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AP bio summer study Flashcards

10311412194	carnivores	meat eaters	0
10311412195	herbivores	plant eaters	1
10311412196	omnivores	both meat and plant eaters	2
10311412197	producers	organisms that make their own food = plants	3
10311412198	consumers	animals that eat plants or animals	4
10311412199	predators	animals that hunt other animals	5
10311412200	prey	animals that get hunted	6
10311412201	food chain	the flow of energy within an ecosystem	7
10311412202	ecosystem	living and nonliving resources in an area	8
10311412203	decomposer	animals that eat dead material	9
10311412204	hibernation	when animals sleep during the winter to survive	10
10311412205	camouflage	how an animal blends in with its surroundings	11
10311412206	adaptations	how a plant or animal changes to survive	12
10311412207	migration	when animals move N or S due to the seasons	13
10311412225	overpopulation	Occurs when the size of a population becomes larger than the carrying capacity of its ecosystem. It causes problems for other organisms in the ecosystem.	14
10311412226	cycle	A series of events that happen over and over again.	15
10311412227	interact	The way two or more things affect one another	16
10311412228	living	Biotic; something that needs air, food, water and reproduces.	17
10311412229	nonliving	abiotic; something that does not need air, food or water	18
10311412230	population	A group of organisms of the same species populating a given area	19
10311412231	system	A collection of components organized to accomplish a specific function or set of functions.	20
10311412232	Conjunctiva	Lines inside of eyelids and connects to front of eye; produces mucus	21
10311412233	Lacrimal apparatus/gland	Produces tears which protect, moisten, and lubricate the eys	22
10311412234	Extrinsic eye muscles	Responsible for rotating the eyeball	23
10311412235	Sclera	Makes up most of the fibrous layer; white	24
10311412236	Cornea	Clear anterior portion of fibrous layer	25
10311412237	Choroid	Posterior portion of vascular layer; nutrient-rich	26
10311412238	Ciliary body	A circular muscle that relaxes or tightens to change the shape of the lens.	27
10311412239	Iris	Circular and radial muscles that adjust the size of the pupil	28
10311412240	Optic disc	Where the optic nerve leaves the eye; aka "blind spot"	29
10311412241	Rods	photoreceptive cells that are adjusted for dim light; perceive gray tones	30
10311412242	Cones	photoreceptive cells that are adjusted for bright light; perceive colors	31
10311412243	Fovea centralis	Part of retina with only cones; greatest visual acuity here	32
10311412244	Cataracts	When the lens becomes hard and opaque	33
10311412245	Aqueous humor	Between cornea and lens; supplies nutrients and maintains pressure	34
10311412246	vitreous humor	Gel-like, between lens and posterior; maintains eye shape	35
10311412247	Bipolar neurons and ganglion cells	Provide a pathway for visual information from photoreceptors to brain	36
10311412248	Eyelashes	Located on the margin of the eyelids. Prevent foreign substances from entering the eye.	37
10311412249	Macula	Area surrounding the fovea near the center of the retina in the eye, which is the region of keenest vision.	38
10311412250	Glaucoma	a condition of increased pressure within the eyeball, causing gradual loss of sight.	39
10311412251	Myopia	Difficulty focusing distant objects (nearsightedness)	40
10311412252	Hyperopia	Difficulty focusing nearby objects (farsightedness)	41
10311412253	emmetropia	normal condition of the eye. normal, perfect vision	42
10311412254	Rhodopsin	Light sensitive molecule/ pigment found in the rods and cones of the retina	43
10311412255	Suspensory Ligaments	Long, thin fibers which connect the crystalline lens to the ring of ciliary muscles.	44
10311412256	astigmatism	defective curvature of the cornea or lens of the eye	45
10311412257	lacrimal fluid	tears; maintains moisture on the anterior surface of the eyeball	46
10311412258	nasolacrimal duct	empties lacrimal fluid into the nasal cavity	47
10311412259	fibrous tunic	sclera and cornea (outermost layer)	48
10311412260	vascular tunic	choroid, ciliary body and lens, iris (middle layer)	49
10311412261	Sensory tunic	Retina (Innermost layer)	50
10311412262	Tympanic Membrane (Ear Drum)	Sound waves travel down auditory canal strike the fibrous membrane causing it to vibrate when hit by sound waves	51
10311412263	Malleus (Hammer)	Bone #1; delivers sound vibrations to inner ear fluids; amplify sounds	52
10311412264	Incus (Anvil)	Bone #2; delivers sound vibrations to inner ear fluids; amplify sounds	53
10311412265	Stapes (Stirrup)	Bone #3; delivers sound vibrations to inner ear fluids; amplify sounds	54
10311412266	Tympanic Cavity	Equalizes air pressure around tympanic membrane; drainage of ear secretions	55
10311412267	Vestibular Nerve	Carries sensory information (balance and movement) to the brain	56
10311412268	Cochlear Nerve	Transfers auditory information from the cochlea to the brain	57
10311412269	Semicircular Canals	perceptions of sense of balance and position; does not affect hearing	58
10311412270	Cochlea	Converts stimulus from environment into nerve impulses for transmission to the brain	59
10311412271	Eustachian Tube	Equalizes air pressure; allows the drainage of fluid (ear popping)	60
10311412272	Round Window	Aids fluid motion in cochlea and helps maintain pressure	61
10311412273	Oval Window	Vibrations from the ossicles (malleus, incus, stapes) are transferred to the cochlea via the oval window	62
10311412274	Auditory Canal	Sound waves sent down canal and amplified; secretes earwax to help canal from drying out	63
10311412275	Pinna	Collect sound vibrations near the opening of the ear; direct sound into auditory canal	64
10311412276	Tropic hormones	stimulate certain endocrine glands to secrete hormones.	65
10311412277	Releasing homones	promotes the release of hormones by the anterior pituitary	66
10311412278	inhibiting hormones	inhibits the release of hormones by the anterior pituitary	67
10311412279	antidiuretic hormone	- functions in limiting water loss in the kidneys - secreted by the posterior pituitary, produced in the hypothalamus	68
10311412280	oxytocin	- controls milk secretion, regulates uterine contractions in birthing, influences maternal behaviors, pair bonding, and sexual activity - secreted by posterior pituitary, produced in hypothalamus	69
10311412281	growth hormone	stimulates growth, division, and metabolic functions secreted by anterior pituitary	70
10311412282	Prolactin	stimulates milk production by stimulating the mammary gland cells secreted by anterior pituitary	71
10311412283	follicle-stimulating hormone	conveys signals from the hypothalamus to the gonads secreted by anterior pituitary	72
10311412284	thyroid stimulating hormone	stimulate the thyroid secreted by anterior pituitary	73
10311412285	adrenocorticotropic hormone	stimulates the adrenal cortex secreted by anterior pituitary	74
10311412286	Melanocyte stimulating hormone	functions in hunger, metabolism, and skin coloration secreted by anterior pituitary	75
10311412287	Endorphins	relieve pain, reduce urine output, decrease respiration, produce euphoria - acts a as neurotransmitter and hormone	76
10311412288	Melatonin	- participates in regulation of biological rhythms - secreted by pineal gland	77
10311412289	Triiodothyronine	hormone produced in the thyroid that helps regulate metabolism (T3)	78
10311412290	Thyroxine	Hormone secreted from thyroid which acts as a catalyst; influences metabolic rate, growth, and development (T4)	79
10311412291	Calcitonin	- lowers blood calcium levels - secreted by thyroid	80
10311412292	Parathyroid hormone	Produced by parathyroid. Targets bone and kidney to raise calcium level in blood.	81
10311412293	Glucagon	hormone secreted by pancreas that raises blood glucose level	82
10311412294	Insulin	hormone secreted by pancreas that lowers blood glucose level	83
10311412295	Epinephrine	in response to stress: raises blood glucose levels, increases metabolic activities, changes vasodilation/vasoconstriction - secreted by adrenal medulla	84
10311412296	Norepinephrine	A precursor of epinephrine that is secreted by the adrenal medulla and also released at synapses; A neurotransmitter involved in arousal, as well as in learning and mood regulation	85
10311412297	Glucocorticoids	Raise blood glucose level, secreted by adrenal cortex	86
10311412298	Mineralocorticoids	Regulate solute concentrations by promoting reabsorption of sodium ion and potassium ion excretion; secreted by adrenal cortex	87
10311412299	Androgens	support sperm formation, promote development and maintenance of male secondary sex characteristics; secreted by testes	88
10311412300	Estrogens	Stimulate uterine lining growth, promote development and maintenance of female secondary sex characteristics; secreted by ovaries	89
10311412301	Progestins	promote uterine lining growth; secreted by ovaries	90
10311412302	Prostaglandins	- Stimulate smooth muscles of uterine wall to contract to help sperm reach egg - Cause uterine muscles to become more excitable at onset of childbirth to help induce labor - Act in immune system to promote inflammation and pain in response to injury - Regulate aggregation of platelets - modified fatty acids produced near target cells	91
10311412303	Testosterone	primary androgen; develops seminal vesicles, epididymis, vas deferens; secreted by testes	92
10311412304	Ecdysone	steroid hormone in insects responsible for molting and metamorphosis	93
10311412305	Juvenile hormone	insect hormone responsible for developmental staging	94
10311412306	Luteinizing Hormone	- a gonadotropic hormone that is secreted by the anterior pituitary - Stimulates ovulation and corpus luteum formation (luteal phase) - stimulates testosterone production in Leydig cells	95
10311412307	Follicle stimulating hormone	a hormone secreted by the anterior pituitary gland - promotes the formation of ova in follicle cells - promotes sperm maturation in seminiferous tubules and epididymis	96
10311412308	Tropism	A growth response that results in the curvature of whole plant organs toward or away from stimuli due to differential rates of cell elongation.	97
10311412309	phototropism	Growth of a plant shoot toward or away from light.	98
10311412310	Auxin	A term that primarily refers to indoleacetic acid (IAA), a natural plant hormone that has a variety of effects, including cell elongation, root formation, secondary growth, and fruit growth.	99
10311412311	Gibberellins	any of a class of related plant hormones that stimulate growth in the stem and leaves, trigger the germination of seeds and breaking of bud dormancy, and (with auxin) stimulate fruit development.	100
10311412312	ABA C	A plant hormone that slows down growth and promotes seed dormancy	101
10311412313	Ethylene	The only gaseous plant hormone. Among its many effects are response to mechanical stress, programmed cell death, leaf abscission, and fruit ripening.	102
10311412314	Leaf abscission	Is when a leaf drops its leaves	103
10311412315	Circadian rhythms	A physiological cycle of about 24 hours that is present in all eukaryotic organisms and that persists even in the absence of external cues.	104
10311412316	Gravitroprism	A response of a plant or animal to gravity.	105
10311412317	Thigmotropism	A directional growth of a plant in response to touch.	106
10311412318	Thigmo	Relating to touch	107
