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AP Psychology - Research Methods Flashcards

Advanced Placement Psychology
Enterprise High School, Redding, CA
All terms from Myers Psychology for AP (BFW Worth, 2011)

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7383385789	Hindsight Bias	The tendency to believe, after learning an outcome, that one would have foreseen it. (Also known as the I-knew-it-all-along phenomenon.)	0
7383385791	Theory	An explanation using an integrated set of principles that organizes observations and predicts behaviors or events.	1
7383385792	Hypothesis	A testable prediction, often implied by a theory.	2
7383385793	Operational Definition	A statement of the procedures used to define research variables, or how we make the variables measurable; i.e., extroversion could be operationally defined by a score on a personality test. Necessary for replication of the study.	3
7383385794	Replication	Repeating the essence of a research study, usually with different participants in different situations, to see whether the basic finding extends to other participants and circumstances.	4
7383385795	Case Study	An observation technique in which one person is studied in depth in the hope of revealing universal principles.	5
7383385796	Survey	A technique for ascertaining the self-reported attitudes or behaviors of a particular group, usually by questioning a representative, random sample of the group.	6
7383385797	Population	All the cases in a group being studied, from which samples may be drawn.	7
7383385798	Random Sample	A sample that fairly represents a population because each member has an equal chance of inclusion.	8
7383385799	Naturalistic Observation	Observing and recording behavior in naturally occurring situations without trying to manipulate and control the situation.	9
7383385800	Correlation	A measure of the extent to which two factors vary together, and thus of how well either factor predicts the other.	10
7383385801	Correlation Coefficient	A statistical index of the relationship between two things (from -1 to +1).	11
7383385802	Scatterplot	A graphed cluster of dots, each of which represents the values of two variables. The slope of the points suggests the direction of the relationship between the two variables.	12
7383385803	Illusory Correlation	The perception of a relationship where none exists.	13
7383385804	Experiment	A research method in which an investigator manipulates one or more factors (independent variables) to observe the effect on some behavior or mental process (the dependent variable). By random assignment of participants, the investigator aims to control other relevant factors.	14
7383385805	Random Assignment	Assigning participants to experimental and control groups by chance, thus minimizing preexisting differences between those assigned to the different groups.	15
7383385806	Double-Blind Procedure	An experimental procedure in which both the research participants and the research staff are ignorant (blind) about whether the research participants have received the treatment or a placebo. Commonly used in drug-evaluation studies.	16
7383385807	Placebo Effect	Experimental results caused by expectations alone; any effect on behavior caused by the administration of an inert substance or condition, which the recipient assumes is an active agent.	17
7383385808	Experimental Group	In an experiment, the group that is exposed to the treatment, that is, to one version of the independent variable.	18
7383385809	Control Group	In an experiment, the group that is not exposed to the treatment; contrasts with the experimental group and serves as a comparison for evaluating the effect of the treatment.	19
7383385810	Independent Variable	The experimental factor that is manipulated; the variable whose effect is being studied.	20
7383385811	Confounding Variable	A factor other than the independent variable that might produce an effect in an experiment.	21
7383385812	Dependent Variable	The outcome factor; the variable that may change in response to manipulations of the independent variable.	22
7383385813	Mode	The most frequently occurring score(s) in a distribution.	23
7383385814	Mean	The arithmetic average of a distribution, obtained by adding the scores and then dividing by the number of scores.	24
7383385815	Median	The middle score in a distribution; half the scores are above it and half are below it.	25
7383385816	Range	The difference between the highest and lowest scores in a distribution.	26
