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AP Psychology Biological Psychology Flashcards

6216410273	Neuron	Nerve cell	0
6216410274	Dendrite	Branchlike parts of a neuron that are specialized to receive information.	1
6216410275	Axon	A threadlike extension of a neuron that carries nerve impulses away from the cell body.	2
6216410276	Synaptic vesicles	Tiny pouches or sacs in the axon terminals that contain chemicals called neurotransmitters.	3
6216410277	Neurotransmitter	Chemical messenger specialized for communication from neuron to neuron	4
6216410278	Synapse	Space between two connecting neurons through which messages are transmitted chemically	5
6216410279	Synaptic cleft	A gap into which neurotransmitters are released from the axon terminal	6
6216410281	Threshold	Potential necessary to trigger an action potential.	7
6216410282	Action potential	A neural impulse; a brief electrical charge that travels down an axon.	8
6216410283	Refractory period	Neural Recharging	9
6216410284	Receptor site	Locations on a receptor neuron into which a specific neurotransmitter fits like a key into a lock.	10
6216410285	Reuptake	A neurotransmitter's reabsorption by the sending neuron	11
6216410286	Endorphin	"Morphine within" - natural, opiate-like neurotransmitters linked to pain control and to pleasure.	12
6216410287	Plasticity	Ability of brain tissue to modify itself and take on new functions.	13
6216410292	Acetylcholine (ACh)	Muscle contraction, Learning, Memory	14
6216410293	Norepinephrine (NE)	Fight or Flight, Learning, Memory Retrieval	15
6216410294	Dopamine	Pleasurable Sensations	16
6216410295	Serotonin	Mood and Emotional States	17
6216410296	Endorphins	Pain reduction	18
6216410297	Central nervous system (CNS)	A system that includes the brain and spinal cord, controlling voluntary and involuntary acts	19
6216410298	Peripheral Nervous System	nerves that lie outside the brain and spinal cord.	20
6216410299	Cerebral Cortex	outermost part of forebrain, responsible for analyzing sensory processing and higher brain functions	21
6216410302	Corpus Callosum	A thick band of nerve fibers that connects large areas of the cerebral cortex on each side of the brain and supports communication of information across the hemispheres.	22
6216410303	Frontal Lobe	A region of the cerebral cortex that has specialized areas for movement, abstract thinking, planning, memory, and judgement	23
6216410304	Motor cortex	An area at the rear of the frontal lobes that controls voluntary movements	24
6216410306	Broca's area	Controls language expression - an area of the frontal lobe, usually in the left hemisphere, that directs the muscle movements involved in speech.	25
6216410307	Parietal Lobe	upper middle part of the cerebral cortex lying behind the frontal lobe that is specialized for touch and perception	26
6216410308	Temporal lobe	lower part of cerebral cortex that plays roles in hearing, understanding language, and memory	27
6216410309	Wernicke's Area	part of the temporal lobe involved in understanding speech	28
6216410310	Occipital Lobe	back part of cerebral cortex specialized for vision	29
6216410313	Limbic System	emotional center of brain that also plays roles in smell, motivation, and memory	30
6216410314	Thalamus	A structure that processes sensory information for all senses, except smell, and relays it to the cerebral cortex.	31
6216410315	Hypothalamus	Structure below the thalamus, responsible for maintaining homeostasis	32
6216410316	Amyglada	part of limbic system that plays key roles in fear, excitement, and arousal	33
6216410317	Hippocampus	part of the brain that plays a role in memory	34
6216410318	Cerebellum	Balance and coordination	35
6216410319	Brain Stem	part of the brain between the spinal cord and cerebral cortex that contains the reticular formation, pons, and medulla	36
6216410321	Reticular Formation	brain area that plays a key role in arousal	37
6216410323	Pons	part of the brain stem that connects the cortex with the cerebellum and is involved in dreaming	38
6216410324	Medulla	part of brain stem involved in basic functions, such as heartbeat and breathing	39
6216410325	Spinal Cord	thick bundle of nerves that conveys signals between the brain and the body	40
6216410326	Interneuron	Facilitates communication between Afferent and Efferent Neurons	41
6216410327	Reflex	an automatic motor response to a sensory stimulus	42
6216410328	Somatic nervous system	part of the nervous system that conveys information between the CNS and the body, controlling and coordinating voluntary movement	43
6216410329	Autonomic nervous system	part of the nervous system controlling the involuntary actions of our internal organs and glands, which (along with the limbic system) participates in emotion regulation	44
6216410330	Sympathetic Nervous System	division of the autonomic nervous system engaged during a crisis or after actions requiring fight or flight	45
6216410331	Parasympathetic Nervous System	division of autonomic nervous system that controls rest and digestion	46
6216410332	Endocrine System	system of glands and hormones that controls secretion of blood-borne chemical messengers	47
6216410333	Hormone	chemical released into the bloodstream that influences particular organs and glands	48
6216410334	Pituitary Gland	master gland that, under the control of the hypothalamus, directs the other glands of the body	49
6216410335	Adrenal gland	tissue located on top of the kidneys that releases adrenaline and cortisol during states of emotional arousal	50
6216410345	Afferent Neurons	Sensory neurons that send signals to the brain	51
6216410346	Efferent Neurons	Motor neurons that send signals away from the brain	52
6216410347	All-or-Nothing Principle	The neuron fires or it doesn't	53
6216410348	Antagonist	blocks the receptor site	54
6216410349	Agonist	mimics a neurotransmitter	55

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APES Friedland Chapter 2 Flashcards

