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AP HuG language Flashcards

8122214564	agricultural theory	says how proto indo european language diffused into europe and it occured through the diffusion of agriculture. Each generation(25 years) the agricultural frontier moved approx 11 miles	0
8122228736	conquest theory	theory of how proto indo european language diffused into europe which hold that the early speaker diffused it and others began to talk like that	1
8122367487	creole	language derived from pidgin and that languange then became the 1st language for several people	2
8122372605	dialect	a distinctive local or regional variant of a language that remains mutually intelligible to other speakers of that language	3
8122381131	generic toponym	descriptive part of many place names, often repeated through a culture	4
8122389054	ideograms	the system of writing used in china and other east asian countries in which each symbol represents an idea or concept	5
8122394805	isoglosses	the bounderies around an area of space where there are variations in pronunciations or word usage	6
8122401888	isolated language	a language that is unrelated to any other languages and are not attached to any language family	7
8122408651	language branch/subfamily	a collection of languages in a language family that existed several hundred years ago	8
8122416689	language convergence	the collapsing of two languages into one resulting from the constant spaital interaction of peoples with different languages	9
8122422599	language divergence	new languages are formed when a language breaks into dialects	10
8122441355	language families	collection of languages related through a common ancestral language	11
8122446516	language	a symbolic system that is codified for communication	12
8122451757	language replacement	language shift, sometimes referred to as language transfer to assimillation	13
8122463255	lingua franca	a common language used by people who do not share the same native language	14
8122469307	linguistic refuge areas	an area that has ruggd hills or mountains, execessively cold or dry climates. Helps isolate them from outside language influences and/or conquerors	15
8122480310	monoglot	knowing only one language	16
8122483729	monolingual states	countries in which only one language is spoken	17
8122487686	multilingual states	countries in which more than one language is spoken	18
8122487687	official language	the required language of instruction in schools, government business, courts, etc	19
8122492312	pidgin language	When parts of two or more languages are combined in a simplified structure and vocabulary	20
8122494306	polyglot	a person who speaks more than one language	21
8122498584	renefrew hypothesis	hypothesis that proposes that three areas in and near first agricultural hearth, the fertile cresent	22
8122507117	reverse reconstruction	process of tracing a language diffusion. the process begins with the most recent places of the languages existence and moves backword through time	23
8122524073	shatterbelt	a zone of great cultural complexity containing many small cultural groups who speak diverse languages (himalayans)	24
8138667285	standard language	a language substatially uniform with respect to spelling, grammar, pronunciation and vocab	25
8138669477	toponym	a place name	26
8138669478	language group	a collection of languages within a branch/subfamily that share a common origin in the relatively recent past	27
8138671592	linguist	scientist who studies language	28

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AP Language Test 3 Words Flashcards

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7254925424	Inference	to come to a reasonable conclusion based on evidence found in the text	0
7254928406	Invective	An emotionally violent, verbal denunciation or attack using strong, abusive language.	1
7254929629	Irony	A contrast between expectation and reality	2
7477206770	Juxtaposition	Placement of two things closely together to emphasize comparisons or contrasts	3
7477208771	Litotes	A form of understatement that involves making an affirmative point by denying its opposite. EX: he is no fool	4
7477208772	Loose Sentence	one in which the main clause comes first, followed by further dependent grammatical units	5
7477210070	Metaphor	A comparison without using like or as	6
7477212854	Metonymy	substituting the name of one object for another object closely associated with it	7
7477212855	Mood	Feeling or atmosphere that a writer creates for the reader	8
7477212856	Narrative	The telling of a story or an account of an event or series of events.	9
7477217699	Onomatopoeia	A word that imitates the sound it represents.	10
7477217700	Oxymoron	It is a figure of speech in which two opposite ideas are joined to create an effect.	11
7477219798	Paradox	a statement that seems contradictory or absurd, but is actually valid or true	12
7477221791	Parallelism	similarity of structure in a pair or series of related words, phrases, or clauses	13

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AP Human Geo Language Flashcards

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8238155744	Official Language	The language adopted for use by the government for the conduct of business and publication of documents.	0
8238168382	Language Family	A collection of languages related to each other through a common ancestor long before recorded history.	1
8238175425	Isogloss	A boundary that separates regions in which different language usages predominate.	2
8238717959	Creole Language	A language that results from the mixing of a colonizer's language with the indigenous language of the people being dominated.	3
8238724805	Extinct Language	A language that was once used by people but is no longer used.	4
8238732840	Lingua Franca	A language that is mutually understood by two people, but isn't their main language. Ex. A Frenchman and an Englishman both know Spanish and are able to communicate using Spanish despite it not being their first language.	5
8238788830	Pidgin Language	A form of speech that takes a simplified grammar and limited vocabulary of a lingua franca. It's used for communications between speakers of two different languages.	6
8238800681	Language Branch	A collection of languages that are related through a common ancestor that existed thousands of years ago. The differences are not as extensive or as old as with language families, and archaeological evidence can confirm that the branches came from the same family.	7
8238850627	Dialect	a particular form of a language that is peculiar to a specific region or social group.	8
8238936225	Standard Language	The form of language that is used for all government business and trade.	9

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AP Language Vocabulary #1 Flashcards

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4870575504	allusion	direct of indirect reference to another commonly known thing	0
4870579679	anaphora	the repetition of words or phrase at the beginning of successive clauses	1
4870581292	connotation	implied meaning of a word	2
4870582113	denotation	literal meaning of a word	3
4870586600	epiphany	a sudden realization	4
4870592835	hyperbole	exaggeration for the purpose of emphasis	5
4870593474	juxtapose	placement of two (usually dissimilar) things side by side for emphasis	6
4870595203	parallelism	the repetition of similar grammatical or syntactical patterns	7
4870596506	rhetoric	the use of effective, persuasive language	8
4870597637	zeugma	when one word (usually a verb) modifies or governs two or more words in a sentence. affects two different ideas.	9

