemes	smallest sound unit	165
5844898146	Accommodate	oblige or help someone; adjust or bring into harmony; adapt; make enough space for; ADJ. accommodative; CF. accomodating: helpful and obliging	166
5844898147	Adolescence	The transition period from childhood to adulthood, extending from puberty to independence.	167
5844898148	Alzheimer's Disease	an irreversible, progressive brain disorder, characterized by the deterioration of memory, language, and eventually, physical functioning	168
5844898149	Asperger Syndrome	a childhood disorder at the high-functioning end of the autistic spectrum; characterized by impaired social interest and skills and restricted interests	169
5844898150	Assimilate	absorb; take (food) into the body and digest it; understand (knowledge) completely and be able to use properly; cause to become homogeneous (the people of a country or race in the wasy of behaving or thinking)	170
5844898151	Attachment	an emotional tie with another person; shown in young children by their seeking closeness to the caregiver and showing distress on separation	171
5844898152	Authoritarian Parents	parents who make arbitrary rules, expect unquestioned obedience from their children, punish misbehavior, and value obedience to authority	172
5844898153	Authoritative Parents	parents who set high but realistic and reasonable standards, enforce limits, and encourage open communication and independence	173
5844898154	Autism	a disorder that appears in childhood and is marked by deficient communication, social interaction, and understanding of others' states of mind	174
5844898155	Basic Trust	according to Erik Erikson, a sense that the world is predictable and trustworthy; said to be formed during infancy by appropriate experiences with responsive caregivers	175
5844898156	Brain Development in Infants	Brain development unfolds through maturation—a biologically programmed growth process. In humans, at birth, the brain is immature, but as the child matures, neural networks grow increasingly more complex. As they do, the infant's capabilities surge...	176
5844898157	Characteristics of Emerging Adults	1. identity exploration 2. a stage of instability 3. self focused 4. feelings of transition 5. stage of possibilities	177
5844898162	Cognition	all the mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, remembering, and communicating	178
5844898163	Concrete Operational Stage	Piagets Theory- the stage of cognitive development during which children gain mental opperations to think logically	179
5844898164	Conception	union of an ovum and sperm, resulting in the beginning of a pregnancy	180
5844898165	Conservation	the principle (which Piaget believed to be a part of concrete operational reasoning) that properties such as mass, volume, and number remain the same despite changes in the forms of objects	181
5844898166	Continuity and Stages	Is development a gradual, continuous process like riding an escalator, or does it proceed through a sequence of separate stages, like climbing rungs on a ladder	182
5844898167	Critical Period	an optimal period shortly after birth when an organism's exposure to certain stimuli or experiences produces proper development	183
5844898168	Cross Sectional Studies	a study in which people of different ages are compared with one another	184
5844898169	Crystalized Intelligence	type of intelligence which includes accumulated knowledge and verbal skills, that INCREASES WITH AGE	185
5844898170	Dementia	a slowly progressive decline in mental abilities, including memory, thinking, and judgment, that is often accompanied by personality changes	186
5844898171	Deprived Attachment	no attachment, kids are withdrawn, frightened, unable to develop speech (usually abusive parents)	187
5844898173	Developmental Psychologists	a branch of psychology that studies physical, cognitive, and social change throughout the life span	188
5844898174	Egocentric	The thinking in the preoperational stage of cognitive development where children believe everyone sees the world fro the same perspective as he or she does.	189
5844898175	Embryo	the developing human organism from about 2 weeks after fertilization through the second month	190
5844898176	Erik Erikson	neo-Freudian, humanistic; 8 psychosocial stages of development: theory shows how people evolve through the life span. Each stage is marked by a psychological crisis that involves confronting "Who am I?"	191
5844898177	Fetal Alcohol Syndrome	a medical condition in which body deformation or facial development or mental ability of a fetus is impaired because the mother drank alcohol while pregnant	192
5844898178	Fetus	the developing human organism from 9 weeks after conception to birth	193
5844898179	Fluid Intellegence	our ability to reason speedily and abstractly; tends to decrease during late adulthood	194
