| 6816462291 | Red Herring | A red herring is the introduction of an irrelevant or random point into an argument mean to change the subject. |  | 0 |
| 6816462364 | Ad hominem | In an argument, this is an attack on the person rather than on the opponent's ideas. It comes from the Latin meaning "turn to the man." |  | 1 |
| 6816462365 | Tu quoque | Dismissing someone's argument because he or she is being hypocritical. |  | 2 |
| 6816462366 | Appeal to False Authority | A fallacy in which a speaker or writer seeks to persuade not by giving evidence but by appealing to the respect people have for a famous person or institution. |  | 3 |
| 6816462367 | Strawman | Misrepresenting or exaggerating someone else's argument to make it easier to attack. |  | 4 |
| 6816462369 | Circular Reasoning | A logical fallacy in which the conclusion is hidden within the premises. Typically called "circular reasoning." From Plato's Euthyphro - something is pious because it is loved by the gods. That which is loved by the gods is pious. |  | 5 |
| 6816462370 | Loaded Question | Asking a question that has an assumption built into it so that it cannot be answered without making one appear guilty. "Do you still beat your girlfriend?" |  | 6 |
| 6816462372 | Bandwagon | A fallacy which assumes that because something is popular, it is therefore good, correct, or desirable. |  | 7 |
| 6816462373 | Either-Or | When two alternative states are presented as the only possibilities, when in fact more possibilities exist. |  | 8 |
| 6816462295 | Hasty Generalizations | Generalizing based on a small or poor sample population. | | 9 |
| 6816462296 | Weak Analogy | An analogy is a comparison. They can be weak because no two things are alike. | | 10 |
| 6816462297 | Propaganda | Appeal to Fear
Appeal to Pity
Bandwagon
Appeal to Tradition
Appeal to Flattery | | 11 |
| 6816462374 | Slippery Slope | A fallacy that assumes that taking a first step will lead to subsequent steps that cannot be prevented. |  | 12 |
| 6816462386 | Genetic Fallacy | Condemning an argument because of where it began, how it began, or who began it. Similar in form to ad-hominem. |  | 13 |
| 6816462393 | Non-Sequitur | Latin for "does not follow." An argument in which the conclusion does not follow from the premises. |  | 14 |
| 6816462395 | Post Hoc Ergo Propter Hoc | Latin for "after this therefore because of this." Arguing that because something follows something else it necessarily is the cause. |  | 15 |
| 6816462298 | audience | the listener, viewer, or reader of a text. Most texts are likely to have multiple _____________s. | | 16 |
| 6816462299 | concession | an acknowledgement that an opposing argument may be true or reasonable. In a strong argument, a ______________ is usually accompanied by a refutation challenging the validity of the opposing argument. | | 17 |
| 6816462300 | connotation | meanings or associations that readers have with a word beyond its dictionary definition, or denotation. ______________s are usually positive or negative, and they can greatly affect the author's tone. | | 18 |
| 6816462301 | context | The circumstances, atmosphere, attitudes, and events surrounding a text. | | 19 |
| 6816462302 | counterargument | an opposing argument to the one a writer is putting forward. Rather than ignoring a ______________,a strong writer will usually address it through the process of concession and refutation. | | 20 |
| 6816462303 | ethos | Greek for "character." Speakers appeal to reason, by offering clear, rational ideas and using specific details, examples, facts, statistics, or expert testimony to back them up. | | 21 |
| 6816462304 | logos | Greek for "embodied thought." Speakers appeal to _________, or reason, by offering clear, rational ideas and using specific details, examples, facts, statistics, or expert testimony to back them up. | | 22 |
| 6816462305 | occasion | the time and place a speech is given or a piece is written. | | 23 |
| 6816462306 | pathos | Greek for "suffering or "experience". Speakers appeal to the _______________ to emotionally motivate their audience. More specific appeals to ______________ might play on the audience's values, desires, and hopes, on the one hand, or hears and prejudices, on the other. | | 24 |
| 6816462307 | persona | Greek for "mask". The face or character that a speaker shows to his or her audience. | | 25 |
| 6816462308 | polemic | Greek for "hostile". An aggressive argument that tries to establish the superiority of one opinion over all others. ____________s generally do not concede that opposing opinions have any merit. | | 26 |