10311412319	Positive hydrotropism	Allows a plant to access water	108
10311412320	Anther	Part of the stamen where pollen is produced and stored	109
10311412321	Filament	Part of the stamen that holds up the anther	110
10311412322	Stamen	Male part of the flower	111
10311412323	Stigma	Sticky part of the pistil where the pollen attaches	112
10311412324	Style	Tube like structure connecting the stigma to the ovary	113
10311412325	Ovary	Contains the ovules and when fertilised ripens into the fruit	114
10311412326	Ovule	Contains the eggs and when fertilized forms the seeds	115
10311412327	Carpel	Female part of the flower	116
10311412328	Petal	Fragrant and brightly colored to attract pollinators	117
10311412329	Receptacle	Base of the flower	118
10311412330	Sepal	Modified leaf that protects the flower bud before opening	119
10311412331	Pollen	Male gamete made in anther, the grains on the anther.	120
10311412332	Egg	Female gamete, made in the ovule	121
10311412333	Nectary	Produces nectar to attract insects	122
10311412334	What does DNA stand for?	Deoxyribonucleic acid	123
10311412335	DNA	A long linear polymer found in the nucleus of a cell and formed from nucleotides and shaped like a double helix.	124
10311412336	Nucleotide	A building block of DNA, consisting of a five-carbon sugar covalently bonded to a nitrogenous base and a phosphate group.	125
10311412337	Deoxyribose sugar	sugar used in DNA to make up the "backbone"	126
10311412338	Phosphate group	A chemical group made up of phosphorus and oxygen and that is a component part of the nucleotide unit	127
10311412339	Nitrogenous base	A nitrogen containing molecule that is a part of nucleotides	128
10311412340	Complementary Base to Adenine	Thymine	129
10311412341	Complementary Base to Cytosine	Guanine	130
10311412342	Backbone of DNA is made of	Deoxyribose sugar and phosphate	131
10311412343	Rungs of ladder are made of	Nitrogen bases	132
10311412344	Double Helix	2 strands of nucleotides which are twisted together	133
10311412345	The complimentary DNA strand of the following is: ATT TAA ACC GAG	TAA ATT TGG CAC	134
10311412346	The complimentary DNA strand of the following is: GGG CCC AAA TTT	CCC GGG TTT AAA	135
10311412347	Franklin and Wilkins	Used X-ray crystallography to develop images of DNA	136
10311412348	Watson and Crick	Developed an accurate model of DNA	137
10311412208	Watson & Crick	Watson & Crick -Used Chargraff's Rules and Rosalind Franklins X-Ray diffraction to proposed DNA as a right handed double helix in which the two strands are antiparellel & the bases are stacked on one another	138
10311412209	Double helix	The Shape of DNA	139
10311412210	Amino Acids	Monomer of proteins	140
10311412211	Gene	A section of DNA that codes for a trait	141
10311412212	Nucleic Acid	Polymer of nucleotides	142
10311412213	Deoxyribose	A five-carbon sugar that is a component of DNA nucleotides	143
10311412349	Nitrogenous Base	Adenine Guanine Cytosine and Thymine are called _____________	144
10311412350	T	The Base Pair A matches with	145
10311412351	C	The Base Pair G matches with	146
10311412352	Complementary Bases	The fact that A bonds with T and G with C shows that A and T and G and C are	147
10311412353	Rosalind Franklin	British scientist who generated x-ray diffraction pictures of DNA, that provided evidence of of double helix data about DNA	148
10311412354	DNA Back Bone	Made from Phosphate and Deoxiribose	149
10311412355	Cell Cycle	When a cell goes through a period of growth, development, and division	150
10311412356	reasons for cell division	Growth, Replacement, Repair, and Reproduction	151
10311412357	the length of the cell cycle	Usually around 24 hours	152
10311412358	Growth	bigger organisms need more cells, not bigger cells	153
10311412359	Replacement	old, worn out cells must be replaced so the organism can continue to function. Different types of cells have different life spans	154
10311412360	Repair	Many, but not all, damaged cells can be replaced as part of the healing process	155
10311412361	Examples of damaged cells	broken bones, cuts, bruises	156
10311412362	Reproduction	the process by which an organism produces others of its same kind. Can be sexual or asexual	157
10311412363	Eukaryotic cells	those with membrane bound organelles and nuclei	158
10311412364	Cytokinesis	when the cell halves to form two daughter cells	159
10311412365	Mitosis	How cell division is accomplished in eukaryotic cells	160
10311412366	phases of the cell cycle	Interphase and the Mitotic Phase	161
10311412367	Interphase	the longest portion of most cells' lives, in which cells carry out their intended functions, organelles duplicate, chromosomes replicate into pairs of sister chromatids, joined at the centromere, and the cell grows	162
10311412368	Prophase	Spindle Fibers appear. Cell starts to break down.	163
10311412369	Metaphase	Chromosomes start to condense. Chromosomes line up in the middle of the cell. It is the shortest phase.	164
10311412370	Anaphase	Sister chromatids pull apart towards opposite ends of the cell. Cell begins to lengthen.	165
10311412371	Telophase	Spindles hide and break down. Nuclear membranes and nucleoli reappear.	166
10311412372	Diploid Cells	Cells that have pairs of chromosomes (2n)	167
10311412373	Haploid Cells	Cells that have half the pair of chromosomes (n)	168
10311412374	Stages of Interphase	G1, S, G2	169
10311412375	Interphase G1	Rapid growth and replication of organelles	170
10311412376	Interphase S	DNA is replicated	171
10311412377	Interphase G2	Preparing the cell for cell division, all organelles have finished replication	172
10311412378	Nucleus	This organelle is the control center of the cell. It contains the DNA.	173
10311412379	Mitochondria	This organelle is the powerhouse of the cell. This is where ATP (cell's energy currency) is made during cellular respiration.	174
10311412380	Chloroplast	This organelle contains chlorophyll, and is the location that photosynthesis occurs, which produces glucose from light energy.	175
10311412381	Endosymbiotic Theory	The idea that mitochondria and chloroplasts are descendants of early prokaryotic cells that were engulfed, or taken in, by early eukaryotic cells.	176
10311412382	Ribosome	This organelle is the site where protein synthesis occurs. Protein synthesis is the process of making proteins.	177
10311412383	Endoplasmic Reticulum	This organelle transports proteins that have been made in the ribosomes, as well as making and transporting lipids. There are two types of this organelle (rough and smooth).	178
10311412384	Golgi Apparatus	This organelle modifies, sorts, and packages substances made by the cells (mostly proteins).	179
10311412385	Lysosome	This organelle contains digestive enzymes that are used to break down macro-molecules into smaller molecules. It can also destroy the cell, or cell parts, if it is wearing down and needs to be replaced.	180
10311412386	Vacuole	This organelle stores water, salts, proteins, and carbohydrates. In plant cells, it also provides support in the form of tugor pressure.	181
10311412387	Centrioles	This organelle helps the cell to divide. It is not found in plant cells.	182
10311412388	Cell Membrane	This organelle controls what goes into and out of the cell (kind of like a gate keeper). It also provides protection and support, and it has receptor molecules to respond to chemicals.	183
10311412389	Cell Wall	This organelle is a rigid structure found around plant cells and some bacteria cells that strengthens the cell and provides support.	184
10311412390	Cytoskeleton	This organelle is made of many microtubules and microfilaments, and it helps the cell maintain its shape.	185
10311412391	Cytoplasm	This organelle is the jelly-like fluid that forms the interior space between all the other organelles. It gives the cell its shape.	186
10311412392	Eukaryote	This is one of the two major cell types. It has a nucleus and organelles. It is also the larger of the two cell types. Examples: Animals, Plants, Fungi	187
10311412393	Prokaryote	This is one of the two major cell types. It has NO nucleus or organelles. It is also the smaller of the two cell types. Examples: Bacteria, Archaebacteria	188
10311412394	Nucleolus	This organelle is where ribosomes are made. Located inside of the nucleus.	189
10311412395	Cilia	This organelle is a hair-like projection that can aid in movement.	190
10311412214	Integumentary System	Forms external body covering and protects deeper tissue from injury e.g. hair, skin & nails.	191
10311412215	Nervous System	Fast acting control system of the body, it responds to internal and external changes by activating appropriate muscles and glands. Brain, nerves & spinal cord.	192
10311412216	Skeletal System	Protects and supports body organs, and provides a framework the muscles use to cause movement. Blood cells are formed within bones.	193
10311412217	Endocrine System	Glands secrete hormones that regulate processes such as growth, reproduction, and nutrient use by body cells. Glands e.g. adrenal gland, pineal gland, ovary.	194
10311412218	Muscular System	Allows manipulation of the environment, locomotion, and facial expression. Maintains posture & produces heat.	195
10311412219	Cardiovascular System	Blood vessels transport blood, which carries oxygen, carbon dioxide, nutrients, wastes, etc. The heart pumps blood.	196
10311412220	Lymphatic System	Picks up fluid leaked from blood vessels and returns it to blood. Disposes of debris in the lymphatic stream. Houses white blood cells involved in immunity.	197
10311412221	Respiratory System	Keeps blood constantly supplied with oxygen and removes carbon dioxide.	198
10311412222	Urinary System	Eliminates nitrogenous wastes from the body.	199
10311412223	Reproductive System	Overall function is the production of offspring.	200
10311412224	Digestive System	Breaks down food into absorbable units that enter the blood for distribution to blood cells.	201
10311412396	prokaryote	a cell without a nucleus that reproduces through fission	202
10311412397	eukaryote	a cell that has membrane-bound organelles and reproduces through mitosis	203
10311412406	traits of cell types		204
10311412398	Hydroxyl group	Is polar due to electronegative oxygen. Forms hydrogen bonds with water, helping dissolve compounds such as sugars. Compound name: Alcohol (specific name usually ends in -ol )	205
10311412399	Carboxyl group	Acts as an acid (can donate H+) because the covalent bond between oxygen and hydrogen is so polar. Compound name: Carboxylic acid, or organic acid	206
10311412400	Amino group	Acts as a base; can pick up an H+ from the surrounding solution (water, in living organisms). Compound name: Amine	207
10311412401	Methyl group	Affects the expression of genes when on DNA or on proteins bound to DNA. Affects the shape and function of male and female sex hormones. Compound name: Methylated compound	208
10311412402	Sulfhydryl group	Two —SH groups can react, forming a "cross-link" that helps stabilize protein structure. Hair protein cross-links maintain the straightness or curliness of hair; in hair salons, permanent treatments break cross-links, then re-form them while the hair is in the desired shape. Compound name: Thiol	209
10311412403	Carbonyl group	Sugars with ketone groups are called ketoses; those with aldehydes are called aldoses. Compound name: Ketone (carbonyl group is within a carbon skeleton) or aldehyde (carbonyl group is at the end of a carbon skeleton)	210
10311412404	photosynthesis formula	6CO2 + 6H2O —> C6H12O6 + 6O2	211