5844898180	Formal Operational in Adolecence	The brain is not fully developed thus cannot make just actions without knowing about consequences	195
5844898181	Formal Operational Stage	in Piaget's theory, the stage of cognitive development (normally beginning about age 12) during which people begin to think logically about abstract concepts	196
5844898182	Habituation	decreasing responsiveness with repeated stimulation. As infants gain familiarity with repeated exposure to a visual stimulus, their interest wanes and they look away sooner	197
5844898183	Harry Harlow's Monkey Experiment	the monkeys could chose between 2 artificial mothers: one was foam covered in terry cloth, the other was a hard metal cage but it held a bottle attached for feeding. The monkey would only leave the terrycloth mother when they got too hungry, and quickly returned to that mother.	198
5844898184	Identity and Adolescence	Ones sense of self, according to Erikson an adolescents task is to solidify a sense of self by testing adn integrating various roles	199
5844898185	Imprinting	the process by which certain animals form attachments during a critical period very early in life	200
5844898186	Insecure Attachment	A pattern of attachment in which an infant avoids connection with the caregiver, as when the infant seems not to care about the caregiver's presence, departure, or return	201
5844898187	Jean Piaget	Four stage theory of cognitive development: 1. sensorimotor, 2. preoperational, 3. concrete operational, and 4. formal operational. He said that the two basic processes work in tandem to achieve cognitive growth-assimilation and accomodation	202
5844898188	Lawrence Kohlberg	moral development; presented boys moral dilemmas and studied their responses and reasoning processes in making moral decisions. Most famous moral dilemma is "Heinz" who has an ill wife and cannot afford the medication. Should he steal the medication and why?	203
5844898189	Longitudinal Study	research in which the same people are restudied and retested over a long period	204
5844898190	Maturation	biological growth processes that enable orderly changes in behavior, relatively uninfluenced by experience	205
5844898198	Menarche	the first occurrence of menstruation in a woman	206
5844898199	Menopause	the time of natural cessation of menstruation; also refers to the biological changes a woman experiences as her ability to reproduce declines	207
5844898200	Motor Development in Infants	Motor Development milestones are the same throughout the world but babies reach them at differnt ages.	208
5844898201	Object Perminance	The Piagetian term for one of an infant's most important accomplishments: understanding that objects and events continue to exist even when they cannot directly be seen, heard or touched	209
5844898202	Permissive parents	Parenting style consisting of very few rules and allowing children to make most decisions and control their own behavior.	210
5844898203	Postconventional Morality	third level of kohlberg's stages of moral development in which the person's behavior is governed by moral principles that have been decided on by the individual and that may be in disagreement with accepted social norms	211
5844898204	Preconventional Morality	first level of Kohlberg's stages of moral development in which the child's behavior is governed by the consequences of the behavior	212
5844898205	Primary Sex Characteristics	the body structures (ovaries, testes, and external genitalia) that make sexual reproduction possible	213
5844898206	Prospective Memory	remembering to do things in the future	214
5844898207	Puberty	period when secondary sex characteristics develop and the ability to reproduce sexually begins	215
5844898208	Rooting Reflex	reflex consisting of head-turning and sucking movements elicited in a normal infant by gently stroking the side of the mouth of cheek	216
5844898209	Schemas	conceptual frameworks a person uses to make sense of the world	217
5844898210	Secure Attachment	Infants use the mother as a home base from which to explore when all is well, but seek physical comfort and consolation from her if frightened or threatened	218
5844898211	Secondary Sex Characteristics	nonreproductive sexual characteristics, such as female breasts and hips, male voice quality, and body hair	219
5844898212	Self Concept	the mental picture people have of themselves; their opinion about themselves	220
5844898213	Sensorimotor stage	in Piaget's theory, the stage (from birth to about 2 years of age) during which infants know the world mostly in terms of their sensory impressions and motor activities	221
5844898214	Social Clock	the culturally preferred timing of social events such as marriage, parenthood, and retirement	222
5844898215	Stranger Anxiety	the fear of strangers that infants commonly display, beginning by about 8 months of age	223