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7059165202	matter	-anything that occupies space and has mass made of atoms -after a chemical reaction, the original atoms remain	0
7059165203	mass	a measurement of the amount of matter an object contains	1
7059165204	atom	the smallest particle than can contain the chemical properties of an element	2
7059165205	element	-a substance composed of atoms that cannot be broken down into smaller, simpler components -made of only one type of atom	3
7059165206	periodic table	a chart of all chemical elements currently known, organized by their properties	4
7059165207	molecules	a particle that contains more than one atom	5
7059165208	compounds	a molecule containing more than one element	6
7059165209	atomic number	the number of protons in the nucleus of a particular atom	7
7059165210	mass number	a measurement of the total number of protons and neutrons in an element	8
7059165211	isotopes	atoms of the same element with different number of neutrons	9
7059165212	radioactive decay	-protons and neutrons ejected from nucleus (parent) -release energy (can damage DNA) -creates new element (daughter) -release large amounts of energy -measured in half-life -carbon dating	10
7059165213	half-life	the time it takes for one-half of an original radioactive parent atom to decay	11
7059165214	covalent bond	the bond formed when elements share electrons	12
7059165215	ionic bond	a chemical bond between two oppositely charged ions	13
7059165216	hydrogen bond	-when electrons are not shared equally in a compound that contains Hydrogen -can attract anything negatively charged	14
7059165217	polar molecule	-a molecule in which one side is more positive and the other side is more negative -shared electrons spend more time near the oxygen atom than near the hydrogen atom	15
7059165218	energy	-the ability to do work or transfer heat -measured in joules (J) -electromagnetic radiation -high or low quality	16
7059165219	electromagnetic radiation	-transfers energy in protons -measured in wavelengths	17
7059165220	photons	a massless packet of energy that carries electromagnetic radiation at the speed of light	18
7059165221	joule	the amount of energy used when a one-watt electrical device is turned on for one second	19
7059165222	potential energy	stored energy that has not been released	20
7059165223	kinetic energy	the energy of motion	21
7059165224	chemical energy	-potential energy that is stored in chemical bonds -can be released by ingesting food	22
7059165225	temperature	-the measure of the average kinetic energy of a substance	23
7059165226	first law of thermodynamics	-a law of nature stating that energy can neither be created nor destroyed	24
7059165227	second law of thermodynamics	-the law stating that when energy is transformed, the quantity of energy remains the same, but its ability to do work is diminished	25
7059165228	energy efficiency	-the ratio of the amount of work done to the total amount of energy introduced to the system	26
7059165229	energy quality	-the ease with which an energy source can be used for work	27
7059165230	entropy	-disorder/randomness in a system	28
7059165231	open system	-a system in which exchanges of matter or energy occur across system boundaries.	29
7059165232	closed system	-exchange of matter or energy does not occur across system boundaries. Ex: Matter on Earth continuously recycles	30
7059165233	outputs	-a loss from a system	31
7059165234	inputs	-an addition to a system	32
7059165235	system analysis	-looks at inputs and outputs to determine a system's function and health	33
7059165236	steady state	-input = output -amount of energy is not increasing	34
7059165237	feedback	-adjustment to input or output caused by change	35
7059165238	negative feedback loops	-a feedback loop in which a system responds to a change by returning to its original state, or by decreasing the rate at which the change is occurring	36
7059165239	positive feedback loops	a feedback loop in which change in a system is amplified	37
7059165240	adaptive management	-method of managing natural systems that accords for "normal" fluctuations and human impacts -pollution, flood, draught, climate change, economic development, habitat destruction or restoration	38
7059165241	weight	the force that results from gravity acting on mass	39
7059165242	Properties of Water	-surface tension -capillary action -high specific heat -less dense when frozen -excellent solvent -can form acids and bases	40
7059165243	Surface Tension	-cohesion of water molecules creates stretchy surface layer	41
7059165244	Capillary Action	-cohesion and adhesion of water molecules pulls them along a surface or up a tube	42
7059165245	Less dense when frozen	-polarity pushes water molecules apart at 39F and 4C	43
7059165246	High Specific Heat	-requires a large amount of heat to boil and vaporize water	44
7059165247	Excellent Solvent	-polar molecule can dissolve other compounds with charges	45
7059165248	Can form acids and bases	-acids add hydrogen ions (high hydrogen ion H+, low hydroxide ion (OH-) content -bases add hydroxide ions (low hydroxide ion OH-, high hydrogen ion H+	46
7059165249	Conservation of Matter	-matter cannot be created or destroyed, only changed from one form to another	47
7059165250	Organic Molecules	-contain carbon and hydrogen -carbohydrates (CHO) -lipids (CHO with little O; fats, waxes, oils) -proteins (CHONS,amino acids) -nucleic acids (CHONP, DNA and RNA)	48
7059165251	Inorganic Molecules	-can contain Carbon and Hydrogen just NOT together	49
7059165252	Power	-rate at which work is done -energy= power x time -kilowatts (kW)	50
7059165253	Kinetic Energy	-energy in option or use	51
7059165254	Potential Energy	-stored energy -chemical energy	52
7059165255	Law of Thermodynamics	-1st Law: energy cannot be created or destroyed, only changed from one form to another -2nd Law: when energy is changed, it releases "useless" or waste energy in the form of electromagnetic radiation (heat, light...)	53
7059165256	Energy Efficiency	-waste energy is lost at each conversion -more energy = more efficiency	54
7059165257	Open System	-exchange of matter or energy occur across system boundaries	55
7059165258	Negative Feedback Loop	-accelerates change -stimulus -system becomes skewed in one direction	56
7059165259	natural law	-phenomenon which has been rigorously tested and to which there are no known exceptions	57
7059165260	amount of energy needed to change the temperature of water	-is great in relation to the energy required to change the temperature of most other substances -is responsible for more moderate seasonal temperature swings in areas close to large bodies of water	58
7059165261	Macromolecules	-carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, nucleic acids	59
7059165262	Bases contribute _______ to a solution	-negative Hydroxide ions	60
7059165263	Positive Feedback Loop	-when feedback into a system increases a rate of response -may be seen in some examples of population growth	61
7059165264	Natural experiment	-natural event changes an ecosystem	62

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Ap Government Chapter 6 Flashcards

