| 7391355291 | fallacy | an error in reasoning | | 0 |
| 7391355292 | logos | an appeal to logic | | 1 |
| 7391355293 | pathos | an appeal to emotions | | 2 |
| 7391355294 | ethos | an appeal to author's credibility | | 3 |
| 7391355295 | slippery slope | A fallacy that assumes that taking a first step will lead to subsequent steps that cannot be prevented | | 4 |
| 7391355296 | bandwagon | A fallacy which assumes that because something is popular, it is therefore good, correct, or desirable. | | 5 |
| 7391355297 | post hoc | Arguments confuse chronology with causation: the belief that one event cannot occur after another without being caused by it. | | 6 |
| 7391355298 | straw man | a logical fallacy that involves the creation of an easily refutable position; misrepresenting, then attacking an opponent's position | | 7 |
| 7391355299 | ad hominem | An argument based on the failings of an adversary rather than on the merits of the case; a logical fallacy that involves a personal attack. | | 8 |
| 7391355300 | inductive reasoning | A method of reasoning in which a number of specific facts or examples are used to make a generalization. | | 9 |
| 7391355301 | deductive reasoning | A type of logic in which specific results are predicted from a general premise. | | 10 |
| 7391355302 | backing | supports the warrant | | 11 |
| 7391355303 | conditions of rebuttal | anticipates and addresses the counter-arguments; rebuttal attacks the reasons and grounds &/or the warrant and backing | | 12 |
| 7391355304 | qualifier | limits the claim (since there are few absolutes) | | 13 |
| 7391355305 | telegraphic sentences | shorter than 5 words | | 14 |
| 7391355306 | short sentences | approximately 5 words in length | | 15 |
| 7391355307 | long and involved sentences | 30 words or more in length
(How does the sentence length fit the subject matter? What variety of lengths is present? How is length effective?) | | 16 |
| 7391355308 | declarative (assertive) | makes a statement
ex. The king is sick. | | 17 |
| 7391355309 | imperative | gives a command
ex. Cure the king. | | 18 |
| 7391355310 | interrogative | asks a question
ex. Is the king sick? | | 19 |
| 7391355311 | exclamatory | provides emphasis or expresses strong emotion
ex. Long live the king! | | 20 |
| 7391355312 | simple sentence | contains one subject and one verb (independent clause) | | 21 |
| 7391355313 | compound sentence | contains two independent clauses joined by a coordinate conjunction (FANBOYS) or by a semicolon | | 22 |
| 7391355314 | complex sentences | contains an independent clause and one or more subordinate (dependent) clauses | | 23 |
| 7391355315 | loose sentence | A sentence that could end before the modifying phrases without losing its coherence
'We observe today not a victory of party but a celebration of freedom, symbolizing an end as well as a beginning, signifying renewal as well as change.'"
- Kennedy | | 24 |
| 7391355316 | periodic sentence | A complex sentence that only makes sense when the end of the sentence is reached
ex. That morning, after a long flight, we reached Edmonton. | | 25 |
| 7391355317 | balanced sentence | the phrases or clauses balance each other by virtue of their likeness of structure, meaning, or length | | 26 |
| 7391355318 | natural order | constructing a sentence so that the subject comes before the predicate | | 27 |
| 7391355319 | inverted order (sentence inversion) | constructing a sentence so that the predicate comes before the subject
ex. In Florida grow the oranges. | | 28 |
| 7391355320 | active voice | the subject performs the action | | 29 |
| 7391355321 | appositives | set off by commas, adds information
ex. My teacher, the lovely Mrs. Ayer, does not assign that much homework. | | 30 |
| 7391355322 | author asides | usually in parentheses; author intrudes story
ex. She could not choose between the two suitors. (Patience, dear reader. These matters will soon be settled.) | | 31 |
| 7391355323 | ellipsis | allows material to be extracted without altering meaning of larger piece | | 32 |
| 7391355324 | parallel structure (parallelism) | grammatical or structural similarity between sentences of parts of a sentence. It involves a mirroring of arrangement of words, phrases, sentences, or paragraphs | | 33 |
| 7391355325 | rhetorical question | a question that expects no answer. It is used to draw attention to a point and is generally stronger than a direct statement | | 34 |