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AP Flashcards

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8877877692	Crimean War	1854-1856 defeat of Russians by British and French. Russia had Sevastopol and used it to gain tax money and power in the Black Sea.	0
8877877693	Causes of Crimean War	Ottoman Empire receding power and because of the India Trade, Britain and France helped support the Ottoman Empire.	1
8877877694	During Crimean War	Russia Navy beat Ottoman Empire and gain Moldavia and Walachia. FR and GB come in and Russia leaves. Then FR, GB, ITL go against Russia and Russia withdraws Sevastopol.	2
8877877695	Impact from Crimean War	New technology, Disease killed a lot, Russia demilitarized Black Sea, Austria and Britain get isolation.	3
8877877696	Before Unification of Germany	Romanticism out Realism in	4
8877877697	Realpolitik	Doing whatever to reach the goal. Game plan everyone accepts to work. (Ex. Machiavelli & Bismarck)	5
8877877698	Cavour	Prime Minister, wanted to create a strong state by finding allies and unifying the north. Provoked a war with Austrians and won taking all the north except Venetia.	6
8878349851	"Right leg in the boot at last"	Garibaldi is presenting King Emanuel liberated Italian territory after a battle on the Volturno River. One of the final steps in unifying Italy.	7
8878349852	Garibaldi	Leader of the red shirts and they crossed the Italian main land and marched north and united southern areas until the Papal States.	8
8878349853	Italian Unification	1861-1870	9
8878349854	German Unification	1871	10
8878349855	Schleswig and Holstein War	1864-Prussia & Austria against Denmark; German nationalism supported Prussia	11
8878349856	Austro-Prussian War	1866; 7 weeks long; Prussia and Italy against Austria. Austria lost and lost Venetia to Italy and this created the North German Confederation.	12
8878349857	Franco-Prussian War	1870- France against Prussia; Bismarck faked France ambassador "insulting" Wilhelm and this causes France to Attack Prussia. Final stage of German unification.	13
8878349858	After the Unification	The congress of Vienna developed five major powers including France, Austria, Prussia, Russia, and Britain.	14

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AP Euro: Industrial Revolution Flashcards

AP Euro important things for industrial revolution

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5968872514	Commercial Revolution	the expansion of the trade and buisness that transformed European economies during the 16th and 17th centuries.	0
5968974103	Bessemer Process	Henry Bessemer invented the process for producing modern flexible steele in 1856	1
5968927817	England	Nation where the Industrial Revolution began	2
5968933445	France	Government Policies to Direct Industrialization while protecting traditional crafts.	3
5968944460	South and Eastern Europe	Very little industrialization because of poor transportation and resources.	4
5968872515	proto-industrialization	Preliminary shift away from agricultural economy in Europe; workers become full- or part-time producers of textile and metal products, working at home but in a capitalist system in which materials, work orders, and ultimate sales depended on urban merchants; prelude to Industrial Revolution.	5
5968872516	cottage industry	This was the way form of work of the rural classes in which the costumer would give the worker materials and the worker would create the desirable product	6
5968872517	flying shuttle	was developed by John Kay, its invention was one of the key developments in weaving that helped fuel the Industrial Revolution, enabled the weaver of a loom to throw the shuttle back and forth between the threads with one hand	7
5968872518	spinning jenny	This machine played an important role in the mechanization of textile production. Like the spinning wheel, it may be operated by a treadle or by hand. But, unlike the spinning wheel, it can spin more than one yarn at a time. The idea for multiple-yarn spinning was conceived about 1764 by James Hargreaves, an English weaver. In 1770, he patented a machine that could spin 16 yarns at a time. (643, 727)	8
5968960531	Alfred Krupp	a German steel manufacturer who eventually produced heavy guns for the Prussian army and sold all over Europe.	9
5968872519	water frame	1780's; Richard Arkwright; powered by horse or water; turned out yarn much faster than cottage spinning wheels, led to development of mechanized looms	10
5968872521	Agricultural Revolution	The transformation of farming that resulted in the eighteenth century from the spread of new crops, improvements in cultivation techniques and livestock breeding, and consolidation of small holdings into large farms from which tenants were expelled (600)	11
5968872522	Bank of England	created in 1694 to ensure a stable money supply and to lay the foundation for a network of lending institutions	12
5968872525	Navigation Acts	Laws that governed trade between England and its colonies. Colonists were required to ship certain products exclusively to England. These acts made colonists very angry because they were forbidden from trading with other countries.	13
5968872526	Corn Laws	Revised in 1815 these laws didn't allow for importing of cheap grain, this gave way to great anger towards the landed aristocracy who imposed them for their own good. Their repeal signified the end of dominance by the landed nobility	14
5968872527	James Watt	Scottish engineer and inventor whose improvements in the steam engine led to its wide use in industry (1736-1819)	15
5968872528	steam engine	1760's; James Watt; engine powered by steam that could pump water from mines 3X as quickly as previous engines	16
5968872529	power loom	a loom operated mechanically, run by water putting the loom side by side wit hthe spinning machines in factories, changed workers job from running it to watching it, Invented in 1787, invented by Edward Cartwright , it speeded up the production of textiles	17
5968872530	heavy industry	industry that requires a large capital investment and that produces items used in other industries	18
5968872532	puddling furnace	This invention allowed impurities to be removed from iron ore and production to speed up 15x.	19
5968872533	Transportation Revolution	rapid growth in the speed and convenience of transportation; in the United States this began in the early 1800s	20
5968872534	Duke of Bridgewater	1st Industrial Canal	21
5968872535	John McAdam	a scottish engineer that equipped road beds with a layer of large stones for drainage and on top placed a layer of smoother rocks, prevented heavy wagons from sinking into the mud; first hard roads (all weather roads)	22
5968872536	Robert Fulton	American inventor who designed the first commercially successful steamboat and the first steam warship (1765-1815)	23
5968872538	Crystal Palace	Building erected in Hyde Park, London, for the Great Exhibition of 1851. Made of iron and glass, like a gigantic greenhouse, it was a symbol of the industrial age.	24
5968872540	Zollverein	Prussian economic union, removed tariff barriers between German states, in step toward political unity	25
5968872541	petite bourgeoisie	lower middle class (shopkeepers and clerical staff etc.)	26
5968872542	proletariat	a social class comprising those who do manual labor or work for wages	27
5968872543	Friedrich Engels	socialist who wrote the Communist Manifesto with Karl Marx in 1848 (1820-1895)	28
5968872544	poorhouses	emerged to provide work to those who were unemployed, conditions were often oppressive	29
5968872545	Luddites	These were the angry old cottage industry workers who lost their jobs and costumers to machines and as a result, they began to secretly destroy the machines	30
5968872546	Combination Acts	These were the laws passed by the Parliament that prohibited the English people from forming a union	31
5968872548	Chartists	seeking political democracy, universal male suffrage, est. controls over economic system to prevent exploitation ( think of German Peasant Revolt, Bread Roits, French Revolution) ; , Reformers who wanted changes like universal male suffrage; the secret ballot; and payment for members of Parliament, so that even workingmen could afford to enter politics. This group supported a document called the People's Charter.	32
5968872549	Saddler Commission	investigated working conditions helped initiate legislation to improve conditions in factories.	33
5968872550	Factory Act of 1833	limited the factory workday for children between 9 and 13 to 8 hours and that of adolescents between 14 and 18 to 12 hours-made no effort to regulate hours of work for children at home or in small businesses-children under 9 were to be enrolled by schools to be established by factory owners-broke pattern of whole families working together in the factory because efficiency required standardized shifts for all workers	34
5968872551	Mines Act of 1842	prohibited underground work for women, considered a scandal for women to work in the pits, prevented the fraternizing of sexes	35
5968872552	Manchester	The city where the first major rail line ended.	36
5968989928	The Factory Act of 1847	, also known as the Ten Hours Act was a United Kingdom Act of Parliament which restricted the working hours of women and young persons (13-18) in textile mills to 10 hours per day	37
5968872553	Irish Potato Famine	Devastating famine that began in the 1840s. Led to decimation of the Irish population, the Irish diaspora, violent resistance to British control of Ireland, and the beginnings of Irish nationalism. also the beginning of the irish immigration to the US	38

