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AP Language Writing supports Flashcards

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9732400876Ethosgives evidence that he or she is credible. May use testimonials, specialists, or religious figures to support their work.0
9732400877Logosgives the audience a clear, reasonable idea developed through reasoning and logic. May use reasoned examples, details, and/or statistics1
9732400878Pathosdraws on the audience's emotions so they will be sympathetic to the communicators ideas2
9732400879What falls under ethos, logos, or pathosAltruism, anger, fear, patriotic, intelligence, plain folk, snob3
9732400880Altruismappeals to sense of goodness or morality4
9732400881Plain folkappeals to the experiences of common man5
9732400882Snobappeals to a taste for the finer, and usually unobtainable, things in life6
9732400883Logical fallaciesAd hominem, bandwagon, begging the question, cause/effect, either/or thinking, equivocation, generalization, non sequitur, red herring, slippery slope, straw man7
9732400884Ad hominema personal attack of an individual instead of the issue at hand8
9732400885bandwagonurges the audience to accept a position because a majority of people already do9
9732400886begging the question (circular thinking)assumes the idea you are trying to prove as being true10
9732400887cause/effectassumes that the effect is related to a cause because the events occur together11
9732400888Either/or thinking (false dilemma)implies that one of two negative outcomes is inevitable12
9732400889equivocationallows a key word or term in an argument to have different meanings during the course of the argument13
9732400890Generalizationbases an inference on too small a sample as the basis for a broader stance14
9732400891Non Sequitur (Does not follow)Irrelevant reasons are offered to support a claim15
9732400892Red herringintroduces a topic unrelated to the claim16
9732400893Slippery slopeassumes a chain reaction of events which result in a terrible outcome17
9732400894Straw manstates an opponent's argument in an exaggerated form, or attacking a weaker, irrelevant portion of an opponent's argument18
9732400895ExemplificationProvides examples or cases in point. Are there examples- facts, statistics, cases in point, personal experiences, interview quotations- that you could add to help you achieve the purpose of your essay?19
9732400896DescriptionDetail sensory perceptions of a person, place, of thing. Does a person, place, or object play a prominent role in your essay? Would the tone, pacing, or overall purpose of your essay benefit from sensory details?20
9732400897NarrationRecount an event. Are you trying to report or recount an anecdote, an experience, or an event? Does any part of your essay include the telling of a story?21
9732400898Process analysisExplain how to do something or how something happens. Would any portion of your essay be more clear if you included concrete directions about a certain process? Are there any processes that readers would like to understand better?22
9732400899Comparison and contrastDiscuss similarities and differences. Does your essay contain two or more related subjects? Are you evaluating or analyzing two or more people, places, processes, events, or things? Do you need to establish the similarities and difference between two or more elements.23
9732400900Division and classificationDivide a whole into parts or sort related items into categories. Are you trying to explain a broad and complicated subject? Would it benefit your essay to reduce this subject to more manageable parts to focus your discussion?24
9732400901DefinitionProvide the meaning of terms you use. Who is your audience? Does your essay focus on any abstract, specialized, or new terms that need further explanation so your readers understand your point? Does any important word in your essay have many meanings and need to be clarified?25
9732400902Cause and effect analysisAnalyze why something happens and describe the consequences of a string of events. Are you examining past events or their outcomes? Is your purpose to inform, speculate, or argue about why an identifiable fact happens the way it does?26
9732400903ArgumentationConvince others through reasoning. Are you trying to explain aspects of particular subject, and are you trying to advocate a specific opinion on this subject or issue in your essay?27
9732400904Strategies for level of structureThree appeals (Logos, pathos, ethos), tone, arrangement (Inductive, deductive), mode of development (Narrative, division/classification, satire), repetition, patterns created from devices (imagery, diction, syntax), language registers, listing of reasons, opening with counter argument or making a concession, anticipating objections28
