APES // Chapters 6-9 Flashcards
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| 8716741539 | Autotrophs | An organism that produces its own food from inorganic compounds and a source of energy. There are photoautotrophs and chemical autotrophs |  | 0 |
| 8716755837 | Community-Level Interactions | When the interaction between two species leads to changes in the presence or absence of other species or in a large change in abundances of other species, then a community effect is said to have occurred. |  | 1 |
| 8716767744 | Decomposers | Organisms that feed on dead organic matter. - Necessary in any ecosystem along with producers!!! |  | 2 |
| 8716773741 | Ecological Community (Meaning #1) | A conceptual or functional meaning: a set of interacting species that occur in the same place (sometimes extended to mean a set that interacts in a way to sustain life) | 3 | |
| 8716782751 | Ecological Community (Meaning #2) | An operational meaning: a set of species found in an area, whether or not they are interacting | 4 | |
| 8717312262 | Food Chains | The linkage of who feeds on whom |  | 5 |
| 8717316250 | Food Webs | A network of who feeds on whom or a diagram showing who feeds on whom. It is synonymous with food chain. |  | 6 |
| 8717326166 | Keystone Species | A species that influences the survival of many other species in an ecosystem by addition or subtraction. i.e: sea otters | 7 | |
| 8717344949 | Succession | The process of establishment and development of an ecosystem. | 8 | |
| 8717356310 | Trophic Level | In an ecological community, all the organisms that are the same number of food-chain steps from the primary source of energy. For example, in a grassland the green gasses are the first tropic level, the grasshoppers the seconds, the birds that feed on grasshoppers the third, and so forth. Basically : Level in food chain where organism typically feeds | 9 | |
| 8717380402 | Watershed | An area of land that forms the drainage of a stream or a river. If a drop of rain falls anywhere within a watershed to become surface runoff, it can flow out only through the same stream. | 10 | |
| 8720027207 | Heterotroph | An organism that cannot make its own food and is dependent upon complex organic substances for nutrition. |  | 11 |
| 8720038459 | Herbivore | A consumer that eats only plants. i.e : Koalas & Deer |  | 12 |
| 8720042172 | Carnivore | A consumer that eats only animals (in some cases insects). i.e : Lions & Tigers & other wild cats |  | 13 |
| 8720055790 | Omnivore | An animal that eats both plants and animals i.e : Bears & Humans |  | 14 |
| 8720060560 | Scavenger | A carnivore that feeds on the bodies of dead organisms i.e : Vulture |  | 15 |
| 8720067844 | Decomposer | An organism that breaks down wastes and dead organisms i.e : Fungi |  | 16 |
| 8720089369 | Indicator Species | Species that serve as early warnings that a community or ecosystem is being degraded. i.e: Amphibians usually detect air pollution and water pollution prior to other detections |  | 17 |
| 8720104155 | Trophic | Comes from greek word meaning relating to feeding and nutrition |  | 18 |
| 8729221026 | Ecosystem | Biological community and its physical environment - Simplest entity that can sustain life - Poorly defined or indistinct - Need producers and decomposers at least | 19 | |
| 8729236058 | Biotic | The living organisms (community) |  | 20 |
| 8729239638 | Abiotic | Nonliving (air, soil, water) |  | 21 |
| 8729247640 | Processes in an Ecosystem | - Biogeochemical cycling - Energy flow and transformations, energy loss | 22 | |
| 8729254746 | All ecosystems ______ over time | Change | 23 | |
| 8729259095 | Community | All organisms in ecosystem |  | 24 |
| 8729262548 | Populations | Same species |  | 25 |
| 8729265080 | Species | Individuals capable of interbreeding, producing fertile offspring ~8.7 Million different species have been found on Earth but there are likely many more that are undocumented Insects and plants have the most # of species |  | 26 |
| 8729312825 | As trophic levels increase: | Decrease in numbers of organisms, biomass, and energy |  | 27 |
| 8729357547 | Primary Consumer | Eats producers, herbivore | 28 | |
| 8729360456 | Secondary Consumer | Eats primary consumers, carnivore | 29 | |
| 8729370406 | Trophic Cascade | Major changes at the top of the food chain cause changes in the ecosystem as a whole (i.e introduction of wolves video) |  | 30 |