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AP World Chapter 7 Flashcards

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8087054602	bedouin	nomadic pastoralists of the Arabian peninsula with a culture based on herding camels and goats.	0
8087054603	shaykhs	leaders of tribes and clans within bedouin society; usually possessed large herds, several wives, and many children.	1
8087054604	Mecca	Arabian commercial center; dominated by the Quraysh; the home of Muhammad and the future center of Islam.	2
8087054605	Umayyad	clan of the Quraysh that dominated Mecca; later an Islamic dynasty.	3
8087054606	Quaraysh	tribe of bedouins that controlled Mecca in the 7th century C.E.	4
8087054607	Ka'ba	revered pre-Islamic shrine in Mecca; incorporated into Muslim worship.	5
8087054608	Medina	town northeast of Mecca; asked Muhammad to resolve its intergroup differences; Muhammad's flight to Medina, the hijra, in 622 began the Muslim calendar.	6
8087054609	Muhammad	(570-632); prophet of Allah; originally a merchant of the Quraysh.	7
8087054610	Abu Bakr	The first caliph or leader of the Muslim faithful elected after Muhammad's death in 632. Renown for his knowledge of the nomadic tribes who then dominated the Islamic community.	8
8087054611	Khadijah	the wife of Muhammad.	9
8087054612	Qur'an	the word of god as revealed through Muhammad; made into the holy book of Islam.	10
8087054613	Ali	cousin and son-in-law of Muhammad; one of the orthodox caliphs; focus for the development of shi'ism.	11
8087054614	umma	community of the faithful within Islam.	12
8087054615	zakat	tax for charity obligatory for all Muslims.	13
8087054616	five pillars	the obligatory religious duties for all Muslims: confession of faith, prayer, fasting during Ramadan, zakat, and hajj (pilgrimage to Mecca).	14
8087054617	Ramadan	Islamic month of religious observance requiring fasting from dawn to sunset.	15
8087054618	hajj	a Muslim's pilgrimage to the holy city of Mecca to worship Allah at the Ka'ba.	16
8087054619	caliph	the successor to Muhammad as head of the Islamic community.	17
8087054620	Ridda wars	wars following Muhammad's death; the defeat of rival prophets and opponents restored the unity of Islam.	18
8087054621	jihads	Islamic holy war.	19
8087054622	Copts, Nestorians	Christian sects of Syria and Egypt; gave their support to the Arabic Muslims.	20
8087054623	Uthman	third caliph; his assassination set off a civil war within Islam between the Umayyads and Ali.	21
8087054624	Battle of Siffin	battle fought in 657 between Ali and the Umayyads; led to negotiations that fragmented Ali's party.	22
8087054625	Mu'awiya	first Umayyad caliph; his capital was Damascus.	23
8087054626	Sunnis	followers of the majority interpretation within Islam; included the Umayyads.	24
8087054627	Shi'a	followers of Ali's interpretation of Islam.	25
8087054628	Karbala	site of the defeat and death of Husayn, the son of Ali.	26
8087054629	Damascus	Syrian city that was capital of Umayyad caliphate.	27
8087054630	mawali	non-Arab converts to Islam.	28
8087054631	jizya	head tax paid by all non-Muslims in Islamic lands.	29
8087054632	dhimmis	"the people of the book," Jews, Christians; later extended to Zoroastrians and Hindus.	30
8087054633	hadiths	"traditions" of the prophet Muhammad; added to the Qur'an; form the essential writings of Islam.	31
8087054634	Abbasid	dynasty that succeeded the Umayyads in 750; their capital was at Baghdad.	32
8087054635	Battle of the River Zab	750; Abbasid victory over the Umayyads, near the Tigris. Led to Abbasid ascendancy.	33
8087054636	Baghdad	Abbasid capital, close to the old Persian capital of Ctesiphon.	34
8087054637	wazir	chief administrative official under the Abbasids.	35
8087054638	dhows	Arab sailing vessels; equipped with lateen sails; used by Arab merchants.	36
8087054639	ayan	the wealthy, landed elite that emerged under the Abbasids.	37

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AP Unit 3 Vocabulary Flashcards