9732400905Devices for level of languageimagery or selection of detail, diction, syntax, rhetorical questions, irony, figurative language (metaphor, hyperbole, understatement), schemes, trophes29
9732400906Syntax patternsspecific phrasing patterns, length of sentence, # of sentences, divisions within a piece with different syntax for each, parallel structure, different sentence types, specific kinds of punctuation, rhythm and cadence in a sentence, repetitions, subject openers and non-subject openers, rhetorical questions30
9732400907Questions to discover syntaxWhat is the order of the parts of the sentence-Is it normal or inverted? Which part of speech is more prominent, nouns or verbs? What are the sentences like- periodic or cumulative? How does the sentence connect its words, phrases, and clauses? Does the sentence length fit the subject matter- why is the sentence length effective? What variety or sentence lengths are present? Sentence beginnings- is there variety or a specific pattern?31
9732400908Words that help describe a syntaxPlain, spare, austere, unadorned, simple, dry, ornate, elaborate, flowery, flowing, jumbled, chaotic, erudite, esoteric, complex, deceptively simple, journalistic, terse, laconic, harsh, grating, mellifluous, musical, lilting, lyrical, whimsical, elegant, staccato, abrupt, solid, thudding, sprawling, disorganized32
9732400909Construction of sentences to convey attitudeDeclarative, imperative, interrogative, exclamatory, simple, compound, complex, compound-complex, Cumulative (loose), Climactic (periodic) sentences, juxtaposition, parallelism, repetition, rhetorical question, ellipses, dash, semicolon, colon, italics, capitalization, exclamation point33
9732400910Simple sentenceOne subject and one verb34
9732400911Compound sentencemore than one subject and/or verb (no dependent clauses)35
9732400912Complex sentenceone independent and one or more clauses36
9732400913Compound-complex sentencetwo or more independent clauses and one or more dependent clauses37
9732400914Loose (Cumulative) sentencedetails after the subject and verb38
9732400915Periodic (Climactic) sentencedetails before the subject and verb39
9732400916Juxtapositionnormally unassociated ideas, words or phrases placed together40
9732400917Parallelismshow equal ideas; for emphasis, for rhythm41
9732400918Ellipsesa trailing off, going off into a dreamlike state42
9732400919dashinterruption of thought, an interjection of a thought into another43
9732400920semicolonparallel ideas, equal ideas, a piling up of detail44
9732400921colona list, a definition or explanation, a result45
9732400922italicsfor emphasis46
9732400923capitalizationfor emphasis, to personify47
9732400924exclamation pointfor emphasis, for emotion48
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AP Language Vocab Section 5 Flashcards

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6107298411SatireA work that targets human voices and follies or social institutions and conventions for reform or ridicule. Best seen as a style of writing rather than a purpose for writing.0
6107298412SemanticsThe branch of linguistic that studies the meaning of words, their historical and psychological development, their conditions, and their relation to one another.1
6107298751SemioticsThe study of signs and symbols and how they are used.2
6107300613StyleThe consideration of this has two purposes, an evaluation of the sum of the choices an author makes in literary devices, and classification of authors to a group and comparison of authors to similar authors.3
6107300614Subject ComplementThe word or clauses that follows a linking verb and complements, or completes, the subject of the sentence by either renaming it or describing it.4
6107302392Subordinate ClauseLike all clauses, this word group contains both a subject and a verb, but unlike the independent clause, this cannot stand alone; it does not express a complete thought.5
6107302393SyllogismA deductive system of formal logic that presents two premises that inevitably lead to a sound conclusion.6
6107304101Symbol/SymbolismAnything that represents itself and stands for something else, usually something concrete that represents something more abstract7
6107307935SynecdocheA type of metaphor in which the part stands for the whole, the whole for the part, the genus for the species, the genus for the specie.8
6107310838SyntaxThe way an author chooses to join words into phrases, clauses, and sentences; similar to diction, but you can differentiate between them by thinking of this as the group of words.9
6107310839ThemeThe central idea or message of a work, the insight it offers into life; usually this is unstated in fictional works.10
6107310840ThesisIn expository writing, this is the sentence of a group of sentences that directly expresses the author's opinion, purpose, meaning, or position.11
6107312397ToneSimilar to mood, tone describes the author's attitude toward his/her material, the audience, or both. This is easier to determine in spoken language than in written language.12