7383385817	Standard Deviation	A computed measure of how much scores vary around the mean score.	27
7383385818	Normal Curve	A symmetrical, bell-shape that describes the distribution of many types of data; most scores fall near the mean (68 percent fall within one standard deviation of it) and fewer and fewer near the extremes.	28
7383385819	Statistical Significance	A statistical statement of how likely it is that an obtained result occurred by chance.	29
7383385820	Culture	The enduring behaviors, ideas, attitudes, values and traditions shared by a group of people and transmitted from one generation to the next.	30
7383385821	Informed Consent	An ethical principle that research participants be told enough to enable them to choose whether they wish to participate.	31
7383385822	Debriefing	The post-experimental explanation of a study, including its purpose and any deceptions, to its participants.	32

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AP Euro Scientific Revolution Flashcards

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6524980958	Scientific Revolution	A major change in European thought, starting in the mid-1500s, in which the study of the natural world began to be characterized by careful observation and the questioning of accepted beliefs.	0
6524980959	Ptolemaic systems	the pre-Copernican explanation of the universe, with the earth at the center of the universe, originated in the ancient world	1
6524980960	Galileo	(1564-1642) An Italian who provided more evidence for heliocentric solar system and questioned if the heavens really were perfect. He invented a new telescope, studied the sky, and published what he discovered. Because his work provided evidence that the Bible was wrong he was arrested and ended up on house arrest for the rest of his life.	2
6524980961	Copernicus	1473-1543. Polish astronomer who was the first to formulate a scientifically based heliocentric cosmology that displaced the earth from the center of the universe. This theory is considered the epiphany that began the Scientific Revolution.	3
6524980962	Tycho Brahe	(1546-1601)Danish astronomer who studied the night sky for 20 years gathering data, and discovered a new star, which challenged Aristotle's theory that the universe was perfect and unchanging	4
6524980963	Johannes Kepler	Assistant to Brahe; used Brahe's data to prove that the earth moved in an elliptical, not circular, orbit; Wrote 3 laws of planetary motion based on mechanical relationships and accurately predicted movements of planets in a sun-centered universe; Demolished old systems of Aristotle and Ptolemy	5
6524980964	Isaac Newton	Defined the laws of motion and gravity. Tried to explain motion of the universe.	6
6524980965	empiricism	Claims based on data derived from observation and/or experimentation.	7
6524980966	Francis Bacon	(1561-1626) English politician, writer. Formalized the empirical method. "Novum Organum". Inductive reasoning.	8
6524980967	Rene Descartes	17th century French philosopher; wrote Discourse on Method; 1st principle "I think therefore I am"; believed mind and matter were completly seperate; known as father of modern rationalism	9
6524980970	Margaret Cavendish	Educated scientist and astronomer; excluded from English Royal Society, regardless of her many accomplishments; wrote several books contrasting her knowledge with the knowledge of other scientists.	10
8049151848	William Harvey	Author of On the Movement of the Heart and Blood of Animals. Believed that the heart pumped the blood in a circular motion.	11
8062675391	Galen	Ancient physician who believed in the four bodily humors and that the liver was responsible for pumping blood	12
8062703108	Maria Winkleman	Discovered a comet while husband was sleeping. Was not given credit for her discovery.	13
8062712611	Andreas Vesalius	Author of the Fabric of the Human Body. The first detailed sketch of human anatomy.	14
8062746890	Geocentric	Ptolemy and Aristotle both believed in this theory of the universe.	15

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AP biology "Free Energy" Flashcards

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7983830796	Metabolism	The totality of an organism's chemical reaction	0
7983830797	3 things energy helps to do	Organize, grow, reproduce	1
7983830798	Bioenergetics	The study of how organisms manage their energy resources	2
7983830799	Catabolic pathway	Release energy by breaking down complex molecules into simpler ones i.e. Cellular respiration	3
