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AP Language and Composition #3 Flashcards

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6489299141Stratagemtrick designed to deceive an enemy; plan, scheme, ruse0
6489299142Surreptitiouslydone by secretive means1
6489299143Warycareful, cautious, engard2
6489300657ObdurateStubborn, unyielding. Refusing to change one's opinion.3
6489300658ProliferateIncrease or spread rapidly or excessively4
6489300659Malleableeasily changed or influenced5
6489302201Inveteratehaving a particular habit, activity, or interest that is long-established and unlikely to change6
6489302202FacetiousPlayfully humorous7
6489307826Truncatedshortened; cut off8
6489307827Dilettantea person who cultivates an area of interest, such as the arts, without real commitment or knowledge; an amateur9
6489307828Virtuosoa person highly skilled in music or another artistic pursuit: a celebrated clarinet virtuoso10
6489307829Causticsarcastic in a scathing and bitter way; bitingly sarcastic or witty11
6489309089Fractiousirritable and quarrelsome12
6489309090Malfeasancewrongdoing, especially by a public official13
6489309091Hackneyedlacking significance through having been overused; unoriginal and trite, cliche14
6489312103Ponderousslow and clumsy because of great weight; extremely dull and tedious15
6489312104Nascentjust coming into existence and beginning to display signs of future potential16
6489312105Timorousshowing or suffering from nervousness, fear, or a lack of confidence; timid, fearful17
6489312106Fastidiousvery attentive to and concerned about accuracy and detail; picky, persnickety18
6489314253Insolventunable to pay debts owed19
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AP Psychology - Language and Cognition Flashcards

Advanced Placement Psychology
Enterprise High School, Redding, CA
All terms from Myers Psychology for AP (BFW Worth, 2011)

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9179944887languageour spoken, written, or signed words and the ways we combine them to communicate meaning.0
9179944888phonemein language, the smallest distinctive sound unit.1
9179944889morphemein a language, the smallest unit that carries meaning; may be a word or a part of a word (such as a prefix).2
9179944890grammarin a language, a system of rules that enables us to communicate with and understand others.3
9179944891syntaxthe rules for combining words into grammatically sensible sentences in a given language.4
9179944892babbling stagebabies spontaneously uttering a variety of words, such as ah-goo5
9179944893one-word stagethe stage in which children speak mainly in single words6
9179944894telegraphic speechearly speech stage in which a child speaks like a telegram—"go car"—using mostly nouns and verbs.7
9179944895linguistic relativityWhorf's hypothesis that language determines the way we think.8
9179972457Two-Word Stagecan speak in more than one words9
9179975829Semanticsadding meaning10
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AP Psychology Review (Language and Cognition) Flashcards

Advanced Placement Psychology
Enterprise High School, Redding, CA
All terms from Myers Psychology for AP (BFW Worth, 2011)

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8643806264cognitionall the mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, remembering, and communicating.0
8643806265concepta mental grouping of similar objects, events, ideas, or people.1
8643806266prototypea mental image or best example of a category.2
8643806267algorithma methodical, logical rule or procedure that guarantees solving a particular problem. Contrasts with the usually speedier—but also more error-prone—use of heuristics.3
8643806268heuristica simple thinking strategy that often allows us to make judgments and solve problems efficiently; usually speedier but also more error-prone than algorithms.4
8643806269insighta sudden and often novel realization of the solution to a problem; it contrasts with strategy-based solutions.5
8643806270behaviorist theorythe theory of language development that argues humans learn language through trial/error and gradually learn more effective ways to speak to get what they want6
8643806271confirmation biasa tendency to search for information that supports our preconceptions and to ignore or distort contradictory evidence.7
8643806272fixationthe inability to see a problem from a new perspective, by employing a different mental set.8
8643806273mental seta tendency to approach a problem in one particular way, often a way that has been successful in the past.9
8643806274functional fixednessthe tendency to think of things only in terms of their usual functions; an impediment to problem solving.10
8643806275representativeness heuristicjudging the likelihood of things in terms of how well they seem to represent, or match, particular prototypes; may lead us to ignore other relevant information.11
8643806276availability heuristicestimating the likelihood of events based on their availability in memory; if instances come readily to mind (perhaps because of their vividness), we presume such events are common.12
8643806277nativist theorythe theory of language development that states that humans have a natural, innate ability to develop language (theorized by Chomsky)13
8643806278belief perseveranceclinging to one's initial conceptions after the basis on which they were formed has been discredited.14
8643806279Language Acquisition Devicethis structure allows for the innate development of language (theorized by Chomsky)15
8643806280framingthe way an issue is posed; how an issue is framed can significantly affect decisions and judgments.16
8643806281languageour spoken, written, or signed words and the ways we combine them to communicate meaning.17
8643806282phonemein language, the smallest distinctive sound unit.18
8643806283morphemein a language, the smallest unit that carries meaning; may be a word or a part of a word (such as a prefix).19
8643806284grammarin a language, a system of rules that enables us to communicate with and understand others.20
8643806285semanticsthe set of rules by which we derive meaning from morphemes, words, and sentences in a given language; also, the study of meaning.21
8643806286syntaxthe rules for combining words into grammatically sensible sentences in a given language.22
8643806287babbling stagebabies spontaneously uttering a variety of words, such as ah-goo23
8643806288one-word stagethe stage in which children speak mainly in single words24
8643806289two-word stagethey start uttering two word sentences25
8643806291linguistic determinismWhorf's hypothesis that language determines the way we think.26
8643822535Formation of Insightnew way to organize stimuli or a new apporch to solving a problem; once insight has occurred, no further training is needed27
8643836054OverconfidenceOur tendency to believe we will perform better than we actually do28
8643841050intuitionthe ability to understand something immediately, without the need for conscious reasoning29
8643850502AphasiaImpairment of language (Broca and Wernicke's)30
8643861754Broca's Areaspeech production "broken speech"31
8643864020Wernicke's Arealanguage comprehension "word salad"32
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AP Language Syntax Flashcards