| 6816462309 | propaganda | The spread of ideas and information to further a cause. In its negative sense, ___________________ is the use of rumors, lies, disinformation, and scare tactics in order to damage or promote a cause. | | 27 |
| 6816462310 | purpose | The goal the speaker wants to achieve. | | 28 |
| 6816462311 | refutation | A denial of the validity of an opposing argument. In order to sound reasonable, ______________s often follow a concession that acknowledges that an opposing argument may be true or reasonable. | | 29 |
| 6816462312 | rhetoric | As Aristotle defined the term, "the faculty of observing in any given case the available means of persuasion." In other words, it is the art of finding ways to persuade an audience. | | 30 |
| 6816462313 | rhetorical appeals | Rhetorical techniques used to persuade an audience by emphasizing what they find most important or compelling. The three major __________ _______________ are to ethos, logos, and pathos | | 31 |
| 6816462314 | rhetorical triangle (Aristotelian triangle) | A diagram that illustrates the interrelationship among the speaker, audience, and subject in determining a text. | | 32 |
| 6816462315 | SOAPS | Subject, Occasion, Audience, Purpose, and Speaker.
The various elements that make the rhetorical situation. | | 33 |
| 6816462316 | speaker | The person or group who creates a text. | | 34 |
| 6816462317 | subject | The topic of a text. What a text is about. | | 35 |
| 6816462318 | text | Generally means the written word: includes fiction, nonfiction, poetry, political cartoons, fine art, photography, performances, fashion, cultural trends, and much more. | | 36 |
| 6816462319 | allegory | The device of using character and/or story elements symbolically to represent an abstraction in additional to the literal meaning.
An author may intend the characters to personify an abstraction like hope or freedom. They usually deal with moral truth or a generalization about human existence.
(ex: The Lion, the Witch, and the Wardrobe by C.S. Lewis is a religious allegory with Aslan as Christ and Edmund as Judas. ) | | 37 |
| 6816462320 | alliteration | The repetition of sounds, especially initial consonant sounds in two or more neighboring words.
(ex: she sells sea shells).
The repetition can reinforce meaning, unify ideas, supply a musical sounds, and/or echo the sense of the passage. | | 38 |
| 6816462321 | allusion | A direct or indirect reference to something which is presumably commonly known, such as an event, book, myth, place, or work of art. These can be historical, literary, religious, topical, or mythical. | | 39 |
| 6816462322 | ambiguity | The multiple meanings, either intentional or unintentional, of a word, phrase, sentence, or passage. | | 40 |
| 6816462323 | analogy | A similarity or comparison between two different things or the relationship between them.
They can make writing more vivid, imaginative, or intellectually engaging. | | 41 |
| 6816462324 | antithesis | The opposition or contrast of ideas or words in parallel construction.
"Support any friend, oppose any foe" | | 42 |
| 6816462325 | anaphora | Repetition of a word or phrase at the beginning of successive phrases, clauses, or lines.
"not as a call to bear arms... not as a call to battle" | | 43 |
| 6816462326 | antimetabole | Repetition of words in reverse order
"With my mind on my money and my money on my mind" | | 44 |
| 6816462327 | asyndeton | Omission of conjunctions between coordinate phrases, clauses, or words.
"We came, we saw, we conquered" | | 45 |
| 6816462328 | apostrophe | A figure of speech that directly addresses an absent or imaginary person or a personified abstraction (love/liberty). An address to someone/ something that cannot answer.
The effect could add familiarity or emotional intensity. | | 46 |
| 6816462329 | atmosphere | The emotional nod created by the entirety of a literary work, established partly by the setting and partly by the author's choice of objects that are described. Even such elements as a description of the weather can contribute to the _____________. Frequently _____________ foreshadows events. Perhaps it can create a mood. | | 47 |
| 6816462330 | Archaic diction | Old fashioned or outdated choice of words. "beastly, blest, deuced" | | 48 |
| 6816462331 | caricature | a verbal description, the purpose of which is to exaggerate or distort, for comic effect, a person's distinctive physical features or other characteristics. | | 49 |
| 6816462332 | colloquial/colloquialism | The use of slang or informalities in speech or writing. Not generally acceptable for formal writing,
these give a work a conversational, familiar tone.