Public Opinion and Political Action

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5346986347	The science of population changes is:	demography	0
5346986348	The most valuable method for understanding demographic changes in America is the:	census	1
5346986349	______ is th distribution of the population's beliefs about politics and policy issues	public opinion	2
5346986350	The first census in the United States was conducted in	1790	3
5346986351	The 2000 census indicated that the largest minority population is comprised of	Hispanics	4
5346986352	Approximately ____ % of African Americans live below the poverty line.	26	5
5346986353	African Americans comprise about ___% of the population	13	6
5346986354	The Simpson- Mazzoli act:	required employers to document the citizenship of their employees	7
5346986355	Political Culture refers to:	an overall set of values widely shared within a society	8
5346986356	Reapportionment occurs after every census to reallocate seats in	the House of Representatives	9
5346986357	Nationwide, the fastest growing age group is composed of	those over 65	10
5346986358	Which of the following states has increased its representation in the House from 7 in 1900 to 53 today?	California	11
5346986359	The process through which an individual acquires his or her particular orientations, including their knowledge, feelings, and evaluations regarding the political world is known as:	political socialization	12
5346986360	One can predict how the majority of young people will vote simply by:	knowing the political leanings of their parents.	13
5346986361	According to many observers, "the new parent", in the socialization process has become:	the mass media	14
5346986362	As one becomes more socialized with age, one's political orientations:	grow firmer	15
5346986363	Public opinion polling was first begun in 1932 by:	George Gallop	16
5346986364	The key to the accuracy of public opinion polls is:	random sampling	17
5346986365	Samples of public opinion polls today are usually selected through:	random digit dialing	18
5346986366	Poll results can vary widely if:	a question is altered, even slightly	19
5346986367	Historically disadvantaged groups tend to vote	democratic	20
5346986368	consciously breaking a law that is thought to be unjust is	civil disobedience	21
5346986369	the use of unconventional and dramatic actions to achieve policy change	political protest	22

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AP Psych Chapter 1 Flashcards

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7278957088	René Descartes	Agreed with Socrates and Plato about the existence of innate ideas •believed the mind was distinct from the body and was able to survive its death • concluded that the fluid in the brain flowed through the brain's nerves to the muscles provoking movement •memories formed as experiences opened pores in the brain	0
7278995534	Socrates and Plato	Concluded that the mind is separable from the body and continues after the body dies •knowledge is innate (born with us)	1
7279006685	Aristotle	Plato's student- he derived principles from logic and careful observations. •soul is NOT separable from the body •knowledge is NOT preexisting; it grows from the experiences stored in our memories	2
7279028681	John Locke	Argued that the mind at birth is a blank slate- on which our experience writes. •this idea along with Bacon's helped form modern empiricism	3
7279051970	Empiricism	The view that knowledge originates in experience and science should therefore rely on observation and experimentation	4
7279063485	Wilhelm Wundt	•established the first psychology laboratory at the University of Leipzig, Germany •sought to measure the "atoms of the mind" (the fastest and sjmplest mental processes)	5
7279093538	Edward Titchener	Introduced structuralism •used introspection to search for the mind's structural elements	6
7279107818	Introspection	Looking inward	7
7279111095	Structuralism (1879)	An early school of psychology that used introspection to explore the elemental structure of the human mind "Interested in the basic elements of the human experience" (not all that effective)	8
7279126579	Functionalism (1890)	A school of psychology that focused on how mental and behavioral processes function-how the newborn the organism to adapt, survive and flourish "Focuses on function (rather than stucture) of consciousness	9
7279143639	Psychology	The scientific study of behavior and mental processes	10
7279145280	Behavior	Anything an organism does- any action we can observe and record	11
7279149086	Mental processes	The internal,subjective experiences we infer from behavior- perceptions, dreams, thoughts and beliefs	12
7279177403	Inheritable Traits (1900s)	Study of how genetics influences a person's abilities, character and behavior	13
7279184925	Gestalt Psychology (1920s & 30s)	Forerunner to modern cognitive approach Concerned with how sensations are perceived by the mind Ex:do you see the lamp or two faces? The whole is different than the sum of it's parts	14
7279216020	Neuroscience/biologist Perspective	Focus on how the physical body and brain creates our emotions, memories and sensory experiences	15
7279221763	Evolutionary Perspective	-our survival skills -focuses on Darwinism How the natural selection of traits promotes the perpetuation of one's genes	16
7279231141	Psychodynamic Perspective	-Created by Freud -our behavior comes from unconscious drives and conflicts -stems from first five years of childhood	17
7279256574	Behavioral Perspective	- focuses on OBSERVABLE behaviors -only cares about behaviors that impair our quality of life and attempt to change them Ex: would train someone to stop biting their nails but would not try to calm them	18
7279276023	Cognitive Perspectives	Our thought process- how we encode and process information -cognitive therapist would attempt to change the way you think	19
7279293631	Socio-cultural Perspective	How your culture effects your behavior and thinking	20
7279306266	APA (American psychological association) Ethical Guidelines	1.) no physical or mental harm 2.) informed consent (can be verbal) 3.)confidentiality 4.) must debrief (explain procedure) participant	21
7279319533	Rules for Animal Research	-clear purpose -treat as human as possible -get animals legally -least amount of suffering as possible	22
7279327805	Barnum Effect	The tendency for people to accept general or vauge charechterizationd of themselves and take them to be accurate Ex: horoscopes	23
7279339530	Psychology vs common sense	-Objective v subjective data collection -Systematic observation v hit or miss observation -reliance on evidence v ignoring counter-evidence	24
7279350505	Scientific Method	1.) hypothesis 2.)experiments 3.)results 4.)findings	25
7279355515	4 goals of psychology	1.) description (what's normal, what's not?) 2.) explanation (why do we do what we do?) 3.) prediction (want to see how humans will be in future cases) 4.) influence (change behavior in a positive way)	26
7279370125	Applied research	Clear, practical applications (can be used immediately)	27
7279373388	Basic research	Not intended to be immediately used (Curious about It)	28
7279481076	Margaret Floy Washburn	First woman to receive an Psychology PH.D -synthesized animal behavior research in "The Animal Mind"	29
7279487107	Humanistic Psychology (1960s)	-Carl Rogers and Abraham Maslow -softer response to freuidian psych and behavioralism Emphasized growth potential of healthy people; used personalized methods to study personality in hopes of fostering personal growth (All sunshine and rainbows)	30
7279499757	Frued	Emphasized the ways emotional responses to childhood experiences and our unconscious thought processes affect our behavior	31
7279515007	John B. Watson and B.F Skinner	Behavioralists -science is rooted in observation, you cannot observe a sensation, feeling or thought, but you can observe people's behavior as they respond to different situations	32
7279534361	B.F Skinner	Leading behaviorist who rejected introspection and studied how consequences shape behavior	33
7279545930	Nature-nurture issue	Controversy over the relative contributions that genes and experience make to the development of psychological traits and behaviors	34
7279552956	Charles Darwin	Argued that natural selection shapes behaviors as well as bodies	35
7279558798	Behavior Genetics Perspective	How much our genes and environment influence our individual differences	36
7279569724	Levels of analysis	Biological influences Psychological influences Social-cultural influences	37
7279574221	Biological influences	-genetic predispositions -genetic mutations -natural selection of adaptive physiology and behaviors -genes responding to environments	38
7279579604	Psychological influences	-learned fears and other learned expectations -emotional responses -cognitive processing	39