6107312398TransitionA word or phrase that links different ideas, used especially in expository and argumentative writing. This effectively signals a shift from one idea to another.13
6107312411UnderstatementThe ironic minimizing of fact, this presents something as less significant than it is, the effect of this can frequently be humorous and empathetic.14
6107314388UndertoneAn attitude that may lie under the ostensible tone of the piece.15
6107314389WitIn modern usage, intellectually amazing language that surprises and delights. This is humorous, while suggesting the speaker's verbal power in creating ingenious and perceptive remarks.16
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AP Language and Composition- Grammar Flashcards

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6408218331AdverbA word that modifies a verb, an adjective, or another adverb0
6408218332AdjectiveA word that modifies a noun1
6408218333Absolute AdjectivesAn adjective with a meaning that is generally not capable of being intensified or compared2
6408218334AntecedentThe noun or noun phrase that a pronoun refers to "I went to a bookstore and asked the saleswoman, 'Where's the self-help section?' She said if she told me, it would defeat the purpose."3
6408218335ConjunctionThe part of speech that serves to connect words, phrases, clauses, or sentences4
6408218336CoordinationThe grammatical connection of two or more ideas to give them equal emphasis and importance5
6408218337SubordinationWhen one element of a sentence is dependent on (or subordinate to) another element of the sentence.6
6408218338Coordinating ConjunctionsA conjunction that joins to similarly constructed phrases or clauses within a sentence7
6408218339Subordinating ConjunctionA conjunction that introduces a dependent clause8
6408218340Correlative ConjunctionsA paired conjunction that links balanced words, phrases, and clauses9
6408218341PredicateOne of the two main parts of a sentence or clause, modifying the subject and including the verb, objects, or phrases governed by the verb10
6408218342Independent ClauseCan stand alone as a complete sentence11
6408218343Dependent ClauseRequires another sentence element in order to make complete sense12
6408218344Adjective Clause (Dependent & Subordinate)A dependent clause used as an adjective within a sentence13
6408218345Adverb Clause (Dependent & Subordinate)A dependent clause used as an adverb within a sentence14
6408218346Conditional Clause (Dependent & Subordinate)A clause that expresses a hypothesis or condition, real or imagined15
6408218347Comparative ClauseA type of dependent or subordinate clause that follows as, than, or like and expresses a comparison16
6408218348PhraseDoes not contain a subject or predicate17
6408218349Absolute PhraseA group of words (often consisting of a participle and its subject) that modifies an independent clause as a whole "Their slender bodies sleek and black against the orange sky, the storks circled above us."18
6408218350Appositive PhraseA noun, noun phrase, or series of nouns used to identify or rename another noun, noun phrase, or pronoun "The student, an overconfident oaf, chose not to study and failed the vocabulary quiz."19
6408218351ParticipialA verb form used as an adjective to modify nouns and pronouns20
6408218352Participial PhraseA phrase that begins with a participle21
6408218353Prepositional PhraseA phrase that begins with a preposition and ends with the object of the preposition "Over the rainbow"22
6408218354GerundA verb form acting as a noun.23
6408218355Gerund PhraseA phrase that begins with a gerund.24
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AP Language Vocab 2 Flashcards

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5540455260BefuddleTo cause confusion0
5540455261BefuddleSyn: puzzle, disorient Ant: clarify, enlighten1
5540455262Pragmaticdealing with things sensibly and realistically2
5540455263PragmaticSyn: practical, realistic Ant: irrational, unrealistic3
5540455264Acquisitionan asset or object bought or obtained, typically by a library or museum.4
5540455265AcquisitionSyn: purchase, gain Ant: loss, surrender5
5540455266Expurgatedto amend by removing words, passages, etc., deemed offensive or objectionable6
5540455267ExpurgatedSyn: Purge, purify Ant : allow, permit.7
5540455268Squallsudden increase in wind speed8
5540455269SquallSyn: gust, blast Ant: calm, quiet9
5540455270Turgidswollen10
5540455271TurgidSyn: bloated, congested Ant: frail, skinny11
5540455272Impassea situation in which no progress is possible, especially because of disagreement12
5540455273ImpasseSyn: deadlock, stalemate Ant: solution, breakthrough13
5540455274Disheveled(of a person's hair, clothes, or appearance) untidy; disordered.14
5540455275DisheveledSyn: scruffy, messy, unkempt Ant: clean, neat, tidy15
