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AP Vocab. Unit 11 Flashcards

9738787537	austere	stern and cold in appearance or manner	0
9738787538	corpulent	having a large bulky body : obese	1
9738787539	derisive	expressing or causing contemptuous ridicule or scorn : expressing or causing derision	2
9738789535	effeminate	having feminine qualities untypical of a man	3
9738789536	jocund	marked by or suggestive of high spirits and lively mirthfulness	4
9738789537	manifest	readily perceived by the senses and especially by the sense of sight; easily understood or recognized by the mind : obvious	5
9738791188	ostentatious	attracting or seeking to attract attention, admiration, or envy often by gaudiness or obviousness : overly elaborate or conspicuous : characterized by, fond of, or evincing ostentation an ostentatious display of wealth/knowledge	6
9738791189	sanguine	blood red in color; consisting of or relating to blood; bloodthirsty, sanguinary	7
9738791190	strident	characterized by harsh, insistent, and discordant sound	8
9738793708	vehement	marked by forceful energy : powerful a vehement wind : such as; intensely emotional : impassioned, fervid	9

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AP Psychology Vocab - Learning Flashcards

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5387657746	learning	the cognitive process of acquiring skill or knowledge	0
5387657747	classical conditioning	a type of learning in which one learns to link two or more stimuli and anticipate events	1
5387657748	stimulus	a change in an organism's surroundings that causes the organism to react	2
5387657749	neutral stimulus	a stimulus that does not initially elicit a response	3
5387657750	unconditioned stimulus	in classical conditioning, a stimulus that unconditionally—naturally and automatically—triggers a response	4
5387657751	unconditioned response	in classical conditioning, the unlearned, naturally occurring response to the unconditioned stimulus (US), such as salivation when food is in the mouth.	5
5387657752	conditioned stimulus	in classical conditioning, an originally irrelevant stimulus that, after association with an unconditioned stimulus, comes to trigger a conditioned response	6
5387657753	acquisition	an ability that has been acquired by training (process)	7
5387657754	extinction	a conditioning process in which the reinforcer is removed and a conditioned response becomes independent of the conditioned stimulus	8
5387657755	spontaneous recovery	the reappearance, after a pause, of an extinguished conditioned response	9
5387657756	generalization	(psychology) transfer of a response learned to one stimulus to a similar stimulus	10
5387657757	discrimination	in classical conditioning, the learned ability to distinguish between a conditioned stimulus and stimuli that do not signal an unconditioned stimulus	11
5387657758	higher-order conditioning	a procedure in which the conditioned stimulus in one conditioning experience is paired with a new neutral stimulus, creating a second (often weaker) conditioned stimulus. For example, an animal that has learned that a tone predicts food might then learn that a light predicts the tone and begin responding to the light alone. (Also called second-order conditioning.)	12
5387657759	aversive conditioning	A type of counterconditioning that associates an unpleasant state (such as nausea) with an unwanted behavior (such as drinking alcohol)	13
5387657761	law of effect	Thorndike's principle that behaviors followed by favorable consequences become more likely, and that behaviors followed by unfavorable consequences become less likely	14
5387657762	operant conditioning	A type of learning in which behavior is strengthened if followed by a reinforcer or diminished if followed by a punisher	15
5387657763	positive reinforcement	any stimulus that, when presented after a response, strengthens the response	16
5387657764	primary reinforcer	an innately reinforcing stimulus, such as one that satisfies a biological need	17
5387657765	secondary reinforcer	stimulus such as money that becomes reinforcing through its link with a primary reinforcer	18
5387657768	negative reinforcement	increasing the strength of a given response by removing or preventing a painful stimulus when the response occurs	19
5387657769	punishment	an event that decreases the behavior that it follows	20
5387657771	shaping	an operant conditioning procedure in which reinforcers guide behavior toward closer and closer approximations of the desired behavior	21
5387657772	continuous reinforcement	reinforcing the desired response every time it occurs	22
5387657773	partial reinforcement	occasional reinforcement of a particular behavior; produces response that is more resistant to extinction	23
5387657774	fixed ratio	a schedule where reinforcement happens after a correct number of responses	24
5387657775	fixed interval	reinforces a response only after a specified time has elapsed	25
5387657776	variable ratio	a schedule where reinforcement happens after a varied number of responses	26
5387657777	variable interval	a schedule where reinforcement happens after a varied length of time	27
5387657780	token economy	an operant conditioning procedure in which people earn a token of some sort for exhibiting a desired behavior and can later exchange the tokens for various privileges or treats	28
5387657785	latent learning	learning that occurs but is not apparent until there is an incentive to demonstrate it	29
5387657787	observational learning	A type of learning that occurs when an organism's responding is influenced by the observation of others, who are called models.	30
5387704712	behaviorism	An approach to psychology that emphasizes the study of observable behavior and the role of the environment as a determinant of behavior	31
5387704713	cognitive map	a mental representation of the layout of one's environment. For example, after exploring a maze, rats act as if they have learned a cognitive map of it.	32
5387704714	extrinsic motivation	a desire to perform a behavior due to promised rewards or threats of punishment	33
5387706702	intrinsic motivation	a desire to perform a behavior effectively for its own sake	34
5387706703	mirror neurons	Frontal lobe neurons that fire when performing certain actions or when observing another doing so. The brain's mirroring of another's action may enable imitation, language learning, and empathy.	35
5387706704	modeling	the process of observing and imitating a specific behavior	36
5387706705	operant chamber	in operant conditioning research, a chamber (also known as a Skinner box) containing a bar or key that an animal can manipulate to obtain a food or water reinforcer; attached devices record the animal's rate of bar pressing or key pecking.	37
5387709066	prosocial behavior	positive, constructive, helpful behavior. The opposite of antisocial behavior.	38
5387710713	respondent behavior	behavior that occurs as an automatic response to some stimulus	39
5387713557	operant behavior	behavior that operates on the environment, producing consequences	40

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AP English - Tone Words Flashcards

The manner in which an author expresses his or her attitude; the intonation of the voice that expresses meaning. Tone is described by adjectives, and the possibilities are nearly endless. Often a single adjective will not be enough, and tone may change or shift from chapter to chapter or stanza to stanza or even line to line. Tone is the result of allusion, diction, figurative language, imagery, irony, motif, symbol, syntax, and style.
Very young children can sense a speaker's attitude in tone. But understanding tone in prose and poetry is an entirely different matter. The reader does not have voice inflection to carry meaning. Thus, a student's appreciation (knowledge) of word choice, details, imagery, and language all contribute to the understanding of tone. To misinterpret tone is to misinterpret meaning.