7983830800	Anabolic pathways	Consume energy to build complex molecules from simpler ones i.e. Amino acids making up proteins	4
7983830801	Energy	Capacity to cause change	5
7983830802	First law of thermodynamics	Energy can be transferred in transformed, but it cannot be created or destroyed	6
7983830803	Second law of thermodynamics	Every energy transfer increases the entropy (disorder) of the universe	7
7983830804	Entropy	Disorder	8
7983830805	False	T/F Living Systems violate the second law thermodynamics	9
7983830806	Free energy	Energy that can do work when temperature and pressure are uniform	10
7983830807	Negative ΔG	Spontaneous	11
7983830808	Negative ΔG	Exergonic	12
7983830809	Negative ΔG	Catabolic	13
7983830810	Positive ΔG	Endedgonic	14
7983830811	Positive ΔG	Anabolic	15
7983830812	Positive ΔG	Not spontaneous	16
7983830813	ΔG = ΔH - TΔS	Equation for ΔG	17
7983830814	symbol G	Free energy	18
7983830815	Symbol H	Enthalpy aka system's total energy	19
7983830816	symbol T	Temperature	20
7983830817	symbol S	Systems total entropy (disorder)	21
7983830820	Exergonic reaction	Has a net RELEASE of free energy	22
7983830821	Exergonic reaction	Spontaneos	23
7983830822	Exergonic reaction	ΔG < 0	24
7983830823	Endergonic reaction	Proceeds with an ABSORPTION of free energy	25
7983830824	Endergonic reaction	Not spontaneous	26
7983830825	Endergonic reaction	ΔG > 0	27
7983830826	Adenine, ribose, phosphate group	ATP is composed of	28
7983830827	Hydrolysis	Process that breaks up phosphates in ATP and releases energy	29
7983830828	Free energy	What is released when you break down ATP to ADP?	30
7983830829	Storage	What can we do with extra free energy?	31
7983830830	Sun	Where do we get a constant supply of free energy?	32
7983830832	Homeostasis	Maintaining a stable internal environment	33
7983830833	Order	Life requires __________	34
7983830834	Energy	To maintain order we need a constant supply of __________	35
7983830835	Heat	Eventually all energy ends up as _______	36
7983830837	Death	What happens if we have a decrease or disruption in energy?	37

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AP Psychology AP Review Flashcards

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9814552649	psychology	the study of behavior and mental processes	0
9814552650	psychology's biggest question	Which is more important in determining behavior, nature or nurture?	1
9814552651	psychology's three levels of analysis	biopsychosocial approach (looks at the biological, psychological, and social-cultural approaches together)	2
9814552652	biological approach	genetics, close-relatives, body functions	3
9814552653	evolutionary approach	species - helped with survival (ancestors)	4
9814552654	psychodynamic approach	(Freud) subconscious, repressed feelings, unfulfilled wishes	5
9814552655	behavioral approach	learning (classical and operant) observed	6
9814552656	cognitive approach	thinking affects behavior	7
9814552657	humanistic approach	becoming a better human (behavior, acceptance)	8
9814552658	social-cultural approach	cultural, family, environment	9
9814552659	two reasons of why experiments are important	hindsight bias + overconfidence	10
9814552660	types of research methods	descriptive, correlational, and experimental	11
9814552661	descriptive methods	case study survey naturalistic observation (DON'T SHOW CAUSE/EFFECT)	12
9814552662	case study	studies one person in depth may not be typical of population	13
9814552663	survey	studies lots of people not in depth	14
9814552664	naturalistic observation	observe + write facts without interference	15
9814552665	correlational method	shows relation, but not cause/effect scatterplots show research	16
9814552666	correlation coefficient	+ 1.0 (both increase) 0 (no correlation - 1.0 (one increases, other decreases)	17
9814552667	experimental method	does show cause and effect	18
9814552668	population	type of people who are going to be used in experiment	19
9814552669	sample	actual people who will be used (randomness reduces bias)	20
9814552670	random assignment	chance selection between experimental and control groups	21
9814552671	control group	not receiving experimental treatment receives placebo	22
9814552672	experimental group	receiving treatment/drug	23
9814552673	independent variable	drug/procedure/treatment	24
9814552674	dependent variable	outcome of using the drug/treatment	25
9814552675	confounding variable	can affect dependent variable beyond experiment's control	26