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Vcv ap Flashcards

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6901714122	cap	...	0
6901714123	map	...	1
6901714124	nap	...	2
6901714125	tap	...	3
6901714126	lap	...	4

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AP Government Chapter 12 Flashcards

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4758135964	Incumbents	Those already holding office. In congressional elections, they usually win.	0
4758135965	Casework	Activities of members of Congress that help constituents as individuals; cutting through bureaucratic red tape to get people what they think they have a right to get.	1
4758136642	Pork Barrel	The mighty list of federal projects, grants, and contracts available to cities, businesses, colleges, and institutions available in a congressional district.	2
4758136643	Bicameral Legislature	A legislature divided into two houses. The U.S. Congress and every American state legislature except Nebraska's are this.	3
4758138645	House Rules Committee	An institution unique to the House of Representative that reviews all bills (except revenue, budget, and appropriations bills) coming from a House committee before they go to the full House.	4
4758139312	Filibuster	A strategy unique to the Senate whereby opponents of a piece of legislation try to talk it to death, based on the tradition of unlimited debate. Today, 60 members present and voting can halt this.	5
4758139313	Speaker of the House	An office mandated by the Constitution. This person is chosen in practice by the majority party, has both formal and informal powers, and is second in line to succeed the presidency should that office become vacant.	6
4758140942	Majority Leader	The principal partisan ally of the Speaker of the House or the party's manager in the Senate. The majority leader is responsible for scheduling bills, influencing committee assignments, and rounding up votes in behalf of the party's legislative positions.	7
4758140943	Whips	Party leaders who work with the majority leader or minority leader to count votes beforehand and lean on waverers whose votes are crucial to a bill favored by the party.	8
4758140944	Minority Leader	The principal leader of the minority party in the House of Representatives or in the Senate.	9
4758142472	Standing Committees	Separate subject-matter committees in each house of Congress that handle bills in different policy areas.	10
4758142473	Joint Committees	Congressional committees on a few subject-matter areas with membership drawn from both houses.	11
4758142474	Conference Committees	Congressional committees formed when the Senate and the House pass a particular bill in different forms. Party leadership appoints members from each house to iron out the differences and bring back a single bill.	12
4758142641	Select Committees	Congressional committees appointed for a specific purpose, such as the Watergate investigation.	13
4758145009	Legislative Oversight	Congress' monitoring of the bureaucracy and its administration of policy, performed mainly through hearings.	14
4758145010	Committee Chairs	The most important influencers of the congressional agenda. They play dominant roles in scheduling hearings, hiring staff, appointing subcommittees, and managing committee bills when they are brought before the full house.	15
4758146211	Seniority System	A simple rule for picking committee chairs, in effect until the 1970s. The member who had served the committee the longest and whose party controlled Congress became chair, regardless of the party loyalty, mental state, or competence.	16
4758146212	Congressional Caucus	A group of members of Congress sharing some interest or characteristic. Most are composed of members from both parties and form both houses.	17

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AP German -- Key Terms Flashcards

These are the terms related to the major themes in the AP German course.

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4898086450	globale Herausforderungen	global challenges	0
4898086451	Globalisierung	globalization	1
4898086452	Kommunikation	communication	2
4898086453	wirtschafliche Herausforderungen	economic challenges	3
4898086454	die Wirtschaft	the economy	4
4898086455	Umweltschutz	environmental protection	5
4898086456	die Umwelt	the environment	6
4898086457	die Geographie	geography	7
4898086458	die Erdkunde	geography	8
4898086459	die Philosophie	philosophy	9
4898086460	die Religion	religion	10
4898086461	politische Herausforderungen	political challenges	11
4898086462	die Politik	politics	12
4898086463	die Naturwissenschaft	science	13
4898086464	die Wissenschaft (-en)	the knowledge, science	14
4898086465	die Technologie (-n)	technology	15
4898086466	ethische Herausforderungen	ethical challenges	16
4898086467	Gesundheitswesen	health care	17
4898086468	der Erfinder, die Erfinderin	inventor	18
4898086469	die Erfindung (-en)	the invention	19
4898086470	der Entdecker, die Entdeckerin	the discoverer	20
4898086471	die Entdeckung	the discovery	21
4898086472	die Innovation	the innovation	22
4898086473	der Innovator, die Innovatorin	the innovator	23
4898086474	der Durchbruch	the breakthrough	24
4898086475	die soziale Folgen	the social consequences	25
4898086476	der Transport	transportation	26
4898086477	die Schönheit	beauty	27
4898086478	die Ästhetik	aesthetics	28
4898086479	die Architektur	architecture	29
4898086480	die kulturelle Perspektiven	the cultural perspectives	30
4898086481	die Kultur	the culture	31
4898086482	die Mode	fashion	32
4898086483	das Design	design	33
4898086484	die Sprache (-n)	the language	34
4898086485	die Literatur	literature	35
4898086486	die Musik	music	36
4898086487	das Theater	the theater; theater	37
4898086488	der Film	film, movie	38
4898086489	die Kunst	art	39
4898086490	die Familie (-n)	family	40
4898086491	die Gemeinschaft (-en)	community	41
4898086492	die Gesellschaft (-en)	society	42
4898086493	das Bürgerrecht	citizenship	43
4898086494	der Bürger, die Bürgerin	citizen	44
4898086495	die gemeinnützige Arbeit	community service	45
4898086496	die Vielseitigkeit	diversity	46
4898086497	die Familienstruktur	family structure	47
4898086498	die Beziehung (-en)	relationship	48
4898086499	das Stadtleben	city life	49
4898086500	das Vorstadtleben	suburban life	50
4898086501	die Vorstadt	suburb	51
4898086502	das Landleben	rural life	52
4898086503	auf dem Land leben	to live in rural area	53
4898086504	in der Stadt leben	to live in the city	54
4898086505	in der Vorstadt leben	to live in a suburb	55
4898086506	die persönliche Identität	personal identity	56
4898086507	die öffentliche Identität	public identity	57
4898086508	die Identität (-en)	identity	58
4898086509	die Distanzierung (-en)	alienation	59
4898086510	die Integrierung (-en)	integration	60
4898086511	die geschlechtliche Identität	gender identity	61
4898086512	das Geschlecht (-er)	gender	62
4898086513	die Generationsunterschiede	generational differences	63
4898086514	die Generation (-en)	generation	64
4898086515	die Unterschiede	difference	65
4898086516	die nationale Identität	national identity	66
4898086517	die Nation (-en)	the nation	67
4898086518	das Selbstverständnis (-se)	the self-perception, self-identification	68
4898086519	die Stereotype (-n)	the stereotype	69
4898086520	der Alltag (-e)	everyday life	70
4898086521	aktuell	contemporary, current	71
4898086522	die aktuelle Ereignisse/Aktuelles	contemporary/current events	72
4898086523	das Ereignis (-e)	event	73
4898086524	die Ausbildung (-en)	education, training	74
4898086525	die Karriere (-n)	career	75
4898086526	die Unterhaltung (-en)	entertainment	76
4898086527	das Reisen	travel	77
4898086528	die Freizeit	free time, leisure time	78
4898086529	die Gesundheit	health	79
4898086530	das Wohlbefinden	well-being, wellness	80
4898086531	die Gebräuche	customs, practices	81
4898086532	die Werte	values	82
4898086533	die Jugendkulture	youth culture	83
4898086534	die Jugend, Jugendliche	youth	84