5844898216	Stablility and Change	A child needs an enviroment that is stable and will adapt to change	224
5844898217	Teratogens	agents, such as chemicals and viruses, that can reach the embryo or fetus during prenatal development and cause harm	225
5844898218	Theory of Mind	people's ideas about their own and others' mental states -- about their feelings, perceptions, and thoughts and the behavior these might predict	226
5844898219	Zygotes	the fertilized egg-> enters a 2 week period of rapid cell division and develops into an embryo	227

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AP Government Chapter 17 Flashcards

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4758224239	Health Maintenance Organization	Organization contracted by individuals or insurance companies to provide health care for a yearly fee. Such network health plans limit the choice of doctors and treatments. About 60 percent of Americans are enrolled in them or similar programs.	0
4758224240	Emergency Medical Treatment and Labor Act	appropriate medical screening occurs and if emergency condition exists, the hospital can't discharge or transfer the patient until he/she stabilizes	1
4758229328	Medicare	A federal program of health insurance for persons 65 years of age and older	2
4758229329	American Association of Retired Persons (AARP)	Nationwide organization for people over 50 that offers discount drug purchases, health & auto insurance, publications, & other activities	3
4758229834	Medicaid	A federal system of health insurance for those requiring financial assistance.	4
4758230343	Children's Health Insurance Program	State and Federal government partnership that helps to cover children and pregnant women in families whose income are too high to qualify for Medicaid but too low to afford private coverage.	5
4758230845	National Health Insurance	A plan to provide universal health insurance under which the government provides basic health insurance to all citizens. In most such plans, the program is funded by taxes on wages or salaries.	6
4758255586	Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act	This is the health care reform law. Focuses on reform of the private health insurance market; providing better coverage for those with pre-existing conditions; improving prescription drug coverage in Medicare.	7
4758256125	Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)	an independent federal agency established in 1970 to coordinate programs aimed at reducing pollution and protecting the environment	8
4758256126	National Environmental Policy Act	A law passed in 1969 requiring agencies to issue an environmental impact statement before undertaking any major action affecting the environment.	9
4758256810	Environmental Impact Statement	Statement required by Federal law from all agencies for any project using Federal funds to assess the potential affect of the new construction or development on the environment.	10
4758257584	Clean Air Act of 1970	Required EPA to develop and enforce regulations to protect the public from airborne contaminants; forced states to follow and make sure the laws for followed in relation to the EPA. States allowed to decide officials for enforcement.	11
4758258798	Water Pollution Control Act of 1972	Provided funds to build sewage treatment facilities and required industries to remove or treat pollution in water discharged to a lake or stream.	12
4758259654	Endangered Species Act of 1973	Identifies threatened and endangered species in the U.S., and puts their protection ahead of economic considerations	13
4758260555	Superfund	A fund created by Congress in 1980 to clean up hazardous waste sites. Money for the fund comes from taxing chemical products.	14
4758260949	Global Warming	An increase in the average temperature of the earth's atmosphere (especially a sustained increase that causes climatic changes)	15
4758260950	Greenhouse Effect	Natural situation in which heat is retained in Earth's atmosphere by carbon dioxide, methane, water vapor, and other gases	16
4758263610	Cap-and-trade system	an approach to pollution control in which the government sets a limit on the amount of emissions allowed (the cap) and then permits companies to buy and sell emissions allowances (the trade)	17
4758263611	Keystone Pipeline	For transporting oil from Canada to the Gulf of Mexico; length increasing because easily accessible oil has been tapped. It is not clean: oil spills happen. It goes across residential areas (flooding suburbs with oil) and wildlife areas. This oil is largely for export and not domestic use.	18
4758265124	Hydraulic Fracturing	the process of creating fissures, or fractures, in undergound formations by pumping water, sand, and other additives under high pressure into the formations to allow natural gas and oil to flow. this process has allowed the oil and gas industry to open many new oil and gas fields in shale rock, expanding supplies of those fuels.	19
