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Evolution Terms - AP Biology Flashcards

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7708492011Allopatric speciationThe formation of new species in populations that are geographically isolated from one another0
7708492012Artificial selectionThe selective breeding of domesticated plants and animals to encourage the occurrence of desirable traits1
7708492013BiogeographyThe study of the past and present geographic distribution of species2
7708492014Bottleneck effectGenetic drift that occurs when the size of a population is reduced, as by a natural disaster or human actions3
7708492015Cambrian explosionA relatively brief time in geologic history when many present-day phyla of animals first appeared in the fossil record4
7708492016CladesA group of species that includes an ancestral species and all of its descendants5
7708492017ClineA graded change in a character along a geographic axis6
7708492018Continental driftThe slow movement of the continental plates across Earth's surface7
7708492019Convergent evolutionThe evolution of similar features in independent evolutionary lineages8
7708492020EndosymbiosisA process in which a unicellular organism engulfs another cell, which lives within the host cell and ultimately becomes an organelle in the host cell9
7708492021Founder effectGenetic drift that occurs when a few individuals become isolated from a larger population and form a new population whose gene pool composition is not reflective of that of the original population10
7708492022Gene flowThe transfer of alleles from one population to another, resulting from the movement of fertile individuals or their gametes11
7708492023Genetic driftA process in which chance events cause unpredictable fluctuations in allele frequencies from one generation to the next12
7708492024Geologic recordThe division of Earth's history into time periods, grouped into three eons (Achaean, Proterozoic, Phanerozoic) and further subdivided into eras, periods, and epochs13
7708492025Hardy-Weinberg principleThe principle that frequencies of alleles and genotypes in a population remain constant from generation to generation, provided that only Mendelian segregation and recombination of alleles are at work14
7708492026Heterozygous advantageGreater reproductive success of heterozygous individuals compared with homozygotes and tends to preserve variation in a gene pool15
7708492027Homologous structuresStructures in different species that are similar because of common ancestry16
7708492028MacroevolutionEvolutionary change above the species level17
7708492029MicroevolutionEvolutionary change below the species level; change in the allele frequencies in a population over generations18
7708492030Natural selectionA process in which individuals that have certain inherited traits tend to survive and reproduce at higher rates than other individuals because of those traits19
7708492031Neutral variationGenetic variation that does not provide a selective advantage of disadvantage20
7708492032PaedomorphosisThe retention in an adult organism of the juvenile features of its evolutionary ancestors21
7708492033Phylogenic treeA branching diagram that represents a hypothesis about the evolutionary history of a group of organisms22
7708492034Punctuated equilibriaIn the fossil record, long periods of apparent stasis, in which a species undergoes little or no morphological change, interrupted by relatively brief periods of sudden change23
7708492035Radiometric datingA method for determining the absolute age of rocks and fossils, based on the half-life of radioactive isotopes24
7708492036RibozymesAn RNA molecule that functions as an enzyme, such as an intron that catalyzes its own removal during RNA splicing25
7708492037SpeciationAn evolutionary process in which one species splits into two or more species26
7708492038Sympatric speciationThe formation of new species in populations that live in the same geographic area27

AP Flashcards

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9126216428Esonophils2-4% of all leukocytes two lobes connected by a broad band Red staining granules contain digestive enzymes0
9126216430BasophilsRarest WBC Nucelus deep purple with one to two constriction large purple black granules1
9126229041AgranulocytesLack granules in cytoplasm two types lymphocytes and monocytes spherical or kidney shaped nuclei2
9126242335Lymphocytessecond most numerous WBC accounts for 25% Dark purple circular nuclei with thin blue cytoplasm3
9126259489Two types of LymphocytesT Lymphocytes act against virus infected cells and tumor cells B Lymphocytes rise to plasma cells which produce antibodies4
9126275881MonocytesLargest leukocytes 3-8% Pale blue cytoplasm Play role in chronic infection bacterial paracites5

AP Human Geography Population Flashcards

These are the vocabulary words from Rubenstein's AP Human Geography textbook.
Chapter-1: Thinking Geographically
Chapter-2: Population
Chapter-3: Migration
Chapter-4: Folk and popular culture
Chapter-5: Language
Chapter-6: Religion
Chapter-7: Ethnicity
Chapter-8: Political Geography
Chapter-9: Development
Chapter-10: Agriculture
Chapter-11: Industry
Chapter-12: Services
Chapter-13: Urban Patterns
Chapter-14: Resource Issues