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8227328357Antecedenta literary device in which a word or pronoun in a line or sentence refers to an earlier word.0
8227328358Periodic Sentencethe main clause or predicate at the end.1
8227331548Cumulative Sentencean independent clause followed by a series of subordinate constructions (phrases or clauses) that gather details about a person, place, event, or idea. Contrast with periodic sentence.2
8227331549Simple Sentencesentence consisting of only one clause, with a single subject and predicate.3
8227335457Compound SentenceA compound sentence is a sentence that has at least two independent clauses joined by a comma, semicolon or conjunction.4
8227340175Declarative Sentencestates a fact5
8227340176Exclamatory Sentencea type of main clause that expresses strong feelings by making an exclamation.6
8227342833Interrogative Sentencea type of sentence that asks a question.7
8227343192Ellipsesa literary device that is used in narratives to omit some parts of a sentence or event, which gives the reader a chance to fill the gaps while acting or reading it out. It is usually written between the sentences as "...".8
8227345630Active Voicethe subject is doing the acting, as in the sentence "Kevin hit the ball." Kevin (the subject of the sentence) acts in relation to the ball.9
8227345631Passive Voicethe subject of the sentence is acted on by the verb. For example, in "The ball was thrown by the pitcher," the ball (the subject) receives the action of the verb, and was thrown10
8227348817Inverted Word Order"Yoda talk"11
8227348818Appositivea noun or noun phrase that renames another noun right beside it.12
8227350848Parenthesisan explanatory or qualifying word, clause, or sentence inserted into a passage.13
8227350849Polysyndetona literary technique in which conjunctions (e.g. and, but, or) are used repeatedly in quick succession, often with no commas, even when the conjunctions could be removed.14
8227353268Asyndetona stylistic device used in literature and poetry to intentionally eliminate conjunctions between the phrases, and in the sentence, yet maintain grammatical accuracy.15
8227367772Anaphorathe repetition of a certain word or phrase at the beginning of successive lines of writing or speech.16
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AP Language Vocab Set 2 Flashcards

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4861090183abrogate (verb)to abolish by formal or official means; put to an end; rescind; invalidate0
4861092775acerbic (adj)harsh or severe as in temper of expression; sharp or biting1
4861099105acquiesce (verb)to consent or comply passively or without protest; to assent tacitly2
4861114284acquisitive (adj)tending or seeking to acquire and own often greedily; tending to acquire and retain ideas or information3
4861120559adulation (noun)excessive flatter or admiration4
4861131720affinity (noun)a natural liking or attraction to; relationship by ties other than blood5
4861135698antithesis (noun)opposition; contrast; direct opposite6
4861138767aficionado (noun)a person who likes, knows about, and appreciates a pursued interest or activity; a devotee; buff; junkie7
4861144923broach (verb)to introduce a subject; to bring up for discussion; to suggest for the first time8
4861148114ameliorate (verb)to improve; to make better; amend9
4861092774"regare" meaning to asketymological clue of abrogate10
4861096949"acerb"sour, unripe, bitterly harsh11
4861102952acquiesce as an adverbacquiescingly12
4861107966acquiesce as an adjectivenonacquiescing13
4861112541"quiscere"to rest14
4861122089adulatesto flatter15
4861123882adularito fawn upon16
4861126684"ad" "ulos""to" tail, "to wag the tail" as a fawning dog17
4861133361affinisrelated by marriage18
4861142495aficionado from...affectio- "liking"19
4861153535"a" "meillor""to" "better"20
4861155919ameliorate compare to...exacerbate21
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AP English Language Flashcards