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6431773069	critical	inclined to find fault or judge with severity	0
6431773070	angry	feeling or showing anger and strong resentment	1
6431773071	infuriated	displaying anger in a passionate way	2
6431773072	irate	displaying anger in a dispassionate way	3
6431773073	aggravated	to be or become irritated or inflamed	4
6431773074	indignant	feeling, characterized by, or expressing strong displeasure at something considered unjust, offensive, or base	5
6431773075	outraged	strongly offended, insulted, or affronted	6
6431773076	bitter	resentful or cynical	7
6431773077	ambiguous	open to or having several possible meanings or interpretations	8
6431773078	confused	mystified	9
6431773079	perplexed	bewildered; puzzled	10
6431773080	caustic	severely critical or sarcastic	11
6431773081	biting	capable of gripping and affecting or wounding	12
6431773082	irreverent	showing a lack of respect for things or people that should be taken seriously	13
6431773083	mocking	teasing or laughing at in a scornful way	14
6431773084	disdainful	showing contempt or a lack of respect	15
6431773085	contemptuous	scornful, showing contempt	16
6431773086	sardonic	grimly mocking or cynical	17
6431773087	sarcastic	marked by or given to using irony in order to mock or convey contempt	18
6431773088	tongue-in-cheek	used to refer to humor in which a statement, or an entire fictional work, is not meant to be taken seriously, but its sarcasm is subtle	19
6431773089	ironic	happening in the opposite way to what is expected, and typically causing wry amusement because of this	20
6431773090	cynical	believing that people are motivated by self-interest; distrustful of human sincerity or integrity	21
6431773091	skeptical	not easily convinced; having doubts or reservations	22
6431773092	wry	using or expressing dry, especially mocking, humor	23
6431773093	arrogant	having or revealing an exaggerated sense of one's own importance and abilities	24
6431773094	pretentious	attempting to impress by affecting greater important, talent, culture, etc., than is actually possessed	25
6431773095	condescending	to talk to someone in a haughty way, as though it is below one's dignity or level of importance	26
6431773096	patronizing	to treat someone with an apparent kindness that betrays a feeling of superiority	27
6431773097	authoritative	commanding and self-confident	28
6431773098	humourous	causing light-hearted laughter and amusement	29
6431773099	bantering	an exchange of light, playful, teasing remarks; good-natured raillery	30
6431773100	silly	weak-minded or lacking good sense; stupid or foolish. Also, absurd, irrational, ridiculous.	31
6431773101	mock-heroic	imitating or burlesquing that which is heroic, as in manner, character, or action	32
6431773102	amused	pleasurably entertained, occupied, or diverted	33
6431773103	joyful	glad; delighted	34
6431773104	ecstatic	subject to or in a state of ecstacy; rapturous	35
6431773105	elated	very happy; proud; jubilant	36
6431773106	effusive	lacking reserve; overflowing	37
6431773107	contented	satisfied with what one is or has	38
6431773108	disappointed	depressed or discouraged by the failure of one's hopes or expectations	39
6431773109	sad	affected by unhappiness or grief	40
6431773110	elegiac	expressing sorrow or lamentation	41
6431773111	melancholic	disposed to or affected with melancholy; gloomy	42
6431773112	depressing/depressed	sad; lower in spirits; dejected; dispirited	43
6431773113	mournful	feeling or expressing sorrow or grief; sorrowful; sad	44
6431773114	poignant	keenly distressing to the feelings	45
6431773115	somber	gloomy, depressing, or dismal	46
6431773116	bleak	without hope and encouragement	47
6431773117	whimsical	playfully quaint and fanciful, especially in an appealing and amusing way	48
6431773118	fanciful	overimaginative and unrealistic	49
6431773119	wistful	having or showing a feeling of vague or regretful longing	50
6431773120	flippant	not showing a serious or respectful attitude	51
6431773121	nostalgic	characterized by or showing feelings of nostalgia	52
6431773122	sentimental	dealing with feeling of tenderness, sadness, or nostalgia in an exaggerated or self-indulgent way	53
6431773123	reflective	relating to or characterized by deep thought; thoughtful	54
6431773124	regretful	feeling or showing regret	55
6431773125	remorseful	feeling deep regret or guilt for a wrong committed	56
6431773126	apologetic	regretfully acknowledging or excusing an offense or failure	57
6431773127	challenging	provocative; intriguing	58
6431773128	contentious	causing or likely to cause an argument; controversial	59
6431773129	surprising	causing wonder or astonishment	60
6431773130	shocking	extremely startling, distressing, or offensive	61
6431773131	inflammatory	tending to excite anger, disorder, or tumult	62
6431773132	horrific	having the power to horrify someone	63
6431773133	dramatic	highly effective; striking	64
6431773134	passionate	capable of, affected by, or expressing intense feeling	65
6431773135	impartial	having no direct involvement or interest and not favoring one person or side over another	66
6431773136	objective	based on facts rather than thoughts and opinions	67
6431773137	clinical	practical and unemotional	68
6431773138	factual	consisting of the truth or including only things that are actual	69
6431773139	detached	not attached to something and unaffected by emotional involvement	70
6431773140	disinterested	unbiased by personal interest or advantage; not influenced by selfish motives	71
6431773141	bored	tired and impatient	72
6431773142	apathetic	showing or feeling no interest, enthusiasm, or concern	73
6431773143	indifferent	having no particular interest or sympathy; unconcerned	74
6431773144	straightforward	uncomplicated and easy to do or understand	75
6431773145	candid	truthful and straightforward; frank	76
6431773146	pedantic	of or like a person who is excessively concerned with minor details and rules or displaying academic learning	77
6431773147	learned	having much knowledge; erudite	78
6431773148	scholarly	concerned with academic learning and research	79
6431773149	didactic	intended for instruction; inclined to teach and lecture others too much; teaching or intending to teach a moral lesson	80
6431773150	moralistic	characterized by or displaying a concern with morality	81
6431773151	inspirational	imparting inspiration (stimulation of the mind or emotions to a high level of feeling or activity	82
6431773152	respectful	full of, characterized by, or showing politeness or deference	83
6431773153	reverent	feeling or showing deep and solemn respect	84
6431773154	appreciative	being thankful or grateful for something	85
6431773155	sympthetic	feeling, showing, or expressing sympathy	86
6431773156	compassionate	feeling or showing concern for others	87
6431773157	interested	to be engaged or excited about something	88
6431773158	curious	eager to know and learn something	89
6431773159	urgent	needing attention very soon, especially before anything else, because important	90
6431773160	serious	needing or deserving your complete attention	91
6431773161	ominous	suggesting that something unpleasant is likely to happen	92
6431773162	apprehensive	feeling worried about something you are going to do	93
6431773163	foreboding	a feeling that something very bad is likely to happen soon	94
6431773164	threatening	expressing a threat of something unpleasant and violent	95
6431773165	accusing	reproachful; condemning	96
6431773166	admiring	to regard with wonder, pleasure, or approval	97
6431773167	admonitory	serving to warn, especially to correct	98
6431773168	affectionate	having or displaying warmth or affection	99
6431773169	ambivalent	having mixed or opposing feelings at the same time	100
6431773170	amiable	friendly, pleasant, likable	101
6431773171	artificial	not genuine; insincere	102
6431773172	belligerent	given to fighting, warlike; combative, aggressive	103
6431773173	benevolent	kindly; favorable towards; charitable	104
6431773174	bewildered	completely confused; puzzled	105
6431773175	brash	offensively bold	106
6431773176	callous	emotionally hardened; insensitive; unfeeling	107
6431773177	choleric	easily angered; bad-tempered	108
6431773178	cheery	bright and pleasant; sanguine	109
6431773179	condemnatory	expressing strong disapproval of; judgmental; critical	110
6431773180	consoling	affording comfort or solace	111
6431773181	contemplative	studying, thinking, reflecting on an issue	112
6431773182	droll	amusing in a wry, subtle way	113
6431773183	earnest	serious in intention or purpose; showing depth and sincerity of feelings	114
6431773184	despairing	hopeless, despondent, discouraged	115
6431773185	fervent	greatly emotional or zealous	116
6431773186	forthright	frank, direct, straightforward	117
6431773187	grateful	feeling or showing gratitude	118
6431773188	grave	causing fear or anxiety by discussion of matters deserving serious attention; weighty; momentous	119
6431773189	haughty	arrogant, excessively proud and vain	120
6431773190	matter-of-fact	unemotional; straightforward	121
6431773191	meditative	reflective, thoughtful	122
6431773192	obsequious	attentive in an ingratiating or servile manner; attempting to win favor from influential people from flattery	123
6431773193	pompous	overly self-important in speech and manner; excessively stately or ceremonious	124
6431773194	caring	Showing understanding of others by treating them with kindness, compassion, generosity and a forgiving spirit.	125