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AP Human Geography Language Flashcards

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9964970806	Accent	the manner in which people speak and the way words are pronounced in different parts of the world	0
9964974589	Afro- Asiatic language family	A large family of related languages spoken both in Asia and Africa, about 250 languages includes semitic languages ,Egyptian - [now extinct]; and is most common in north Africa, northeast Africa, and north parts of central Africa.	1
9964976560	Antolian/Renfew Hypothesis	he proposed that three areas in and near the first agricultural hearth, the Fertile Crescent, gave rise to three language families: Europe's Indo-European languages (from Anatolia (present-day Turkey)); North African and Arabian languages (from the western arc of the Fertile Crescent); and the languages in present-day Iran, Afghanistan, Pakistan, and India (from the eastern arc of the Fertile Crescent)	2
9964976561	creole	language that results from the th mixing of a colonizer's language with the indigenous language of the people being dominated	3
9964976562	dialect	A regional variety of a language distinguished by vocabulary, spelling, and pronunciation	4
9964976614	dialect chain	A set of contiguous dialects in which the dialects nearest to each other at any place in the chain are most closely related	5
9964981337	extinct language	A language that was once used by people in daily activities but is no longer used.	6
9964981338	ideogram	The system of writing used in China and other East Asian countries in which each symbol represents an idea or concept rather than a specific sound, as is the case with letters in English.	7
9964981490	indo european language	A family of languages consisting of most of the languages of Europe as well as those of Iran, the Indian subcontinent, and other parts of Asia, 50% of people on Earth speak this, most of language families.	8
9964983719	germanic language	(English, German, Danish, Norwegian, and Swedish) that reflect the expansion of peoples out of Northern Europe to the west and south	9
9964983720	isogloss	A geographic boundary within which a particular linguistic feature occurs	10
9964983721	isolated language	A language that is unrelated to any other languages and therefore not attached to any language family.	11
9964986370	kurgan hypothesis	The hypothesis that Indo-European speakers reached Europe from the Pontic steppes in the Bronze Age.	12
9964986371	language	A system of communication through the use of speech, a collection of sounds understood by a group of people to have the same meaning.	13
9964986491	language branch	A collection of languages related through a common ancestor that existed several thousand years ago.	14
9964988383	language family	A collection of languages related to each other through a common ancestor long before recorded history.	15
9964988384	language group	A collection of languages within a branch that share a common origin in the relatively recent past and display relatively few differences in grammar and vocabulary.	16
9964992335	language convergence	The collapsing of two languages into one resulting from the consistent spatial interaction of peoples with different languages; the opposite of language divergence	17
9964992336	language divergence	The opposite of language convergence; whereby new languages are formed when a language breaks into dialects due to a lack of spatial interaction among speakers of the language and continued isolation eventually causes the division of the language into discrete new languages	18
9964994836	lingua franca	A language mutually understood and commonly used in trade by people who have different native languages. ex- Swahili	19
9964994837	literary tradition	A language that is written as well as spoken; system of written communication. NOT all languages have this.	20
9965010067	national language	The form of a language used for official government business, education, and mass communications. but it is not the official language.	21
9965010090	nostratic hypothesis	Language believed to be the ancestral language not only of Proto-Indo-European, but also of the Kartvelian languages of the of the southern Caucasus region, the Uralic-Altaic languages (including Hungarian, Finnish, Turkish, and Mongolian),	22
9965013426	official language	in multilingual countries the language selected, often by the educated and politically powerful elite, to promote internal cohesion;	23
9965013427	pidgin	A form of speech that adopts a simplified grammar and limited vocabulary of a lingua franca, used for communications among speakers of two different languages.	24
9965013428	polygot	knowing or using several languages	25
9965015592	romance languages	The part of indo-european family; Is clustered in southwestern Europe and Latin America (french, Spanish, Italian)	26
9965015593	sino-tibetan language	A language composed of the Chinese and Tibeto-Burman languages. 20% of people speak these languages .	27
9965015716	slang	an informal, often short-lived kind of language used in place of standard words. yo = hello cuz = because	28
9965017878	slavic languages	Languages (Russian, Polish, Czech, Slovak, Ukrainian, Slovenian, Serbo-Croatian, and Bulgarian) that developed as Slavic people migrated from a base in present-day Ukraine close to 2000 years ago	29
9965017879	standard language	The form of a language used for official government business, education, and mass communications.	30
9965017880	trade language	A language used between native speakers of different languages to allow them to communicate so that they can trade with each other.	31
9965022961	toponym	the name by which a geographical place is known	32
9965022962	vernacular	the everyday speech of the people (as distinguished from literary language)	33

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AP English Language Flashcards

This is a combination of the AP English Language and Composition Hit Parade, A Working Vocabulary of Fundamental Terms, and Rhetorical/Literary Terms and Definitions vocab lists.