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AP Government Chapter 11 Flashcards

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4755933038	Interest Group	An organization of people with shared policy goals entering the policy process at several points to try to achieve those goals. They pursue their goals in many arenas.	0
4755933039	Pluralist Theory	A theory of government and politics emphasizing that politics is mainly a competition among groups, each one pressing for its own preferred policies.	1
4755933886	Elite Theory	A theory of government and politics contending that societies are divided along class lines and that an upper-class elite will rule, regardless of the formal niceties of governmental organization.	2
4755934454	Hyperpluralist Theory	A theory of government and politics contending that groups are so strong that government is weakened. It is an extreme, exaggerated, or perverted form of pluralism.	3
4755934846	Subgovernments (Iron Triangles)	A network of groups within the American political system that exercise a great deal of control over specific policy areas. They are composed of interest group leaders interested in a particular policy, the government agency in charge of administering that policy, and the members of congressional committees and subcommittees handling that policy.	4
4755935497	Potential Group	All the people who might be interest group members because they share some common interest. It is almost always larger than an actual group.	5
4755935498	Actual Group	That part of the potential group consisting of members who actually join.	6
4755935849	Collective Good	Something of value (money, a tax write-off, prestige, clean air, and so on) that cannot be withheld from a group member.	7
4755935850	Free-rider Problem	The problem faced by unions and other groups when people do not join because they can benefit from the group's activities without officially joining. The bigger the group, the more serious the problem.	8
4755936929	Olson's Law of Large Groups	A principle stating that "the larger the group, the further it will fall short of providing an optimal amount of a collective good."	9
4755936930	Selective Benefits	Goods (such as information publications, travel discounts, and group insurance rates) that a group can restrict to those who pay their annual dues.	10
4755937314	Single-issue Groups	Groups that have a narrow interest, tend to dislike compromise, and often draw membership from people new to politics. These features distinguish them from traditional interest groups.	11
4755938191	Lobbying	According to Lester Milbrath, a "communication, by someone other than a citizen acting on his own behalf, directed to a governmental decision maker with the hope of influencing his decision."	12
4755938192	Electioneering	Direct group involvement in the electoral process. Groups can help fund campaigns, provide testimony, and get members to work for candidates, and some form political action committees (PACs).	13
4755938701	Political Action Committees	Political funding vehicles created by the 1974 campaign finance reforms. A corporation, union, or some other interest group can create one of these and register it with the Federal Election Commission, which will meticulously monitor its expenditures.	14
4755939381	Amicus Curiae Briefs	Legal briefs submitted by a "friend of the court" for the purpose of raising additional points of view and presenting information not contained in the briefs of the formal parties. These attempt to influence a court's decision.	15
4755939811	Class Action Suits	Lawsuits permitting a small number of people to sue on behalf of all other people similarly situated.	16
4755940182	Right-to-work	A state law forbidding requirements that workers must join a union to hold their jobs. It was specifically permitted in states by the Taft-Hartley Act of 1947	17
4755940705	Public Interest Lobbies	According to Jeffery Berry, organizations that seek "a collective good, the achievement of which will not selectively and materially benefit the membership of activities of the organization."	18

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AP Psychology AP Review Flashcards