Terms : Hide Images
7859695288arithmetic densityThe total number of people divided by the total land area0
7859695289CensusA complete enumeration of a population1
7859695290Crude Birth Rate (CBR)The number of live births in a year for every 1,000 people alive in a society2
7859695291Crude Death Rate (CDR)The number of deaths in a year per 1,000 people alive in a society3
7859695292Demographic Transitionthe process of change in a society's population as a combination of medical advances and economic development, affecting a population's desire and ability to control its own birth and death rates4
78596952935 stages of Demographic Transition1. Total population is low but it is balanced due to high birth rates and high death rates. 2. Total population rises as death rates fall due to improvements in health care and sanitation. Birth rates remain high. 3. Total population is still rising rapidly. The gap between birth and death rates narrows due to the availability of contraception and fewer children being needed to work - due to the mechanisation of farming. The natural increase is high. 4. Total population is high, but it is balanced by a low birth rate and a low death rate. Birth control is widely available and there is a desire for smaller families. 5. Total population is high but going into decline due to an ageing population. There is a continued desire for smaller families, with people opting to have children later in life.5
7859695294Demographythe scientific study of population characteristics6
7859695295Infant Mortality RateThe total number of deaths in a year among infants under one year old per 1000 live births in a society7
7859695296Natural Increase Rate (NIR)The percentage growth of a population in a year, computed as the crude birth rate minus the crude death rate (NIR=CBR-CDR)8
7859695297Physiological Population DensityThe number of people per unit of area of arable land, which is land suitable for agriculture9
7859695298Population CompositionStructure of population in terms of age, sex and other properties such as marital status and education10
7859695299Population DensityA measurement of the number of people per given unit of land11
7859695300Population DistributionDescription of locations on Earth's surface where populations live12
7859695301Population PyramidA bar graph that represents the distribution of population by age and sex13
7859695302Total Fertility Rate (TFR)The average number of children a woman will have during her childbearing years.14
7859695303Zero population growth (ZPG)A decline of the total fertility rate to the point where the natural increase rate equals zero.15
7859695304Industrial Revolutiona series of improvements in industrial technology that transformed the process of manufacturing goods and drastically altered society16
7859695305Thomas Malthus(1766-1834) An English economist who argued that increases in population would outgrow increases in food production, which would lead to widespread famine and disease.17
7859695306Dr. John Snow(1813-1858) English physician who used hand-drawn data layering on maps of London to identify and treat a cholera epidemic18
7859695307Sustainabilitythe level of development that can be maintained without depleting resources19
7859695308CartographyThe science or practice of drawing maps.20
7859695309HearthThe area where an idea or cultural trait originates21
7859695310Spatial DistributionThe physical location of geographic phenomena across space22
7859695311FieldworkThe study of phenomena by visiting places and observing how people interact with and thereby change those places23
7859695312Sequent OccupationThe idea that successive societies leave their cultural imprint on a place and each contributing to the cummulative cultural landscape24
7859695313ScaleA representation of a real-world phenomenon at a certail level of reduction or generalization. i.e on maps the ratio of ground distance to map distance25
7859695314Political Mapfocuses solely on the state and national boundaries of a place. They also include the locations of cities - both large and small, depending on the detail of the map.26
7859695315Physical Mapshows the physical landscape features of a place. They generally show things like mountains, rivers and lakes and water is always shown with blue. Usually shown with different colors and shades to show topography.27
7859695316Topographic MapShows different physical landscape features. They use contour lines instead of colors to show changes in the landscape28
7859695317Climate MapShows information about the climate of an area; like the specific climatic zones based on the temperature, the amount of snow an area receives or average number of cloudy days. These maps normally use colors to show different climatic areas.29
7859695318Economic or Resource Mapshows the specific type of economic activity or natural resources present in an area through the use of different symbols or colors30
7859695319Road MapA map that depicts roads, routes, highways, major and minor cities, as well as airports and points of interest31
7859695320Thematic Mapfocuses on a particular theme or special topic and they are different from the six aforementioned general reference maps because they do not just show natural features like rivers, cities, political subdivisions, elevation and highways. If these items are on a thematic map, they are background information and are used as reference points to enhance the map's theme. i.e. WWII Maps, a Map of the Industrial Revolution, etc32
7859695321Stable Population Levela population which has constant mortality and fertility rates, and no migration, therefore a fixed age distribution and constant growth rate.33
7859695322Carrying CapacityThe number of living beings (people) that a specific area can support. i.e. SDS can only hold/accomodate so many people, it has a carrying capacity. Once reached changes must be made to space, resources, and accessibility34
7859695323MDCMore Developed Countries. Average 10 years of schooling; a 98% Literacy Rate; sicker populations; and a Life Expectancy in the 70s. Regions: • North-America • Western Europe • Eastern Europe • Japan • South Pacific35
7859695324LDCLess Developed Countries. Average a couple years of schooling; a 60% Literacy Rate; healthier populations; and a Life Expectancy in the 60s Regions: • Latin America • East Asia • Middle East • Southeast Asia • South Asia • Sub-Saharan Africa36
7859695325Hierarchical diffusionOccurs when the diffusion innovation or concept spreads from a place or person of power or high susceptibility to another in a leveled pattern. Fashion, fads, trends, etc. Many people cutting their hair the way Taylor Swift did.37
7859695326Stimulus DiffusionOccurs when the innovative idea diffuses from its hearth outward, but the original idea is changed by the new adopters. Christianity and its many sects (Protestant, Baptist, Catholic etc) Different Menu items from McDonalds around the world.38
7859695327Contagious DiffusionOccurs when numerous places or people near the point of origin become adopters (or infected, in the case of a disease) Hinduism spreading throughout the Indian subcontinent39
7859695328Relocation DiffusionInvolves the actual movement of the original adopters from their point of origin, or hearth, to a new place i.e. Spread of Christianity, when people moved and brought it with them40
7859695329Formal RegionsHave one or more common characteristics that distinguish them from the surrounding area. i.e. states, countries, cities, areas of specific towns/cities/countries (wealthy vs. poor, industrial vs. residential) MEASURABLE DATA41
7859695330Perceptual RegionsDefined by how the areas are perceived. Reflect people's feelings and emotions towards an area42
7859695331Functional RegionsDefined by a system of interactions. Organized around a specific function (transportation, import/export)43