4758265125	Strategic Petroleum Reserve	An emergency supply of up to one billion barrels of oil that is stored in underground salt caverns along the coast of the Gulf of Mexico, as mandated by the U.S. Energy Policy and Conservation Act.	20

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AP Combo Flashcards

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6782591672	Proton	Positive Charge and in nucleus	0
6782591673	Neutron	Neutral Charge and in nucleus	1
6782591674	Electron	Negative charge and orbits nucleus	2
6782591675	Ions	Atoms that have gained or lost electrons. Either have a positive or negative charge	3
6782591676	Cation	Positively charged ion. Lost electrons	4
6782591677	Anion	Negatively charged ion. Gained Electrons.	5
6782591678	molecules	two or more of the same or different elements.	6
6782591679	compound	two of more different elements.	7
6782591680	electronegativity	How strong an element attracts electrons.	8
6782591681	Polar Covalent Bond	Sharing of electron=Unequal	9
6782591682	Non Polar Covalent Bond	electron sharing is equal	10
6782591683	Ionic Bonds	Electrons are transfered from element to another.	11
6782591684	Hydrogen Bonds	weak attraction between opposite partial charges found on polar molecules.	12
6782591685	Hydrophobic	Water fearing. Does not mix with water. Example Oils.	13
6782591686	Hydrophillic	Water loving. Does mix with water.	14
6782591687	Amphipathic	a molecule that has both a polar and nonpolar side. Examples are phospholipids, and soap.	15
6782591688	Universal Solvent	Water	16
6782591689	Monosaccharides	Monomers of Carbohydrates	17
6782591690	Disaccharide	Two monosaccharides put together	18
6782591691	Polysaccharide	Many monosaccharides put together. Another name for carbohydrate	19
6782591692	Sucrose	glucose + fructose	20
6782591693	Maltose	glucose + glucose	21
6782591694	Lactose	glucose + galactose	22
6782591695	Dehydration Synthesis	Forms polymers	23
6782591696	Hydrolysis	Breaks polymers apart	24
6782591697	Glycogen	a lot of glucose bonded together. Main energy storage in animals.	25
6782591698	Insulin	Released when blood sugar is high . Causes glucose to be absorbed by cells. Excess glucose stored as glycogen. Glucose--->Glycogen	26
6782591699	Glucagon	low blood sugar between meals Causes glycogen to be broken down into glucose. Glycogen----> Glucose	27
6782591700	Starch	Starch is the main energy source in plants. Plants store their excess glucose as starch for usage at a later date. Its the energy that we get from bread and plants which can be digested by humans.	28
6782591701	Cellulose	a carbohydrate that is a major component in cell walls. Humans cannot digest it. This is known commonly as fiber. I	29
6782591702	Chitin	A carbohydrate that is found in the exoskeletons in arthropods, and cell walls in fungi.	30
6782591703	Function of Carbohydrates	Energetic Fuel Source/ Storage Structural building blocks.	31

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AP Biology Ecology Flashcards

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6512069014	Population	a localized group of individuals of the same species that can interbreed, producing fertile offspring	0
6512069015	Community	all the organisms that inhabit a particular area; as assemblage of populations of different species living close enough together for potential interaction	1
6512069016	Ecosystem	all the organisms in a given area as well as the abiotic factors with which they interact	2
6512069017	Biotic	pertaining to the living organisms in the environment	3
6512069018	Abiotic	nonliving; referring to physical and chemical properties of an environment	4
6512069019	Biosphere	the entire portion of earth inhabited by life; the sum of all the planet's ecosystems	5
6512069020	Niche	the sum of a species' use of the biotic and abiotic resources in its environment	6
6512069021	Clumped Distribution	individual aggregated patches, some organisms group together where food is abundant	7
6512069022	Uniform Distribution	evenly spaced, some organisms maintain evenly distributed spacing to avoid aggressive interactions between neighbors	8
6512069023	Random Distribution	unpredictable spacing, some plants grow in random groups if their seeds were windblown across an area	9
6512069024	Population Ecology	the study of populations in relation to their environment, including environmental influences on populations, on population density and distribution, age structure, and variations in population size	10
6512069025	Birth Rate	rate of annual birth within a population	11
6512069026	Death Rate	rate of annual death within a population	12
6512069027	Sex Ratio	ratio of females to males within a population	13
6512069028	Age Structure	the relative number of individuals of each age in a population	14