These types of expressions in writing include local or regional
dialects. | | 50 |
| 6816462333 | conceit | A fanciful expression, usually in the form of an extended metaphor or surprising analogy between seemingly dissimilar objects.
This displays intellectual cleverness as a result of the unusual comparison being made. | | 51 |
| 6816462334 | connotation | The non-literal, associative meaning of a word; the implied meaning. | | 52 |
| 6816462335 | denotation | The strict, literal, dictionary definition of a word, devoid of any emotion, attitude, or color.
(Ex: the
__________
of a knife would be a utensil used to cut; the
connotation
of a knife might be fear, violence, anger, foreboding, etc.) | | 53 |
| 6816462336 | diction | Related to style, diction refers to the writer's word choices, especially with regard to their correctness, clearness, or effectiveness.
On exam: describe an author's diction (for example, formal or informal,
ornate or plain) and understand the ways in which diction can complement the author's purpose. Diction, combined with syntax, figurative language, literary devices, etc., creates an
author's style. | | 54 |
| 6816462337 | didactic | From the Greek, didactic literally means "teaching." Didactic words have the primary aim of teaching or instructing, especially the teaching of moral or ethical principles. | | 55 |
| 6816462338 | euphemism | From the Greek for "good speech," euphemisms are a more agreeable or less offensive substitute for a generally unpleasant word or concept. The euphemism may be used to adhere to standards of social or political correctness or to add humor or ironic understatement.
(ex: saying "earthly remains" rather than
"corpse") | | 56 |
| 6816462339 | extended metaphor | A metaphor developed at great length, occurring frequently in or throughout a work. | | 57 |
| 6816462340 | figurative language | Writing or speech that is not intended to carry literal meaning and is usually meant to be imaginative and vivid. | | 58 |
| 6816462341 | figure of speech | A device used to produce figurative language. Many compare dissimilar things. They include apostrophe, hyperbole, irony, metaphor, oxymoron, paradox, personification, simile, synecdoche, and understatement. | | 59 |
| 6816462342 | hyperbole | A figure of speech using deliberate exaggeration or overstatement. (The lit
eral Greek meaning is "overshoot.")
These often have a comic effect; however, a serious effect is also possible. Often, these produces irony. The opposite is an understatement. | | 60 |
| 6816462343 | imagery | The sensory details/ figurative language used to describe, arouse emotion, or represent abstractions. On a physical level, ______ uses terms related to the five senses: visual, auditory, tactile, gustatory, and olfactory. On a broader and deeper level, however, ______ can represent more than one thing. For example, a rose may present visual imagery while also representing the color in a woman's cheeks and/or symbolizing some degree of perfection.
An author may use complex imagery while simultaneously employing other figures of speech, especially metaphor and simile. In addition, this term can apply to the total of all the images in a work. On the AP language exam, pay attention to how an author creates imagery and to the effect of this imagery. | | 61 |
| 6816462344 | invective | an emotionally violent, verbal condemnation or attack using strong, abusive language. (For example, in Henry IV, Part I, Prince Hal calls the large character of Falstaff "this sanguine
coward, this bedpresser, this horseback breaker, this huge hill of flesh.")
*we didn't learn this in AP lang, I just thought it could be a useful term | | 62 |
| 6816462345 | Irony | The contrast between what is stated explicitly and what is meant, or the difference between what appears to be and what is actually true. This is often used to create poignancy or humor. | | 63 |
| 6816462346 | rhetorical question | Figure of speech in the form of a question posed for effect rather than for the purpose of getting an answer. | | 64 |
| 6816462347 | synecdoche | Figure of speech that uses a part to represent the whole
"All hands on deck" | | 65 |
| 6816462348 | zeugma | Use of two different words in a grammatically similar way that produces different, often incongruous, meanings
"The farmers grew beans, corn, and bored."