| 7391355326 | alliteration | repetition of initial consonant sound of several consecutive or neighboring words | | 35 |
| 7391355327 | allusion | an indirect reference to a mythological, literary, or historical person, place, or thing | | 36 |
| 7391355328 | antithesis | involves a direct contrast of structurally or denotative word groupings, generally for the purpose of contrast | | 37 |
| 7391355329 | apostrophe | a form of personification in which the absent, the dead, or abstract concepts are spoken to as if present | | 38 |
| 7391355330 | assonance | the repetition of accented vowel sound in a series of words
ex: 'Cause, baby, now we got bad BLOOD
You know it used to be mad LOVE
So take a look what you've DONE... -Swift | | 39 |
| 7391355331 | consonance | the repetition of a consonant within words in a series of words to produce a harmonious effect
ex: Do noT go genTle inTo thaT good nighT - Thomas | | 40 |
| 7391355332 | hyperbole | a deliberate, extravagant, and often outrageous exaggeration. It may be used for either serious or comic effect | | 41 |
| 7391355333 | levels of diction | elevated, formal, scholarly
neutral
informal, low, vulgar, colloquial | | 42 |
| 7391355334 | elevated, formal, scholarly | usually contains language that creates an elevated tone. It is free of slang, idioms, colloquialisms, contractions, and contradiction. It often contains polysyllabic words, sophisticated syntax, and elegant word choice. | | 43 |
| 7391355335 | neutral | standard language and vocabulary without elaborate words | | 44 |
| 7391355336 | informal | the language of everyday use. It is relaxed and conversational. It often includes common and simple words, idioms, slang, jargon, and contractions | | 45 |
| 7391355337 | dialect | a nonstandard subgroup of language with its own vocabulary and grammatical features. Writers often use regional dialects the reveal a social or economic class (Use this term instead of "accent") | | 46 |
| 7391355338 | jargon | consists of words and expressions characteristic of a particular trade, profession or pursuit | | 47 |
| 7391355339 | slang | refers to a recently coined word or phrase, often out of usage within months or years, often meant to exclude | | 48 |
| 7391355340 | vulgar | coarse, common, vernacular, lacking in cultivation or taste | | 49 |
| 7391355341 | abstract diction | refers to words that express ideas or concepts: love, time, truth. Leaves out some characteristics found in each individual, and instead observes a quality common to many | | 50 |
| 7391355342 | concrete diction | refers to words that we can immediately perceive with our senses- dog, actor, chemical | | 51 |
| 7391355343 | connotation | the implications of words or phrases as well as its/their exact meaning | | 52 |
| 7391355344 | denotation | the strict, literal, dictionary definition of the word devoid of emotion, attitude or color | | 53 |
| 7391355345 | allegory | a prolonged metaphor, a narrative in which characters, objects, and events have underlaying political, religious, moral, or social meanings | | 54 |
| 7391355346 | anachronism | assignment of something to a time when it was not in existence | | 55 |
| 7391355347 | archetype | an abstract or ideal conception of a type;a perfectly typical example;an original model or form. HERO, Damsel in distress, femme fatale | | 56 |
| 7391355348 | conceit | unusual and elaborate comparison between two very different things | | 57 |
| 7391355349 | metaphor | a comparison of two unlike things | | 58 |
| 7391355350 | metonymy | the use of the name of one thing for that of another associated or suggested by it.
ex: white house=government | | 59 |
| 7391355351 | motif | the repetition or variation of an image or an idea in a work that is used to develop the theme or characters
ex: light and dark in Scarlet Letter | | 60 |
| 7391355352 | oxymoron | a form of paradox that combines a pair of opposite terms into a single unusual expression.
ex: bittersweet, going down in an elavator | | 61 |
| 7391355353 | paradox | a statement that appears contradictory at first, but actually represents a truth | | 62 |
| 7391355354 | personification | giving human characterisics to inanimate objects or abstract ideas | | 63 |
| 7391355355 | simile | a comparison of two different things using like or as | | 64 |
| 7391355356 | synecdoche | a part of something stands for the whole.