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4991685654	Linkage Institution	Institutions that connect citizens to government. The mass media, interest groups, and political parties are the three main linkage institutions.	0
4991685655	Narrowcasting	The modern media trend for TV and radio shows to target very narrow ideological audiences (ex. conservatives watch Glenn Beck and Bill O'Reilly); results in greater political polarization	1
4991685656	Faction	Group or clique within a larger organization; party strife and dissension	2
4991685657	Political Party	A group of individuals with broad common interests who organize to nominate candidates for office, win elections, conduct government, and determine public policy	3
4991685658	patronage	Granting favors or giving contracts or making appointments to office in return for political support	4
4991685659	Party Dealignment	the gradual disengagement of people and politicians from the parties, as seen in part by shrinking party identification.	5
4991685660	Third Party	a party that challenges the two major parties	6
4991685661	Party Platform	A political party's statement of its goals and policies for the next four years. The platform is drafted prior to the party convention by a committee whose members are chosen in rough proportion to each candidate's strength. It is the best formal statement of a party's beliefs.	7
4991685662	Electorate	All of the people entitled to vote in a given election	8
4991685663	Party Realignment	The displacement of the majority party by the minority party, usually during a critical election period.	9
4991685664	Rational Choice Theory	A popular theory in political science to explain the actions of voters as well as politicians. It assumes that individuals act in their own best interest, carefully weighing the costs and benefits of possible alternatives.	10
4991685665	Critical Elections	An electoral "earthquake" where new issues emerge, new coalitions replace old ones, and the majority party is often displaced by the minority party. Such periods are sometimes marked by a national crisis and may require more than one election to bring about a new party era.	11
4991685666	Party Nominating Convention	This was a new idea, where the candidates were no longer nominated by state legislatures or by a caucus, which only involved party leaders. With the idea of incorporating the common people, voters and politicians would gather in halls and nominate candidates. The anti-Masonic party was the first to hold one of these. It was more democratic because it allowed the common people to have a say.	12
4991685667	Caucus	A meeting of local party members to choose party officials or candidates for public office and to decide the platform.	13
4991685668	Open Primary	A primary election in which voters may choose in which party to vote as they enter the polling place	14
4991685669	Closed Primary	A primary in which only registered members of a particular political party can vote	15
4991685670	Divided Government	Governance divided between the parties, as when one holds the presidency and the other controls one or both houses of Congress.	16
4991685671	General Elections	regularly scheduled elections at which voters make the final selection of officeholders	17
4991685672	Swing states	States that are not clearly pro-Republican or pro-Democrat and therefore are of vital interest to presidential candidates, as they can determine election outcomes	18
4991685673	Communication Act	Turned the Federal Radio Commission into a larger Federal Communication Commission, with responsible for regulating the telephone and telegraph industry as well as the radio broadcasting industry	19
4991685674	Proportional Representation	An election system in which each party running receives the proportion of legislative seats corresponding to its proportion of the vote.	20
4991685675	Interest Group	An organization of people sharing a common interest or goal that seeks to influence the making of public policy	21
4991685676	Frontloading	the recent tendency of states to hold primaries early in the calendar in order to capitalize on media attention	22
4991685677	Iron Triangle	A close relationship between an agency, a congressional committee, and an interest group	23
4991685678	Party Coalition	The groups and interests that support a political party.	24
4991685679	electioneering	Activity that seeks to influence the outcome of an election. Independent electioneering (SuperPacs & 527s) is protected free speech and so cannot be limited by government.	25
4991685680	litigation	legal proceedings	26
4991685681	Electoral College	A group of people named by each state legislature to select the president and vice president	27
4991685682	Popular Vote	the tally of each individual's vote within a given geographic area	28
4991685683	Lobbying	A strategy by which organized interests seek to influence the passage of legislation by exerting direct pressure on members of the legislature.	29
4991685684	Public Interest Group	an organization that seeks a collective good that will not selectively and materially benefit group members	30
4991685685	Political Action Committee	A committee set up by a corporation or interest group to raise and funnels money to political candidates. Donation amounts to PACs are limited by FECA rules (hard money).	31
4991685686	Super PAC	a PAC that can accept unlimited contributions from individuals, unions, corp, & assoc., & spend unlimited sums on indep. expenditures in fed election campaigns, provided that it does not contribute to or coordinate w/ parties or candidates.	32
4991685687	Economic Interest Group	A group with the primary purpose of promoting the financial interests of its members	33
4991685688	Hard Money	Political contributions given to a party, candidate, or interest group that are limited in amount and fully disclosed.	34
4991685689	Soft Money	Campaign contributions unregulated by federal or state law, usually given to parties and party committees to help fund general party activities.	35
4991685690	Federal Election Commission	A commission created by the 1974 amendments to the Federal Election Campaign Act to administer election reform laws. Its duties include overseeing disclosure of campaign finance information and public funding of presidential elections, and enforcing contribution limits.	36
4991685691	Citizens United v. FEC	A 2010 decision by the United States Supreme Court holding that independent expenditures are free speech protected by the 1st Amendment and so cannot be limited by federal law. Leads to creation of SuperPACs & massive rise in amount of third party electioneering (Citizens for a Better Tomorrow, Tomorrow)	37
4991685692	501(c)(3) Committees	nonprofit organization that is exempt from federal income tax if its activities have the following purposes: charitable, religious, educational, scientific, literary, testing for public safety, fostering amateur sports competition, or preventing cruelty to children or animals.	38
4991685693	527 Political Committees	organizations created with the primary purpose of influencing electoral outcomes; the term is typically applied only to freestanding interest groups that do not explicitly advocate for the election of a candidate	39
4991685694	Free rider problem	the problem faced by interest groups when citizens can reap the benefits of interest group action without actually joining, participating in, or contributing money to such groups.	40
4991685695	BCRA (McCain Feingold Act)	Bipartisan Campaign Reform Act of 2002 (BCRA, McCain-Feingold Act, The increased role of soft money in campaign financing, by prohibiting national political party committees from raising or spending any funds not subject to federal limits, even for state and local races or issue discussion; The proliferation of issue advocacy ads, by defining as "electioneering communications" broadcast ads that name a federal candidate within 30 days of a primary or caucus or 60 days of a general election, and prohibiting any such ad paid for by a corporation (including non-profit issue organizations such as Right to Life or the Environmental Defense Fund) or paid for by an unincorporated entity using any corporate or union general treasury funds. The decision in Citizens United v. FEC overturns this provision, but not the ban on foreign corporations or foreign nationals in decisions regarding political spending.	41
4991685696	High-tech politics	A politics in which the behavior of citizens and policymakers and the political agenda itself are increasingly shaped by technology.	42
4991685697	Mass Media	Television, radio, newspapers, magazines, the Internet, and other means of popular communication.	43
4991685698	Media Event	A speech or photo opporutnity staged to give a politician's view on an issue	44
4991685699	Press Conference	an unrestricted session between an elected official and the press	45
4991685700	Investigative Journalism	the use of in-depth reporting to unearth scandals, scams, and schemes, at times putting reporters in adversarial relationships with political leaders	46
4991685701	Print Media	newspapers and magazines	47
4991685702	Electronic Media	Television, radio, and the Internet, as compared with print media.	48
4991685703	Selective Exposure	The process by which individuals screen out messages that do not conform to their own biases.	49
4991685704	Chains	Newspapers published by massive media conglomerates that account for over four-fifths of the nation's daily newspaper circulation. Often these control broadcast media as well.	50
4991685705	Beats	specific locations from which news frequently emanates, such as Congress or the White House. Most top reporters work a particular beat, thereby becoming specialists in what goes on at that location	51
4991685706	Trial Balloons	an intentional news leak for the purpose of assessing the political reaction	52
4991685707	Sound Bites	Quote or "snippet" from politician's speech used by media to represent whole speech. Used by candidates to spread message (slogan); Used by media to avoid serious (boring) discussion of issues.	53
4991685708	Talking Head	A shot of a person's face talking directly to the camera. Because this is visually unappealing, the major commercial networks rarely show a politician talking one-on-one for very long.	54
4991685709	Policy Entrepreneurs	activists in or out of government who pull together a political majority on behalf of unorganized interests	55
4991685710	Party Image	The voter's perception of what the Republicans or Democrats stand for, such as conservatism or liberalism	56
4991685711	Party Identification	An informal and subjective affiliation with a political party that most people acquire in childhood.	57
4991685712	Ticket Splitting	Voting with one party for one office and with another party for other offices. It has become the norm in American voting behavior.	58
4991685713	Party Machine	a centralized party organization that dominates local politics by controlling elections	59
4991685714	National Party Convention	A national meeting of delegates elected in primaries, caucuses, or state conventions who assemble once every four years to nominate candidates for president and vice president, ratify the party platform, elect officers, and adopt rules.	60
4991685715	National Committee	Delegates who run party affairs between national conventions.	61
4991685716	National Party Chairperson	individual elected by the national committee who manages the daily operations of the national party	62
4991685717	New Deal coalition	coalition forged by the Democrats who dominated American politics from the 1930's to the 1960's. its basic elements were the urban working class, ethnic groups, Catholics and Jews, the poor, Southerners, African Americans, and intellectuals.	63
4991685718	Proportional representation	An election system in which each party running receives the proportion of legislative seats corresponding to its proportion of the vote.	64
4991685719	Coalition government	A government controlled by a temporary alliance of several political parties	65
4991685720	Responsible party model	A view favored by some political scientists about how parties should work. According to the model, parties should offer clear choices to the voters, who can then use those choices as cues to their own preferences of candidates. Once in office, parties would carry out their campaign promises.	66
4991685721	Blue Dog Democrats	Fiscally conservative Democrats who are mostly from the South and/or rural parts of the United States.	67
4991685722	Nomination	the official endorsement of a candidate for office by a political party. Generally, success in the nomination game requires momentum, money, and media attention.	68
4991685723	McGovern-Fraser Commission	A commission formed at the 1968 Democratic convention in response to demands for reform by minority groups and others who sought better representation.	69
4991685724	Superdelegates	National party leaders who automatically get a delegate slot at the Democratic national party convention.	70
4991685725	Invisible primary	Informal raising of support (and money) before first primaries	71
4991685726	Presidential primaries	elections in which voters in a state vote for a candidate (or delegates pledged to him or her). Most delegates to the national party conventions are chosen this way.	72
4991685727	Direct mail	A high-tech method of raising money for a political cause or candidate. It involves sending information and requests for money to people whose names appear on lists of those who have supported similar views or candidates in the past.	73
4991685728	Independent expenditures	Money spent by individuals or groups not associated with candidates to elect or defeat candidates for office.	74
4991685729	Federal election campaign act	First major federal law (1971) to regulate federal elections. Created Federal Election Commission (FEC). Required disclosure of sources of campaign funds (transparency), set limits on contributions to candidates (individuals = $1000, PACs = $5000), spending limits for candidates, limits on independent expenditures.	75
4991685730	Selective perception	the phenomenon that people often pay the most attention to things they already agree with and interpret them according to their own predispositions	76
4991685731	suffrage	The right to vote	77
4991685732	Political efficacy	The belief that one's political participation really matters - that one's vote can actually make a difference	78
4991685733	Civic duty	the idea that citizens have a responsibility to help their country	79
4991685734	Voter registration	System designed to reduce voter fraud by limiting voting to those who have established eligibility to vote by submitting the proper documents.	80
4991685735	Motor Voter Act	Passed in 1993, this act went into effect for the 1996 election. It requires states to permit people to register to vote at the same time they apply for their driver's license.	81
4991685736	Mandate theory of elections	The idea that the winning candidate has a mandate from the people to carry out his or her platforms and politics. Politicians like the theory better than political scientists do.	82
4991685737	Policy voting	electoral choices that are made on the basis of the voters' policy preferences and on the basis of where the candidates stand on policy issues	83
4991685738	Battleground states	States in which any major candidate could win and the outcome is too close to call	84
4991685739	Pluralism	A theory of government that holds that open, multiple, and competing groups can check the asserted power by any one group.	85
4991685740	hyperpluralism	A theory of government and politics contending that groups are so strong that government is weakened	86
4991685741	Potential group	all the people who might be interest group members because they share some common interest	87
4991685742	Actual group	That part of the potential group consisting of members who actually join.	88
4991685743	Collective good	something of value that cannot be withheld from a nonmember of a group, for example, a tax write-off or a better environment	89
4991685744	Free-rider problem	The problem faced by unions and other groups when people do not join because they can benefit from the group's activities without officially joining. The bigger the group, the more serious the problem.	90
4991685745	Selective benefits	Goods (such as information publications, travel discounts, and group insurance rates) that a group can restrict to those who pay their annual dues.	91
4991685746	Single-issue group	Groups that have a narrow interest, tend to dislike compromise, and often draw membership from people new to politics. These features distinguish them from traditional interest groups.	92
4991685747	Electioneering	Activity that seeks to influence the outcome of an election. Independent electioneering (SuperPacs & 527s) is protected free speech and so cannot be limited by government.	93
4991685748	Union shop	a provision found in some collective bargaining agreements requiring all employees of a business to join the union within a short period, usually 30 days, and to remain members as a condition of employment	94
4991685749	Right-to-work laws	State laws that provide that unions cannot impose a requirement that workers join the union as a condition of their employment.	95
4991685750	Public interest lobbies	organizations that seek a collective good which does not only benefit their membership	96