| 8732482595 | What are the limits to trophic levels? | The first organism in the first trophic level and the amount of energy it provides limits the total number of trophic levels in an ecosystem. | 31 | |
| 8744724914 | Biological Diversity | Used loosely to mean the variety of life on Earth, but scientifically used to consist of 3 components: 1) Genetic diversity - the total number of genetic characteristics 2) Species diversity 3) Habitat or ecosystem diversity- the number of kinds of habitats or ecosystems in a given unit area. | 32 | |
| 8744786686 | Biological Evolution | The change in inherited characteristics of a population from generation to generation, which can result in new species. | 33 | |
| 8744795097 | Competitive Exclusion Principle | The idea that two populations of different species with exactly the same requirements cannot persist indefinitely in the same habitat- one will always win out and the other will become extinct. | 34 | |
| 8744802336 | Ecological Niche | The general concept is that the niche is a species' "profession"- what it does to make a living. The term is also used to refer to a set of environmental conditions within which a species is able to persist. | 35 | |
| 8744812042 | Gene | A single unit of genetic information comprised of a complex segment of the four DNA base-paircompounds | 36 | |
| 8744816574 | Genetic Drift | Changes in the frequency of a gene in a population as a result of chance rather than of mutation, selection, or migration | 37 | |
| 8744822987 | Habitat | Where an individual, population, or species exists or can exist. For example, the habitat of the Joshua tree is the Mojave desert of North America. | 38 | |
| 8744829035 | Migration | The movement of an individual, population, or species from one habitat to another or more simply from one geographic area to another. | 39 | |
| 8744835308 | Mutation | Stated most simply, a chemical change in DNA molecule. It means that the DNA carries a different message than it did before, and this change can affect the expressed characteristics when cells of individual organisms reproduce. | 40 | |
| 8744844505 | Natural Selection | A process by which organisms whose biological characteristics better fit them to the environment are represented by more descendants in future generations than those whose characteristics are less fit for the environment. i.e: Species #1 causing species #2 that it shares a niche with to die off due to #1 being better suited for the environment | 41 | |
| 8744869569 | Obligate Symbionts | A symbiotic relationship between two organisms in which neither by themselves can exist without the other. | 42 | |
| 8744890860 | Symbiosis | An interaction between individuals of two different species that benefits both. For example, lichens contain an alga and a fungus that require each other to persist. Sometimes this term is used broadly, so that domestic corn cannot reproduce without the aid of the people, and some people survive because they have corn to eat. | 43 | |
| 8750852775 | Parasitism | A relationship between two organisms of different species where one benefits and the other is harmed |  | 44 |
| 8750861786 | Boreal | Dense forest of evergreens located in the upper regions of the Northern Hemisphere. |  | 45 |
| 8750875642 | Temperate | Temperate latitudes of Earth lie between the tropics and the polar regions. These regions generally have more variety in temperature over the course of the year and more distinct changes between seasons compared with tropical climates, where such variations are often small. |  | 46 |
| 8750884945 | Tropical | Biome near the equator with warm temperatures, wet weather, and lush plant growth. |  | 47 |
| 8750887194 | Island Biogeography | The study of rates of colonization and extinction of species on islands (size, shape, and distance) |  | 48 |
| 8750889174 | Exotic Species | Species that are carried to a new location by people i.e : European gypsy moth in the US |  | 49 |
| 8750891223 | Endemic Species | Species that are native to and found only within a limited area i.e : Galapagos land lizard |  | 50 |
| 8750893466 | Cosmopolitan Species | A species with a broad distribution, occurring whenever in the world the environment is appropriate. i.e : Mice |  | 51 |
| 8750895355 | Ubiquitous Species | Species that are found almost anywhere on Earth. i.e : Rats, humans | 52 | |
| 8764500730 | Species Richness | The number of species in a given area Not necessarily correlated with diversity!! | 53 | |