Ex: all hands on deck | | 65 |
| 7391355357 | atmosphere/mood | the emotive response elicited in the reader | | 66 |
| 7391355358 | epiphany | a sudden insight or understanding. An intuitive grasp of reality achieved in a quick flash of recognition in which something, usually simple and commonplace, is seen in a new light | | 67 |
| 7391355359 | speaker | the person who narrates | | 68 |
| 7391355360 | In Medias Res | In the middle of things. it is the literary device of opening the story in the middle of the action. The narrative generally unfolds via flashback, as is logical | | 69 |
| 7391355361 | stream of consciousness | a style of writing that portrays the inner and often chaotic workings of a speaker's mind through interior monologue | | 70 |
| 7391355362 | tone | the attitude a speaker or writer takes towards a subject | | 71 |
| 7391355363 | voice | the writer's distinctive use of language in a story; similar to style | | 72 |
| 7391355364 | rhetorical devices | the tools and mechanisms a writer employs to develop their strategy; four main categories are addition, subtraction, substitution, transposition (from "ab ovo" to "zeugma" - this is an almost infinite list, we'll try to learn some of the more frequent techniques) | | 73 |
| 7391355365 | rhetorical techniques | how the author chooses to develop the piece through tone, diction, syntax, organization, and point of view | | 74 |
| 7391355366 | rhetorical strategy | the organizational structure of a piece (there may be more than one employed); examples include cause & effect, compare & contrast, process analysis, definition, and more | | 75 |
| 7391355367 | anaphora | the same words begin successive sentences for emphasis. anaphora mimics biblical syntax - hence, when an author uses anaphora, it is used to create authority | | 76 |
| 7391355368 | epizeuxis | repeating words in immediate succession.
Ex: The horror the horror. | | 77 |
| 7391355369 | anadiplosis | the repetition of a key word, especially the last one, at the beginning of the next sentence of clause.
Ex: He gave his life;life was all he could give | | 78 |
| 7391355370 | chiasmus | a pattern in which the second part is balanced against the first, but with the parts reversed.
Ex: flowers are lovely, but love is flowerlike | | 79 |
| 7391355371 | asyndeton | the practice of leaving out the usual conjunctions between coordinate sentence elements.
Ex: smile, shake hands, part | | 80 |
| 7391355372 | polysyndeton | the use of more conjunctions than is normal.
Ex: lions and tigers and bears | | 81 |
| 7391355373 | understatement & litotes | the opposite of hyperbole ("Just a flesh wound" - Monty Python) | | 82 |
| 7391355374 | verbal irony | saying one thing but meaning another | | 83 |
| 7391355375 | dramatic irony | the audience knows something that the character does not | | 84 |
| 7391355376 | situational irony | a situation in which there is an incongruity between appearance and reality or expectation and fulfillment, or between the actual situation and what would seem appropriate. An example is seeing your health teacher smoke a cigarette. | | 85 |
| 7391355377 | cosmic-irony of fate | this is when luck, fate, or chance, is deliberately frustrating human efforts | | 86 |
| 7391355378 | ambiguity | a technique by which a writer deliberately suggest two or more different and sometimes conflicting meanings in a word, phrase, or entire work | | 87 |
| 7391355379 | juxtaposition | a poetic and rhetorical device in which normal unassociated ideas, words, or phrases are placed next to one another, creating an effect of surprise and wit | | 88 |
| 7391355380 | antecedent | that which goes before, especially the word, phrase, or clause to which a pronoun refers | | 89 |
| 7391355381 | structure | the arrangement of materials within a work; the relationship of the parts of work to a whole; the logical divisions of a work | | 90 |
| 7391355382 | style | the mode of expression in language; the characteristic manner of expression of an author. Many elements contribute to style, most notably, diction and syntax. | | 91 |
| 7391355383 | modes of discourse | narration, description, argument, exposition | | 92 |
| 7391355384 | zeugma | a figure of speech in which a word applies to two others (usually in a different sense) | | 93 |
| 7391355385 | litote | understatement in which an affirmative is expressed by the negative of its contrary (e.g., you won't be sorry, meaning you'll be glad ). | | 94 |
| 7391355386 | syllogism | A form of deductive reasoning consisting of a major premise, a minor premise, and a conclusion. | | 95 |
| 7391355387 | enthymeme | A syllogism in which one of the premises is already so widely known and accepted that it is omitted | | 96 |
| 7391355388 | claim | A statement or assertion that is open to challenge and that requires support | | 97 |
| 7391355389 | reasons | Support claims; each claim likely has many of these | | 98 |
| 7391355390 | warrant | Unstated assumption | | 99 |
| 7391355391 | grounds | Similar to confirmatio; this is the evidence that functions as the foundation and support for the claim. | | 100 |
| 7391355392 | Rogerian | Seeks common ground, builds trust, and reduces threat | | 101 |
| 7391355393 | Toulmin | An approach to analyzing and constructing arguments created by British philosopher. Template: because (evidence as support), therefore (claim), since (warrant or assumption), on account of (backing), unless (reservation). | | 102 |