6431773195	ceremonial	traditional; ritual; formal	126
6431773196	cheerful	Happy, in good spirits	127
6431773197	complimentary	expressing courtesy, respect, admiration, or praise	128
6431773198	conciliatory	Appeasing, intending to PLACATE	129
6431773199	confident	sure of oneself, abilities, talents, etc.	130
6431773200	delightful	greatly pleasing or entertaining	131
6431773201	ebullient	exhilarated; full of enthusiasm and high spirits	132
6431773202	empathetic	identification with and understanding of another's situation, feelings, and motives	133
6431773203	encouraging	showing support	134
6431773204	enthusiastic	having or showing great excitement and interest	135
6431773205	euphoric	Exaggerated feeling of well-being or elation	136
6431773206	excited	very enthusiastic and eager	137
6431773207	expectant	anticipating; hopeful	138
6431773208	exuberant	Full of unrestrained enthusiasm or joy	139
6431773209	gleeful	excited and happy	140
6431773210	hilarious	Extremely funny, causing loud amusement	141
6431773211	hopeful	Optimistic	142
6431773212	incisive	(adj.) sharp, keen, penetrating (with a suggestion of decisiveness and effectiveness)	143
6431773213	instructive	serving to inform or provide knowledge	144
6431773214	jocund	Cheerful and lighthearted	145
6431773215	lighthearted	carefree and happy	146
6431773216	loving	Feeling or showing love or great care.	147
6431773217	mirthful	arousing or provoking laughter	148
6431773218	optimistic	Hopeful, cheerful (adjective) To be hopeful and confident about the future.	149
6431773219	pensive	Dreamily thoughtful	150
6431773220	persuasive	capable of convincing	151
6431773221	playful	full of fun and high spirits	152
6431773222	rousing	exciting, stirring	153
6431773223	sanguine	Cheerfully optimistic	154
6431773224	serene	Calm, peaceful	155
6431773225	stirring	To affect strongly; excite	156
6431773226	tender	easily moved to sympathy or compassion; kind	157
6431773227	thoughtful	showing consideration and anticipation of needs	158
6431773228	vibrant	Lively; full of vitality	159
6431773229	annoyed	aroused to impatience or anger	160
6431773230	anxious	This adjective implies uneasiness, worry, or fear. Do not use it as a substitute of eager.	161
6431773231	audacious	(adj.) bold, adventurous, recklessly daring	162
6431773232	blunt	frank or honest without sensitivity: very frank or straightforward and showing no delicacy or consideration	163
6431773233	bossy	offensively self-assured or given to exercising usually unwarranted power	164
6431773234	brusque	(adj.) abrupt, blunt, with no formalities	165
6431773235	cold	lacking in passion, emotion, enthusiasm, ardor, etc.; dispassionate	166
6431773236	conceited	(ADJ) Having an excessively high opinion of oneself	167
6431773237	depraved	(adj.) marked by evil and corruption, devoid of moral principles	168
6431773238	derisive	Expressing contempt or ridicule	169
6431773239	derogatory	Insulting or intended to insult	170
6431773240	desolate	Lonely and sad	171
6431773241	desperate	Reckless because of feelings of despair.	172
6431773242	diabolic	Evil	173
6431773243	disgusted	adj. cause loathing or nausea in.	174
6431773244	distressed	Upset	175
6431773245	disturbed	troubled; worried Agitated or distressed; disrupted. Marked by symptoms of mental illness.	176
6431773246	enraged	Irate	177
6431773247	facetious	joking (often inappropriately); humorous	178
6431773248	fatalistic	Characteristics of notion that all things are controlled by fate and thus beyond human influence; willing to accept every event as inevitable; often pessimistic.	179
6431773249	fearful	A scared, dreading, or timid tone	180
6431773250	frantic	Very excited and anxious; extremely worried, panicked, or fearful	181
6431773251	frightened	Scared	182
6431773252	frustrated	Feeling annoyed and upset because you cannot do something you are trying to do	183
6431773253	furious	Angry	184
6431773254	gloomy	Darkness, sadness, rejection	185
6431773255	greedy	excessively or inordinately desirous of wealth, profit, etc.; avaricious	186
6431773256	grim	having a harsh, surly, forbidding, or morbid air	187
6431773257	gushy	expressing a positive feeling, especially praise, in such a strong way that it does not sound sincere; emotional, enthusiastic, unrestrained, demonstrative, unreserved.	188
6431773258	holier-than-thou	obnoxiously pious; sanctimonious; self-righteous	189
6431773259	hopeless	desperate; discouraging	190
6431773260	insipid	without distinctive, interesting, or stimulating qualities; vapid	191
6431773261	insolent	Boldly rude or disrespectful	192
6431773262	irritated	Angry and annoyed	193
6431773263	lethargic	acting in an indifferent or slow, sluggish manner	194
6431773264	lugubrious	sorrowful; mournful; dismal	195
6431773265	melodramatic	Overly emotional	196
6431773266	miserable	very unhappy	197
6431773267	nervous	highly excitable; unnaturally or acutely uneasy or apprehensive	198
6431773268	paranoid	A pervasive distrust/suspiciousness of others such that their motives are interpreted as malevolent	199
6431773269	pathetic	(adj.) marked by strong emotion, especially pity and sorrow; able to move people emotionally; worthy of pity; woefully inadequate	200
6431773270	pessimistic	expecting the worst in this worst of all possible worlds	201
6431773271	petty	(adj.) unimportant, trivial; narrow-minded; secondary in rank, minor	202
6431773272	proud	Having an exaggerated opinion of personal worth or abilities	203
6431773273	psychotic	One afflicted with a mental disorder	204
6431773274	resigned	accepting one's fate; unresisting; patiently submissive	205
6431773275	satiric	Attacking human vice or foolishness through irony or wit	206
6431773276	scared	Frightened	207
6431773277	scornful	(adj.) Expressing offensive reproach; derisive; contemptuous	208
6431773278	selfish	concerned chiefly or only with yourself	209
6431773279	simpering	overly emotional or sentimental	210
6431773280	sinister	Evil	211
6431773281	sneering	to speak or write in a manner expressive of derision or scorn.	212
6431773282	staid	(adj.) serious and dignified; quiet or subdued in character or conduct	213
6431773283	strident	Loud and harsh; insistent	214
6431773284	suspicious	Inclined or tending to believe that something is wrong	215
6431773285	taunting	reproaching in scornful or sarcastic language; jeering; mocking	216
6431773286	terse	Brief and to the point	217
6431773287	timorous	Fearful, timid	218
6431773288	turgid	(adj.) swollen, bloated, filled to excess; overdecorated or excessive in language (Polonius)	219
6431773289	uncaring	indifferent and callous	220
6431773290	unconcerned	Indifferent	221
6431773291	uneasy	lacking a sense of security or affording no ease or reassurance	222
6431773292	unsympathetic	lacking in sympathy and kindness	223
6431773293	vitriolic	(adj.) bitter, sarcastic; highly caustic or biting (like a strong acid)	224
6431773294	worried	Anxious	225
6431773295	wrathful	fiercely angry	226
6431773296	cool-headed	marked by calm self-control (especially in trying circumstances)	227
6431773297	cultured	Educated, polished, and refined	228
6431773298	dispassionate	(adj.) impartial; calm, free from emotion	229
6431773299	informative	providing or conveying information	230
6431773300	lyrical	Expressing a poet's inner feelings; emotional; full of images; song-like	231
6431773301	official	authorized or issued authoritatively	232
6431773302	pithy	profound or substantial yet concise succinct, and to the point	233
6431773303	placid	Calm, peaceful	234
6431773304	plain-speaking	candid; frank; blunt; using simple, direct language	235
6431773305	questioning	inquisitive	236
6431773306	reminiscent	Reminding of the past	237
6431773307	restrained	Controlled, repressed, restricted	238
6431773308	allusive	containing or making use of indirect hints	239
6431773309	baffled	Confused	240
6431773310	burlesque	a ludicrous, mocking, lewd imitation	241
6431773311	casual	(adj.) happening by chance or on an irregular basis; showing little concern; informal	242
6431773312	colloquial	Informal, casual, slang.	243
6431773313	concerned	involved or interested	244
6431773314	diffident	(adj.) shy, lacking self-confidence; modest, reserved	245
6431773315	doubtful	Skeptical	246
6431773316	formal	being in accordance with the usual requirements, customs, etc.; conventional	247
6431773317	impatient	not patient	248
6431773318	intimate	To make known subtly; to hint	249
6431773319	introspective	Contemplating one's own thoughts and feelings	250
6431773320	laid-back	very relaxed, not seeming to be worried about anything	251
6431773321	measured	Careful; restrained	252
6431773322	mock-serious	pretending to be serious	253
6431773323	mysterious	(adj.) difficult to explain; strange	254
6431773324	outspoken	candid; blunt	255
6431773325	provocative	Provoking discussion; stimulating controversy; arousing a reaction	256
6431773326	relaxed	Free from tension and anxiety	257
6431773327	reticent	silent; reserved	258
6431773328	romantic	19th-century western European artistic and literary movement; held that emotion and impression, not reason, were the keys to the mysteries of human experience and nature; sought to portray passions, not calm reflection.	259
6431773329	sober	Serious	260
6431773330	solemn	Not cheerful or smiling; serious; gloomy	261
6431773331	stoic	One seemingly indifferent to pleasure or pain	262
6431773332	suspenseful	filled with uncertainty or doubt about what might happen	263
6431773333	tense	in a state of mental or nervous strain; high-strung; taut	264
6431773334	zealous	Extremely active, eager, devoted	265