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6284987412	clarity	clearness in thought or expression	0
6284987413	cogent	convincing; reasonable	1
6284987416	didactic	intended to instruct	2
6284987417	discourse	verbal expression or exchange; conversation	3
6284987418	eloquence	the ability to speak vividly or persuasively	4
6284987420	fluid	easily flowing	5
6284987421	implication	the act of suggesting or hinting	6
6284987422	lucid	easily understood; clear	7
6284987424	arbiter	a judge who decides a disputed issue	8
6284987425	biased	prejudiced	9
6284987426	exculpate	to free from guilt or blame	10
6284987427	impartial	not in favor of one side or the other, unbiased	11
6284987428	incontrovertible	not able to be denied or disputed	12
6284987429	integrity	trustworthiness; completeness	13
6284987430	objectivity	treating facts without influence from personal feelings or prejudices	14
6284987431	penitent	expressing remorse for one's misdeeds	15
6284987433	substantiated	supported with proof or evidence; verified	16
6284987434	vindicated	freed from blame	17
6284987435	condescending	treating people as weak or inferior	18
6284987436	contemptuous	feeling hatred; scornful	19
6284987437	despotic	exercising absolute power; tyrannical	20
6284987438	dictatorial	domineering; oppressively overbearing	21
6284987439	disdain	contempt, scorn	22
6284987441	haughty	arrogant; vainly proud	23
6284987442	imperious	arrogantly domineering or overbearing	24
6284987443	patronizing	treating in a condescending manner	25
6284987444	convoluted	intricate; complex	26
6284987450	quandary	a state of uncertainty or perplexity	27
6284987451	indolent	lazy	28
6284987452	insipid	uninteresting; unchallenging	29
6284987453	listless	lacking energy	30
6284987454	torpor	laziness; inactivity; dullness	31
6284987455	alienated	removed or disassociated from (friends, family, or homeland)	32
6284987457	disparity	inequality in age, rank, or degree; difference	33
6284987458	servile	submissive; like a servant	34
6284987459	suppressed	subdued; kept from being circulated	35
6284987460	embellish	to make beautiful by ornamenting; to decorate	36
6284987461	florid	describing flowery or elaborate speech	37
6284987462	opulent	exhibiting a display of great wealth	38
6284987463	ornate	elaborately decorated	39
6284987464	ostentatious	describing a showy or pretentious display	40
6284987465	poignant	profoundly moving; touching	41
6284987466	ebullience	intense enthusiasm	42
6284987467	effusive	emotionally unrestrained; gushy	43
6284987468	egregious	conspicuously bad or offensive	44
6284987469	flagrant	extremely or deliberately shocking or noticeable	45
6284987470	frenetic	wildly excited or active	46
6284987471	gratuitous	given freely; unearned; unwarranted	47
6284987472	superfluous	extra; unnecessary	48
6284987473	alleviate	to ease a pain or burden	49
6284987474	asylum	a place of retreat or security	50
6284987475	auspicious	favorable; promising	51
6284987476	benevolent	well-meaning; generous	52
6284987477	benign	kind and gentle	53
6284987478	mollify	to calm or soothe	54
6284987479	reclamation	the act of making something useful again	55
6284987480	sanction	to give official authorization or approval	56
6284987481	dubious	doubtful; of unlikely authenticity	57
6284987482	fabricated	made; concocted to deceive	58
6284987483	hypocrisy	the practice of pretending to be something one is not; insincerity	59
6284987484	slander	false charges and malicious oral statements about someone	60
6284987485	spurious	not genuine	61
6284987486	astute	shrewd; clever	62
6284987487	clandestine	secretive	63
6284987488	coup	a brilliantly executed plan	64
6284987489	disingenuous	not straightforward; crafty	65
6284987490	ruse	a crafty trick	66
6284987491	stratagem	a clever trick used to deceive or outwit	67
6284987492	surreptitiously	done by secretive means	68
6284987493	wary	on guard	69
6284987494	wily	cunning	70
6284987495	ambiguous	open to more than one interpretation	71
6284987496	ambivalent	simultaneously having opposing feelings; uncertain	72
6284987497	apathetic	feeling or showing little emotion	73
6284987498	arbitrary	determined by impulse rather than reason	74
6284987499	capricious	impulsive and unpredictable	75
6284987500	equivocate	to avoid making a definite statement	76
6284987501	indifferent	not caring one way or the other	77
6284987503	whimsical	subject to erratic behavior; unpredictable	78
6284987504	inconsequential	unimportant	79
6284987505	superficial	concerned only with what is on the surface or obvious; shallow	80
6284987506	tenuous	having little substance or strength; shaky; unsure, weak	81
6284987507	trivial	of little importance or significance	82
6284987508	assiduous	hard-working	83
6284987509	compelling	forceful; urgently demanding attention	84
6284987510	diligent	marked by painstaking effort; hard-working	85
6284987511	dogged	stubbornly persevering	86
6284987513	intrepid	courageous; fearless	87
6284987514	maverick	one who is independent and resists adherence to a group	88
6284987515	obdurate	stubborn; inflexible	89
6284987516	obstinate	stubbornly adhering to an opinion or a course of action	90
6284987517	proliferate	to grow or increase rapidly	91
6284987518	tenacity	persistence	92
6284987519	vitality	energy; power to survive	93
6284987520	assimilation	to absorb; to make similar	94
6284987522	context	circumstances of a situation; environment	95
6284987523	derived	copied or adapted from a source	96
6284987524	incumbent	imposed as a duty; obligatory	97
6284987526	malleable	easily shaped or formed; easily influenced	98
6284987527	subdue	to restrain; to hold back	99
6284987528	acquired	developed or learned; not naturally occurring	100
6284987529	conception	the ability to form or understand an idea	101
6284987530	conviction	a fixed or strong belief	102
6284987531	dogmatic	stubbornly adhering to unproved beliefs	103
6284987532	enlightening	informative; contributing to one's awareness	104
6284987533	impression	a feeling or understanding resulting from an experience	105
6284987534	intuition	the power of knowing things without thinking; sharp insight	106
6284987535	misconception	an incorrect understanding or interpretation	107
6284987536	perception	awareness; insight	108
6284987537	perspective	point of view	109
6284987538	profound	having great depth or seriousness	110
6284987539	inherent	inborn; built-in	111
6284987540	innate	possessed from birth; inborn	112
6284987541	inveterate	long established; deep-rooted; habitual	113
6284987542	omnipotent	all-powerful	114