| 7391355394 | hypophora | asking a question and then answering it | | 103 |
| 7391355395 | Cicero's classical oration | a traditional arrangement for oral arguments | | 104 |
| 7391355396 | Aristotle's appeals | three ways to gain the audience's support of one's ideas: logos, ethos, pathos | | 105 |
| 7391355397 | passive voice | the subject is acted upon; the subject receives the action expressed by the verb
Ex: the boy was bitten by the dog. | | 106 |
| 7391355398 | rhetoric | The art of using language effectively and persuasively | | 107 |
| 7391355399 | pro and con synthesis | a form of argument whereby one moves from point to counterpoint and synthesizes the conclusion | | 108 |
| 7391355400 | slanting | a fallacy wherein information is exaggerated or suppressed | | 109 |
| 7391355401 | unrepresentative sample | data is flawed due to limited scope | | 110 |
| 7391355402 | non sequitur | an attempt to tie together unrelated ideas | | 111 |
| 7391355403 | red herring | information that is related to the topic, but not germane to the argument | | 112 |
| 7391355404 | faulty syllogism | attempts to get more out of the premise than is warranted | | 113 |
| 7391355405 | false analogy | comparing two events or issues that do not have that much in common | | 114 |
| 7391355406 | either/or; false dichotomy; black/white fallacy | limits a complex issue to just two options | | 115 |
| 7391355407 | argument from ignorance; appeal to ignorance | the argument that, since it can't be proven untrue, it must be true | | 116 |
| 7391355408 | false authority | when people offer themselves or unreliable/suspicious sources as authorities on the subject | | 117 |
| 7391355409 | begging the question; circular reasoning | supporting the premise with the premise | | 118 |
| 7391355410 | hook | The first sentence or question in an essay that is designed to grab the reader's attention | | 119 |
| 7391362591 | analogy | A comparison of two different things that are similar in some way | | 120 |
| 7391368521 | anthropomorphism | the attribution of human characteristics to animals or inanimate objects (arms, legs, etc.; NOT PERSONIFICATION) | | 121 |
| 7391378394 | aphorism | A brief, cleverly worded statement that makes a wise observation about life. | | 122 |
| 7391381934 | anecdote | a short and amusing or interesting story about a real incident or person | | 123 |
| 7391392255 | antagonist | A character or force in conflict with the main character | | 124 |
| 7391394491 | anticlimax | a disappointing end to an exciting or impressive series of events | | 125 |
| 7391400052 | argumentation writing | the process of developing or presenting an argument; reasoning | | 126 |
| 7391405492 | attitude | A speaker's, author's, or character's disposition toward or opinion of a subject. | | 127 |
| 7391414460 | caricature | A grotesque or exaggerated likeness of striking qualities in persons and things. | | 128 |
| 7391418363 | causal analysis writing | seeks to identify and understand the reasons why things are as they are and hence enabling focus of change activity; links actions or events along a time -line; tells why something happens, is happening, or will probably happen; used to inform, entertain, speculate, argue; cause/effect writing | | 129 |
| 7391446901 | clause | a syntactic construction containing a subject and predicate and forming part of a sentence or constituting a whole simple sentence | | 130 |
| 7391459764 | cliche | a phrase or opinion that is overused and betrays a lack of original thought. | | 131 |
| 7391464843 | colloquial | used in ordinary or familiar conversation; not formal or literary | | 132 |
| 7391480223 | classification and division | in a __________________ essay the writer organizes, or sorts, things into categories. _______________ separates items into categories | | 133 |
| 7391495657 | coherence | the quality of being logical, orderly, and clearly connected | | 134 |
| 7391502611 | climax | the most intense, exciting, or important point of something; a culmination or apex. | | 135 |
| 7391504950 | abstract | existing in thought or as an idea but not having a physical or concrete existence. | | 136 |
| 7391508457 | definition writing | _______________ essay explains what a term means | | 137 |
| 7391515902 | didactic | having the primary purpose of teaching or instructing | | 138 |
| 7391519609 | dramatic monologue | when a single speaker in literature says something to a silent audience | | 139 |
| 7391523815 | digression | a temporary departure from the main subject in speech or writing | | 140 |
| 7391528114 | discourse | Communication of thought by words; talk; conversation | | 141 |
| 7391533954 | dominant impression | principal effect the author wishes to create for the audience, guides selection of detail and made clear in thesis | | 142 |
| 7391551402 | editorializing | Opinionated comments that go beyond just stating the straightforward reporting | | 143 |
| 7391553724 | euphemism | An indirect, less offensive way of saying something that is considered unpleasant | | 144 |
| 7391557590 | epithet | A descriptive name or phrase used to characterize someone or something | | 145 |
| 7391561494 | escape literature | work written primarily for entertainment | | 146 |
| 7391566460 | exposition | provides important background information and introduces the characters | | 147 |
| 7391569594 | equivocation | When a writer uses the same term in two different senses in an argument.