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AP Government Court Cases Flashcards

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8532780511	Engel v Vitale	First Amendment/Establishment Clause - Government-directed prayer in public schools violates the Establishment Clause of the First Amendment, even if the prayer is denominationally neutral and students may remain silent or be excused from the classroom during its recitation.	0
8532780512	Lemon v Kurtzman	Parochial schools must be private schools. They cannot be publicly funded via state law. Lemon Test: 1. The statute must have a secular legislative purpose. (Also known as the Purpose Prong) 2. The principal or primary effect of the statute must not advance nor inhibit religion. (Also known as the Effect Prong) 3. The statute must not result in an "excessive government entanglement" with religion. (Also known as the Entanglement Prong)	1
8532780513	Reynolds v U.S.	First Amendment/Free Exercise Clause - the statute can punish criminal activity without regard to religious belief. The First Amendment protected religious belief, but it did not protect religious practices that were judged to be criminal such as bigamy. Those who practice polygamy could no more be exempt from the law than those who may wish to practice human sacrifice as part of their religious belief.	2
8532780514	Baker v. Carr	1962 in Tennessee, federal government has the ability to intervene in a state's redistricting to ensure fairness because redistricting is not just a political question	3
8532780515	NY Times v. U.S.	First Amendment/Freedom of the Press - New York Times and Washington Post could print the Pentagon Papers without risk of government censorship or punishment	4
8532780516	Hazelwood v. Kuhlmeier	First Amendment/Freedom of the Press - school newspaper articles withheld from publication, court ruled schools can exercise editorial concern over the content of student speech so long as they related to school concerns.	5
8532780517	Schenck v. U.S.	First Amendment/Freedom of Speech/non-protected - The circulars urged "Do not submit to intimidation" but advised only peaceful action such as petitioning to repeal the Conscription Act. Schenck was charged with conspiracy to violate the Espionage Act by attempting to cause insubordination in the military and to obstruct recruitment. During wartime, utterances tolerable in peacetime can be punished. Clear and present danger test.	6
8532780518	Gitlow v. New York	First Amendment/Freedom of Speech/non-protected - the government may suppress or punish speech that directly advocates the unlawful overthrow of the government and it upheld the constitutionality of the state statute at issue, which made it a crime to advocate the duty, need, or appropriateness of overthrowing government by force or violence, selective incorporation of 14th amendment.	7
8532780519	Buckley v. Valeo	First Amendment/Freedom of Speech/protected - campaign finance - upheld federal limits on campaign spending and identified spending money to influence elections is a form of free speech	8
8532780520	Tinker v. Des Moines	First Amendment/Freedom of Speech/symbolic speech - students' wearing of armbands in support of Vietnam truce did not interrupt school activities, pure speech	9
8532780521	U.S. v. Lopez	Second Amendment - gun laws about schools not related to interstate commerce and not under federal authority	10
8532780522	Mapp v. Ohio	Fourth Amendment/Exclusionary Rule - evidence taken in unreasonable searches and seizures may not be used in court.	11
8532780523	NJ v. TLO	Fourth Amendment/reasonable suspicion, schools have the ability to search students as they must maintain a safe school environment	12
8532780524	Miranda v. Arizona	Fifth and Sixth Amendment - unless the accused is notified of the reason for their arrest, the ability to consult with an attorney, the ability to not self-incriminate their testimony is not permissible in court.	13
8532780525	Korematsu v. U.S.	Fifth and Sixth Amendment - internment of Japanese-Americans during WWII was Constitutional, justified during times of emergency and peril	14
8532780526	Griswold v. Connecticut	Ninth Amendment - state ban on use of contraceptives violates the right of marital privacy	15
8532780527	Roe v. Wade	Ninth & Fourteenth Amendments/privacy Abortion is a private matter	16
8532780528	Plessy v. Ferguson	Fourteenth Amendment/Separate is Equal - ruled that railway cars provided were essentially equal so no violation of equal protection.	17
8532780529	Brown v. Board of Education	Fourteenth Amendment/Separate not Equal - Integration of Schools - racial segregation violates the equal protection clause	18
8532780530	Regents of California v. Bakke	Fourteenth Amendment/Upheld Affirmative Action - race may be one of several factors in college admission policies.	19
8532780531	Marbury v. Madison	Establishes the Supreme Court as having the power of Judicial Review/interpret the Constitution	20
8532780532	McCulloch v. Maryland	Implied powers under the Necessary and Proper Clause - Creation of the bank was implied based upon the enumerated power of Congress to tax. State of Maryland could not tax federal bank due to Supremacy Clause	21
8532780533	Gibbons v. Ogden	Supreme Court of the United States held that the power to regulate interstate commerce, granted to Congress by the Commerce Clause of the United States Constitution, encompassed the power to regulate navigation	22
8532780534	Shaw v. Reno	1993 case in NC with majority-minority districts, court ruled it was an example of racial gerrymandering and thus these districts were unconstitutional. The case was a problem of reverse discrimination. (Redistricting cannot be based on race!)	23
8532780535	New York times v. Sullivan	1964 - public official may not win a libel suit unless they can prove the statement was made knowing to be false or with reckless disregard of its truth	24
8532780536	Clinton v. New York	1998, line item veto act struck down because constitution doesn't grant the president the power to veto specific items in spending - article 1 section 7 would be changed - violates procedure for passing a statute and changes veto power ABOLISHED LINE ITEM VETO	25
8532780537	Texas v. Johnson	A 1989 case in which the Supreme Court struck down a law banning the burning of the American flag on the grounds that such action was symbolic speech protected by the First Amendment.	26
8532780538	Kelo v. New London (CT)	"Eminent Domain" may be used to take private property for the public good even if this means giving it to private developers	27
8532780539	Barron v. Baltimore	Ruled that the Bill of Rights cannot be applied to the states. (Before selective incorporation and the 14th amendment)	28
8532780540	Gideon v. Wainwright	A landmark case in United States Supreme Court history. In the case, the Supreme Court unanimously ruled that state courts are required under the Sixth Amendment of the Constitution to provide counsel in criminal cases for defendants unable to afford their own attorneys.	29
8532780541	Loving v. Virginia	This is the court case that declared all laws against interracial marriage unconstitutional	30
8532780542	Obergefell v. Hodges	Upholds same sex marriage via 14th amendment equal protection clause	31