5540455276Severance1. The action of ending a connection or relationship. 2. Division by cutting or slicing.16
5540455277SeveranceSyn: Division, rupture, separation, disunion Ant: Union, unification, connection17
5540455278AbstemiousIndulging only very moderately in something, especially food and drink.18
5540455279AbstemiousSyn: Abstinent, moderate, restrained. Ant: Intemperate, self-indulgent, gluttonous.19
5540455280Virilecharacterised by a vigorous, masculine spirit.20
5540455281VirileSyn: macho, manly Ant: feminine, dainty21
5540455282Retributionsomething given or exacted in recompense22
5540455283RetributionSyn: comeuppance, payback Ant: pardon, forgiveness23
5540455284Pugnaciouseager or quick to argue, quarrel, or fight.24
5540455285PugnaciousSyn: combative, quarrelsome, disputatious. Ant: non belligerent, pacific, nonaggressive.25
5540455286Iratefeeling or characterised by great anger.26
5540455287IrateSyn: indignant, exasperated, fuming. Ant: cheerful, calm, happy.27
5540455288Palliatedisguise or moderate the seriousness or gravity of something28
5540455289PalliateSyn: alleviate, ease, relieve, gloss over. Ant: accuse, aggravate, agitate, blacken,29
5540455290SophistryThe use of fallacious arguments, especially with the intention of deceiving.30
5540455291SophistrySyn: casuistry, fallacy, inconsistency. Ant: certainty, directness, frankness, surety.31
5540455292Ambivalencesimultaneous and contradictory attitudes or feelings (as attraction and repulsion) toward an object, person, or action32
5540455293AmbivalenceSyn: doubt, indecision, hesitation, uncertainty Ant: certainty, sureness33
5540455294Impedeto slow the movement, progress, or action of (someone or something)34
5540455295ImpedeSyn: hinder, block, obstruct Ant: clear, make way, open, unclog35
5540455296Acerbicexpressing harsh criticism in a clever manner.36
5540455297AcerbicSyn: Trenchant, sharp, bitter and witty. Ant: Kind, mild, and calm.37
5540455298Abstrusedifficult to comprehend38
5540455299AbstruseSyn: confusing, complex, puzzling, abstract. Ant: simple, clear, concrete and obvious.39
5540455300ImpingeTo have an effect or impact, especially a negative one.40
5540455301ImpingeSyn: Infringe, affect, touch. Ant: Leave alone, dodge, avoid.41
5540455302PhlegmaticHaving an unemotional and stolidly calm disposition.42
5540455303PhlegmaticSyn: Impassive, tranquil, placid. Ant: Demonstrative, passionate, emotional.43
5540455304Casuistrythe use of clever but unsound reasoning, especially in relation to moral questions44
5540455305CasuistrySyn: Deception, Fallacy, Lie Ant: Certainty, Fact, Reality, Truth45
5540455306InfirmityPhysical or mental weakness46
5540455307InfirmitySyn: Illness, malady, weakness Ant: Health, perfection, ability47
5540455308Elucidateto make lucid or clear; throw light upon; explain48
5540455309ElucidateSyn: clarify, illuminate Ant: confuse49
5540455310Spuriousnot being what it purports to be; false or fake.50
5540455311SpuriousSyn: fake, fraudulent Ant: genuine, authentic51
5540455312Sedulously(of a person or action) showing dedication and diligence.52
5540455313SedulouslySyn: careful, meticulous, assiduous, attentive. Ant: inactive, dead, dormant,dull, negligent53
5540455314Pompousaffectedly and irritatingly grand, solemn, or self-important.54
5540455315PompousSyn: overbearing, domineering, grandiose Ant: modest, humble, unpretentious, demure55
5540455316Lugubriouslooking or sounding sad and dismal.56
5540455317LugubriousSyn: gloomy, sorrowful Ant: cheerful, joyful57
5540455318Sequesterisolate or hide away from someone or something.58
5540455319SequesterSyn: segregate, secrete Ant: reveal, uncover59
5540455320Tantalisetorment or tease (someone) with the sight or promise of something that is unobtainable.60
5540455321TantalizeSyn: annoy, provoke, tease Ant: assist, please support, encourage61
5540455322Enthralmenta feeling of great liking for something wonderful and unusual62
5540455323EnthrallmentSyn: attention, captivation, fascination Ant: indifference, disinterested, detachment63
5540455324ProdigiousExtraordinary in size, amount, extent, degree64
5540455325ProdigiousSyn: Colossal, fantastic, tremendous. Ant: Tiny, ordinary.65
5540455326JovialCheerful and friendly66
5540455327JovialSyn: jolly, happy, friendly Ant: miserable, gloomy67
5540455328Candorthe quality of being open and honest; frankness68
5540455329CandorSyn: openness, directness, sincerity Ant: guardedness, evasiveness, insincerity69
5540455330SurlyBad-tempered and rude.70
5540455331SurlySyn: uncivil, brusque, crabby, grumpy... Ant: pleasant, charming71
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AP Language Chapter 3 Vocab Flashcards

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5292362625ad hominemLatin for "to the man," this fallacy refers to the specific diversionary tactic of switching the argument from the issue at hand to the character of the other speaker.0