9814552676	scientific method	theory hypothesis operational definition revision	27
9814552677	theory	general idea being tested	28
9814552678	hypothesis	measurable/specific	29
9814552679	operational definition	procedures that explain components	30
9814552680	mode	appears the most	31
9814552681	mean	average	32
9814552682	median	middle	33
9814552683	range	highest - lowest	34
9814552684	standard deviation	how scores vary around the mean	35
9814552685	central tendency	single score that represents the whole	36
9814552686	bell curve	(natural curve)	37
9814552687	ethics of testing on animals	need to be treated humanly basically similar to humans	38
9814552688	ethics of testing on humans	consent debriefing no unnecessary discomfort/pain confidentiality	39
9814552689	sensory neurons	travel from sensory receptors to brain	40
9814552690	motor neurons	travel from brain to "motor" workings	41
9814552691	interneurons	(in brain and spinal cord) connecting motor and sensory neurons	42
9814552883	neuron		43
9814552692	dendrites	receive messages from other neurons	44
9814552693	myelin sheath	protects the axon	45
9814552694	axon	where charges travel from cell body to axon terminal	46
9814552695	neurotransmitters	chemical messengers	47
9814552696	reuptake	extra neurotransmitters are taken back	48
9814552697	excitatory charge	"Let's do it!"	49
9814552698	inhibitory charge	"Let's not do it!"	50
9814552699	central nervous system	brain and spinal cord	51
9814552700	peripheral nervous system	somatic nervous system autonomic nervous system	52
9814552701	somatic nervous system	voluntary movements	53
9814552702	autonomic nervous system	involuntary movements (sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems)	54
9814552703	sympathetic nervous system	arousing	55
9814552704	parasympathetic nervous system	calming	56
9814552705	neural networks	more connections form with greater use others fall away if not used	57
9814552706	spinal cord	expressway of information bypasses brain when reflexes involved	58
9814552707	endocrine system	slow uses hormones in the blood system	59
9814552708	master gland	pituitary gland	60
9814552709	brainstem	extension of the spinal cord responsible for automatic survival	61
9814552710	reticular formation (if stimulated)	sleeping subject wakes up	62
9814552711	reticular formation (if damaged)	coma	63
9814552712	brainstem (if severed)	still move (without purpose)	64
9814552713	thalamus	sensory switchboard (does not process smell)	65
9814552714	hypothalamus	basic behaviors (hunger, thirst, sex, blood chemistry)	66
9814552715	cerebellum	nonverbal memory, judge time, balance emotions, coordinate movements	67
9814552716	cerebellum (if damaged)	difficulty walking and coordinating	68
9814552717	amygdala	aggression, fear, and memory associated with these emotions	69
9814552718	amygdala (if lesioned)	subject is mellow	70
9814552719	amygdala (if stimulated)	aggressive	71
9814552720	hippocampus	process new memory	72
9814552721	cerebrum	two large hemispheres perceiving, thinking, and processing	73
9814552722	cerebral cortex	only in higher life forms	74
9814552723	association areas	integrate and interpret information	75
9814552724	glial cells	provide nutrients to myelin sheath marks intelligence higher proportion of glial cells to neurons	76
9814552725	frontal lobe	judgement, personality, processing (Phineas Gage accident)	77
9814552726	parietal lobe	math and spatial reasoning	78
9814552727	temporal lobe	audition and recognizing faces	79
9814552728	occipital lobe	vision	80
9814552729	corpus callosum	split in the brain to stop hyper-communication (eliminate epileptic seizures)	81
9814552730	Wernicke's area	interprets auditory and hearing	82
9814552731	Broca's area	speaking words	83
9814552732	plasticity	ability to adapt if damaged	84
9814552733	sensation	what our senses tell us	85
9814552734	bottom-up processing	senses to brain	86
9814552735	perception	what our brain tells us to do with that information	87
9814552736	top-down processing	brain to senses	88
9814552737	inattentional blindness	fail to "gorilla" because attention is elsewhere	89
9814552738	cocktail party effect	even with tons of stimuli, we are able to pick out our name, etc.	90
9814552739	change blindness	giving directions and person is changed and we don't notice	91
9814552740	choice blindness	when defending the choice we make, we fail to notice choice was changed	92