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AP Vocabulary Flashcards

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7341266219	Abhor	To hate	0
7341266644	Absolve	To pardon	1
7341267719	Accrue	To accumulate	2
7341268398	Aggrandize	Enlarge	3
7341269597	Allay	to reduce the intensity of	4
7341271865	Allocate	to set aside, to apportion	5
7341273030	Altruism	unselfish devotion	6
7341274136	Amiable	pleasant, kind	7
7341276826	Amnesty	pardon	8
7341278335	Acrimony	bitterness or ill feeling (acerbity)	9
7341283517	Adamant	unyielding	10
7341285050	Adroit	skillful	11
7341286372	Affinity	attraction	12
7341287023	Affront	insult	13
7341288081	Anachronism	something out of its proper time	14
7341289987	Animosity	hatred	15
7341291174	Anomaly	irregularity, straying from the norm	16
7341293967	Antipathy	dislike	17
7341294732	Antithesis	direct opposite	18
7341295248	Apathy	indifference, lack of interest	19
7502207493	Aphorism	brief statement; proverb	20
7502210595	Aplomb	self-confidence	21
7502211423	Arduous	difficult	22
7502213249	Assuage	to make less severe	23
7502215505	Astute	shrewd	24
7502217466	Atrophy	to waste away	25
7502218544	Attest	to confirm	26
7502219985	Audacious	bold	27
7502220563	Augment	to increase	28
7502223891	Auspicious	favorable	29

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AP Bio first test Flashcards

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7432393411	plasma membrane	regulate in passage of material	0
7432393412	DNA	contain gentic information & is made up of genes	1
7432393413	organelles	perform specific function or specialization	2
7432393414	prokaryotic cells	exclusie to bacteria	3
7432393415	eukaryotic cell	contain variety of organelles includes nucleus( true cell)	4
7432393416	biological growth	increase in the number of cells	5
7432393417	developement	changes that take place during an organism life	6
7432393418	metabolism	chemical reaction and energy information for growth and repair of cells and keeping energy to maintain homeostasis	7
7432393419	heat	energy that is lost in the environment during transcation	8
7432393420	locomotion	moving from one place to another	9
7432393421	how simple organism move	amoeboid movement, beating cillia or flagella	10
7432393422	how animal move	contracting muscle	11
7432393423	adaption	charateristic that enhace and organism ability to survive in a particular enviroment	12
7432393424	evolve	the process of change that transformed life from it's beginning to the astounding array of organism	13
7432393425	to carry on life process	precise instruction & interaction among cells	14
7432393426	Watson&Crick	two scientist that discover the stucture of DNA in 1953	15
7432393427	insulin	protein that are used in communication	16
7432393428	cell signaling	complex process that involve cell to cell communication	17
7432429524	emergent properties	new properties that arise with each step upward in the hierarchy of life	18
7432468364	system biology	the exploration of a biological system by analying the interaction among its part	19
7432480355	genes expression	information in a gene directs the manufacture of a cellular product	20
7432503534	genome	the library of genetic info that organism inherit	21
7432516692	genomics	whole set of genes in one or more species	22
7432521775	bioinformatics	the use of computational tools to store, organize and analyze	23
7432544820	qualitative data	recorded descriptions	24
7432551077	quantitative data	info express using numbers	25
7432558078	inductive reasoning	collect&analyzing that lead to import result base on logic	26
7432572707	deductive reasoning	logic that flow in the opposite direction	27
7432605144	essential element	element needed for organism to live a healthy life	28
7432612835	isotopes	atoms with more neutrons	29
7432621188	radioactive isotope	nucleus decay spontaneously giving off particles ad energy	30
7432796536	electrons shells	an energy level if electrons at a charactertic average distance from the nuclear of a atom	31
7432830590	electronegativity	the attraction of a particular atom for the electrons of a covalent bond	32
7432848857	nonpolar covalent bond	the electrons shared equally due to the same electronegativity	33
7432876908	polar covalent bond	when are not share equally due to different electronegatvity	34
7432889402	ion	a charge atom	35
7432893305	cation	postive charge ion	36
7432897356	anion	negativity charge ion	37
7432904846	hydrogen bond	noncovalent attraction between hydrogen and an electronegative	38
7432917807	van der waals interaction	weak attraction between molecules or part od rhw molecules that result from tranient local partical charge	39
7432947908	cohesion	collectively the H-bond hold together	40
7432956123	adhesion	the clinging of one substance to another	41
7432968162	specific heat	amount of heat that must be absorbed or lost	42
7432978137	molecular mass	the sum of masses of all the atoms in a molecules	43
7432990289	macromolecules	A giant molecule formed by the joining of smaller molecules by dehydration reaction	44
7433025956	hydroxyl		45
7433029542	carbonyl		46
7433032166	carboxyl		47
7433034130	amino		48
7433036406	sulfhydrl		49
7433037923	phosphate		50
7433039706	methyl		51
7433046876	functional group	a specific configuration of atoms commonly attached to the carbon skeletons of organic molecules and involve in chemical reaction	52
7433075276	polymer	long molecules containing similar structure bond by covalent bond	53
7433083733	monomers	The subunit that serve as the building block of a polymers	54
7433109820	glycosidic linkage	a covalent bond formed between two monosaccharides by a dehydration reaction	55
7433123110	glycogen	a polymers of glucose that is like amylopection but more extensively branch used by Amimal to store food	56
7433138787	triacylglycerol	a fat made of 3 fatty acid	57
7433146903	cholesterol	crucial steroids in animal	58
7433158541	peptide bond	the covalent bond between the carboxy group on one amino acid and the amino acid group on another	59
7433181279	primary structure	a protein that has a sequence made by 20 amino acid	60
7433185877	secondary structure	coil and folded pattern in protein	61
7433192956	α helix	a delicate coil held together by H-bond	62
7433220079	β pleated sheet	two or more segment lay side by side	63
7433229420	tertiary structure	overall shape of a polypeptide result from interaction between side chain and amino group	64
7433243830	disulfide bridge	covalent bond that futher reinforce the shape of a protein	65
7433250088	Quaternary structure	overall protein structure that results from the aggregation of polypeptide subunit	66
7433269162	X-ray crystallography	method used to determine 3D shape of protein	67
7433276118	polynucleotides	macromolecules that exist as polymer	68
7433281411	pyrimidine	6 member ring C&T	69
7433289368	Purines	6 ring fused w. 5 ring A&G	70
7433301862	antiparallel	2 sugar phosphate backbones run in opposite 5'->3' direction	71
7433322735	cell fractionation	the disruption of a cell and separation of its parts by centrifugation at high speed	72
7433350481	phagocytosis	eat by gulfing smaller organisms or food particle	73
7433360433	contractile vacuoles	pump excess water out of the cell	74
7433370375	endosybiont therory	early cell enguled an oxygen using non photosynthetic prokaryotic cell	75
7433390808	peroisome	metabolic compartment bound by a single membrane	76
7433412363	catabolic pathway	a metabolic pathway that release energy by breaking down complex molecules to simpler molecules	77
7433415135	anabolic pathway	a catabolic pathway in which inorganic molecules other than oxygen accept electrons at the downhill end of elctron transport chain	78
7433454203	endergonic reaction	absorbs free energy from its surrounding	79
7433467931	competitice inhibitors	reduce the productivity of enzymes by blocking substrates from enering active site	80
7433479815	noncometitive inhibitors	not directly compete with the substrate to bind to the enzyme at the active site	81
7433489817	feedback inhibitors	a metabolic pathway switched off by the inhibitory binding of its end products	82