5292362626ad populum (bandwagon appeal)this fallacy occurs when evidence boils down to "everybody's doing it, so it must be a good thing to do."1
5292362627appeal to false authoritythis fallacy occurs when someone who has no expertise to speak on an issue is cited as an authority.2
5292362628argumenta process of reasoned inquiry; a persuasive discourse resulting in a coherent and considered movement from a claim to a conclusion.3
5292362629assumptionshared by the speaker and the audience and expressed by the warrant in the Toulmin model4
5292362630backingin the Toulmin model, it consists of further assurances or data without which the assumption lacks authority5
5292362631begging the questiona fallacy in which a claim is based on evidence or support that is in doubt.6
5292362632circular reasoninga fallacy in which the writer repeats the claim as a way to provide evidence.7
5292362633claimalso called an assertion or proposition, it states the argument's main idea or position. It differs from a topic or subject in that it has to be arguable.8
5292362634claim of factclaim that asserts that something is true or not true.9
5292362635claim of policyclaim that proposes a change.10
5292362636claim of valueclaim that argues that something is good or bad, right or wrong.11
5292362637classical orationfive-part argument structure used by classical rhetoricians. The five parts are introduction, narration, confirmation, refutation, and conclusion.12
5292362638introductionintroduces the reader to the subject under discussion.13
5292362639narrationprovides factual information and background material on the subject at hand or establishes why the subject is a problem that needs addressing.14
5292362640confirmationusually the major part of the text, it includes the proof needed to make the writer's case.15
5292362641refutationaddresses the counterargument and acts as a bridge between the writer's proof and conclusion.16
5292362642conclusionbrings the essay to a satisfying close.17
5292362643closed thesisa statement of the main idea of the argument that also previews the major points a writer intends to make.18
5292362644deductiona logical process whereby one reaches a conclusion by starting with a general principle or universal truth (major premise) and applying it to a specific case (minor premise).19
5292362645either/or fallacy (false dilemma)a fallacy in which the speaker presents two extreme options as the only possible choices.20
5292362646faulty analogya fallacy occurs when an analogy compares two things that are not comparable.21
5292362647first-hand evidenceevidence based on something the writer knows, whether it's from personal experience, observations, or general knowledge of events.22
5292362648hasty generalizationa fallacy in which a faulty conclusion is reached because of inadequate evidence.23
5292362649induction"to lead into"; a logical process whereby the writer reasons from particulars to universals, using specific cases in order to draw a conclusion, which is also called a generalization.24
5292362650logical fallacypotential vulnerabilities or weaknesses in an argument. They often arise from a failure to make a logical connection between the claim and the evidence used to support it.25
5292362651open thesisa thesis that does not list all the points the writer intends to cover in an essay.26
5292362652post hoc ergo propter hoc"after which therefore because of which," meaning it is incorrect to always claim that something is a cause just because it happened earlier. Correlation does not imply causation.27
5292362653qualifierin the Toumlin model, it uses words like usually, probably, maybe, in most cases, and most likely to temper the claim, making it less absolute.28
5292362654quantitative evidenceincludes things that can be measured, cited, counted, or otherwise represented in numbers.29
5292362655rebuttalin the Toumlin model, it gives voice to possible objections.30
5292362656reservationin the Toumlin model, it explains the terms and conditions necessitated by the qualifier.31
5292362657Rogerian argumentsdeveloped by psychiatrist Carl Rogers, these are based on the assumption that having a full understanding of an opposing position is essential to responding to it persuasively and refuting it in a way that is accommodating rather than alienating.32
5292362658second-hand evidenceevidence that is accessed through research, reading, and investigation.33
5292362659straw mana fallacy that occurs when a speaker chooses a deliberately poor or oversimplified example in order to ridicule and refute an idea.34
5292362660syllogisma logical structure that uses the major premise and minor premise to reach a necessary conclusion.35
5292362661Toulmin modelan approach to analyzing and constructing arguments created by British philosopher Stephen Toulmin. "Because (evidence as support), therefore (claim), since (warrant or assumption), on account of (backing), unless (reservation).36