6284987543	proximity	closeness	115
6284987544	elusive	difficult to capture, as in something actually fleeting	116
6284987545	emigrate	to leave one country or region and settle in another	117
6284987546	transient	passing away with time; passing from one place to another	118
6284987547	transitory	short-lived or temporary	119
6284987548	affable	easy-going; friendly	120
6284987549	amenable	responsive; agreeable	121
6284987550	camaraderie	good will between friends	122
6284987551	cordial	friendly; sincere	123
6284987552	facetious	playfully humorous	124
6284987553	impinge	hinder; interfere with	125
6284987554	lament	express grief for; mourn	126
6284987555	melancholy	sadness; depression	127
6284987556	sanction	an economic or military measure put in place to punish another country	128
6284987557	truncated	shortened; cut off	129
6284987558	aesthetic	having to do with the appreciation of beauty	130
6284987559	anthology	a collection of literary pieces	131
6284987560	contemporary	current, modern; from the same time	132
6284987561	dilettante	one with an amateurish or superficial understanding of a field of knowledge	133
6284987562	eclectic	made up of a variety of sources or styles	134
6284987563	excerpt	a selected part of a passage or scene	135
6284987564	genre	describing a category or artistic endeavor	136
6284987565	medley	an assortment or a mixture, especially of musical pieces	137
6284987566	mural	a large painting applied directly to a wall or ceiling surface	138
6284987568	narrative	a story	139
6284987570	realism	artistic representation that aims for visual accuracy	140
6284987571	virtuoso	a tremendously skilled artist	141
6284987572	decorous	proper; marked by good taste	142
6284987573	equanimity	the quality of being calm and even-tempered; composure	143
6284987575	propriety	appropriateness of behavior	144
6284987576	prudent	exercising good judgment or common sense	145
6284987577	serene	calm	146
6284987578	staid	unemotional; serious	147
6284987579	stoic	indifferent to pleasure or pain; impassive	148
6284987582	disparage	to speak of in a slighting way or negatively; to belittle	149
6284987583	pejorative	describing words or phrases that belittle or speak negatively of someone	150
6284987585	vilify	to make vicious statements about	151
6284987586	brusque	rudely abrupt	152
6284987587	caustic	bitingly sarcastic or witty	153
6284987588	fractious	quarrelsome; unruly	154
6284987589	incorrigible	unable to be reformed	155
6284987590	ingrate	an ungrateful person	156
6284987591	insolent	insulting in manner or speech	157
6284987593	pugnacious	combative; belligerent	158
6284987594	reprehensible	worthy of blame	159
6284987596	deleterious	having a harmful effect; injurious	160
6284987597	enmity	mutual hatred or ill-will	161
6284987599	malfeasance	wrongdoing, misconduct	162
6284987600	malice	extreme ill-will or spite	163
6284987601	putrid	rotten	164
6284987602	rancorous	hateful; marked by deep-seated ill-will	165
6284987604	archaic	characteristic of an earlier period; old-fashioned	166
6284987605	hackneyed	worn out through overuse; trite	167
6284987606	medieval	referring to the Middle Ages; old-fashioned	168
6284987608	austere	without decoration; strict	169
6284987609	mediocrity	the state or quality of being average; of moderate to low quality	170
6284987610	mundane	commonplace; ordinary	171
6284987611	ponderous	extremely dull	172
6284987612	prosaic	unimaginative; dull	173
6284987613	sedentary	not migratory; settled	174
6284987614	apprehension	anxiety or fear about the future	175
6284987615	harbinger	something that indicates what is to come; a forerunner	176
6284987616	ominous	menacing; threatening	177
6284987617	premonition	a feeling about the future	178
6284987618	timorous	timid; fearful about the future	179
6284987619	trepidation	uncertainty; apprehension	180
6284987622	nascent	coming into existence; emerging	181
6284987625	candor	sincerity; openness	182
6284987626	frank	open and sincere in expression; straightforward	183
6284987627	arid	describing a dry, rainless climate	184
6284987628	conflagration	a widespread fire	185
6284987629	nocturnal	of or occurring in the night	186
6284987630	sonorous	producing a deep or full sound	187
6284987631	ample	describing a large amount of something	188
6284987633	copious	plentiful; having a large quantity	189
6284987634	permeated	spread or flowing throughout	190
6284987635	pervasive	dispersed throughout	191
6284987636	prodigious	enormous	192
6284987637	replete	abundantly supplied: filled to capacity	193
6284987639	idealize	to consider perfect	194
6284987640	laudatory	giving praise	195
6284987641	paramount	of chief concern or importance	196
6284987642	venerated	highly respected	197
6284987643	catalog	to make an itemized list of	198
6284987644	facile	done or achieved with little effort; easy	199
6284987645	fastidious	possessing careful attention to detail; difficult to please	200
6284987647	meticulous	extremely careful and precise	201
6284987648	pragmatic	practical	202
6284987649	solvent	able to pay one's debts	203
6284987650	abstract	not applied to actual objects	204
6284987651	anachronism	something out of place in time or sequence	205
6284987652	anthropomorphism	the attribution of humanlike characteristics to inanimate objects, animals, or forces of nature	206
6284987653	apology	defense of an idea	207
6284987654	apparatus	equipment; a group of machines	208
6284987655	apposition	a grammar construction in which a noun (or noun phrase) is placed with another as an explanation	209
6284987656	archetype	a perfect example; an original pattern or model	210
6284987657	chiasmus	an inversion in the second of two parallel phrases	211
6284987658	gesticulating	making gestures while speaking	212
6284987659	hypothetical	existing only as an assumption or speculation	213
6284987660	lexicon	a word book describing language with definitions; a dictionary	214
6284987661	metonymy	a type of figurative language in which one term is substituted for another term with which it is closely associated	215
6284987663	panegyric	statement of high praise	216
6284987664	paradigm	an example or model	217
6284987665	parallelism	a grammar construction in which two identical syntactic constructions are used	218
6284987666	period	long, complex, grammatically correct sentence	219
6284987667	pernicious	causing great harm	220
6284987669	propitious	presenting favorable circumstances; auspicious	221
6284987671	sardonic	disdainfully or ironically humorous; harsh, bitter, or caustic	222
6284987672	syllogism	a form of deductive reasoning; a major premise, a minor premise, and a conclusion	223