9814552741	absolute threshold	minimum stimulation needed in order to notice 50% of the time	93
9814552742	signal detection theory	we notice what is more important to us (rather hear a baby crying)	94
9814552743	JND (just noticeable difference)	(Weber's law) difference between different stimuli noticed in proportion	95
9814552744	sensory adaptation	tired of noticing (Brain says, "Been there, done that. Next?"	96
9814552745	rods	night time	97
9814552746	cones	color	98
9814552747	parallel processing	notice color, form, depth, movement, etc.	99
9814552748	Young-Helmholtz trichromatic theory	3 corresponding color receptors (RGB)	100
9814552749	Hering's opponent-process theory	after image in opposite colors (RG, YB, WB)	101
9814552750	trichromatic + opponent-process	Young-Helmholtz -> color stimuli Hering -> en route to cortex	102
9814552751	frequency we hear most	human voice	103
9814552752	Helmoltz (hearing)	we hear different pitches in different places in basilar membrane (high pitches)	104
9814552753	frequency theory	impulse frequency (low pitches)	105
9814552754	Helmholtz + frequency theory	middle pitches	106
9814552755	Skin feels what?	warmth, cold, pressure, pain	107
9814552756	gate-control theory	small fibers - pain large fibers - other senses	108
9814552757	memory of pain	peaks and ends	109
9814552758	smell	close to memory section (not in thalamus)	110
9814552759	grouping	Gestalt make sense of pieces create a whole	111
9814552760	grouping groups	proximity similarity continuity connectedness closure	112
9814552761	make assumptions of placement	higher - farther smaller - farther blocking - closer, in front	113
9814552762	perception =	mood + motivation	114
9814552763	consciousness	awareness of ourselves and the environment	115
9814552764	circadian rhythm	daily biological clock and regular cycle (sleep and awake)	116
9814552765	circadian rhythm pattern	- activated by light - light sensitive retinal proteins signal brains SCN (suprachiasmatic nucleus) - pineal gland decreases melatonin	117
9814552766	What messes with circadian rhythm?	artificial light	118
9814552767	The whole sleep cycle lasts how long?	90 minutes	119
9814552768	sleep stages	relaxed stage (alpha waves) stage 1 (early sleep) (hallucinations) stage 2 (sleep spindles - bursts of activity) (sleep talk) stage 3 (transition phase) (delta waves) stage 4 (delta waves) (sleepwalk/talk + wet the bed) stage 5 (REM) (sensory-rich dreams) (paradoxical sleep)	120
9814552769	purpose of sleep	1. recuperation - repair neurons and allow unused neural connections to wither 2. making memories 3. body growth (children sleep more)	121
9814552770	insomnia	can't sleep	122
9814552771	narcolepsy	fall asleep anywhere at anytime	123
9814552772	sleep apnea	stop breathing in sleep	124
9814552773	night terrors	prevalent in children	125
9814552774	sleepwalking/sleeptalking	hereditary - prevalent in children	126
9814552775	dreaming (3)	1. vivid bizarre intense sensory experiences 2. carry fear/survival issues - vestiges of ancestors' survival ideas 2. replay previous day's experiences/worries	127
9814552776	purpose of dreaming (5 THEORIES)	1. physiological function - develop/preserve neural pathways 2. Freud's wish-fulfillment (manifest/latent content) 3. activation synthesis - make sense of stimulation originating in brain 4. information processing 5. cognitive development - reflective of intelligence	128
9814552777	1. Can hypnosis bring you back in time? 2. Can hypnosis make you do things you wouldn't normally do? 3. Can it alleviate pain? 4. What state are you in during hypnosis? 5. Who is more susceptible?	1. cannot take you back in time 2. cannot make you do things you won't do 3. can alleviate pain 4. fully conscious ((IMAGINATIVE PEOPLE MORE SUSCEPTIBLE))	129
9814552778	depressants	slows neural pathways	130
9814552779	alcohol	((depressant)) disrupts memory formation (REM) lowers inhibition expectancy effect	131
9814552780	barbituates (tranquilizers)	((depressant)) reduce anxiety	132
9814552781	opiates	((depressant)) pleasure reduce anxiety/pain	133
9814552782	stimulants	hypes neural processing	134
9814552783	methamphetamine	((stimulant)) heightens energy euphoria affects dopamine	135
9814552784	caffeine	((stimulant))	136
9814552785	nicotine	((stimulant)) CNS releases neurotransmitters calm anxiety reduce pain affects (nor)epinephrine and dopamine	137
9814552786	cocaine	((stimulant)) euphoria affects dopamine, serotonin, and norepinephrine	138
9814552787	hallucinogen	excites neural activity	139