5292362662warrantin the Toulmin model, it expresses the assumption necessarily shared by the speaker and the audience.37
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AP 3- Figurative Language Flashcards

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10253567519FIGURATIVE LANGUAGEThe metaphoric meaning of a word or phrase goes beyond literal meaning. This seeks to accentuate meaning by tapping into the associative connections to words or phrases. This is always intentionally done to reveal tone and attitude and shape mood.0
10253567520F- imageryThe sensory description used to make an audience vividly picture the concrete details of a thing and emotionally feel the associative weight of those details as well.1
10253567521F- analogyExamine the similarities between two different things in order to explain the think that is unfamiliar by relating it to the thing that is familiar.2
10253567522F- simileBrief comparisons between unlike things, usually introduced by the word like or as.3
10253567523F- metaphorBrief comparisons between unlike things, introduced directly.4
10253567524F- personificationComparisons that endow non-human things with human attributes or emotions.5
10253567525F- symbolConcrete things which represent something abstract. They are like metaphors but the abstract comparison is implied, not introduced directly.6
10253567526F- allegoryUses a variety of story elements symbolically to represent abstract ideas. They often dal with moral truths about humanity or life.7
10253567527F- allusionRefer to a commonly known person, place, event, poe, play, story, painting, sculpture, song, etc. They can be historical, literary, religious, topical, or mythical.8
10253567528F- apostropheDirectly addresses an absent person, who may be real, imagined, or abstract. The effect may add familiarity or emotional intensity.9
10253567529F- metonymySubstitutes the name of one object for that of another closely associated with it.10
10253567530F- hyperboleUses deliberate exaggeration or overstatement. Hyperboles may have either a comic or serious effect.11
10253567531F- understatementPresents something as less significant than it is. The ironic effect can either be humorous or emphatic.12
10253567532F- ironyContrasts appearance and reality. -verbal: state the opposite of what is meant. -situational: presents an event which resolves opposite to expectation. -dramatic: presents a character who is ignorant of key situational details of which the audience is aware13
10253567533F- idiomExpressions that mean something other than the literal meaning of the individual words.14
10253567534F- euphemismSubstitute expressions for unpleasant ones. A speaker may use this when they wish to soften a harsh idea.15
10253567535F- punWords used in a context that suggest terms that sound similar. These are usually used for comic effect.16
10253567536F- clichéTrite expressions, devalued by overuse. A speaker may use this to satirize a subject.17
10253567537F- antithesisPlaces dissimilar items close together for contrast.18
10253567538F- paradoxStatements that appear to be self-contradictory, but contain some degree of truth. Oxymorons are a type of this.19
10253567539F- alliterationThe repetition of initial consonant sounds in close proximity. The repetition can be used to draw attention to a passage or to enhance imagery by recreating a related sounds.20
10253567540F- onomatopoeiaWords that imitate natural sounds that match the word meaning. This device can be used to draw attention to a passage or to enhance imagery by recreating a related sound.21
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ap language and comp Flashcards

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8446175912Allusionan expression designed to call something to mind without mentioning it explicitly; an indirect or passing reference0
8446181683Anecdotea short and amusing or interesting story about a real incident or person1
8446186319Antithesisa person or thing that is the direct opposite of someone or something else2
8446191551Asyndetonhe omission or absence of a conjunction between parts of a sentence3
8446200435Cumulative Sentenceis a type of sentence in which the main idea (independent clause) is elaborated by the successive addition of modifying clauses or phrases4
8446211340Dictionthe choice and use of words and phrases in speech or writing5
8446218534Ethosthe characteristic spirit of a culture, era, or community as manifested in its beliefs and aspirations6
8446225006FoilsA foil is another character in a story who contrasts with the main character, usually to highlight one of their attributes7
8446228600Hyperboleexaggerated statements or claims not meant to be taken literally8