| 8764502901 | Species Evenness | The relative abundance of the different species making up the richness of an area Relative Abundance = (# of individuals of a certain species)/# of individuals of all species | 54 | |
| 8764578433 | Species Dominance | A dominant species is the most abundant, prevalent, or influential species in a given area. | 55 | |
| 8778941563 | Biodiversity | Variety and variability of species, genes and ecosystems. Named by EO Wilson |  | 56 |
| 8778954673 | Prokaryotes | Cells do not have membrane bound organelles, eg bacteria | 57 | |
| 8778958429 | Eukaryotes | Cells have a distinct nucleus, membrane bound organelles | 58 | |
| 8778963226 | Taxonomy | Classification system - Scientific name : Genus species | 59 | |
| 8778968519 | KPCOFGS | Kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, species - Even if two animals share the same species name, two animals that share the same genus would be more similar | 60 | |
| 8779022739 | 5 Kingdom Model | Monera, Protista, Animalia, Plantae, Fungae | 61 | |
| 8779027039 | Monera | Single celled, prokaryotes, bacteria, cyanobacteria | 62 | |
| 8779031693 | Protista | (Mostly) one celled eukaryotic organisms (can also be multicellular), Paramecium, Amoebas, Protozoan and "algae", can be hetero- or auto- trophic | 63 | |
| 8779038784 | Animalia | Multicellular, eukaryotic, heterotrophic, all or part motile. Invertebrates (mollusks, anthropoids) vertabrates | 64 | |
| 8779052317 | Plantae | Multicellular, eukaryotic, autotrophic, cells contain chlorophyll and cell walls of cellulose (mosses, ferns, conifers and flowering plants) | 65 | |
| 8779056094 | Fungae | Multicellular, eukaryotic, heterotrophic, decomposers with cell walls of chitin | 66 | |
| 8779088581 | 6 Kingdom Model | Splits Monera into Bacteria and Archaebacteria | 67 | |
| 8779094812 | Archae | Domain of unicellular prokaryotes that have cell walls that do not contain peptidoglycan - Live in extreme environments | 68 | |
| 8793903833 | Niche | Functional position in an ecosystem | 69 | |
| 8793921814 | Convergent Evolution | Evolution toward similar characteristics in unrelated species |  | 70 |
| 8793921938 | Divergent Evolution | Evolution when two or more species sharing a common ancestor become more different over time |  | 71 |
| 8793949930 | Gradualism | Evolution where species evolve slowly, small changes add up | 72 | |
| 8793954232 | Punctuated Equilibrium | (S J Gould) Periods of rapid divergence alternating with periods of stability | 73 | |
| 8793965658 | Evolution | Change in gene frequencies of a population over time | 74 | |
| 8793969658 | Mechanisms of Evolution | Mutations - change in genetic material Migrations - movement of populations Genetic drift - chance Natural selection - note example of mosquitoes and the Malaria Parasite Not sex: reshuffles genes but doesn't change gene frequencies (H-W) | 75 | |
| 8793979796 | Competition | -/- |  | 76 |
| 8793983126 | Parasitism | +/- | 77 | |
| 8793990675 | Predation | +/- | 78 | |
| 8793998510 | Mutualism | +/+ |  | 79 |
| 8794001556 | Commensalism | +/0 i.e: An egret and a cow. The cow is not harmed by the egret sitting on its back but the egret benefits because it gets to eat the grasshoppers that are kicked up by the cow. |  | 80 |
| 8794004891 | Inhibition | 0/- i.e: An amphibian who (not on purpose) secretes a toxic liquid that kills insects nearby. The amphibian is not benefitting from this action as it is simply how it is but it is hurting another organism. | 81 | |
| 8794028085 | Threats to Biodiversity | Habitat destruction and fragmentation Degradation, pollution, poison Introduced species Overexploitation, over harvesting | 82 | |
| 8794030670 | HIPPO (E O Wilson's Threats to Biodiversity) | Habitat loss, Invasive species, Pollution, Population growth, Over harvesting | 83 | |
| 8843849646 | Biological Production | Capture of usable energy from the environment to produce organic compounds | 84 | |
| 8843852639 | Biomass | A measure of the total dry mass of organisms within a particular region - Stored chemical energy |  | 85 |
| 8843856356 | Primary Production | Amount of light energy converted to chemical energy by autotrophs. | 86 | |
| 8843858574 | Gross Primary Productivity | Energy captured or assimilated by an organism |  | 87 |
| 8843872559 | Net Primary Productivity | The rate at which all the plants in an ecosystem produce net useful chemical energy R = respiration |  | 88 |
| 8843879439 | Trophic Level Efficiency | The efficiency with which energy is transferred from one trophic level to the next |  | 89 |