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AP World Review: Foundations Flashcards

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6657407426	'Foundations' Dates	8000 BCE to 600 BCE	0
6709362021	Foundations Era	This Era was characterized by the settlement of hunter gatherer peoples who discovered agriculture as a new source of food. Color: Green	1
6738462721	Pastoralism	The branch of agriculture concerned with the raising of livestock.	2
6688643427	Neolithic Revolution	Also known as the 'First Agricultural Revolution, people from various parts of the world learned purposeful cultivation crops for food instead of Hunting and Gathering.	3
6699433163	Civilization	A group of permanent settlements with a defined history and culture.	4
6688657358	Characteristics of a Civilization	1. Record-keeping System 2. Job Specialization 3. Advanced Technology 4. Social Hierarchy 5. Urbanization	5
6670177597	Social Inequalities in Agricultural Civilizations	Surplus of food and materials in Agricultural societies led to the ability for some people to store up and amass wealth. This led to societies where some people had more than other. (Different from Hunter/Gatherer Societies where there was no surplus, and people only owned what they gathered themselves.)	6
6671624873	Patriarchy in Agricultural Civilizations	As Agriculture became the main source of food, men who tended to work for on the fields were begun to be seen to be more important since they were the source of food. With surplus of food, women began having more babies, and were more busy childbearing for leadership roles. (Different from Hunter/Gatherer Societies where women were the main source of food, and tended to have less children, and thus, more time.)	7
6671631040	Unbalanced Diets in Agricultural Societies	Although Agricultural Societies created surplus in food, these societies often only farmed one single crop as the main base of food. This led to the unhealthy diet of a mostly grain diet and because of the diet's reliance on one plant, this made them susceptible to famine. (Different from Hunter/Gatherer Societies where diets were made of wild fruits, vegetables, fish and hunted meat. This variety allowed healthier diets and safety from crop failure.)	8
6695078530	Permanent Settlement in Agricultural Societies	People settled down, as agriculture allowed permanent sources of food in one place. With surplus food, urbanization took place, and societies began building large and permanent settlements. These became the base of the first civilizations. (Different from Hunter/Gatherer Societies where it was require to migrate constantly to new areas find new sources of food. Permanent Settlements without agriculture (or fishing) quickly depleted an area's food sources.)	9
6699546403	Record Keeping in Agricultural Civilizations	As settlements grew, and wealth amassed, there became a need to keep record of foods, laws, jobs and trading. Every Civilization developed their own way of recording information.	10
6715571619	Domestication	Process of changing/pacifying plants or animals for human use.	11
6670148779	Yellow River Civilization	2000 BCE to 221 BCE. This was the beginnings of Chinese Civilization, which rang along the Yellow River. They were ruled by Heaven-supported dynasties. Their culture had a strong emphasis on family and patriarchal values.	12
6670090804	Mandate of Heaven	Chinese Belief System that explained Chinese Dynasties were 'allowed' to rule of China by Heaven. If there were problems, such as earthquakes or famine, it meant 'Heaven' was unhappy with the ruler, and it was the right of the people to revolt and bring up a new dynasty. This is how Dynasties in China changed.	13
6670090805	Early Chinese Dynasties	During the Foundations Era, the Chinese Civilization was ruled by dynasties backed by the Mandate of Heaven. Shang: 1600 BCE to 1046 BCE Zhou: 1046 BCE to 221 CE	14
6670223190	Oracle Bones (Writing)	The Ancient Chinese wrote on bones, and then cracked them with a hot poker. They often used this to predict the future.	15
6670143774	Indus Valley Civilization	2000 BCE to 750 BCE A civilization along the Indus river whose geographic isolation meant it had little contact with other civilizations. Early Mathematics originated here.	16
6699638985	Indus Pictographs (Writing)	The system of picture(ish) symbols used by the Indus people to record information. It has yet to be translated.	17
6675439433	The Aryans	Nomadic tribes to the north of the Indus River Valley civilization that took over the Indus River Valley civilization. They had a complex social hierarchy which became the basis for Hinduism.	18
6670143772	Mesopotamian Civilizations	The series of city-state based Civilizations and (later) empires founded around Mesopotamia. Examples are: Sumer (3500 BCE to 2370 BCE) Babylon (1792 BCE to 1595 BCE) Assyria (1305 BCE to 609 BCE)	19
6688718839	Mesopotamia	Also known as the Fertile Crescent, this region is between the Tigris and Euphrates rivers in modern day Iraq and became the breeding ground of many ancient Civilizations. The region was known for its unpredictable flooding, and settlements were often required to rebuild.	20
6699737963	City-State	An independent city that controls the immediate area around it.	21
6699768206	Mesopotamian City-States	Mesopotamia, unlike Egypt or China developed into a series of competing City-States that warred with each other. Famous examples are Babylon, Ur, Sumer and Ninevah.	22
6670183168	Cuneiform (Writing)	Mesopotamian writing system created in Sumer used to keep track of goods and trade. One of the oldest known examples of record-keeping.	23
6670132171	Hammurabi Code	Established by King Hammurabi, this ancient Babylonian law code that reinforced social hierarchy. From about 1754 BCE, it is one of the oldest deciphered writings of significant length.	24
6670181002	Ziggurats	Large structures made in Mesopotamian civilization used as temples and storehouses.	25
6670143773	Nile River	The Nile River is the longest river in the world and became the home of two distinct civilizations: Egypt and Meroe. The Nile was known for its regular/predictable flooding, which made nearby soil rich for farming.	26
6695336674	Ancient Egyptian Civilization	A technologically advanced civilization built along the Nile River, they were ruled by wealthy and 'godly' pharaohs that were blessed by the gods. They are also known for building large monuments of worship for their gods and pharaohs.	27
6695357310	Pharaohs	The Kings/Queens of the Ancient Egyptians. They were often said to be blessed, or are the mortal incarnation of the gods. Pharaohs often commissioned large graves for themselves called 'Pyramids' to help them in their transition to the afterlife.	28
6670183169	Hieroglyphs (Writing)	The Ancient Egyptian writing system.	29
6700136550	Nubian Civilization	3400 BCE - 660 BCE. Egypt's southern neighbor, this distinct civilization often traded with Egypt, and other times invaded Egypt. They had a separate religion and culture.	30
6675560494	Bantu-Speaking Peoples	West African nomads that migrated from the Niger and Benue River Valleys to the forests of South Africa due to the harsh Saharan climate.	31
6677421757	Bantu Migration	The movement of the Bantu-Speaking Peoples from the Niger and Benue River Valleys to the forests of South Africa due to the harsh Saharan climate. This migration started at about 1000 BCE and ended at about 1700 CE.	32
6670174327	Olmec Civilization	1000 BCE - 400 BCE This mesoamerican civilization developed on maize and beans in Southern Mexico. They most likely would lead to Aztec and Mayan culture. Little else is known about them.	33
6700177096	Chico Norte (Caral) Civilization	3000 BCE to 1800 BCE. This civilization, which would later lead to the Incans. Developed in Southern Peru, they developed Quipus. Little is known about them.	34
6670137599	Quipu (Writing(ish))	A method of record-keeping used by the Carans (and later Incans) and other ancient Andean civilizations, consisting of a system of knots.	35

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Elizabethan Poetry (Non-AP) Flashcards