AP5 Flashcards

Terms : Hide Images
5492341355hiberna, -aewinter0
5492341353confiteor, confiteri, confessus sumto acknowledge, admit1
5492341354deficio, deficere, defeci, defectusto withdraw, revolt2
7667528710egredior, egredi, egressus sumto go out3
5492341356impello, -ere, impuli, impulsusto push against, strike4
5492341357nascor, nasci, natus sumto be born5
5492341358nego, -are, -avi, -atusto deny6
5492341359opera, -aeexertion, efforts7
5492341360quoniambecause8
5492341361stipendium, -itribute9
5492341362subsidium, -iassistance10
5492341363tumultus, -usuproar11
7667534622onerarius, -a, -umdesigned for cargo12

AP Vocabulary #1 Flashcards

Terms : Hide Images
5357269503affinitya natural attraction or liking0
5357273514fledglingnew and untried; inexperienced; newly hatched1
5357276184hackneyedoverused; stale; trite2
5357279327incessantconstant; without stopping3
5357280994opulenceluxury4
5357282578proximitycloseness5
5357284098sagaciouswise; sensible6
5357285911supplantto take the place of7
5357291260unassailableimpossible to deny8
5357292891voluminousbig; bulky9
5357299807brusquerudely abrupt; curt10
5357301965dispassionatenot influenced by emotion; impartial11
5357307556effervescentbubbling with high spirits; exhilarated12
5357314525indefatigableuntiring13
5357319793misanthropea person who hates or distrusts humankind14
5357324380morosevery gloomy or sullen15
5357326703nonchalancecasual indifference; lack of concern16
5357330359progenychildren; descendants17
5357332038stoicseemingly unaffected by pain or discomfort18
5357337189voraciousravenous; consuming or eager to consume large amounts; insatiable19