6284987673	synecdoche	a form of metonymy that's restricted to cases where a part is used to signify the whole	224
6284987674	theoretical	lacking application or practical application	225
6284987675	active voice	the opposite of passive voice; essentially any sentence with an active verb	226
6284987676	ad hominem	an attack on the person rather than the issues at hand (a common fallacy)	227
6284987677	alliteration	the repetition of a phonetic sound at the beginning of several words in a sentence	228
6284987678	allusion	a reference that recalls another work, another time in history, another famous person, and so forth	229
6284987679	anadiplosis	a wonderful technique of repetition in which the last word of the clause begins the next clause, creating a connection of ideas important to the author's purpose in some way	230
6284987682	anastrophe	the reversal of the natural order of words in a sentence or line of poetry	231
6284987683	antithesis	an observation or claim that is in opposition to your claim or an author's claim	232
6284987684	aphorism	a brief statement of an opinion or elemental truth	233
6284987686	appositive	also called a noun phrase, this modifies the noun next to it	234
6284987687	argument from ignorance	an argument stating that something is true because it has never been proven false	235
6284987688	asyndeton	the deliberate omission of conjunctions from a series of related independent clauses	236
6284987690	begging the question	this argument occurs when the speaker states a claim that includes a word or phrase that needs to be defined before the argument can proceed	237
6284987691	cause and effect	another fallacy, this is also known as post hoc ergo propter hoc (Latin for "after this, therefore because of this"), and it falls under the general umbrella of a causality fallacy or false cause	238
6284987692	chiasmus	this is an ABBA syntactical structure rather than the more common parallel ABAB structure	239
6284987693	complex sentence	a sentence structure that is a combination of a dependent clause and an independent clause	240
6284987694	compound sentence	a sentence structure made up of two independent clauses joined by a coordinating conjunction	241
6284987695	compound-complex sentence	a combination of a compound and a complex sentence	242
6284987696	connotation	the associations or moods that accompany a word	243
6284987697	declarative sentence	a basic statement or an assertion; the most common type of sentence	244
6284987699	denotation	the opposite of connotation; quite literally the dictionary meaning of a word	245
6284987700	dependent clause	this clause contains a noun and a verb but is set up with a subordinate conjunction, which makes the clause an incomplete thought	246
6284987701	dialect	a regional speech pattern; the way people talk in different parts of the world	247
6284987702	diction	the particular words an author uses in an essay	248
6284987703	distractor	a possible answer that seems to be correct, but is either wrong or is not as good as other answers	249
6284987704	ellipsis	three dots that indicate words have been left out of a quotation; they also can be used to create suspense	250
6284987705	epanalepsis	like chiasmus, this figure repeats the opening word or phrase at the end of the sentence to emphasize a statement or idea, but it is not an ABBA reversal	251
6284987706	epistrophe	a minor device, this is the ending of a series of lines, phrases, clauses, or sentences with the same word or words	252
6284987708	etymology	the study of the origin of words and their historical uses	253
6284987709	euphemism	to use a safer or nicer word for something others find inappropriate or unappealing	254
6284987710	exclamatory sentence	a sentence that conveys excitement or force	255
6284987711	fallacy	a failure of logical reasoning	256
6284987712	false analogy	an argument using an inappropriate metaphor	257
6284987713	false dilemma	also known as an either/or fallacy; the suggestion is made in the argument that the problem or debate only has two solutions; can also be called the fallacy of the excluded middle	258
6284987714	gerund	a verb ending in "ing" that serves as a noun	259
6284987717	imperative sentence	a command	260
6284987718	independent clause	a clause that can stand alone as a sentence; it must have a noun and a verb (subject and predicate)	261
6284987719	inductive	a form of logical argumentation that requires the use of examples	262
6284987720	infinitive	the word "to" plus a verb, usually functioning as a noun, and often as a predicate in a sentence	263
6284987721	interrogative sentence	a question	264
6284987723	jargon	a pattern of speech and vocabulary associated with a particular group of people	265
6284987724	juxtaposition	making one idea more dramatic by placing it next to its opposite	266
6284987726	loose sentence	an independent clause followed by all sorts of debris, usually dependent clauses	267
6284987727	malapropism	a wonderful form of word play in which one word is mistakenly substituted for another that sounds similar	268
6284987728	metaphor	a figure of speech in which what is unknown is compared to something that is known in order to better gauge its importance	269
6284987729	metonymy	a minor figure of speech in which the name of one thing is substituted for another with which it is closely associated	270
6284987730	non sequitur	this literally means "it does not follow"; this is an argument by misdirection and is logically irrelevant	271
6284987731	object	a noun toward which thought, feeling, or action is directed	272
6284987732	onomatopoeia	a minor figure of speech in which a sound imitates the thing or action associated with it	273
6284987733	oxymoron	two words that together create a sense of opposition	274
6284987734	paradox	a major figure of speech in rhetorical analysis that seeks to create a mental discontinuity, which then forces the reader to pause and seek clarity	275
6284987735	parallel syntax (or parallelism)	a pattern of speech or language that creates a rhythm of repetition often combined with some other language of repetition	276
6284987737	participle	a verbal (expressing action or a state of being) that is used as an adjective and most often ends in -ing or -ed	277
6284987738	passive voice	the opposite of active voice; in this voice, something happens to someone	278
6284987740	periodic sentence	a sentence with several dependent clauses that precede the independent clause	279