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AP Biology Evolution Flashcards

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6202676703	homologous structures	structures in different species that are similar because of common ancestry	0
6202676704	vestigial structures	remnants of features that served important functions in the the organism's ancestors	1
6202676705	convergent evolution	the independent evolution of similar features in different lineages	2
6202676706	Hardy-Weinberg	the frequencies of alleles and genotypes in a population will remain constant from generation to generation, provided that only Mendelian segregation and recombination of alleles are at work	3
6202676707	gene pool	the aggregate of all of the alleles for all of the loci in individuals in a population	4
6202676708	population	a group of individuals of the same species that live in the same area and interbreed, producing fertile offspring	5
6202676709	natural selection	a process in which organisms with certain inherited characteristics are more likely to survive and reproduce than are organisms with other characteristics	6
6202676710	genetic drift	changes in the gene pool due to random events	7
6202676711	founder effect	when a individuals become isolated from a larger population, this smaller group may establish a new population whose gene pool differs from the source population	8
6202676712	bottleneck effect	when there is a severe drop in population size, certain alleles may be overrepresented among the survivors, others may be underrepresented, and some may be absent altogether	9
6202676713	gene flow	the transfer of alleles into or out of a population due to the movement of fertile individuals or their gametes	10
6202676714	directional selection	when conditions favor individuals exhibiting one extreme of a phenotypic range, thereby shifting the frequency curve for the phenotypic character in one direction or the other	11
6202676715	disruptive selection	when conditions favor individuals at both extremes of a phenotypic range over individuals with intermediate phenotypes	12
6202676716	stabilizing selection	acts against both extreme phenotypes and favors intermediate variants	13
6202676717	sexual selection	a form of natural selection in which individuals with certain inherited characteristics are more likely than other individuals to obtain mates	14
6202676718	sexual dimorphism	marked differences between the two sexes in secondary sexual characteristics, which are not directly associated with reproduction or survival (differences in size, color, ornamentation, and behavior)	15
6202676719	diploidy	the state of being diploid, that is having two sets of chromosomes	16
6202676720	heterozygote advantage	when individuals who are heterozygous at a particular locus have greater fitness than do both kind of homozygous	17
6202676721	frequency-dependent selection	fitness of a phenotype declines if it becomes too common in the population	18
6202676722	speciation	the process by which one species splits into two or more species	19
6202676723	microevolution	changes over time in allele frequencies in a population	20
6202676724	macroevolution	the broad pattern of evolution over long time spans	21
6202676725	species	a group of populations whose members have the potential to interbreed in nature and produce viable, fertile offspring- but do not produce viable, fertile offspring with members of other such groups	22
6202676726	reproductive isolation	the existance of biological barriers that impede members of two species from producing viable offspring	23
6202676727	hybrids	offspring that result from interspecific mating	24
6202676728	prezygotic barriers	impede mating or hinder fertilization if mating occurs (five types: habitat, temporal, behavioral, mechanical, gametic)	25
6202676729	post zygotic barriers	prevents hybrid zygote from developing into a viable fertile adult through reducing hybrid viability, reducing hybrid fertility, or hybrid breakdown	26
6202676730	allopatric speciation	gene flow is interrupted when a population is divided into geographically isolated subpopulations	27
6202676731	sympatric speciation	speciation occurs in populations that live in the same geographic area (usually occurs due to polyploidy, habitat differentiation, and sexual selection)	28
6202676732	polyploidy	extra sets of chromosomes due to accidents during cell division	29
6202676733	autopolyploid	an individual that has more than two chromosome sets that are all derived from a single species	30
6202676734	allopolyploid	an individual that has more than two chromosome sets due to two different species interbreeding and after several generations can change a sterile hybrid into a fertile polyploid. Allopolyploids are fertile when mating with each other but cannot interbreed with either parent species	31
6202676735	punctuated equilibrium	the theory that in the evolution there are long periods of little morphological change punctuated by relatively short periods of significant change	32
6202676736	ribozyme	RNA that can also carry out a number of enzyme-like catalytic functions	33
6202676737	protobionts	collections of abiotically produced molecules surrounded by a membrane-like structure with simple chemical reactions (precursor of prokaryotic cells)	34
6202676738	endosymbiosis	mitochondria and chloroplasts were formally small prokaryotes that began living within larger cells	35
6202676739	adaptive radiation	Period of evolutionary change in which groups of organisms form many new species whose adaptations allow them to fill vacant ecological roles in their communities	36
6202676740	homeotic genes	master regulatory genes that determine such basic features as where a pair of wings and a pair of legs will develop on a bird or how a plant's flower parts are arranged	37
6202676741	phylogeny	the evolutionary history of a species or group of species	38
6202676742	systematics	study and classification of biodiversity and determining their evolutionary relationships	39
6202676743	phylogenetic tree	evolutionary history of a group of organisms represented in a branching diagram	40
6202676744	analogy	similarity due to convergent evolution	41
6202676745	homology	similarity due to shared ancestry	42
6202676746	clade	a group of species which includes an ancestral species and all of its descendants	43
6202676747	outgroup	a species or group of species from an evolutionary lineage that is known to have diverged before the lineage that includes the species we are studying	44
6202676748	maximum parsimony	a principle that states that when considering multiple explanations for an observation, one should first investigate the simplest explanation that is consistent with the facts	45
6202676749	molecular clock	a yardstick for measuring the absolute time of evolutionary change based on the observation that some genes and other regions of genomes appear to evolve at constant rates	46
6202676750	horizontal gene transfer	a process in which genes are transferred from one genome to another through mechanisms such as exchange of transposable elements and plasmids, viral infection and perhaps fusion of organisms	47
6202676751	Darwin's Theory (five parts)	1. Variation 2. Overproduction 3. Competition 4. Survival of the fittest 5. Overtime, emergence of new species (new alleles)	48

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AP Government Chapter 4 Flashcards