6512069029	Immigration Rate	the rate of influx of new individuals INTO a population from other areas	15
6512069030	Emigration Rate	the rate of movement of individuals OUT of a population	16
6512069031	Carrying Capacity	the maximum population size that can be supported by the available resources, (symbolized by K)	17
6512069032	Density Dependent	any characteristic that varies according to an increase in population density	18
6512069033	Exponential Growth	growth of a population in an ideal, unlimited environment, (represented by a J-Shaped curve when population size is plotted over time)	19
6512069034	Logistical Growth	population growth that levels off as population size approaches carrying capacity	20
6512069035	K-Selected	stabilize around carrying capacity, have fewer offspring later in life, mature later, live longer and invest more parental care	21
6512069036	R-Selected	reside in unstable environment, have many offspring early in life, mature earlier, shorter life span, no parental care	22
6512069037	Survivorship Curve	the plot of the proportion or numbers in a cohort still alive at each age	23
6512069038	Type I Surivorship Curve	low death rates during early/middle life then increase among older age groups (humans)	24
6512069039	Type II Surviorship Curve	constant death rate over the organism's life span	25
6512069040	Type III Surviorship Curve	very high death rates for the young and then declines for those few individuals that survive the early period (insects)	26
6512069041	Symbiosis	an ecological relationship between organisms of two different species that live together in direct and intimate contact	27
6512069042	Commensalism	a symbiotic relationship in which one organism benefits but the other is neither helped nor harmed	28
6512069043	Mutualism	a symbiotic relationship in which both participants benefit	29
6512069044	Parasitism	a symbiotic relationship in which one organism (the parasite) benefits at the expense of another (the host) by living either within or on its host	30
6512069045	Intraspecific Competition	interactions between the same species competing for resources	31
6512069046	Interspecific Competition	competition for resources between individuals of two or more species when resources are in short supply	32
6512069047	Predation	an interaction between species in which one species (the predator) eats the other (the prey)	33
6512069048	Aposematic Coloration	the bright coloration of animals with effective physical or chemical defenses that acts as a warning to predators	34
6512069049	Batesian Mimicry	a type of mimicry in which a harmless species look like a species that is poisonous or harmful to predators	35
6512069050	Cryptic Coloration	camouflage that makes a potential prey difficult to spot against its background	36
6512069051	Mullerian Mimicry	a mutual mimicry by two unpalatable species	37
6512069052	Pioneer Species	the first species to colonize previously disrupted or damaged ecosystems, beginning a chain of ecological succession that ultimately leads to a more biodiverse steady-state ecosystem	38
6512069053	Climax Community	in a community of organisms in a specific area there is one state of equilibrium controlled solely by climate	39
6512069054	Succession	the process by which the structure of a biological community evolves over time	40
6512069055	Primary Succession	a type of ecological succession that occurs in an area where there were originally no organisms present and where soil has not yet formed	41
6512069056	Secondary Succession	a type of succession that occurs where an existing community has been cleared by some disturbance that leaves the soil or substance intact	42
6512069057	Photoautotrophs	an organism that harnesses light energy to drive the synthesis of organic compounds from Carbon Dioxide (CO2)	43
6512069058	Chemoautotrophs	an organism that needs only CO2 as a carbon source but obtains energy by oxidizing inorganic substances	44
6512069059	Herbivore	an animal that eats mainly plants or algae	45
6512069060	Carnivore	an animal that mainly eats other animals	46
6512069061	Detritivore	a consumer that derives its energy and nutrients from nonliving organic material such as corpses, fallen plant material, and the wastes of living organism (a decomposer)	47
6512069062	Food Chain	the pathway along which food energy is transferred from trophic level to trophic level, beginning with producers	48
6512069063	Food Web	the interconnected feeding relationships in an ecosystem	49
6512069064	Trophic Levels	the positions organisms occupy in a food chain	50
6512069065	Secondary Consumer	a carnivore that eats herbivores	51
6512069066	Primary Consumer	a herbivore; an organism that eats plants or other autotrophs	52
6512069067	Biogeochemical Cycles	any of the various chemical cycles, which involve both biotic and abiotic components of ecosystems	53