6284987742	phrase	a grouping of words that define or clarity; a group of words that is not a sentence because there is no verb	280
6284987744	poisoning the well	a person or character is introduced with language that suggests that he is not at all reliable before the listener/reader knows anything about him	281
6284987745	polysyndeton	the use of consecutive coordinating conjunctions even when they are not needed	282
6284987746	predicate	the formal term for the verb that conveys the meaning or carries the action of the sentence	283
6284987747	predicate adjective	an adjective that follows a linking verb and modifies the subject of the sentence	284
6284987748	predicate nominative	a noun or pronoun that uses a linking verb to unite, describe, or rename the noun in the subject of the sentence	285
6284987749	premise	another word for a claim; a statement of truth, at least to the person making the argument	286
6284987750	prompt	in essay questions, this has two definitions: the correct one and the common one; the correct one is that this is the paragraph or language that defines the essay task (doesn't include the passage itself); the common definition of this is one you will hear teachers and consultants use to refer to any and all parts of an essay question	287
6284987751	pun	a play on words; in an argument, this usually calls humorous attention to a particular point	288
6284987752	red herring	an argument that distracts the reader by raising issues irrelevant to the case	289
6284987753	repetition	a fundamental form of rhetorical stress that calls the reader's attention to a particular word, phrase, or image for emphasis of meaning	290
6284987754	rhetorical question	a question whose answer is assumed, this is designed to force the reader to respond in a predetermined manner and is a significant tool in the study of rhetoric	291
6284987755	rhetorical shift	this occurs when the author of an essay significantly alters his or her diction, syntax, or both	292
6284987756	simile	a crucial figure of speech in an argument when what is unknown is compared to something that is known using the word "like," or "as," or "than" in order to better perceive its importance	293
6284987757	simple sentence	an independent clause; has a subject and a verb, and that's pretty much it	294
6284987758	slippery slope (also called domino theory)	this fallacy of argumentation argues that one thing inevitably leads to another	295
6284987759	stem	in the multiple-choice section, this is the question you are asked to complete with the given possible answers	296
6284987760	straw man	this occurs when a person engaging in an argument defines his opponent's position when the opponent is not present and defines it in a manner that is easy to attack	297
6284987761	subject	the formal term for the noun that is the basic focus of the sentence; it is who or what is doing the action in the sentence	298
6284987762	subordinate conjunction	a conjunction that makes an independent clause into a dependent clause	299
6284987763	syllogism	in its basic form, this is a three-part argument construction in which two premises lead to a truth	300
6284987764	synecdoche	a minor figure of speech in which a part is used for the whole	301
6284987766	synthesis	to unite or synthesize a variety of sources to achieve a common end	302
6284987769	tricolon	a sentence with three equally distinct and equally long parts	303
6284987770	understatement	this creates exaggeration by showing restraint; it is the opposite of hyperbole	304
6284987771	zeugma	a minor device in which two or more elements in a sentence are tied together by the same verb or noun; these are especially acute if the noun or verb does not have the exact same meaning in both parts of the sentence	305
6284987772	rhetoric	the study of the effective use of language; the art of using language effectively and persuasively	306
6284987776	rhetorical triangle	author, audience, purpose	307
6284987777	tone	the manner in which a writer expresses his/her attitude toward the subject and audience; mainly expressed through diction, syntax, and POV	308
6284987778	simile	a statement using 'like' or 'as' to compare two unlike objects	309
6284987780	connotation	the moods/associations/implications of a word or phrase, as opposed to its exact meaning	310
6284987781	denotation	the literal meaning of a word; the dictionary definition	311
6284987783	euphemism	substitution of an expression that may offend or suggest something unpleasant to the receiver with an agreeable or less offensive expression or to make it less troublesome for the speaker	312
6284987784	ambiguity	the presence of two or more possible meanings in any passage; not clear	313
6284987785	irony	the use of language to suggest the opposite of the literal meaning or incongruity between what is expected and what actually occurs	314
6284987786	oxymoron	two words that create a sense of opposition; a figure of speech in which incongruous or contradictory terms appear side-by-side	315
6284987787	paradox	a statement or a proposition that seems senseless or self-contradictory, but in reality, it may be true	316
6284987788	fallacy	a failure of logical reasoning	317
6284987789	exemplification	showing by example	318
6284987790	description	rhetorical strategy that uses sensory details to portray a person, place, or thing	319
6284987791	narration	telling a story; a specific way of telling a story	320
6284987792	compare/contrast	the process of identifying similarities and differences between things	321
6284987793	division/classification	dividing a subject into categories and analyzing the characteristics of each category	322
6284987795	absolutes	a choice in which something must be one way or the other - there is no middle ground	323
6284987796	rapport	a relationship that individuals build	324
6284987797	process analysis	a descriptive chronology of the stages in the development of a process	325
6284987798	definition	the formal statement of the meaning of a word or phrase	326
6284987799	argumentation	the process of forming reasons, justifying beliefs, and drawing conclusions with the aim of influencing the thoughts and/or actions of others	327
6284987800	double-bind	a situation of conflict from which there is no escape; an irresolvable dilemma	328
6284987801	emotional words	also known as loaded words, these can demonstrate a writer's intense feelings or emotions; they display an author's voice	329
6284987802	humor	a specific tone or attitude a writer may use in an essay by attempting to be comedic or amusing	330