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4754982487	Civil Liberties	The legal constitutional protections against government. Although our civil liberties are formally set down in the Bill of Rights, the courts, police, and legislatures define their meaning.	0
4754982994	Bill of Rights	The first 10 amendments to the U.S. Constitution, which define such basic liberties as freedom of religion, speech, and press and guarantee defendant's rights.	1
4754982995	1st Amendment	The constitutional amendment that establishes the four great liberties: freedom of the press, of speech, of religion, and of assembly.	2
4754983518	Barron v. Baltimore	The 1833 Supreme Court decision holding that the Bill of Rights restrained only the national government, not the states and cities.	3
4754984123	Gitlow v. New York	The 1925 Supreme Court decision holding that freedoms of press and speech are "fundamental personal rights and liberties protected by the due process clause of the Fourteenth Amendment from impairment by the states" as well as by the federal government.	4
4754985815	14th Amendment	The constitutional amendment adopted after the Civil War that declares "No State shall make or enforce any law which shall abridge the privileges or immunities of citizens of the United States; nor shall any state deprive any person of life, liberty, or property, without due process of law; nor deny to any person within its jurisdiction the equal protection of the laws."	5
4754986773	Due Process Clause	Part of the Fourteenth Amendment guaranteeing that persons cannot be deprived of life, liberty, or property by the United States or state governments without due process of law.	6
4754986775	Incorporation Doctrine	The legal concept under which the Supreme Court has nationalized the Bill of Rights by making most of its provisions applicable to the states through the Fourteenth Amendment.	7
4754987302	Establishment Clause	Part of the First Amendment stating that "Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion."	8
4754987930	Free Exercise Clause	A First Amendment provisions that prohibits government from interfering with the practice of religion.	9
4754988600	Lemon v. Kurtzman	The 1971 Supreme Court decision that established that aid to church-related schools must (1) have a secular legislative purpose; (2) have a primary effect that neither advances nor inhibits religion; and (3) not foster excessive government entanglement with religion.	10
4754989048	Engele v. Vitale	The 1962 Supreme Court decision holding that state officials violated the First Amendment when they wrote a prayer to be recited by New York's schoolchildren	11
4754989394	Prior Restraint	A government preventing material from being published. This is a common method of limiting the press in some nations, but it is usually unconstitutional in the United States, according to the First Amendment and as confirmed in the 1931 Supreme Court case of Near v. Minnesota	12
4754990300	Near v. Minnesota	The 1931 Supreme court decision holding that protects newspapers from prior restraint.	13
4754991035	Schenk v. United States	A 1919 decision upholding the conviction of a socialist who had urged young men to resist the draft during World War I. Justice Holmes declared that government can limit speech if the speech provokes a "clear and present danger" of substantive evils.	14
4754991036	Roth v. United States	A 1957 Supreme Court decision ruling that "obscenity is not within the area of constitutionally protected speech or press."	15
4754991328	Miller v. California	A 1973 Supreme court decision that avoided defining obscenity by holding that community standards be used to determine whether material is obscene in terms of appealing to a "prurient interest" and being "patently offensive" and lacking in value.	16
4754992362	Libel	The publication of false or malicious statements that damage someone's reputation.	17
4754992860	New York Times v. Sullivan	Decided in 1964, this case established the guidelines for determining whether public officials and other public figures could win damage suits for libel. To do so, individuals must prove that the defamatory statements were made with "actual malice" and reckless disregard for the truth.	18
4754993743	Texas v. Johnson	A 1989 case in which the Supreme Court struck down a law banning the burning of the American flag on the grounds that such action was symbolic speech protected by the First Amendment	19
4754994076	Symbolic Speech	Nonverbal communication, such as burning a flag or wearing an armband. The Supreme Court has accorded some symbolic speech protection under the First Amendment.	20
4754994516	Commercial Speech	Communication in the form of advertising. It can be restricted more than many other types of speech but has been receiving increased protection from the Supreme Court.	21
4754995214	NAACP v. Alabama	The Supreme Court protected the right to assemble peaceably in this 1958 case when it decided the NAACP did not have to reveal its membership list and thus subject its members to harassment.	22
4755075630	Probable Cause	The situation occurring when the police have reason to believe that person should be arrested. In making the arrest, police are allowed legally to search for and seize incriminating evidence.	23
4755075631	Unreasonable Search and Seizures	Obtaining evidence in a haphazard or random manner, a practice prohibited by the Fourth Amendment. Probable cause and/or a search warrant are required for a legal and proper search for and seizure of incriminating evidence.	24
4755076668	Search Warrant	A written authorization from a court specifying the area to be searched and what the police are searching for	25
4755077816	Exclusionary Rule	The rule that evidence cannot be introduced into a trial if it was not constitutionally obtained. The rule prohibits use of evidence obtained through unreasonable search and seizure.	26
4755078717	Mapp v. Ohio	The 1961 Supreme Court decision ruling that the Fourth Amendment's protection against unreasonable searches and seizures must be extended to the states.	27
4755078718	5th Amendment	A constitutional amendment designed to protect the rights of persons accused of crimes, including protection against double jeopardy, self-incrimination, and punishment without due process of law.	28
4755078719	Self Incrimination	The situation occurring when an individual accused of a crime is compelled to be a witness against himself or herself in court.	29
4755079151	Miranda v. Arizona	The 1966 Supreme Court decision that sets guidelines for police questioning of accused persons to protect them against self-incrimination and to protect their right to counsel.	30
4755079152	6th Amendment	A constitutional amendment designed to protect individuals accused of crimes. It includes the right to counsel, the right to confront witnesses, and the right to a speedy and public trial.	31
4755079575	Gideon v. Wainright	The 1963 Supreme Court decision holding that anyone accused of a felony where imprisonment may be imposed, however poor he or she might be, has a right to a lawyer.	32
4755081785	Plea Bargaining	A bargain struck between the defendant's lawyer and the prosecutor to the effect that the defendant will plead guilty to a lesser crime (or fewer crimes) in exchange for the state's promise not to prosecute the defendant for a more serious (or additional) crime.	33
4755082424	8th Amendment	The constitutional amendment that forbids cruel and unusual punishment, although it does not define this phrase.	34
4755083034	Cruel and Unusual	Court sentences prohibited by the Eighth Amendment. Although the Supreme Court has ruled that mandatory death sentences for certain offenses are unconstitutional, it has not held that the death penalty itself constitutes cruel and unusual punishment.	35
4755083035	Gregg v. Georgia	The 1976 Supreme Court decision that upheld the constitutionality of the death penalty, stating, "It is an extreme sanction, suitable to the most extreme of crimes." The Court did not, therefore, believe that the death sentence constitutes cruel and unusual punishment	36
4755083576	Right to Privacy	The right to a private personal life free from the intrusion of government	37
4755084583	Roe v. Wade	The 1973 Supreme Court decision holding that a state ban on all abortions was unconstitutional. The decision forbade state control over abortions during the first trimester of pregnancy, permitted states to limit abortions to protect the mother's health in the second trimester, and permitted states to ban abortion during the third trimester	38
4755084985	Dejonge v. Oregon	protects the right to assemble by including parades	39
4755084986	Tinker v. Des Moines	protects the right to assemble by including parades	40
4755085326	Reynolds v. United States	declared that free exercise of religion does not include illegal activities like polygamy	41
4755085327	Oregon v. Smith	declared that free exercise of religion does not include illegal drug use	42
4755085565	Griswold v. Connecticut	upheld marital privacy	43

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Economic- AP Human Geography Flashcards