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4747111857AmbiguousOpen to more than one interpretation0
4747115990Cacophonousharsh sounding1
4747116610Monosyllabichaving only one syllable2
4747122686Colloquial(adj.) characteristic of informal conversation3
4747129241Ornate(adj.) elaborately decorated; showily splendid4
4747129764Picturesqueadj. like a picture; pleasing or charming to look at5
4747132218Denotativethe dictionary or literal meaning of a word6
4747133576PolysyllabicHaving many syllables, especially four or more7
4747134219Provincial(adj.) pertaining to an outlying area; local; narrow in mind or outlook, countrified in the sense of being limited and backward; of a simple, plain design that originated in the countryside; (n.) a person with a narrow point of view; a person from an outlying area; a soldier from a province or colony8
4747137068EuphemismA polite or vague word or phrase used to replace another word or phrase that is thought of as too direct or rude.9
4747137333Fanciful(adj) whimsical, capricious; imaginary; freely imaginative rather than based on reason or reality10
4747137766Subduedless intense; quieter quiet, controlled, lacking in intensity11
4747138110Grandiose(adj.) grand in an impressive or stately way; marked by pompous affectation or grandeur, absurdly exaggerated12
4747138394Inflammatory(adj.) causing excitement or anger; leading to violence or disorder13
4747139064Uppitypresumptuously arrogant14
4747141042Establishto found, institute, build, or bring into being on a firm or stable basis.15
4747141323ExacerbateTo make worse or more severe16
4747141554Exploit(v.) to make use of, develop; to make improper use of for personal profit; (n.) a feat, deed17
4747141785Expressthe process of making known one's thoughts or feelings18
4747145271Characterizeto mark or distinguish as a characteristic19
4747151958Incorporateintroduce something into another thing already in existence20
4747170330Discoverascertain detect v. To get first sight or knowledge of, as something previously unknown or unperceived.21
4747170695Instigate(v.) to urge, goad (The demagogue instigated the crowd into a fury by telling them that they had been cheated by the federal government.)22
4747170991Employa person or company who provides a job that pays wages or a salary23
4747171511JustifyGive valid reasons or evidence to support an answer or conclusion.24
4747171906Manipulate(v.) to handle or use skillfully; to manage or control for person gain or advantage25
4747172530Removedelete withdraw26
4747173009ReviseTo make corrections to; edit or redo27
4747173493OptimizeAn act, process, or methodology used to make a design or system as effective or functional as possible within the given criteria and constraints.28
4747173889Overstateto state in exaggerated terms29
4747175141Terminate(v.) to bring to an end30
4747176135Promoteverb to help or encourage to exist or flourish; further31
4747177497Undermine(v) weaken cause to collapse by digging away at the foundation (of a building or an argument); injure or attack in a secretive or underhanded way32
4747178286Validate(v.) to confirm, support, corroborate (Yoko's chemistry lab partner was asleep during the experiment and could not validate the accuracy of her methods.)33
4747179273RecommendProvide reasons in favour34
4747179792Hollowempty35
4747180118Allusivecharacterized by indirect references having reference to something implied or inferred; containing, abounding in, or characterized by allusions36
4747180489Vexedirritated; annoyed37
4747181726MotivationalA collaborative, person-centered form of guiding to elicit and strengthen motivation for change.38
4747182463Poignant(adj.) deeply affecting, touching; keen or sharp in taste or smell39
4747182675Tactful(adj.) skilled in handling difficult situations or people, polite40
4747182676Complimentarya favorable expression of esteem.41
4747232488Condescendingadj showing or implying a usually patronizing descent from dignity or superiority42
4747238092Zealous-adj full of, characterized by, or do to zeal43
4747239993Cloyingsickly sweet; excessive44
4747242106Provocative(adj.) tending to produce a strong feeling or response; arousing desire or appetite; irritating, annoying45
4747242967DidacticIntended to instruct46
4747243758Giddy(adj.) dizzy; light-headed; lacking seriousness47
4747245509AudaciousFearless and daring48
4747246444Benevolent(adj.) kindly, charitable49
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AP Human Geo Language Flashcards