8446235364Independent Clauseclause that can stand alone as a sentence9
8446241056Juxtapositionthe fact of two things being seen or placed close together with contrasting effect10
8446245286Logosliterary device that can be defined as a statement, sentence, or argument used to convince or persuade the targeted audience by employing reason or logic11
8446260458Metaphora figure of speech in which a word or phrase is applied to an object or action to which it is not literally applicable12
8446265987Paradoxa seemingly absurd or self-contradictory statement or proposition that when investigated or explained may prove to be well founded or true13
8446270533Pathosa quality that evokes pity or sadness14
8446278071Periodic Sentencehas the main clause or predicate at the end15
8446283814Personificationthe attribution of a personal nature or human characteristics to something nonhuman, or the representation of an abstract quality in human form16
8446289812Polysyndetonliterary technique in which conjunctions (e.g. and, but, or) are used repeatedly in quick succession, often with no commas, even when the conjunctions could be removed17
8446297497Rhetoricthe art of effective or persuasive speaking or writing, especially the use of figures of speech and other compositional techniques18
8446299899Syntaxthe arrangement of words and phrases to create well-formed sentences in a language19
8446303884Toneis an attitude of a writer toward a subject or an audience20
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AP Language & Composition Vocabulary Flashcards

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4648835848Appeals (ethical, emotional, logical)Ethics: convincing someone of the character or credibility of the persuader. Emotional: convincing an audience of an argument by creating an emotional response. Logical: a way of persuading an audience by reason0
4648838471ArgumentThe main statement of a poem, essay, short story, or novel that usually appears as an introduction or a point on which the author will develop their work to convince the readers1
4648841595Defend/challenge/qualifyA statement that modifies or limits the meaning of a claim2
4648841945DiscourseSpeech or writing normally longer than sentences which deals with the certain subject formally in the form of writing or speech3
4648843253RhetoricThe act of persuasion4
4648844331Rhetorical devicesTechniques used by the author or speaker that conveys the reader/listener a meaning with the intention of persuading them5
4648847782Rhetorical modesDescribe the variety, conventions, and purposes of the major kinds of language- based communication like writing or speaking (4 common modes: narration, description, exposition, and argumentation)6
4648850199SemanticsBranch of linguistics that deals with interpretation and meaning of words, sentence structure, and symbols, while determining the reading comprehension of the readers (how they understand & their interpretations)7
4648853231StyleLiterary element that describes the ways that the author uses words- word choice, sentence structure, figurative language, & sentence arrangement all work together to establish mood, images, and meaning of the text8
4648855754ThesisA short statement, often one sentence, that summarizes the main point or claim of an essay, research paper, etc., and is developed, supported, and explained in the text by examples and evidence9
4648858805ConnotationAn implied meaning that is associated with a word of it's literal meaning10
4648860030DenotationThe literal meaning of a word11
4648860534DictionChoice of words and style of expressions that an author makes and uses12
4648861400EllipsisLiterary device that's used in narratives to omit parts of a sentence or event, giving the reader a chance to fill in the gaps13
4648864496EquivocationTelling something that is not false, but not revealing the unpleasant truth14
4648865578EuphemismPolite expressions used in place of words or phrases that may be harsh or unpleasant15
4648866243HyperboleAn exaggeration of ideas for the sake of emphasis16
4648866728JuxtapositionTwo or more ideas, places, characters, and their actions are placed side by side in a narrative or poem for the purpose of developing comparisons and contrasts17
4648869716MalapropismUsing an incorrect word in place of one that is similar in pronunciation18
4648870137MoodElement that evokes certain feelings or vibes in readers through words and descriptions19
4648871806Non sequiturStatements, sayings, and conclusions that do not follow the fundamental principles of logic and reason20
4648873216PedanticConcern of precision, formalism, accuracy and minute details in order to make a statement arrogant and ostentatious show of learning21
4648874557PlatitudeRepetition of obvious, simple, and easily understood statements that have little meaning or emotional weight22
4648876097PolemicA controversial dispute or debate, or someone who is inclined to argue23