9814552788	ecstasy	((hallucinogen)) reuptake is blocked affects dopamine and serotonin	140
9814552789	LSD	((hallucinogen)) affects sensory/emotional "trip" (+/-) affects serotonin	141
9814552790	marijuana	((hallucinogen)) amplify sensory experience disrupts memory formation	142
9814552791	learning	organism changing behavior due to experience (association of events)	143
9814552792	types of learning	classical operant observational	144
9814552793	famous classical psychologists	Pavlov and Watson	145
9814552794	famous operant psychologist	Skinner	146
9814552795	famous observational psychologists	Bandura	147
9814552796	classical conditioning	outside stimulus	148
9814552797	Pavlov's experiment	Step 1: US (food) -> UR (salivation) Step 2: NS (bell) -> US (food) -> UR (salivation) Later... CS (bell) -> CR (salivation)	149
9814552798	Watson's experiment	white rat was given to Little Albert Step 1: US (noise) -> UR (cry) Step 2: NS (rat) -> US (noise) -> UR (cry) Later... CS (rat) -> CR (cry)	150
9814552799	generalization	any small, white fluffy creature will make Albert cry now	151
9814552800	discriminate	any large, white fluffy creature won't make Albert cry	152
9814552801	extinction	stop "treating" with conditioned response	153
9814552802	spontaneous recovery	bring stimulus back after a while	154
9814552803	operant conditioning	control by organism	155
9814552804	Skinner's experiment	operant chamber / Skinner box (lead to shaping)	156
9814552805	shaping	get animal closer to doing what you want them to do	157
9814552806	reinforcers	want to continue behavior (positive reinforcement: give money to do laundry) (negative reinforcement: do to avoid nagging)	158
9814552807	punishments	want to stop behavior (positive reinforcement: smack) (negative reinforcement: take away phone)	159
9814552808	fixed ratio	happens a certain number of times (Starbucks punch card)	160
9814552809	variable ratio	happens an unpredictable number of times (winning the lottery)	161
9814552810	organism must do these (2 times)	fixed ratio and variable ratio	162
9814552811	fixed interval	happens at a certain time (mailman comes to the house at 10:00 AM)	163
9814552812	variable interval	happens at any time (receive texts from friends)	164
9814552813	these things happen regardless (2 times)	fixed interval and variable interval	165
9814552814	Which (fixed/variable) conditions better?	variable	166
9814552815	criticisms of Skinner	doesn't take into account intrinsic motivation	167
9814552816	intrinsic motivation	doing something for yourself, not the reward	168
9814552817	extrinsic motivation	doing something for reward	169
9814552818	Skinner's legacy	use it personally, at school, and at work	170
9814552819	famous observational experiment	Bandura's Bobo doll	171
9814552820	famous observational psychologist	Bandura	172
9814552821	mirror neurons	"feel" what is observed happens in higher order animals	173
9814552822	Bobo doll experiment legacy	violent video games/movies desensitize us see good: do good see evil: do evil	174
9814552823	observational learning	biological behaviors work best	175
9814552824	habituation	get used to it -> stop reacting	176
9814552825	examples for observational learning	lectures and reading	177
9814552826	serotonin involved with memory	speeds the connection between neurons	178
9814552827	LTP	((long-term potentiation)) strengthens potential neural forming (associated with speed)	179
9814552828	CREB	protein that can switch genes on/off with memory and connection of memories	180
9814552829	glutamate involved with memory	neurotransmitter that enhances LTP	181
9814552830	glucose involved with memory	released during strong emotions ((signaling important event to be remembered))	182
9814552831	flashbulb memory	type of memory remembered because it was an important/quick moment	183
9814552832	amygdala (memory)	boosts activity of proteins in memory-forming areas to fight/flight	184
9814552833	cerebellum (memory)	forms and stores implicit memories ((classical conditioning))	185
9814552834	hippocampus (memory)	active during sleep (forming memories) ((information "moves" after 48 hours))	186
9814552835	memory	learning over time contains information that can be retrieved	187
9814552836	processing stages	encoding -> storage -> retrieval	188
9814552837	encoding	information going in	189
9814552838	storage	keeping information in	190
9814552839	retrieval	taking information out	191
9814552840	How long is sensory memory stored?	seconds	192