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AP Spanish Language and Culture Exam vocabulario para el examen Flashcards

A list of vocabulary which is often found or can be useful on the AP Spanish Language and Culture Exam

Terms : Hide Images

6516937721	a pesar de	in spite of	0
6516937722	a través de los años	throughout the years	1
6516937723	actualmente	currently	2
6516937724	afirmar que	to state that	3
6516937725	las afirmaciones	statements	4
6516937726	agradable	pleasing	5
6516937727	agradecer	to express thanks	6
6516937728	al otro lado	on the other hand	7
6516937729	alcanzar una meta	to reach a goal	8
6516937730	alejado de	far away from	9
6516937731	el apoyo (apoyar)	(to) support	10
6516937732	aprovechar	to take advantage	11
6516937733	asegurar	to claim, to assure	12
6516937734	Atentamente,	Sincerely,	13
6516937735	aumentar	to increase, to raise	14
6516937736	aunque	although	15
6516937737	las becas	scholarships	16
6516937738	la cifra	figure, number	17
6516937739	conseguir	to obtain	18
6516937740	contar con	to count on, to rely on, to posess	19
6516937741	crecer	to grow	20
6516937742	cumplir con los objetivos	to meet the objectives	21
6516937743	dar un discurso	to give a speech	22
6516937744	los datos	data, facts, information	23
6516937745	debe ser	should be	24
6516937746	dejar de funcionar	to stop working/functioning	25
6516937747	el desarrollo (desarrollar)	development (to develop)	26
6516937748	despídete	say good-bye	27
6516937749	destacar	to stand out, to point-out	28
6516937750	la desventaja	disadvantage	29
6516937751	disfrutar	to enjoy	30
6516937752	disminuir	to decrease, to diminish	31
6516937753	disponer de	to have at one's disposal	32
6516937754	durar	to last	33
6516937755	eficaz	effective	34
6516937756	el índice de	the index of	35
6516937757	el ingreso	income, revenue	36
6516937758	el presupuesto	budget	37
6516937759	el valor de	the value of	38
6516937760	elegir	to elect, to choose	39
6516937761	empeñarse en hacer	to endeavor to do something	40
6516937762	en realidad	actually	41
6516937763	enterarse de	to find out, to become aware of	42
6516937764	equivocado	mistaken, wrong	43
6516937765	la escasez de recursos	scarcity of resources	44
6516937766	Espero que se encuentre bien.	I hope you (formal) are doing well.	45
6516937767	las estadísticas	statistics	46
6516937768	Este artículo trata de	This article is about	47
6516937769	Estimado/a ___,	Esteemed/Dear___,	48
6516937770	evitar	to avoid	49
6516937771	exigir	to demand	50
6516937772	exponer	to exhibit, to display	51
6516937773	fijarse en	to focus on, to pay attention to	52
6516937774	firmar	to sign	53
6516937775	el gráfico	chart	54
6516937776	hacer una propuesta	to make a proposal	55
6516937777	el hallazgo	finding, discovery	56
6516937778	hay que	one has to, you must	57
6516937779	hemos acordado	we have agreed	58
6516937780	la hipótesis	hypothesis	59
6516937781	ilustrar	to illustrate	60
6516937782	incentivar	to encourage	61
6516937783	incrementar	to increase	62
6516937784	invertir	to invest	63
6516937785	la actualidad	the present	64
6516937786	la ausencia	absence	65
6516937787	la falta de	the lack of	66
6516937788	la inversión	investment	67
6516937789	la medida presentada por la senadora	the bill presented by the senator	68
6516937790	la tabla	the table (of data)	69
6516937791	la tasa de	the rate of	70
6516937792	llevar a cabo	to carry out	71
6516937793	lograr el éxito	to achieve success	72
6516937794	para asegurarse de	to make sure of	73
6516937795	parecido	similar, like	74
6516937796	perdurar	to last	75
6516937797	permanecer estable	to remain stable	76
6516937798	pertenecer a	to pertain to	77
6516937799	prolongar hasta muy tarde	to prolong until very late	78
6516937800	el promedio	average	79
6516937801	promover	to promote	80
6516937802	proporcionar	to provide	81
6516937803	el propósito	purpose	82
6516937804	la propuesta	proposal	83
6516937805	Quisiera plantear una pregunta:	I would like to pose a question:	84
6516937806	realizar	to fulfill, to carry out, to realize (accomplish)	85
6516937807	recalcar	to emphasize, to stress	86
6516937808	recaudar fondos	to raise funds	87
6516937809	rechazar	to reject	88
6516937810	reemplazar	to replace, substitute	89
6516937811	refutar	to refute	90
6516937812	repartir	to hand out, to distribute	91
6516937813	resaltar	to highlight	92
6516937814	el resumen	summary	93
6516937815	resumir	to summarize	94
6516937816	salúdala	greet her	95
6516937817	según	according to	96
6516937818	sin embargo	however, nevertheless	97
6516937819	solicitar	to request	98
6516937820	subrayar	to underline	99
6516937821	suceder	to happen	100
6516937822	superar las expectativas	to exceed expectations	101
6516937823	tiene lugar	takes place	102
6516937824	la fuente	source	103
6516937825	la ventaja	advantage	104

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AP Psychology - Language and Cognition Flashcards

Advanced Placement Psychology
Enterprise High School, Redding, CA
All terms from Myers Psychology for AP (BFW Worth, 2011)

Terms : Hide Images

8236162639	heuristic	a simple thinking strategy that often allows us to make judgments and solve problems efficiently; usually speedier but also more error-prone than algorithms.	0
8236162640	insight	a sudden and often novel realization of the solution to a problem; it contrasts with strategy-based solutions.	1
8236162642	confirmation bias	a tendency to search for information that supports our preconceptions and to ignore or distort contradictory evidence.	2
8236162646	representativeness heuristic	judging the likelihood of things in terms of how well they seem to represent, or match, particular prototypes; may lead us to ignore other relevant information.	3
8236162647	availability heuristic	estimating the likelihood of events based on their availability in memory; if instances come readily to mind (perhaps because of their vividness), we presume such events are common.	4
8236162649	belief perseverance	clinging to one's initial conceptions after the basis on which they were formed has been discredited.	5
8236162651	framing	the way an issue is posed; how an issue is framed can significantly affect decisions and judgments.	6
8236162652	language	our spoken, written, or signed words and the ways we combine them to communicate meaning.	7
8236162653	phoneme	in language, the smallest distinctive sound unit.	8
8236162654	morpheme	in a language, the smallest unit that carries meaning; may be a word or a part of a word (such as a prefix).	9
8236162655	grammar	in a language, a system of rules that enables us to communicate with and understand others.	10
8236162658	babbling stage	babies spontaneously uttering a variety of words, such as ah-goo	11
8236162659	one-word stage	the stage in which children speak mainly in single words	12
8236162660	two-word stage	they start uttering two word sentences	13
8236162661	telegraphic speech	early speech stage in which a child speaks like a telegram—"go car"—using mostly nouns and verbs.	14
8236162662	linguistic determinism	Whorf's hypothesis that language determines the way we think.	15
8236162663	aphasia	loss of ability to understand or express speech, caused by brain damage.	16
8236162664	Broca's area	a region of the brain concerned with the production of speech	17
8236162665	Wernicke's area	a region of the brain concerned with the comprehension of language	18
8236178937	Algorithm	A methodical, logical rule or procedure that guarantees solving a particular problem.	19
8236178938	mental set	the tendency to approach problems in the same way - framework for thinking about a problem	20
8236178939	intuition	the power of knowing things without thinking; sharp insight	21
8236178940	Overconfidence	We tend to think we know more than we do	22