"You are free to execute your laws and your citizens as you see fit." | | 66 |
| 6816462349 | juxtaposition | Placement of two things closely together to emphasize similarities or differences.
"When it rains, it pours"
"it was the best of times, it was the worst of times..." | | 67 |
| 6816462350 | parallelism | Similarity of structure in a pair or series of related words, phrases, or clauses
This can involve repetition of a grammatical element such as a preposition or verbal phrase. (example: "It was the best of times, it was the worst of
times, it was the age of wisdom, it was the age of foolishness, it was the epoch of believe, it was the epoch of
incredulity....")
The effects of _________ are numerous, but frequently they act as an organizing force to attract the reader's attention, add emphasis and organization, or simply provide a musical rhythm. | | 68 |
| 6816462351 | cumulative sentence | A type of sentence in which the main idea (independent clause) comes first, followed by dependent phrases and clauses. If a period were placed at the end of the independent clause, the clause would be a complete sentence.
A work containing many loose sentences often seems informal, relaxed, or conversational. Generally, loose sentences create loose style.
Example: I arrived at the San
Diego airport after a long, bumpy ride and multiple delays.
Could stop at: I arrived at the San Diego airport. | | 69 |
| 6816462352 | metaphor | A figure of speech using implied comparison of seemingly unlike things or the substitution of one for the other, suggesting some similarity. ___________s makes writing more vivid, imaginative, thought provoking, and meaningful. | | 70 |
| 6816462353 | mood | The prevailing atmosphere or emotional aura of a work. Setting, tone, and events can affect the ________. ________ is similar to tone and atmosphere. | | 71 |
| 6816462354 | paradox | A statement that appears to be self-contradictory or opposed to common sense but upon closer inspection contains some degree of truth or validity. (Think "It was the best of times, it was the worst of times....") | | 72 |
| 6816462355 | satire | A work that targets human vices and follies or social institutions and conventions for reform or ridicule. Regardless of whether or not the work aims to reform human behavior, _____ is best seen as a style of writing rather than a purpose for writing. It can be recognized by the many devices used effectively by the satirist: irony, wit, parody, caricature, hyperbole, understatement, and sarcasm.
The effects of _______ are varied, depending on the writer's goal, but good _____,
often humorous, is thought provoking and insightful about the human condition. Some modern satirists include Joseph | | 73 |
| 6816462356 | style | ______ is a result of an evaluation of the choices an author makes in blending diction, syntax, figurative language, and other literary devices.
We can analyze and describe an author's personal ______ and make judgments on
how appropriate it is to the author's purpose. ______s can be called flowery, explicit, succinct, rambling, pretentious, commonplace, incisive, laconic, etc. | | 74 |
| 6816462357 | syllogism | An instance of a form of reasoning in which a conclusion is drawn (whether validly or not) from two given or assumed propositions (premises), each of which shares a term with the conclusion, and shares a common or middle term not present in the conclusion
(ex: all dogs are animals; all animals have four legs; therefore all dogs have four legs ). | | 75 |
| 6816462358 | syntax | The way an author chooses to join words into phrases, clauses, and sentences.
It is similar to diction. You can differentiate the two by thinking of _________ as groups of words, while diction refers to individual words. | | 76 |
| 6816462359 | tone | Similar to mood, ____ describes the author's attitude toward his material, the audience, or both. Some words describing ____ are playful, serious, businesslike, sarcastic, humorous, formal, ornate, sardonic, somber | | 77 |
| 6816462360 | hortative (calls to action) | What type of sentence is the following:
"Let us go then, you and I, when the evening is spread out against the sky." | | 78 |
| 6816462361 | imperative (commands) | What type of sentence is the following:
"Carpe diem. Seize the day, boys. Make your life extrodinary." | | 79 |
| 6816462362 | inverted | What type of sentence is the following:
"Named must your fear be before banish it you can." | | 80 |
| 6816462363 | periodic | What type of sentence is the following:
"Out of the bosom of the air, out of the cloud-folds of her garment shaken, over the woodlands brown and bare, silent and soft, and slow, descends the snow." | | 81 |