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5626234248CreoleA language that results from the mixing of a colonizer's language with the indigenous language of the people being dominated.0
5626234249DialectA regional variety of a language distinguished by vocabulary, spelling, and pronunciation1
5626234250EbonicsDialect spoken by some African Americans.2
5626234251Extinct LanguageA language that was once used by people in daily activities but is no longer used.3
5626234252FranglaisA term used by the French for English words that have entered the French language4
5626234253IdeogramsThe system of writing used in China and other East Asian countries in which each symbol represents an idea or concept rather than a specific sound, as is the case with letters in English.5
5626234254IsoglossA boundary that separates regions in which different language usages predominate.6
5626234255Isolated LanguageA language that is unrelated to any other languages and therefore not attached to any language family7
5626234256LanguageA system of communication through the use of speech, a collection of sounds understood by a group of people to have the same meaning.8
5626234257Language Brancha collection of languages related through a common ancestor that existed several thousand years ago9
5626234258Language FamilyA collection of languages related to each other through a common ancestor long before recorded history.10
5626234259Language GroupA collection of languages within a branch that share a common origin in the relatively recent past and display relatively few differences in grammar and vocabulary.11
5626234260Lingua FrancaA language mutually understood and commonly used in trade by people who have different native languages12
5626234261Literary traditionA language that is written as well as spoken13
5626234262Official languageThe language adopted for use by the government for the conduct of business and publication of documents.14
5626234263Pidgin languageA form of speech that adopts a simplified grammar and limited vocabulary of a lingua franca, used for communications among speakers of two different languages.15
5626234264SpanglishCombination of Spanish and English, spoken by Hispanic-Americans.16
5626234265Standard languageThe form of a language used for official government business, education, and mass communications.17
5626234266Vulgar LatinA form of Latin used in daily conversation by ancient Romans, as opposed to the standard dialect, which was used for official documents.18
5626234267hierarchical diffusionA form of diffusion in which an idea or innovation spreads by passing first among the most connected places or peoples.19
5626234268Most numerous language speakers on earth:Mandarin Chinese speakers20
5626234269Second most numerous speakers on earth:Spanish speakers21
5626234270Third most numerous speakers on earth:English speakers22
5626234271Fourth most numerous speakers on earth:Arabic speakers23
5626234272Fifth most numerous speakers on earth:Hindi speakers24
5626234273AccentA way of pronouncing words that indicates the place of origin or social background of the speaker.25
5626234274EsperantoA made-up Latin-based language, which its European proponents in the early twentieth century hoped would become a global language26
5626234275OrthographyThe art or study of correct spelling according to established usage.27
5626234276Pidginwhen two or more languages are combined in a simplified structure and vocabulary28
5626234277Trade LanguageA language used by speakers of a different native language for communication in commercial trade29
5626234278VernacularEveryday language of ordinary people30
5626234279BilingualAble to speak two languages31
5626234280Multilingualable to speak several languages32
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AP Human Geo Language Flashcards

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8239454276Official languageThe main language spoken by a country0
8239461868DialectA branch of a language that is spoken by a certain region1
8239470011Standard languageThe original language that dialects branch off from2
8239484590IsoglossA line that divides regions of different dialects3
8239484591Language FamilyA group of languages that came from one overlying language4
8239504767Language BranchA group of languages that have more similarities than languages of the same family5
8239512472Creole LanguageA language developed between different cultures that combines multiple languages6
8239516500Extinct LanguageA language that is no longer spoken by common people or as a first language7
8239529240Lingua FrancaA third language that is used by two parties of different languages8
8239542945Pidgin LanguageA simple language that develops between people who do not speak the same language9
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AP Terms - AP Language Flashcards