Ex) A feather is light. What is light cannot be dark. Therefore, a feather cannot be dark. | | 148 |
| 7391583494 | farce | a play filled with ridiculous or absurd happenings | | 149 |
| 7391593052 | figurative language | a way of saying one thing and meaning something else | | 150 |
| 7391596057 | figure of speech | an example of figurative language that states something that is not literally true in order to create an effect | | 151 |
| 7391604629 | foil | character that contrasts another character | | 152 |
| 7391609006 | inference | A conclusion reached on the basis of evidence and reasoning | | 153 |
| 7391611386 | invective | An emotionally violent, verbal denunciation or attack using strong, abusive language. | | 154 |
| 7391613553 | language devices | tools that writers use to express their thoughts
Ex) figurative language, sound devices, rhetorical devices | | 155 |
| 7391625859 | maxim | A concise statement, often offering advice; an adage | | 156 |
| 7391630199 | monologue | A long speech made by one performer or by one person in a group to other people | | 157 |
| 7391634129 | narrative | writing that tells a story | | 158 |
| 7391638571 | naturalistic detail | the practice of describing precisely the actual circumstances of human life in literature | | 159 |
| 7391652511 | rhetorical modes | (modes of discourse) describe the variety, conventions, and purposes of the major kinds of writing | | 160 |
| 7391659585 | objective description | factual logical description | | 161 |
| 7391666298 | parody | a work which imitates another in a ridiculous manner | | 162 |
| 7391669592 | pathetic fallacy | the attributing of human emotion and conduct to all aspects within nature | | 163 |
| 7391674169 | pedantic | excessively concerned with book learning and formal rules | | 164 |
| 7391679637 | persuasion writing | convince reader of writer's argument | | 165 |
| 7391684612 | pedestrian | lacking vitality and originality | | 166 |
| 7391693224 | protagonist | The central character in a work of literature | | 167 |
| 7391710392 | proverb | a short pithy saying in general use, stating a general truth or piece of advice. | | 168 |
| 7391713080 | pun | a play on words that are identical or similar in sound but have sharply diverse meanings | | 169 |
| 7391718060 | pace (pacing) | manipulation of time | | 170 |
| 7391721608 | satire | A literary work that ridicules or criticizes a human vice through humor or derision | | 171 |
| 7391724187 | semantic | Having to do with the meaning of words or language (Contrast with syntax) | | 172 |
| 7391734644 | dependent clause | A phrase that can't stand alone as a complete sentence. | | 173 |
| 7391737640 | main clause | a clause in a complex sentence that can stand alone as a complete sentence; must contain noun and verb | | 174 |
| 7391744971 | subject-by-subject | write separate essay about each subject but discuss saim points for both subjects | | 175 |
| 7391757936 | narrative structure | the way in which a work is organized; dependent on genre and many other factors | | 176 |
| 7391769926 | thesis | a statement or theory that is put forward as a premise to be maintained or proved. | | 177 |
| 7391772267 | comparison/contrast | paper that involves comparing who two subjects are alike and contrasting their differences | | 178 |
| 7391785127 | wit | intellectually amusing language that surprises and delights | | 179 |