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AP Language Vocabulary Unit 3 Flashcards

Terms : Hide Images

6882230438	Acquiesce	To consent; to consent without protest; comply; assent	0
6882230439	Articulate	Using words effectively; well-spoken	1
6882230440	Belittle	To put down; to make something seem less worthy or less important	2
6882230441	Bombastic	Pompous; using high-sounding language without much meaning; overblown	3
6882230442	Conciliatory	Soothing; tending to win over or appease; pacifying	4
6882230443	Delineate	To portray; to represent in words or pictures	5
6882230444	Diffident	Hesitant; lacking self-confidence; timid	6
6882230445	Laconic	Brief; using as few words as possible; terse	7
6882230446	Scanty	Insufficient; barely sufficient; barely adequate; meager	8
6882230447	Subjugate	To dominate; to bring under control; enslave; conquer	9
6882230448	Anarchy	Disorder; lawlessness; lack of government; absence of authority or rules	10
6882230449	Authoritarian	Favoring firm discipline; demanding or expecting total obedience	11
6882230450	Depravity	Wickedness; evil; moral corruption	12
6882230451	Meager	Inadequate; lacking in quality or quantity; insufficient	13
6882230452	Predilection	A liking; a natural preference; tendency to like something	14
6882230453	Quixotic	Noble but rash; idealistic but impractical	15
6882230454	Salutary	Wholesome; promoting good health	16
6882230455	Suppress	To overcome; to put down by force	17
6882230456	Temerity	Recklessness; rash boldness	18
6882230457	Turbulence	Wild disorder; violent irregularity, disturbance, or agitation, as of motion, air, or water	19
6882230458	Callous	Unfeeling; hardened in mind or feelings	20
6882230459	Desecrate	To dishonor; to treat with extreme disrespect; to defile	21
6882230460	Evanescent	Briefly present; gradually disappearing; fading away like a vapor	22
6882230461	Heed	To listen to; to pay attention to	23
6882230462	Indigent	Needy; not having enough to live on; very poor; impoverished	24
6882230463	Paragon	An ideal example; a model of excellence or perfection	25
6882230464	Provincial	Narrow-minded; limited and narrow in outlook; unsophisticated	26
6882230465	Steadfast	Faithful; firmly and consistently loyal	27
6882230466	Supercilious	Snobbish; proud; scornful; looking down on others	28
6882230467	Usurp	To steal; to seize power or position by force	29

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AP Language Vocabulary Set One Flashcards

Terms : Hide Images

4771093456	Abstract	Concepts rather than concrete	0
4771094098	Ad Hominem	Attack on the person rather than their ideas	1
4771094708	Allegory	Extended narrative with a deeper meaning	2
4771094955	Alliteration	Repetition of consonant sounds	3
4771095431	Allusion	Reference to a well known noun from history/literature	4
4771096650	Analogy	Comparison of two similar but different things	5
4771099176	Anaphora	Repetition of a word, phrase, or clause at the beginning of two or more sentences in a row	6
4771102886	Anecdote	Short, simple narrative (story; used for a humorous effect)	7
4771105095	Annotate	Explanatory, critical notes written on text	8
4771106185	Antithesis	Presentation of two contrasting images	9
4771107233	Aphorism	Short, often witty statement of a principle or a truth about life	10
4771108466	Apostrophe	Calling out to an absent person or to a inanimate object	11
4771110058	Argumentation	Attempts to prove the validity of a point of view or an idea by presenting reasoned arguments. (Persuasive writing)	12
4771111979	Assonance	Repetition of vowel sounds between different consonants. (Neigh/fade)	13
4771113136	Asyndeton	Commas used with no conjunctions to separate a series of words (X, Y, Z)	14
4771114244	Cacophony	Harsh, awkward, or dissonant sounds used deliberately in poetry or prose	15
4771115222	Caricature	Descriptive writing that greatly exaggerates a specific feature of a person's appearance or personality	16
4771117585	Coherence	Quality piece of writing in which all the parts contribute to the development of the central idea, theme, or organizing principles	17
4771122289	Colloquialism	Word or phrase used in everyday language that is not appropriate when writing a formal paper. (Slang)	18
4771123326	Concrete language	Language that describes a person's senses (I see, I hear, I touch)	19
4771124598	Plethora	Excess, in abundance	20
4771125365	Erudite	Well educated, scholarly, intellectual	21
4771125793	Prudent	Planning carefully, ahead of time, good judgment, sensible	22
4771126662	Placate	Soothe, pacify, appease	23
4771127153	Ameliorate	Make better, more tolerable	24
4771127906	Precocious	Skill, developed earlier than usual, occurring before natural time	25
4771132140	Affable	Gracious, courteous, pleasant, appreciative of others	26
4771133315	Vacillate	Waver, fluctuate, indecisive, hesitate	27
4771135050	Verisimilitude	Probable, credibility, plausibility	28

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