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6360298484	Italian Sonnet	Often called the Petrarchan Sonnet, this sonnet consists of a rhymed octave and a rhymed sestet; the rhyme pattern abba abba is applies to the octave; the sestet employs a variety of rhyme patterns using two rhymes (ex. cdcdcd).	0
6360298485	Shakespearean Sonnet	Also called the English Sonnet, this sonnet consists of three quatrains (each with a rhyme-scheme of its own) and the last two lines are a rhyming couplet. The typical rhyme-scheme for the English sonnet is ABAB CDCD EFEF GG	1
6360298486	Spenserian Sonnet	A sonnet consisting of three quatrains and a concluding couplet in iambic pentameter with an interlocking rhyme scheme of abab bcbd cdcd ee	2
6360298487	volta / turn	The place in a sonnet when the content changes from stating the problem to providing the solution.	3
6360298488	octave	A group of eight lines in a poem. In an Italian sonnet, it represents the "problem" of the poem.	4
6360298489	sestet	A group of six lines in a poem. In an Italian sonnet, it represents the "solution" of the poem.	5
6360298490	pastoral poetry	Poetry idealizing the lives of shepherds and country folk, although the term is often used loosely to include any poem featuring a rural aspect.	6
6360298491	Queen Elizabeth I of England	(553-1603) The "virgin" queen who ruled England for 50 years and was one of the most successful monarchs in English History. She supported the arts, increased the treasury, supported the exploration of the New World, built up the military, and established the Church of England as the main religion in England.	7
6360298492	King Henry VIII of England	(1491-1547) King of England, he split with the Catholic Church and declared himself head of the Church of England, or Anglican Church.	8
6360298493	The Globe	Elizabethan theatre built in 1598 by Richard Burbage for Lord Chamberlain's Men	9
6360298494	The Lord Chamberlain's Men	A company of actors for which Shakespeare wrote for most of his career. Richard Burbage played most of the lead roles, including Hamlet, Othello, King Lear, and Macbeth, while Shakespeare himself performed some secondary roles.	10
6360298495	William Shakespeare	(1564 - 1616) English poet and playwright considered one of the greatest writers of the English language; works include Julius Caesar, Macbeth, Romeo and Juliet, and Hamlet.	11
6360298496	The Spanish Armada	One of the largest military fleets in the history of warfare which was sent to attack England in 1588. The smaller English fleet was able to defeat the armada by using its ease of maneuverability and ended Spain's domination of the Atlantic Ocean and made England the major naval power.	12
6360298497	Mary, Queen of Scots	Mary Stuart was Queen of Scotland from 1542 to 1567 and Queen consort of France from 1559 to 1560. She previously claimed Elizabeth's throne as her own and was considered the legitimate sovereign of England by many English Catholics. Perceiving her as a threat, Elizabeth had her confined in various castles and manor houses in the interior of England. After eighteen and a half years in custody, Mary was found guilty of plotting to assassinate Elizabeth, and was subsequently executed.	13
6360298500	revenge tragedy	A dramatic form popular during the Elizabethan Age in which the protagonist, usually directed by the ghost of a murdered family member or friend, inflicts retaliation upon a powerful villain (usually because the government or ruler can't or won't intervene). Notable features of the revenge tragedy include violence, bizarre criminal acts, intrigue, insanity, a hesitant protagonist, and the use of soliloquy. Thomas Kyd's Spanish Tragedy is the first example in English, and William Shakespeare's Hamlet is perhaps the best known.	14
6360298501	The Church of England	The English church renounced papal authority when Henry VIII broke with Rome to secure an annulment from Catherine of Aragon. The English Reformation accelerated under Edward VI's regents before a brief restoration of Catholicism under Queen Mary I and Philip II of Spain. The Act of Supremacy of 1558 renewed the breach and the Elizabethan Settlement charted a course whereby the English church was to be both Catholic and Reformed.	15
6360298502	Queen Mary I of England	The Queen of England and Ireland from 1553 until 1558. Her executions of Protestants led to the posthumous sobriquet "Bloody Mary". She was the only child of Henry VIII and his first wife Catherine of Aragon who survived to adulthood. In 1554, Mary married Philip of Spain, becoming queen consort after Philip's accession in 1556. Mary is remembered for her restoration of Roman Catholicism after the short-lived Protestant reign of her half-brother. During her five-year reign, she had over 280 religious dissenters burned at the stake. Her re-establishment of Roman Catholicism was reversed after her death in 1558 by her younger half-sister and successor Elizabeth I, daughter of Henry and Anne Boleyn.	16
6360298516	blank verse	Unrhymed Iambic pentameter; the style of speech Shakespeare used with most of his main / noble characters.	17
6360298517	prose	Regular, non-metered language; the style of speech Shakespeare used with most of his lower-class, comedic characters.	18
6360298518	iambic pentameter	A common meter in poetry consisting of an unrhymed line with five feet or accents, each foot containing an unaccented syllable and an accented syllable.	19
6360298519	soliloquy	A type of monologue in which a character talks to himself or herself (usually alone on stage) or reveals his or her thoughts without directly addressing a listener.	20
6360298520	monologue	A long speech spoken by a character to himself, another character, or to the audience	21
6360298521	dialogue	Conversation between characters in a story or play	22
6360298522	aside	A dramatic convention by which an actor directly addresses the audience but it is not supposed to be heard by the other actors on the stage.	23
6360298523	comic relief	An amusing scene, incident, or speech introduced into serious or tragic elements, as in a play, in order to provide temporary relief from tension, or to intensify the dramatic action.	24
6360298524	pun	A joke exploiting the different possible meanings of a word or the fact that there are words that sound alike but have different meanings.	25
6360298525	extended metaphor	A comparison between two unlike things that continues throughout a series of sentences in a paragraph or lines in a poem.	26

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AP Biology: Protein Synthesis Flashcards

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8711815637	Anticodon	Ensures correct position of AA on ribosome	0
8711815638	A-site	Charged tRNA arrives with AA; anticodon confirms placement	1
8711815639	Codon	Determine AA; determined by DNA sequence	2
8711815640	Enhancer	Speed up transcription	3
8711815641	E-site	tRNA exits	4
8711815642	Exon	Joined together during splicing the RNA transcript in order to create the mRNA	5
8711815643	Frameshift mutation	1. Frameshift insertion mutation: base insertion of one or more bases 2. Frameshift deletion mutation: base deletion of one or more bases Changes triplet grouping of bases; codons regrouped; abnormal AA sequence; mutant protein	6
8711815644	Histone	Tightly wind DNA into nucleosomes	7
8711815645	Intron	Removed during splicing of RNA transcript in order to make mRNA	8
8711815646	Lysogenic infection	Host intact; virus injects DNA; viral DNA inserted into host DNA genome; host divides with viral DNA	9
8711815647	Lyctic infection	Breaks host cell; virus injects DNA; host cell copies viral DNA and makes proteins; proteins assemble, forming new viruses; cell bursts, releasing new viruses	10
8711815648	mG cap	On the 5' end of mRNA; to find ribosome when it leaves the nucleus	11
8711815649	MicroRNA	DNA INTERFERENCE; attaches to the mRNA and disturbs translation; tells enzyme complex to chop up the double stranded RNA to stop translation	12
8711815650	mRNA	Temporary copy of gene (not identical copy of gene; written in different language); determines AA sequence (codons)	13
8711815651	Nucleosome	a structural unit of a eukaryotic chromosome, consisting of a length of DNA coiled around a core of histones.	14
8711815652	Operator	Repressor binding site	15
8711815653	Inducible operon	Negative control; lack of nutrients -> turns off; default is to turn off; stops transgression of the lac protein	16
8711815654	Repressible operon	Transcription is normal; substrate presence turns it off; repressor binding to operon always turns it off	17
8711815655	Point mutation	1. Point nonsense mutation: premature stop of translation; results in no protein (BAD!!) 2. Point missense mutation: base substitutions; alters function of protein if there is a different amino acid	18
8711815656	Poly-A Tail	Prevents cytoplasm from eating the mRNA; added on 3' end for protection	19
8711815657	Promoter	Start; RNA polymerase attaches to DNA	20
8711815658	P-site	Peptide bond joins AA and polypeptide chain grows	21
8711815659	Splicing	Removing non-coding parts	22
8711815660	Regulatory gene	Codes for repressor; tells whether the operon is active or not	23
8711815661	Repressor	Turns genes off; temporary stopper	24
8711815662	Reverse transcription	1 RNA strand to 1 DNA to 2 DNA; DNA inserts into host genome -> provirus; transcribed into RNA -> viral protein -> assemblage -> leave to affect others the reverse of normal transcription, occurring in some RNA viruses, in which a sequence of nucleotides is copied from an RNA template during the synthesis of a molecule of DNA.	25
8711815663	RNA interference	A biological process in which RNA molecules inhibit gene expression, typically by causing the destruction of specific mRNA molecules.	26
8711815664	RNA Polymerase	Forms RNA polymers	27
8711815665	RNA Processing	RNA Transcript to mRNA; in nucleus	28
8711815666	rRNA	2 ribosomal subunits -> ribosomal complex	29
8711815667	Terminator	End of gene	30
8711815668	Transcription Factor	Turn genes on	31
8711815669	Transcription	Forms mRNA; takes place in nucleus (bc DNA cant leave nucleus)	32
8711815670	Translation	Forms polypeptide chain; in cytoplasm	33
8711815671	tRNA	Carries and transfers AA to polypeptide chain; end for AA attachment; anticodons	34