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8816355033	psychology	the study of behavior and mental processes	0
8816355034	psychology's biggest question	Which is more important in determining behavior, nature or nurture?	1
8816355035	psychology's three levels of analysis	biopsychosocial approach (looks at the biological, psychological, and social-cultural approaches together)	2
8816355036	biological approach	genetics, close-relatives, body functions	3
8816355037	evolutionary approach	species - helped with survival (ancestors)	4
8816355038	psychodynamic approach	(Freud) subconscious, repressed feelings, unfulfilled wishes	5
8816355039	behavioral approach	learning (classical and operant) observed	6
8816355040	cognitive approach	thinking affects behavior	7
8816355041	humanistic approach	becoming a better human (behavior, acceptance)	8
8816355042	social-cultural approach	cultural, family, environment	9
8816355043	two reasons of why experiments are important	hindsight bias + overconfidence	10
8816355044	types of research methods	descriptive, correlational, and experimental	11
8816355045	descriptive methods	case study survey naturalistic observation (DON'T SHOW CAUSE/EFFECT)	12
8816355046	case study	studies one person in depth may not be typical of population	13
8816355047	survey	studies lots of people not in depth	14
8816355048	naturalistic observation	observe + write facts without interference	15
8816355049	correlational method	shows relation, but not cause/effect scatterplots show research	16
8816355050	correlation coefficient	+ 1.0 (both increase) 0 (no correlation - 1.0 (one increases, other decreases)	17
8816355051	experimental method	does show cause and effect	18
8816355052	population	type of people who are going to be used in experiment	19
8816355053	sample	actual people who will be used (randomness reduces bias)	20
8816355054	random assignment	chance selection between experimental and control groups	21
8816355055	control group	not receiving experimental treatment receives placebo	22
8816355056	experimental group	receiving treatment/drug	23
8816355057	independent variable	drug/procedure/treatment	24
8816355058	dependent variable	outcome of using the drug/treatment	25
8816355059	confounding variable	can affect dependent variable beyond experiment's control	26
8816355060	scientific method	theory hypothesis operational definition revision	27
8816355061	theory	general idea being tested	28
8816355062	hypothesis	measurable/specific	29
8816355063	operational definition	procedures that explain components	30
8816355064	mode	appears the most	31
8816355065	mean	average	32
8816355066	median	middle	33
8816355067	range	highest - lowest	34
8816355068	standard deviation	how scores vary around the mean	35
8816355069	central tendency	single score that represents the whole	36
8816355070	bell curve	(natural curve)	37
8816355071	ethics of testing on animals	need to be treated humanly basically similar to humans	38
8816355072	ethics of testing on humans	consent debriefing no unnecessary discomfort/pain confidentiality	39
8816355073	sensory neurons	travel from sensory receptors to brain	40
8816355074	motor neurons	travel from brain to "motor" workings	41
8816355075	interneurons	(in brain and spinal cord) connecting motor and sensory neurons	42
8816355076	neuron		43
8816355077	dendrites	receive messages from other neurons	44
8816355078	myelin sheath	protects the axon	45
8816355079	axon	where charges travel from cell body to axon terminal	46
8816355080	neurotransmitters	chemical messengers	47
8816355081	reuptake	extra neurotransmitters are taken back	48
8816355082	excitatory charge	"Let's do it!"	49
8816355083	inhibitory charge	"Let's not do it!"	50
8816355084	central nervous system	brain and spinal cord	51
8816355085	peripheral nervous system	somatic nervous system autonomic nervous system	52
8816355086	somatic nervous system	voluntary movements	53
8816355087	autonomic nervous system	involuntary movements (sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems)	54
8816355088	sympathetic nervous system	arousing	55
8816355089	parasympathetic nervous system	calming	56
8816355090	neural networks	more connections form with greater use others fall away if not used	57
8816355091	spinal cord	expressway of information bypasses brain when reflexes involved	58
8816355092	endocrine system	slow uses hormones in the blood system	59
8816355093	master gland	pituitary gland	60
8816355094	brainstem	extension of the spinal cord responsible for automatic survival	61
8816355095	reticular formation (if stimulated)	sleeping subject wakes up	62
8816355096	reticular formation (if damaged)	coma	63
8816355097	brainstem (if severed)	still move (without purpose)	64
8816355098	thalamus	sensory switchboard (does not process smell)	65
8816355099	hypothalamus	basic behaviors (hunger, thirst, sex, blood chemistry)	66
8816355100	cerebellum	nonverbal memory, judge time, balance emotions, coordinate movements	67
8816355101	cerebellum (if damaged)	difficulty walking and coordinating	68
8816355102	amygdala	aggression, fear, and memory associated with these emotions	69
8816355103	amygdala (if lesioned)	subject is mellow	70
8816355104	amygdala (if stimulated)	aggressive	71
8816355105	hippocampus	process new memory	72
8816355106	cerebrum	two large hemispheres perceiving, thinking, and processing	73
8816355107	cerebral cortex	only in higher life forms	74
8816355108	association areas	integrate and interpret information	75
8816355109	glial cells	provide nutrients to myelin sheath marks intelligence higher proportion of glial cells to neurons	76
8816355110	frontal lobe	judgement, personality, processing (Phineas Gage accident)	77
8816355111	parietal lobe	math and spatial reasoning	78
8816355112	temporal lobe	audition and recognizing faces	79
8816355113	occipital lobe	vision	80
8816355114	corpus callosum	split in the brain to stop hyper-communication (eliminate epileptic seizures)	81
8816355115	Wernicke's area	interprets auditory and hearing	82
8816355116	Broca's area	speaking words	83
8816355117	plasticity	ability to adapt if damaged	84
8816355118	sensation	what our senses tell us	85
8816355119	bottom-up processing	senses to brain	86
8816355120	perception	what our brain tells us to do with that information	87
8816355121	top-down processing	brain to senses	88
8816355122	inattentional blindness	fail to "gorilla" because attention is elsewhere	89
8816355123	cocktail party effect	even with tons of stimuli, we are able to pick out our name, etc.	90
8816355124	change blindness	giving directions and person is changed and we don't notice	91
8816355125	choice blindness	when defending the choice we make, we fail to notice choice was changed	92
8816355126	absolute threshold	minimum stimulation needed in order to notice 50% of the time	93
8816355127	signal detection theory	we notice what is more important to us (rather hear a baby crying)	94
8816355128	JND (just noticeable difference)	(Weber's law) difference between different stimuli noticed in proportion	95
8816355129	sensory adaptation	tired of noticing (Brain says, "Been there, done that. Next?"	96
8816355130	rods	night time	97
8816355131	cones	color	98
8816355132	parallel processing	notice color, form, depth, movement, etc.	99
8816355133	Young-Helmholtz trichromatic theory	3 corresponding color receptors (RGB)	100
8816355134	Hering's opponent-process theory	after image in opposite colors (RG, YB, WB)	101
8816355135	trichromatic + opponent-process	Young-Helmholtz -> color stimuli Hering -> en route to cortex	102
8816355136	frequency we hear most	human voice	103
8816355137	Helmoltz (hearing)	we hear different pitches in different places in basilar membrane (high pitches)	104
8816355138	frequency theory	impulse frequency (low pitches)	105
8816355139	Helmholtz + frequency theory	middle pitches	106
8816355140	Skin feels what?	warmth, cold, pressure, pain	107
8816355141	gate-control theory	small fibers - pain large fibers - other senses	108
8816355142	memory of pain	peaks and ends	109
8816355143	smell	close to memory section (not in thalamus)	110
8816355144	grouping	Gestalt make sense of pieces create a whole	111
8816355145	grouping groups	proximity similarity continuity connectedness closure	112
8816355146	make assumptions of placement	higher - farther smaller - farther blocking - closer, in front	113
8816355147	perception =	mood + motivation	114
8816355148	consciousness	awareness of ourselves and the environment	115
8816355149	circadian rhythm	daily biological clock and regular cycle (sleep and awake)	116
8816355150	circadian rhythm pattern	- activated by light - light sensitive retinal proteins signal brains SCN (suprachiasmatic nucleus) - pineal gland decreases melatonin	117
8816355151	What messes with circadian rhythm?	artificial light	118
8816355152	The whole sleep cycle lasts how long?	90 minutes	119
8816355153	sleep stages	relaxed stage (alpha waves) stage 1 (early sleep) (hallucinations) stage 2 (sleep spindles - bursts of activity) (sleep talk) stage 3 (transition phase) (delta waves) stage 4 (delta waves) (sleepwalk/talk + wet the bed) stage 5 (REM) (sensory-rich dreams) (paradoxical sleep)	120
8816355154	purpose of sleep	1. recuperation - repair neurons and allow unused neural connections to wither 2. making memories 3. body growth (children sleep more)	121
8816355155	insomnia	can't sleep	122