| 8843891019 | Organic Materials and Their Energy per Gram | Fat-38 Muscle-25 Vegetation-21 Roots-19 Wood-17 | 90 | |
| 8856780816 | Biogeography | The patterns and global distribution of organisms - Result of evolution (adaptive, convergent) | 91 | |
| 8856808277 | Under what conditions is an introduced species able to become invasive? | No natural predators, native species don't have any evolutionary advantages against the species claiming stake | 92 | |
| 8856883295 | Biomes | A type of large ecosystem with characteristic climate and biota | 93 | |
| 8856911274 | Islands have fewer ________ and high ________ | Species, Endemisim | 94 | |
| 8856916722 | Species richness on an island is _______ proportional to island size, __________ proportional to distance from mainland | Directly, Inversely | 95 | |
| 8856925541 | Stressful environments result in | Lower biodiversity and height of vegetation | 96 | |
| 8856943421 | Species-Area Curve | A model that represents the number of species in a particular environment in relation to area. As area decreases, so does the species richness. |  | 97 |
| 8857013731 | What are humans doing to create artificial biogeographical islands? | Railways, Urban Sprawl, Housing - Interrupting habitats | 98 | |
| 8886867900 | Production of biomass is analogous to your personal finances. Gross production is similar to your _______ and net production is similar to your _______. | Total salary before taxes and any deductions; paycheck | 99 | |
| 8886881437 | Biomass is the amount of organic matter and might be typically measured in units of mass per unit area. The change in biomass is called ____________ . | Net Production | 100 | |
| 8886884590 | If net production is subtracted from gross production, the difference is due to: | Respiration | 101 | |
| 8886887597 | Organisms that make their own food from the energy in sulfur are called: | Chemoautotrophs | 102 | |
| 8886925220 | Tundra | A vast treeless plain in the arctic regions between the ice cap and the tree line - Very dry and very cold |  | 103 |
| 8886934461 | Taiga/Boreal Forests | Biome in which the winters are cold but summers are mild enough to allow the ground to thaw |  | 104 |
| 8886949266 | Temperate Deciduous Forests | Mild but seasonal climates (warm summers and cold winters), plus lots of rain - Trees lose all of their leaves in the fall and regrow them each spring |  | 105 |
| 8886955633 | Temperate Rain Forests | Found along coastal North America from Alaska to Oregon and are also coniferous forests - Low elevation, stays around 80 degrees all year round, lots of rain |  | 106 |
| 8886970579 | Temperate Woodlands | Treeland biome is on the western coasts of South Africa, Australia, and North and South America - Coastal areas with Mediterranean climates, hot dry summers and cold wet winters (Similar to Temperate Shrublands) |  | 107 |
| 8886996169 | Temperate Shrub Lands | Shrubland biome is on the western coasts of South Africa, Australia, and North and South America - Coastal areas with Mediterranean climates, hot dry summers and cold wet winters (Similar to Temperate Treelands) |  | 108 |
| 8887021185 | Temperate Grasslands | Biome characterized by deep, nutrient rich soil that supports many grass species. - Midlatitude, generally pretty dry |  | 109 |
| 8887027954 | Tropical Rain Forests | A woodland biome of tall trees growing in a region of year-round warmth and abundant rainfall |  | 110 |
| 8887034672 | Tropical Savannah | Biome characterized by grasses and scattered trees (due to droughts), and herd animals such as zebras and antelopes. - Warm year round, distinct wet and dry periods (lots of rain during the summer) |  | 111 |
| 8887050969 | Deserts | A barren biome with little or no rainfall, usually sandy and without trees.. |  | 112 |
| 8887058050 | Wetlands | Ecosystems of several types in which vegetation is surrounded by standing water during part of the year - Saturated land |  | 113 |
| 8887063414 | Freshwaters | Lakes, ponds, rivers, and stream |  | 114 |
| 8887066336 | Intertidal | Organisms live between the low and high tide lines. At low tide, the intertidal is exposed whereas at high tide, the intertidal is underwater. |  | 115 |
| 8887074700 | Open Ocean | The biome of open water, called the pelagic zone, has the greatest volume and vertical range of any life zone. - Fish, mollusks, crustaceans |  | 116 |
| 8887097755 | Benthos | (aka Benthic Zone) the lowest level of a body of water such as an ocean or a lake, including the sediment surface and some sub-surface layers |  | 117 |