4648876865SarcasmBitter or caustic language that is meant to hurt or ridicule someone or something24
4648877547SyntaxThe way the author chooses to join words into phrases, clauses, and sentences25
4648878761ToneThe author's attitude toward their material, audience, or both26
4648879361TransitionA word or phrase that links different ideas and signals a shift from one idea to another27
4648882138UnderstatementIronic minimizing of a fact, presents something as less significant than it is28
4648883192VoiceThe author's writing style of use of syntax, diction, dialogue, etc. withing a body of text29
4648885211AllegoryUsing character and/or story elements symbolically to represent an abstraction in addition to the literal meaning30
4648888914AlliterationThe repetition of sounds, especially initial consonant sounds in two or more neighboring words31
4648889582AllusionA direct/indirect reference to something which is presumably commonly known such as an event, book, place, etc.32
4648890929AnalogySimilarity or comparison between two different things or the relationship between them. Can explain something unfamiliar by associating it with or pointing out its similarity to something more familiar33
4749549383AnecdoteShort and interesting story or an amusing event often proposed to support or demonstrate some point and make readers & listeners laugh34
4749550946IronyThe contrast between what it is stated explicitly and what is really meant; difference between what appears to be and what is actually true (3 types: verbal, situational, & dramatic)35
4749552511MetaphorFigure of speech using implied comparison of seemingly unlike things or the substitution of one for the other, suggesting similarity36
4749554802MotifCan be an image, sound, action, or other figure with symbolic significance & contributes to the development of the theme37
4749556961OxymoronFigure of speech where in the author groups apparently contradictory terms to suggest paradox38
4749558121ParadoxA statement that appears to be self contradictory, but contains some degree of truth39
4749559999Parallel syntax (parallelism)Grammatical and rhetorical framing of words, phrases, sentences, or paragraphs to give structural similarity40
4749561097ParodyWork that closely imitates the style or content of another with the specific aim of comic effect and/or ridicule41
4749567723PunA play on words in which a humorous effect is produced by using a word that suggests two or more meanings by exploiting similar sounding words with different meanings42
4749568954SatireTechnique used to expose and criticize foolishness and corruption of an individual or society by using humor, irony, exaggeration, or ridicule43
4749571201SimileA comparison that uses "like" or "as"44
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AP Language Vocabulary Test 3 Flashcards

Terms : Hide Images
4802339170InferTo draw a reasonable conclusion from the information presented.0
4802339171InvectiveAn emotionally violent, verbal denunciation or attach using strong, abusive language.1
4802339172IronyThe contrast between what is stated explicitly and what is really meant. The difference between what appears to be and what actually is true.2
4802339173JuxtapositionWhen two words, phrases, images, ideas are placed close together or side by side for comparison or contrast.3
4802339174LitotesAn understatement in which an affirmative is expressed by negating its opposite. She's not the healthiest person. (About a morbidly obese woman)4
4802339175Loose sentencea type of sentence in which the main idea (independent clause) comes first, followed by dependent grammatical units such as phrases and clauses. I went to the store to buy milk when I needed calcium.5
4802339176MetaphorA figure of speech using implied comparison of seemingly unlike things or the substitution of one for the other, suggesting some similarity.6
4802339177Metonymyfigure of speech in which the name of one object is substituted for that of another closely associated with it. The crown was responsible for the poverty throughout the kingdom.7
4802339178MoodThe second meaning of mood is literary, meaning the prevailing atmosphere or emotional aura of a work.8
4802339179NarrativeThe telling of a story or an account of an event or series of events.9
4802339180OnomatopoeiaA figure of speech in which natural sounds are imitated in the sounds of words. KAPOW!10
4802339181OxymoronA figure of speech that combines opposite or contradictory terms in a brief phrase.11
4802339182ParadoxA statement that appears to be self-contradictory or opposed to common sense but upon closer inspection contains some degree of truth or validity.12
4802339183Parallelismgrammatical or rhetorical framing of words, phrases, sentences, or paragraphs to give structural similarity13
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