6512069068	Carbon Cycle	forming the framework of organic molecules, photosynthesis & cellular respiration circulate this nutrient	54
6512069069	Phosphorus Cycle	cycling of this nutrient through geologic processes such as erosion and sedimentation	55
6512069070	Nitrogen Cycle	this nutrient is converted to compounds that can be assimilated by plants then returned in gas form to the atmosphere; all processes rely on bacteria	56
6512069071	Nitrogen Fixation	the conversion of atmospheric nitrogen to ammonia	57
6512069072	Denitrification	process where bacteria use nitrates in their metabolism instead of oxygen releasing nitrogen gas then into the atmosphere	58
6512069073	Water Cycle	this nutrient cycle involves evaporation from the earth & transpiration from plants and falls then by precipitation back down to the earth to begin the cycle again	59
6512069074	Age Structure Diagrams	a visual representation of the relative number of individuals of each age in a population	60
6512069075	Competitive Exclusion Principle	the concept that when populations of two similar species compete for the same limited resources, one population will use the resources more efficiently and have a reproductive advantage that will eventually lead to the elimination of the other population	61
6512069076	Resource Partitioning	the division of environmental resources by coexisting species such that the niche of each species differs by one or more significant factors from the niches of all the coexisting species	62
6512069077	Zero Population Growth (ZPG)	a period of stability in population size, when the per capita birth rate and death rate are equal	63
6512069078	Gross Primary Productivity (GPP)	the total primary production of an ecosystem	64
6512069079	Net Primary Productivity (NPP)	the gross primary production of an ecosystem minus the energy used by the producers for respiration	65
6512069080	Keystone Species	a species that is not necessarily abundant in a community yet experts strong control on community structure by the nature of its ecological role or niche	66
6512069081	Bottom-up Model	a model of community organization in which mineral nutrients influence community organization by controlling plant or phytoplankton numbers, which in turn control herbivores, which in turn control predator numbers	67
6512069082	Top-down Model	a model of community organization in which predation influences community organization by controlling herbivore numbers, which in turn control plant or phytoplankton numbers, which in turn control nutrient levels; also called the trophic cascade model	68
6512069083	Biological Magnification	a process in which retained substances become more concentrated at each high trophic level in a food chain	69
6512069084	Decomposers	organisms that absorb nutrients from nonliving organic material such as corpses, fallen plant material, the wastes of living organisms and converts them into inorganic forms; a detritivore	70
6512069085	Eutrophication	a process by which nutrients, particularly phosphorus and nitrogen, become highly concentrated in a body of water, leading to increased growth of organisms such as algae or cyanobacteria	71
6512069086	Fundamental Niche	the niche potentially occupied by that species	72
6512069087	Realized Niche	the portion of the fundamental niche that a species actually occupies in the environment	73
6512069088	Invasive Species	a species often introduced by humans, that takes hold outside its native range	74
6512069089	Altruism	behavior that increases fitness of another individual but decreases their own fitness	75
6512069090	Kin selection	enhancing the reproductive success of one's relatives	76
6512069091	Nitrification	ammonia is converted to nitrates and nitrites	77
6512069092	Ammonification	decomposers convert organic nitrogen to ammonia	78
6512069093	Classical conditioning	association between neutral stimulus and natural response (ex: dogs salivating to sound of bell ringing)	79
6512069094	Operant conditioning	trial and error learning; making associations between behavior and a reward or punishment	80
6512069095	Communication	tactile, visual, auditory and chemical means of relaying messages to other members of ones species	81
6512069096	Taxis	directed movement towards or away from a stimulus	82
6512069097	Kinesis	movement in response to a stimulus that is not directional	83
6512069098	Fixed Action Pattern	a sequence of unlearned actions that are unchangable and often carried to completion	84
6512069099	Density dependent factor	factor that affects population based on size (disease, predation etc)	85
6512069100	Density independent factor	factor that affect population regardless of size (weather, humans etc)	86
6512069101	Species diversity	variety of organisms in a community	87