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6281772039allegoryan expression of truth and generalizations through symbolization0
6281772040ambiguityhaving the ability to be interpreted in more than way1
6281772041anecdotea short and entertaining story about a real life incident or person usually teaches a lesson2
6281772042didacticintended to inform or teach a moral lesson3
6281772043metaphora comparison between to unlike things without using like or as4
6281772044metonymyusing an aspect of a whole to represent something closely associated with the prior word5
6281772045personaA character assumed by an author in a written work6
6281772046rhetorical deviceResources used by an author to convey a message of persuade7
6281772047sarcasmthe use of irony or mockery to convey contempt8
6281772048speakerThe author, artist, writer, or composer of a text, speech, or song9
6281772049syllogismWhen a conclusion is made from two given propositions that both share a term with a conclusion10
6281772050tropeArtful diction that conveys a message11
6281772051understatementTo minimalize a fact making it seem less significant than it actually is for irony12
6281772052voiceAn expression of a point of view personalized and individualized perspective13
6281772053zeugmaArtfully using one verb with two or more different subjects or objects; verb has different functions in the sentence14
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AP Language Vocabulary Set 2 Flashcards

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5027748703ColloquialOnline Example: - wanna - want to - gonna - going to literarydevices.net My Example: "y'all" vs "youse guys"0
5027772799ConceitOnline Example: "Oh stay! three lives in one flea spare Where we almost, yea more than married are. This flea is you and I, and this Our marriage-bed and marriage-temple is" (From "The Flea" by John Donne) literarydevices.net My Example: My life is like a broken record, everything seems to be on repeat.1
5027857070ConnotationOnline Example: Home suggests family, comfort and security. literarydevices.net My Example: A bed symbolizes relaxation and rejuvenation.2
5028051613ConsonanceOnline Example: 'T was later when the summer went Than when the cricket came, And yet we knew that gentle clock Meant nought but going home. 'T was sooner when the cricket went Than when the winter came, Yet that pathetic pendulum Keeps esoteric time. (From "Twas Later When The Summer Went" by Emily Dickson) literarydevices.net My Example: Tammy talked to her tailor.3
5028051614CritiqueOnline Example: In The Guardian, a critic Philip Hope-Wallace has portrayed Beckett's play, Waiting for Godot, as "inexplicit and deliberately fatuous." literarydevices.net My Example: In the TV show Gilmore Girls, Rory Gilmore works for the Yale Newspaper. While working for the Newspaper, she writes a column that critiques performances and other activities near Yale.4
5028054450Deductive ReasoningOnline Examples: In mathematics, If A = B and B = C, then A = C. examples.yourdictionary.com My Example: If 1=2 and 2=3, then 1=3.5
5028054451DialectOnline Example: Jim: "We's safe, Huck, we's safe! Jump up and crack yo' heels. Dat's de good ole Cairo at las', I jis knows it." Huck: "I'll take the canoe and go see, Jim. It mightn't be, you know." (From "Huckleberry Finn" by Mark Twain) literarydevices.net My Example: "Y'all gon be sorry"6
5028056564DictionOnline Example: "Ah, happy, happy boughs! that cannot shed Your leaves, nor ever bid the spring adieu." (From "Ode to the Grecian Urn" by Keats) literarydevices.net My Example: "O! speak again, bright angel; for thou art As glorious to this night, being o'er my head, As is a winged messenger of heaven Unto the white-upturned wond'ring eyes" (From "Romeo and Juliet" by Shakespeare)7
5028056565DidacticOnline Example: John Bunyan's "Pilgrim's Progress" literarydevices.net My Example: In the show "The Office," Michael Scott has to give presentations often and they are over the top, but they still manage to instruct his employees.8
5028058971ElegyOnline Example: "O Captain! My Captain!" by Walt Whitman literarydevices.net My Example: "You're My Star, my Dear" by Alex9
5028058972EpistropheOnline Example: "The Rebel" by D.J. Enright literarydevices.net My Example: When all the leaves fall, Still for you will I fall. Everyday, deeper I fall, Deeper I fall, In love with you.10
5028061294EpitaphOnline Example: "Cast a cold Eye On Life, on Death. Horseman, pass by!" (William Butler Yeats' Epitaph) literarydevices.net My Example: "Our lives were touched by an Angel Jesus. Mary and Joseph. Pray for us."11
5028061295EthosOnline Example: "Our expertise in roofing contracting is evidenced not only by our 100 years in the business and our staff of qualified technicians, but in the decades of satisfied customers who have come to expect nothing but the best." literarydevices.net My Example: As a certified scuba diver, I can tell you that this is a dangerous yet exhilarating activity.12
5028097854EulogyOnline Example: "On Mr. Wm. Shakespeare, he died in April 1616" by William Basse literarydevices.net My Example: The Eulogy of Walter Matthau by his son13
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