| 8887108207 | Upwellings | Cold, nutrient rich bottom water that rises to the surface - Krill, plankton |  | 118 |
| 8887115560 | Hydrothermal vents | Hydrothermal vents are commonly found near volcanically active places, areas where tectonic plates are moving apart at spreading centers, ocean basins, and hotspots. - Clam, octopus, spider crab, microbes | 119 | |
| 8887130776 | Coral Reefs | Is a diverse collection of species that interact with each other and the physical environment. The sun is the initial source of energy for this ecosystem. Through photosynthesis, phytoplankton, algae, and other plants convert light energy into chemical energy. |  | 120 |
| 8887170521 | Which 2 tree types are the most similar? Quercus rubra Acer rubra Quercus alba | Quercus rubra and Quercus alba - To find the most similar, find the common name that is farthest left between 2 | 121 | |
| 8899708173 | Area of High Productivity | - Grassland, rainforest - High cycling of energy between organisms | 122 | |
| 8899715297 | Area of Low Productivity | - Polar, desert - Lacking in key characteristics (water, light, producers) | 123 | |
| 8899733639 | 1st Law of Thermodynamics | Energy cannot be created or destroyed |  | 124 |
| 8899733640 | Photosynthesis | Autotrophs store light energy as chemical energy *6CO2 + 6H2O + light energy = C6H12O6 + 6O2* |  | 125 |
| 8899740462 | Cellular Respiration | Energy stored in biomass is released *C6H12O6 + 6O2 --> 6H2O + 6CO2 + ATP* |  | 126 |
| 8899764879 | 2 Major Types of Biological Production | Primary : Production by Autotrophs (Photosynthesis or Chemosynthesis) Secondary : Production by Heterotrophs (All Consumers) | 127 | |
| 8899829525 | Energy Efficiency Formula | (Energy Out / Energy In) x 100 | 128 | |
| 8899877788 | Efficiency of energy _______ up the levels | Decreases | 129 | |
| 8926265324 | Genes are made of | Deoxyribonucleic Acid |  | 130 |
| 8926273231 | Mutation: A - is exclusively a result of radiation damage to DNA B- can result in a new species C- simply adds variety to inherited characteristics D- leads to a new species which cannot survive the present environment E- always leads to positive change in DNA structure | B, can result in a new species | 131 | |
| 8926283262 | "Ecological gradient" refers to the: | Change in the relative abundance of a species over an area | 132 | |
| 8926310146 | Taxa | Categories that identify groups of living organisms based on evolutionary relationships or similarity of characteristics |  | 133 |
| 8926323882 | Chaparral | A dense scrubland found in areas with Mediterranean Climate (a long warm, dry season and a cooler rainy season) |  | 134 |
| 8929863828 | Production and use of biomass involves: | · Gross production · Respiration · Net production | 135 | |
| 8929870066 | Gross Production | Organisms produce organic matter (biomass) | 136 | |
| 8929872348 | Respiration | Energy in biomass is released, used to maintain cells | 137 | |
| 8929874372 | Net Production | Remaining biomass, available to move up food chain | 138 | |
| 8939008171 | If Jade could have a super power what would it be? | Flying (but maybe also invisibility) |  | 139 |
| 8939037424 | What grade is Delaney gonna get on this test? | 110% | 140 | |
| 8941120799 | An ecosystem is best defined as : | The community and the abiotic environment | 141 | |
| 8941425653 | An ecosystem must have : | Producers and decomposers | 142 | |
| 8941436039 | Sea Otters in the Pacific Ocean are considered a : | Keystone Species | 143 | |
| 8941440176 | A multicellular heterotrophic organism with chitinous cell walls is most likely which kingdom? | Fungi | 144 | |
| 8941471642 | The leading cause for loss of biodiversity is : | Loss of habitat | 145 | |
| 8941478548 | If a wolf eats your sheep. The relationship between you and the wolf is | Competition | 146 | |
| 8941482128 | The terrestrial biome with the lowest productivity is | Desert | 147 | |
| 8941485696 | A boreal forest typically has : | Small Conifers | 148 | |
| 8941495709 | In an ecosystem... | Nutrients are recycled, energy flows one way | 149 | |
| 8941500631 | Net secondary productivity is | Gross secondary productivity - respiration | 150 | |
| 8941505956 | The two most important factors in determining biome are : | Average annual temperature and precipitation | 151 | |
| 8941608211 | An ecological community is viewed : | Holistically, taking all aspects into consideration and examination | 152 |