6512069102	Species richness	the number of different species in a community	88
6512069103	Relative abundance	evenness of distribution of individuals among species in a community	89

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6469128033	die Übersicht, die Zusammenfassung	summary	0
6469128034	überfliegen (den Text/die Fragen überfliegen)	skim	1
6469128035	die Quelle	source	2
6469128036	laut Quelle 1 (lt. Quelle 1)	according to source 1	3
6469128037	die Beobachtung	observation	4
6469128038	die Erfahrung	experience	5
6469128039	sich unterscheiden	to differ	6
6469128041	gemeinsam	common	7
6469128042	vergleichen	to compare, to contrast	8
6469128043	der Vergleich	comparison	9
6469128044	die Stärke	strength	10
6469128045	die Schwäche	weakness	11
6469128046	der Vorteil	advantage	12
6469128047	der Nachteil	disadvantage	13
6469128048	ursprünglich	originally	14
6469128049	der ursprüngliche Artikel	the original article	15
6469128050	veröffentlichen	to publish	16
6469128051	wurde veröffentlicht	was published	17
6469128052	die Anzeige	advertisement	18
6469128053	die Reklame	advertisement	19
6469128054	die Werbung	advertisement	20
6469128055	die Statistik	statistic	21
6469128056	die Erfindung, eine neue Erfindung	invention , a new invention	22
6469128057	das Unternehmen, die Firma, der Betrieb	company	23
6469128058	der Leiter, der Manager	manager	24
6469128059	die Umschreibung	circumlocution	25
6469128060	der Vorschlag	suggestion	26
6469128061	überzeugen	to convince	27
6469128062	weniger als	less than	28
6469128063	am meisten	most	29
6469128064	der Antwortbogen	answer sheet	30
6469128065	erklären	to explain	31
6469128066	präsentieren	to present	32
6469128067	Fragen stellen	to ask questions	33
6469128068	Fragen beantworten	to answer questions	34
6469128069	ein Gespräch führen	to lead a conversation	35
6469128070	diskutieren (über + Akk)	to discuss	36
6469128071	analysieren	to analyze	37
6469128072	zitieren	to quote	38
6469128073	meiner Meinung nach	in my opinion	39
6469128074	Ich nehme an	I suppose	40
6469128075	zu einem Ergebnis kommen	to come to a conclusion	41
6469128076	der Beweis	evidence	42
6469128077	weder...noch...	neither...nor...	43
6469128078	sowohl...als auch...	both...and...	44
6469128079	kreativ	creative	45
6469128080	schöpferisch	creative	46
6469128081	die Auskunft, die Information	information	47
6469128082	aus meiner Sicht/Perspektive	from my point of view	48
6469128083	der Hintergrund	background	49
6469128084	die Einleitung	introduction	50
6469128085	der Inhalt	content	51
6469128086	die Textanalyse	text analysis	52
6469128087	begreifen	to comprehend	53
6469128088	einerseits...andererseits....	on one hand...on the other hand...	54
6469128089	übereinstimmen	to agree with	55
6469128090	Ich stimme mit...überein	I agree with...	56
6469128091	Ich kann nicht zustimmen.	I cannot agree.	57
6469128092	Es scheint offensichtlich, dass	It seems obvious that	58
6469128093	Mein Eindruck vom Text ist	My impression of the text is	59
6469128094	usw. (und so weiter)	etc.	60
6469128095	umfangreich	extensive	61
6469128096	wichtig	important	62
6469128097	bedeutend	meaningful	63
6469128098	eigenartig	strange	64
6469128099	die Schlagzeile	head line	65
6469128100	eine Rolle spielen	to play a role	66
6469128101	der Grund, die Gründe	reason, reasons	67
6469128102	steigen	to rise, climb	68
6469128103	der Wert	value	69
6469128104	der Artikel	article	70
6469128105	der Absatz	paragraph	71
6469128106	der Aufsatz	essay	72
6469128107	die Autorin	the author (female)	73
6469128108	der Autor	author (male)	74
6469128109	der Einfluss	influence	75
6469128111	der Punkt	point	76
6469128112	der Rat	a piece of advice	77
6469128113	einen Rat (geben)	(give) a piece of advice	78
6469128114	der Satz	sentence	79
6469128115	der Schluss	the end / conclusion	80
6469128116	der Stil	style	81
6469128117	der Unterschied (zwischen)	difference (between)	82
6469128118	der Vortrag	speech / lecture	83
6469128119	die Aussage	statement	84
6469128120	der Ausschnitt	excerpt	85
6469128121	die Auswahl	selection	86
6469128122	die Grafik	graph	87
6469128123	die Möglichkeit	possibility	88
6469128124	die Tatsache, -n	fact, -s	89
6469128125	die Übersicht	overview	90
6469128126	die Umfrage	questionnaire	91
6469128128	die Zuhörer	listeners / audience	92
6469128130	das Beispiel	example	93
6469128131	das Gespräch	conversation / discussion	94
6469128132	Quellenmaterial	source material	95
6469128133	das Thema	topic	96
6469128134	kommentieren	to comment / give feedback	97
6469128135	reagieren (auf)	to react (to)	98
6469128136	zeigen	to show	99
6469128137	beeinflussen	to influence	100
6469128138	erwähnen	to mention	101
6469128139	zum Schluss	in conclusion	102
6469128140	Der Artikel handelt von	The article deals with	103
6469128141	laut dem Text (laut des Textes)	according to the text	104

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