Ap Biology Chapter 6 Flashcards

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4821649522Golgi apparatusAccepts vesicles from er and further modifies the protein0
4821649523LysosomesA single membrane sac that contains hydrolytic enzymes1
4821649524Tay-Sachs diseaseBrain cells get clogged with very large lipids due to lysosomes malfunctioning2
4821649525PhagocytosisCells ingesting other cells3
4821649526VacoulesStorage, food, water, and waste4
4821649527Food vacuolesFormed by phagocytosis5
4821649528Contractile vacuoleFound in freshwater Protists, pump excess water6
4821649529Central vacuoleIn many mature plant cells, holds organic compounds and water7
4821649530MitochondriaSites of respiration, a metabolic process that forms ATP8
4821649531ChloroplastsUses solar energy-photosynthesis9
4821649532PeroxisomesSpecial metabolic compartments-Oxidative organelles- oxygen breaks down different types of molecules10
4821649533Endosymbiont theoryBoth chloroplasts and mitochondria were bacteria11
4821649534MitochondriaIn almost all eukaryotic cells- has an intermembrane system12
4821649535CristaeSmooth outer membrane and an inner membrane folded13
4821649536Mitochondrial matrixDNA and ribosomes in here14
4821649537ChloroplastsPlastids for storage15
4821649538ThylakoidsMembranous sacs, stacked to form a granum16
4821649539StromaThe internal fluid of chloroplasts17
4821649540CytoskeletonNetwork of fibers18
4821649541Motor proteinsProduce mobility19
4821649542MicrotubulesOrganelle movement, cell motility, maintenance of cell shape, and chromosome movement in cell division-made of proteins20
4821649543MicrofilamentsMaintains cell shape, changes in cell shape muscle contraction, cytoplasmic streaming, cell motility, and cell division-made of proteins21
4821649544Intermediate filamentsMaintenance of cell shape, anchorage of the nucleus and certain other organelles, formation of nuclear lamina-made of protein22
4821649545CentrosomesMakes Microtubules23
4821649546CentriolesIn Centrosomes each with 9 triplets of microtubules in a ring24
4821649547CiliaMovement in oar motion25
4821649548FlagellaMovement in a whip shape26
4821649549Basal bodyAnchors the cilium or flagellum27
4821649550DyneinMotor protein, bending/moving of cilium or flagellum 9+228
4821649551ActinThe building blocks of microfilm meets creating a twisted double chain 7nm29
4821649552CortexA 3-D network, inside the plasma membrane to support shape30
4821649553MyosinThe protein that is in microfilaments in the cytoskeleton31
4821649554Amoeboid movemnetDriven by myosin and actin32
4821649555PseudopodiaExtend and contract through the reversible assembly33
4821649556Cytoplasmic streamingA circular flow of cytoplasm within cells driven by actin/myosin interactions and solgel transformations34
4821649557Cell cleavageFormed by microfilaments in cell division35
4821649558Extracellular componentsCells create materials and ship them out to communicate36
4821649559Cell wallPlants, fungi, prokaryotes, and protists37
4821649560PlasmodesmataChannels between plant cells that let them share nutrients, water, and chemical messages38
4821649561Extracellular matrixAnimal cell walls- made from collagen proteoglycans, and fibronectin39
4821649562IntegrinsThe binding site of ECM and a receptor protein40
4821649563Intercellular junctionPlasmodesmata, tight junctions, desmosomes, and gap junctions41
4821649564Tight junctionsHold 2 neighboring cells tightly to prevent leakage42
4821649565DesmosomesFasten cells in strong sheets- muscles43
4821649566Gap junctionsCytoplasmic channels (plasmo of animals)44