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6155461799	Brandt Line	Line that defines the North-South divide	0
6155472626	Agglomeration	Grouping together of many firms of the same industry in order to share resources.	1
6155461802	comparative advantage	The ability of a country to produce a good at a lower cost than another country can.	2
6155461803	core-periphery concept	the majority of that growth is enjoyed by a 'core' region of wealthy countries despite being severely outnumbered in population by those in a 'periphery' that are ignored.	3
6155461804	dependency theory	a model of economic and social development that explains global inequality in terms of the historical exploitation of poor nations by rich ones	4
6155461805	developing country	A country that has low industrial production and little modern technology	5
6155461806	economic indicators	Use various types of data to measure economic development (GNI, GDP, Vehicle Ownership, Smartphone Ownership, Internet connectedness, Ect)	6
6155461807	economic development	The improvement of living standards by economic growth.	7
6155461808	GDI	graphics device interface	8
6155461809	GEMs	Mapping between ICD-9 and ICD-10 codes is called	9
6155461810	gross national product	The total value of goods and services, including income received from abroad, produced by the residents of a country within a specific time period, usually one year.	10
6155461811	HDI	Human Development Index	11
6155461812	import substitution	a government policy that uses trade restrictions and subsidies to encourage domestic production of manufactured goods	12
6155461813	informal sector	the portion of an economy largely outside government control in which employees work without contracts or benefits	13
6155461814	international division of labor	The process where the assembing procedures for a product are spread out through different parts of the world	14
6155461815	LDC	Least Developed Country, exhibits the lowest indicators of socioeconomic development, with the lowest Human Development Index ratings of all countries in the world.	15
6155461816	literacy rate	percentage of people who can read and write.	16
6155461817	MDC	Most Developed Country: sovereign state that has a highly developed economy and advanced technological infrastructure relative to other less industrialized nations	17
6155461818	neocolonialism	Also called economic imperialism, this is the domination of newly independent countries by foreign business interests that causes colonial-style colonies to continue, such a monoculture.	18
6155461819	primary sector	The portion of the economy concerned with the direct extraction of materials from Earth's surface, generally through agriculture, although sometimes by mining, fishing, and forestry.	19
6155461820	productivity	The value of a particular product compared to the amount of labor needed to make it.	20
6155461821	quaternary sector	Service sector industries concerned with the collection, processing, and manipulation of information and capital. Examples include finance, administration, insurance, and legal services.	21
6155461822	Rostow's "Modernization model"	Model created by W.W. Rostow in the 1950's that gives an idea of where a country is in their stage of development. There are five stages in this model, including: 1. "The traditional society," 2. "The preconditions for takeoff," 3. "The takeoff," 4. "The drive to maturity," 5. "The age of mass consumption"	22
6155461823	secondary sector	The portion of the economy concerned with manufacturing useful products through processing, transforming, and assembling raw materials.	23
6155461824	semi-periphery	Places where core and periphery processes are both occurring; places that are exploited by the core but in turn exploit the periphery.	24
6155461825	subsistence economy	an economic system of relatively simple technology in which people produce most or all of the goods to satisfy their own and their family's needs; little or no exchange occurs outside or the immediate or extended family	25
6155461826	sustainable development	Development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs.	26
6155461827	tertiary sector	The portion of the economy concerned with transportation, communications, and utilities, sometimes extended to the provision of all goods and services to people in exchange for payment.	27
6155461828	transnational corporation	A company that conducts research, operates factories, and sells products in many countries, not just where its headquarters or shareholders are located.	28
6155461829	trickle-down effects	An economic theory which states that investing money in companies and giving them tax breaks is the best way to stimulate the economy.	29
6155461830	uneven development	The increasing gap in economic conditions between core and peripheral regions as a result of the globalization of the economy.	30
6155461831	value added	the gross value of the product minus the costs of raw materials and energy.	31
6155461832	World Bank	A specialized agency of the United Nations that makes loans to countries for economic development, trade promotion, and debt consolidation. Its formal name is the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development.	32
6155461833	World Systems Theory	Theory developed by Immanuel Wallerstein that explains the emergence of a core, periphery, and semi periphery in terms of economic and political connections first established at the beginning of exploration in the late 15th century and maintained through increased economic access up until the present.	33

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AP French Review Flashcards

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6681187006	à mon avis	in my opinion	0
6681187007	d'après	according to	1
6681187008	en réalité	actually	2
6681187009	en fait	as a matter of fact, in fact	3
6681187010	en effet	as a matter of fact, indeed	4
6681187011	en outre	besides	5
6681187012	selon	according to	6
6681187013	cependant	however, still, nevertheless	7
6681187014	pourtant	nevertheless, however	8
6681187015	néanmoins	nevertheless, nonetheless	9
6681187016	toutefois	nevertheless	10
6681187017	quand même	all the same, just the same, nevertheless	11
6681187018	d'un côté	on the one hand	12
6681187019	de l'autre côté	on the other hand	13
6681187020	d'une part	on one side	14
6681187021	de l'autre part	on the other side	15
6681187022	par contre	on the other hand, however	16
6681187023	de plus	besides, moreover (also)	17
6681187024	d'ailleurs	besides, moreover	18
6681187025	par ailleurs	on the other hand	19
6681187026	par conséquent	therefore	20
6681187027	malgré cela	in spite of that	21
6681187028	malgré tout	in spite of everything, after all	22
6681187029	en revanche,	in return, on the other hand	23
6681187030	pas du tout	not at all	24
6681187031	au contraire	on the contrary	25
6681187032	effectivement	actually/effectively	26
6681187033	enfin	finally, so	27
6681187034	sans doute	without a doubt	28
6681187035	en premier	to start,	29
6681187036	Cher Monsieur ________________________	Dear Mr._______________	30
6681187037	Chère Madame ______________________	Dear Ms._______________	31
6681187038	Je vous prie d'agréer, [Monsieur/Madame ____________], mes salutations distinguées.	Sincerely, (e-mail closing)	32
6681187039	le truc	the thing	33
6681187040	lorsque	when	34
6681187041	Je vous prie d'accepter, [Monsieur/Madame ____________], mes sentiments respectueux.	Sincerely, (e-mail closing)	35
6681187042	alors...	so...	36
6681187043	appartenir	to belong	37
6681187044	d'accord	ok	38
6681187045	Je suis d'accord	I agree	39
6681187046	Je ne suis pas d'accord	I don't agree	40
6681187047	Je voudrais poser une question.	I'd like to ask a question.	41
6681187048	vraiment	really	42
6681187049	au début	in the beginning	43
6681187050	au final	in the end	44
6681187051	bientôt	soon	45
6681187052	le but	the goal	46
6681187053	en résumé	in summary	47
6681187054	tout à coup	suddenly	48
6681187055	à cause de	because of (negative)	49
6681187056	en d'autres termes	in other words	50
6681187057	en bref	in short	51
6681187058	néanmoins	nonetheless	52
6681187059	malin comme un singe	clever like a monkey	53
6681187060	prendre le taureau par les cornes	to take the bull by the horns	54
6681187061	parler français comme une vache espagnole	to speak french badly	55
6681187062	peigner la girafe	to do nothing	56
6681187063	poser un lapin à quelqu'un	to stand someone up	57
6681187064	doux comme un agneau	very gentle (as a lamb)	58
6681187065	grâce à	because of (positive), thanks to	59
6681187066	pendant que	while	60
6681187067	après	after	61
6681187068	ailleurs	elsewhere	62
6681187069	bouger	to move	63
6681187070	pendant	during	64
6681187071	avant	before	65
6681187072	pour que	so that	66
6681187073	vachement	really	67
6681187074	heureux comme un poisson dans l'eau	happy as a fish in water	68
6681187075	c'est simple comme bonjour	It's as simple as bonjour	69
6681187076	à tout jamais, pour toujours	forever	70
6681187077	Bien cordialement	Cordially (e-mail closing)	71
6681187078	Sincères salutations	Yours truly,	72
6681187079	donc	therefore	73

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