8816355156	narcolepsy	fall asleep anywhere at anytime	123
8816355157	sleep apnea	stop breathing in sleep	124
8816355158	night terrors	prevalent in children	125
8816355159	sleepwalking/sleeptalking	hereditary - prevalent in children	126
8816355160	dreaming (3)	1. vivid bizarre intense sensory experiences 2. carry fear/survival issues - vestiges of ancestors' survival ideas 2. replay previous day's experiences/worries	127
8816355161	purpose of dreaming (5 THEORIES)	1. physiological function - develop/preserve neural pathways 2. Freud's wish-fulfillment (manifest/latent content) 3. activation synthesis - make sense of stimulation originating in brain 4. information processing 5. cognitive development - reflective of intelligence	128
8816355162	1. Can hypnosis bring you back in time? 2. Can hypnosis make you do things you wouldn't normally do? 3. Can it alleviate pain? 4. What state are you in during hypnosis? 5. Who is more susceptible?	1. cannot take you back in time 2. cannot make you do things you won't do 3. can alleviate pain 4. fully conscious ((IMAGINATIVE PEOPLE MORE SUSCEPTIBLE))	129
8816355163	depressants	slows neural pathways	130
8816355164	alcohol	((depressant)) disrupts memory formation (REM) lowers inhibition expectancy effect	131
8816355165	barbituates (tranquilizers)	((depressant)) reduce anxiety	132
8816355166	opiates	((depressant)) pleasure reduce anxiety/pain	133
8816355167	stimulants	hypes neural processing	134
8816355168	methamphetamine	((stimulant)) heightens energy euphoria affects dopamine	135
8816355169	caffeine	((stimulant))	136
8816355170	nicotine	((stimulant)) CNS releases neurotransmitters calm anxiety reduce pain affects (nor)epinephrine and dopamine	137
8816355171	cocaine	((stimulant)) euphoria affects dopamine, serotonin, and norepinephrine	138
8816355172	hallucinogen	excites neural activity	139
8816355173	ecstasy	((hallucinogen)) reuptake is blocked affects dopamine and serotonin	140
8816355174	LSD	((hallucinogen)) affects sensory/emotional "trip" (+/-) affects serotonin	141
8816355175	marijuana	((hallucinogen)) amplify sensory experience disrupts memory formation	142
8816355176	learning	organism changing behavior due to experience (association of events)	143
8816355177	types of learning	classical operant observational	144
8816355178	famous classical psychologists	Pavlov and Watson	145
8816355179	famous operant psychologist	Skinner	146
8816355180	famous observational psychologists	Bandura	147
8816355181	classical conditioning	outside stimulus	148
8816355182	Pavlov's experiment	Step 1: US (food) -> UR (salivation) Step 2: NS (bell) -> US (food) -> UR (salivation) Later... CS (bell) -> CR (salivation)	149
8816355183	Watson's experiment	white rat was given to Little Albert Step 1: US (noise) -> UR (cry) Step 2: NS (rat) -> US (noise) -> UR (cry) Later... CS (rat) -> CR (cry)	150
8816355184	generalization	any small, white fluffy creature will make Albert cry now	151
8816355185	discriminate	any large, white fluffy creature won't make Albert cry	152
8816355186	extinction	stop "treating" with conditioned response	153
8816355187	spontaneous recovery	bring stimulus back after a while	154
8816355188	operant conditioning	control by organism	155
8816355189	Skinner's experiment	operant chamber / Skinner box (lead to shaping)	156
8816355190	shaping	get animal closer to doing what you want them to do	157
8816355191	reinforcers	want to continue behavior (positive reinforcement: give money to do laundry) (negative reinforcement: do to avoid nagging)	158
8816355192	punishments	want to stop behavior (positive reinforcement: smack) (negative reinforcement: take away phone)	159
8816355193	fixed ratio	happens a certain number of times (Starbucks punch card)	160
8816355194	variable ratio	happens an unpredictable number of times (winning the lottery)	161
8816355195	organism must do these (2 times)	fixed ratio and variable ratio	162
8816355196	fixed interval	happens at a certain time (mailman comes to the house at 10:00 AM)	163
8816355197	variable interval	happens at any time (receive texts from friends)	164
8816355198	these things happen regardless (2 times)	fixed interval and variable interval	165
8816355199	Which (fixed/variable) conditions better?	variable	166
8816355200	criticisms of Skinner	doesn't take into account intrinsic motivation	167
8816355201	intrinsic motivation	doing something for yourself, not the reward	168
8816355202	extrinsic motivation	doing something for reward	169
8816355203	Skinner's legacy	use it personally, at school, and at work	170
8816355204	famous observational experiment	Bandura's Bobo doll	171
8816355205	famous observational psychologist	Bandura	172
8816355206	mirror neurons	"feel" what is observed happens in higher order animals	173
8816355207	Bobo doll experiment legacy	violent video games/movies desensitize us see good: do good see evil: do evil	174
8816355208	observational learning	biological behaviors work best	175
8816355209	habituation	get used to it -> stop reacting	176
8816355210	examples for observational learning	lectures and reading	177
8816355211	serotonin involved with memory	speeds the connection between neurons	178
8816355212	LTP	((long-term potentiation)) strengthens potential neural forming (associated with speed)	179
8816355213	CREB	protein that can switch genes on/off with memory and connection of memories	180
8816355214	glutamate involved with memory	neurotransmitter that enhances LTP	181
8816355215	glucose involved with memory	released during strong emotions ((signaling important event to be remembered))	182
8816355216	flashbulb memory	type of memory remembered because it was an important/quick moment	183
8816355217	amygdala (memory)	boosts activity of proteins in memory-forming areas to fight/flight	184
8816355218	cerebellum (memory)	forms and stores implicit memories ((classical conditioning))	185
8816355219	hippocampus (memory)	active during sleep (forming memories) ((information "moves" after 48 hours))	186
8816355220	memory	learning over time contains information that can be retrieved	187
8816355221	processing stages	encoding -> storage -> retrieval	188
8816355222	encoding	information going in	189
8816355223	storage	keeping information in	190
8816355224	retrieval	taking information out	191
8816355225	How long is sensory memory stored?	seconds	192
8816355226	How long is short-term memory stored?	less than a minute	193
8816355227	How many bits of information is stored in short-term memory?	7	194
8816355228	How many chunks of information is stored in short-term memory?	4	195
8816355229	How many seconds of words is stored in short-term memory?	2	196
8816355230	short term memory goes to ______________	working memory	197
8816355231	working memory	make a connection and process information to mean something	198
8816355232	working memory goes to _________________	long-term memory	199
8816355233	How much is stored in long-term memory?	LIMITLESS	200
8816355234	implicit memory	naturally do	201
8816355235	explicit memory	need to explain	202
8816355236	automatic processing	space, time, frequency, well-learned information	203
8816355237	effortful processing	processing that requires effort	204
8816355238	spacing effect	spread out learning over time	205
8816355239	serial position effect	primary/recency effect	206
8816355240	primary effect	remember the first things in a list	207
8816355241	recency effect	remember the last things in a list	208
8816355242	effortful processing (4 things)	1. recency effect 2. spacing effect 3. testing effect 4. serial position effect	209
8816355243	semantic encoding (1) meaning (2) how to	make meaning out of something --- chunk, hierarchy, or connect to you	210
8816355244	if we can't remember a memory...	1. change memory to suit us 2. fill in the blanks with logical story	211
8816355245	misinformation effect	not correct information	212
8816355246	imagination inflation	imagine or visualize something that isn't real	213
8816355247	source amnesia	what is the truth? (is it a dream, story, memory, etc.?)	214
8816355248	priming	association (setting you up)	215
8816355249	context	environment helps with memory	216
8816355250	state-dependency	you may remember something if you go back to the state you were in (go back to high)	217
8816355251	mood-congruency	emotion will bring back similar emotional memories	218
8816355252	forgetting curve	forget after 5 days forget after 5 years	219
8816355253	the forgetting curve was created by	Ebbinghaus	220
8816355254	proactive interference	old information interferes with the new	221
8816355255	retroactive interference	new information interferes with the old	222
8816355256	children can't remember before age __	3	223
8816355257	Loftus	connected to abuse cases/childhood	224
8816355258	prototypes	generalize	225
8816355259	problem-solving (4)	trial + error algorithms heuristic (representative + availability) insight - "AHA!"	226
8816355260	against problem-solving	fixation	227
8816355261	mental set	what has worked in the past	228
8816355262	functional fixedness	only way to do this is with this	229
8816355263	Chomsky (nature or nurture?)	"born with language" (nature)	230
8816355264	Skinner (nature or nurture?)	language is learned (nurture)	231
8816355265	grammar is _________	universal	232
8816355266	phonemes	smallest sound unit	233
8816355267	morphemes	smallest meaning unit	234