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AP World: Unit 6 Flashcards

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6349389781	NATO	North Atlantic Treaty Organization; France, US, and UK banded together in a system of collective defense and officially became nuclear weapon states	0
6349401615	Warsaw Pact	brought together the Soviet Union and Eastern European communist states under a military alliance rival to NATO	1
6349403599	Korean and Vietnamese Wars	North Korean invasion of South Korea (1950) --> Chinese and US involvement in 3 year war (1950-1953) --> ended in standoff that left Korea still divided; perfect example of US "containing communism" (ie not letting it spread)	2
6349424364	Cuban Missile Crisis	revolutionary Fidel Castro came to power in 1959 (Cuba) --> Cuba nationalized US assets in Cuba --> US hostility and attempts to overthrow Castro --> pushed closer to Soviet Union --> began to think of self/revolution as Marxist --> Soviets are happy and afraid of losing Cuba to US --> Khrushchev (successor to Stalin) secretly gave nuclear missiles to Cuba (in order to discourage US action against Castro) --> discovered by US in Oct 1952 --> compromise negotiated by J.F. Kennedy	3
6349524555	Non-alignment	Soviet Union and U.S were both trying to acquire allies during the cold war but some countries (India) decided not to align with either side; others "played both sides" and used funding/guidance from both sides (Indonesia, Egypt)	4
6349625350	Military industrial complex	term coined by US president D. Eisenhower (1953-1961); "a coalition of the armed services, military research laboratories, and private defense industries that both stimulated and benefited from increased military spending and cold war tensions" (Strayer 1058); Soviet Union and US had own versions	5
6358142794	Indian National Congress (INC)	established 1885; association of English educated Indians drawn mostly from the upper caste families; represented the beginning of a new kind of political protest (not rebellions, banditry, refusal to pay taxes); initially had difficulty gaining peasant followers; with Gandhi's philosophies appealing to a wide range of Indians, became a mass organization	6
6358147999	Mohandas Gandhi	along with Nehru, considered "father of independent India"; born in India recovering from influenza epidemic and violent and repressive actions by the British; English-educated and not-very-successful lawyer-turned-leader protesting against racial segregation; developed concept of India that included Hindus and Muslims; "political philosophy, known as satyagraha (truth force), was a confrontational, though nonviolent approach to political action" (Strayer 1095); rose up in ranks of INC; drew support from wide spectrum of Indians; opposed modern industrial future	7
6366814143	All-Indian Muslim League	established as early as 1906; contradicted the Congress Party's claim to speak for all Indians; demanded separate electorates with a fixed number of seats for Muslims; Muslims are distinct minority → feared that their voices would not be heard, despite Gandhi's policy	8
6366957025	Muhammad Ali Jinnah	leader of the Muslim League; argued that parts of India that had Muslim majority should have a separate political status, called Pakistan; did not agree with Gandhi, that India was one nation	9
6367026912	Afrikaner	politically dominant section of the white community of South Africa; descended from early Dutch settlers (mid-17th century); term reflects image of "white Africans"; unsuccessfully sought independence from Britain (Boer War, 1899-1902) → feeling of hostility towards British	10
6367036772	Nelson Mandela	considered new and younger leader of ANC; launched nonviolent civil disobedience (boycotts, strikes, demonstrations, burning of hated passes that Africans were required to carry); arrested by South African government; released with compromise between South African nationalists and existing government	11
6367074213	Apartheid	attempted to separate blacks from whites in every way possible while retaining Africans' labor power in the white-controlled economy; rigid "pass laws"; social segregation; "Bantustans" (native reserves); surprisingly ended without a racial bloodbath	12
6367151306	African National Congress (ANC)	established 1912; "appealed to the liberal, humane, and Christian values that white society claimed" (Strayer 1100); 40 years, pursued moderate and peaceful protest; 1948; Afrikaner-lead Nationalist Party came to power and implemented apartheid = peaceful protest wasn't successful; legalized in discussion with African nationalists as an alternative to violent struggle; 1994, won in national elections and came to power	13
6367153065	Black Consciousness Movement	active opposition by primarily student groups; and effort to foster pride, unity and political awareness among South Africa's African majority (Strayer 1101); emphasized mobilizing women	14
6367169007	Manchukuo	A puppet state that sections of Japanese military established after seizing Manchuria and acting independently of civilian authorities. This angered the Western powers and Japan withdrew from the League of nations and aligned with Germany and Italy.	15
6367169987	"Asia for Asians"	when trying to create a Pacific Empire, the Japanese acted as "liberators and modernizers" to free the Asian continent from European dominance (really Japan was to extract the resources)	16
6366852903	Indian National Congress	(INC) was a Congress Party of english educated Indians like lawyers and teachers from high caste Hindu families. They didn't want to overthrow the British, but wanted more inclusion in political and military life.	17
6366857575	Afrikaner	(Boers) those who descended from Dutch settlers who were "white africans". They were permanent residents, not colonial intruders.	18
6366863416	African National Congress	(ANC) Congress led by educated males in middle class Africa who didn't want to overthrow the rule. They wanted to be accepted as civilized people.	19
6366910049	The Brazilian Miracle	rapid industrial growth in Brazil when the country produced 90% of it's own consumer goods. they took investments from foreign corporations. The economy was fine, but the people still suffered inequality and poverty.	20

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AP Biology Ecology Unit Flashcards

This is a study guide under the subject of Ecology [Coevolution and Ecological Succesion] for the AP Biology Test. Good luck!
Pt. 3

Pt. 2 is located here:
http://quizlet.com/863193/ap-biology-review-ecology-part-2-flash-cards/
------
Pt. 4 is located here:
http://quizlet.com/883172/ap-biology-review-ecology-part-4-flash-cards/

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4960023374	Aposematic coloration	very bright, often red or orange, coloration of poisonous animals as a warning that possible predators should avoid them	0
4960023375	Mullerian mimicry	copycat coloration where one harmless animal mimics the coloration of one that is poisonous	1
4960023376	Batesian Mimicry	2 or more poisonous species resemble each other and gain an advantage from their combined numbers	2
4960023377	Ecological Succession	The change in the composition of species over time	3
4960023378	Pioneer Species	Plants and animals that are first to colonize a newly exposed habitat. [Opportunistic, r-selected species that have good dispersal capability]	4
4960023379	Primary Succession	Type of Succession that occurs on substrates that never previously supported living things. [IE volcanic islands or glaciers]	5
4960023380	Secondary Succession	Type of Succession that occurs where communities were entirely or partially destroyed by some kind of damaging event [IE floods or fire]	6
4960023381	Trophic Levels	Organization of plants and animals in order to examine the production and utilization of energy	7
4960023382	Competitive Exclusion Principle (Gause's principle)	When two species compete for exactly the same resources (or occupy the same niche), one is likely to be more successful. One species lives, the other is eliminated.	8
4960023383	Resource Partitioning	Some species coexist in spite of apparent competition for the same resources.	9
4960023384	Predation	Form of community interaction where an animal feeds on a plant or other animal	10
4960023385	Symbiosis	Two species that live together in close contact during a portion of their lives	11
4960023386	Mutualism	Form of symbiosis that is a relationship in which both species benefit.	12
4960023387	Commensalismm	Form of symbiosis where one species benefits while the second is neither helped nor harmed	13
4960023388	Parasitism	Form of symbiosis where the parasite benefits while the host is harmed.	14
4960023389	Ecology	The study of the distribution and abundance of organisms and their interactions with the world and others	15
4960023390	Population	Group of individuals all of the same SPECIES LIVING in the SAME AREA.	16
4960023391	Community	Group of populations living in the same area.	17
4960023392	Ecosystem	This describes the interrelationships between the organisms in a community and the environment.	18
4960023393	Biosphere	This is composed of all the regions on the earth that contains living things. IE soil, oceans, lower 10 km of the atmosphere.	19
4960023394	Survivorship Curves	Describes how mortality of individuals in a species varies during their lifetimes.	20
4960023395	Biotic Potential	Maximum growth rate of a population under ideal conditions, with unlimited resources and without growth restrictions	21
4960023396	Carrying Capacity	Maximum number of individuals of a population that can be sustained by a particular habitat.	22
4960023397	Limiting Factors	Elements that prevent a population from attaining its biotic potential.	23
4960023398	Density-Dependent Factors	[a limiting factor] Agents whose limiting effect becomes more intense as the population density increases (IE parasites/disease, resources, toxic effect of waste products, and predation)	24
4960023399	Density-Independent Factor	[a limiting factor] Occurs independently of the density of the population (IE natural disasters, climate change)	25
4960023400	r-selected species	Species that exhibit rapid growth (J-shaped curve), where opportunistic species (grass/insects) quickly invade habitats, reproduce, and die. Offspring are small, mature fast, and require little care	26
4960023401	k-selected species	Species where population size remains constant (IE humans) and produce a small number of relatively large offspring that require much care until maturation.	27
4960023402	Dominant species	species that are the most abundant or that collectively have the highest biomass	28
4960023403	Keystone species	not abundant in a community; they exert major control over other species in the community	29
4960023404	Biological Magnification	Organisms at higher trophic levels have greater concentrations of accumulated toxins stored in their bodies than those at lower trophic level	30
4960023405	Biomes	distribution depends on the amount of precipitation and temperature in an area	31
4960023406	Tropical Rain Forest	abundant rainfall, stable temperatures and high humidity, most diversity of species of any biome on earth, high competition for sunlight	32
4960023407	Desert	low precipitation, temperature fluctuations are extreme, daytime surface temperatures are high and at night they are low, plants are drought-resistant	33
4960023408	Temperature Grasslands	low total annual rainfall, dry winters, wet summers, large grazers and variety of burrowing mammals	34
4960023409	Savanna	warm year round, trees that are often thorny and have small leaves to adapt to dry conditions	35
4960023410	Chaparral	rainy winters, dry summer, high plant diversity	36
4960023411	Taiga or Coniferous Forest	dotted with lakes, ponds and bogs, very cold winters, largest terrestrial biome	37
4960023412	Temperature Broadleaf Forest	mammals hibernate in the north, vertical layers and close canopy of trees	38
4960023413	Tundra	has permafrost that restricts growth of plant roots, cold temperatures, gets very little rainfall, abundance of insects, small biodiversity, migration of birds during the summer	39
4960023415	Plant Protection	through spines, thorns or chemical toxins that help to protect themselves from herbivores	40

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