AP Psych Unit 5 Flashcards

States of Consciousness

Terms : Hide Images
5353426796Consciousnessour awareness of ourselves and our environment0
5353426797Circadian rhythmthe biological clock; regular bodily rhythms (for example, of temperature and wakefulness) that occur on a 24-hour cycle1
5353426798Sleepperiodic, natural loss of consciousness-as distinct from unconsciousness resulting from a coma, general anesthesia, or hibernation2
5353426799NREM sleepnon-rapid eye movement sleep; encompasses all sleep stages except for REM sleep3
5353426800REM sleeprapid eye movement sleep; a recurring sleep stage during which vivid dreams commonly occur. Also known as paradoxical sleep, because the muscles are relaxed (except for minor twitches) but other body systems are active4
5353426801Insomniarecurring problems in falling or staying asleep.5
5353426802Narcolepsya sleep disorder characterized by uncontrollable sleep attacks. the sufferer may lapse directly into REM sleep, often at inopportune times6
5353426803Sleep apneaa sleep disorder characterized by temporary cessations of breathing during sleep.7
5353426804Night terrorsa sleep disorder characterized by high arousal and an appearance of being terrified; unlike nightmares, night terrors occur during Stage 4 sleep, within two or three hours of falling asleep and are seldom remembered8
5353426805Somnambulismsleep walking9
5353426806Dreama sequence of images, emotions, and thoughts passing through notable for their hallucinatory imagery, discontinuities, and incongruities, and for the dreamer's delusional acceptance of the content and later difficulties remembering it.10
5353426807Manifest contentaccording to Freud, the remembered storyline of a dream, (as distinct from its latent, or hidden, content).11
5353426808Latent contentaccording the Freud, the underlying meaning of a dream (as distinct from its manifest content).12
5353426809REM reboundthe tendency for REM sleep to increase following REM sleep deprivation (created by repeated awakenings during REM sleep).13
5353426810Activation-synthesis hypothesisSuggests that in the brain engages in a lot of neural activity that is random. Dreams make sense of this activity.14
5353426811Information-processing theoryDreams may help sift, sort, and fix day's experiences in our memories.15
5353426812Hypnosisa social interaction in which one person (the hypnotist) suggests to another (the subject) that certain perceptions, feelings, thoughts, or behaviors will spontaneously occur.16
5353426813Posthypnotic suggestiona suggestion, made during hypnosis session, to be carried out after the subject is no longer hypnotized; used by some clinician to help control undesired symptoms and behaviors17
5353426814State theorymaintains that hypnosis is a special altered state of consciousness. Supporters of the state theory believe that real, significant changes in basic mental processes take place during hypnosis.18
5353426815Dissociationa split in consciousness, which allows some thoughts and behaviors to occur simultaneously with others.19
5353426816Psychoactive druga chemical substance that alters perceptions and moods.20
5353426817Tolerancethe diminishing effect with regular use of the same dose of a drug, requiring the user to take larger and larger doses before experiencing the drug's effect.21
5353426818Withdrawalthe discomfort and distress that follow discontinuing the use of an addictive drug.22
5353426819Physical dependencea physiological need for a drug, marked by unpleasant withdrawal symptoms when the drug is discontinued.23
5353426820Psychological dependencea psychological need to use a drug, such as to relieve negative emotions.24
5353426821Additioncompulsive drug craving and use, despite adverse consequences.25
5353426822Depressantsdrugs (such as alcohol, barbiturates, and opiates) that reduce neural activity and slow body functions.26
5353426823Barbituratesdrugs that depress the activity of the central nervous system, reducing anxiety but impairing memory and judgment.27
5353426824Opiatesopium and its derivatives, such as morphine and heroin; they depress neural activity, temporarily lessening pain and anxiety.28
5353426825Stimulantsdrugs (such as caffeine, nicotine, and the more powerful amphetamines, cocaine, and Ecstasy) that excite neural activity and speed up body functions.29
5353426826Amphetaminesdrugs that stimulate neural activity, causing speeded-up body functions and associated energy and mood changes.30
5353426827Ecstasy (MDMA)a synthetic stimulant and mild hallucinogen. Produces euphoria and social intimacy, but with short-term health risks and longer-term harm to serotonin-producing neurons and to mood and cognition.31
5353426828Hallucinogenspsychedelic (mind-manifesting) drugs, such as SDF, that distort perceptions and evoke sensory images in the absence of sensory input.32
5353426829LSDa powerful hallucinogenic drug; also known as acid33
5353426830THCthe major active ingredient in marijuana; triggers a variety of effects, including mild hallucinations.34

AP Lit Vocab 2 Flashcards

Terms : Hide Images
7344166544allegeto state without definite proof that someone has done something wrong or illegal0
7344166545amorphouslacking definite shape or form1
7344166546archaicoutdated; old and therefore no longer useful2
7344166547assertto state something in a strong or definite way3
7344166548austerewhen describing a thing: simple, plain; not fancy; when describing a person: serious to the point of being unfriendly4
7344166549beliesto give a false idea of OR to show something to be false/wrong5
7344166550bellicosehaving or showing a tendency to argue or fight6
7344166551catalyzedbrought about; inspired7
7344166552circumspectthinking carefully about all possible risks before speaking or acting; cautious8
7344166553devoidlacking a typical/expected attribute9
7344166554didacticintended to teach10
7344166555effusiveexpressing a lot of emotion11
7344166556emulateto try to be like (something or someone you admire)12
7344166557entreatbeg/plead/ask in a serious, emotional way13
7344166558epitomea perfect example14
7344166559indefatigableable to work or continue for a very long time without becoming tired15
7344166560ineptitudelack of skill or ability16
7344166561inherentbelonging to basic nature of someone/something17
7344166562malevolenthaving or showing a desire to cause harm to another person18
7344166563malicioushaving or showing a desire to cause harm to another person19
7344166564objectivebased on fact; unbiased20
7344166565pervasiveexisting in every part of something; widespread21
7344166566pretenseA false reason/explanation OR false act/appearance22
7344166567subjectivebased on opinions23
7344166568tumultuousloud, excited, and emotional - involving violence, confusion, or disorder24

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