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AP CSA Chapter 4 Flashcards

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8688256781	private variables	variable or procedure declared with the private keyword; available only inside the current class	0
8688256782	public variables	are visibility modifiers that can be applied to the variables and methods of a class	1
8688256783	final int	Integers that can't be changed. These values help us keep a program encapsulated.	2
8688256784	Method's Signature	a method's signature is the method's name along with the number, type and order of its parameters	3
8688256785	Method Overloading	using the same method name with different parameter lists for several methods	4
8688256786	Mutator Method	allows changes to be made in a particular value (setX)	5
8688256787	Accessor Method	provides read-only access to a particular value (getX)	6
8688256788	Local Data	variable declared inside a method and cannot be used outside of the method	7
8688256789	Constructor	used to initialize the newly instantiated object, cannot have any return type even void	8
8688256790	Assertion	is a logical statement that can be true or false and represents an assumption being made about a program	9
8688256791	Postcondition	is a condition that should be true when a method finishes executing	10
8688256792	Precondition	is a condition that should be true when a method is called	11
8688256793	Actual Parameters	values passed into a method	12
8688256794	Formal Parameters	parameters in the header of a method declaration	13
8688256795	Parameter List	located in the header of a method lists the types of values that are passed and their names	14
8688256796	Return Statement	is the reserved word return followed by tan expression that dictates the value to be returned, the expression must match the return type in the method header	15
8688256797	Void	a reserved word used when the method does not return any value	16
8688256798	Method Declaration	defines the code that is executed when the method is invoked	17
8688256799	Interface	the set of messages an object responds to, defined by the method that can be invoked from outside of the object	18
8688256800	Encapsulation	the characteristics of an object that limits access to its variables and methods, all interaction with the object occurs through an interface	19
8688256801	instance data	Data that is stored inside an object instantiated from a class	20

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