9814552841	How long is short-term memory stored?	less than a minute	193
9814552842	How many bits of information is stored in short-term memory?	7	194
9814552843	How many chunks of information is stored in short-term memory?	4	195
9814552844	How many seconds of words is stored in short-term memory?	2	196
9814552845	short term memory goes to ______________	working memory	197
9814552846	working memory	make a connection and process information to mean something	198
9814552847	working memory goes to _________________	long-term memory	199
9814552848	How much is stored in long-term memory?	LIMITLESS	200
9814552849	implicit memory	naturally do	201
9814552850	explicit memory	need to explain	202
9814552851	automatic processing	space, time, frequency, well-learned information	203
9814552852	effortful processing	processing that requires effort	204
9814552853	spacing effect	spread out learning over time	205
9814552854	serial position effect	primary/recency effect	206
9814552855	primary effect	remember the first things in a list	207
9814552856	recency effect	remember the last things in a list	208
9814552857	effortful processing (4 things)	1. recency effect 2. spacing effect 3. testing effect 4. serial position effect	209
9814552858	semantic encoding (1) meaning (2) how to	make meaning out of something --- chunk, hierarchy, or connect to you	210
9814552859	if we can't remember a memory...	1. change memory to suit us 2. fill in the blanks with logical story	211
9814552860	misinformation effect	not correct information	212
9814552861	imagination inflation	imagine or visualize something that isn't real	213
9814552862	source amnesia	what is the truth? (is it a dream, story, memory, etc.?)	214
9814552863	priming	association (setting you up)	215
9814552864	context	environment helps with memory	216
9814552865	state-dependency	you may remember something if you go back to the state you were in (go back to high)	217
9814552866	mood-congruency	emotion will bring back similar emotional memories	218
9814552867	forgetting curve	forget after 5 days forget after 5 years	219
9814552868	the forgetting curve was created by	Ebbinghaus	220
9814552869	proactive interference	old information interferes with the new	221
9814552870	retroactive interference	new information interferes with the old	222
9814552871	children can't remember before age __	3	223
9814552872	Loftus	connected to abuse cases/childhood	224
9814552873	prototypes	generalize	225
9814552874	problem-solving (4)	trial + error algorithms heuristic (representative + availability) insight - "AHA!"	226
9814552875	against problem-solving	fixation	227
9814552876	mental set	what has worked in the past	228
9814552877	functional fixedness	only way to do this is with this	229
9814552878	Chomsky (nature or nurture?)	"born with language" (nature)	230
9814552879	Skinner (nature or nurture?)	language is learned (nurture)	231
9814552880	grammar is _________	universal	232
9814552881	phonemes	smallest sound unit	233
9814552882	morphemes	smallest meaning unit	234

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AP Psychology AP Review Flashcards

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9819383507	psychology	the study of behavior and mental processes	0
9819383508	psychology's biggest question	Which is more important in determining behavior, nature or nurture?	1
9819383509	psychology's three levels of analysis	biopsychosocial approach (looks at the biological, psychological, and social-cultural approaches together)	2
9819383510	biological approach	genetics, close-relatives, body functions	3
9819383511	evolutionary approach	species - helped with survival (ancestors)	4
9819383512	psychodynamic approach	(Freud) subconscious, repressed feelings, unfulfilled wishes	5
9819383513	behavioral approach	learning (classical and operant) observed	6
9819383514	cognitive approach	thinking affects behavior	7
9819383515	humanistic approach	becoming a better human (behavior, acceptance)	8
9819383516	social-cultural approach	cultural, family, environment	9
9819383517	two reasons of why experiments are important	hindsight bias + overconfidence	10
9819383518	types of research methods	descriptive, correlational, and experimental	11
9819383519	descriptive methods	case study survey naturalistic observation (DON'T SHOW CAUSE/EFFECT)	12
9819383520	case study	studies one person in depth may not be typical of population	13
9819383521	survey	studies lots of people not in depth	14
9819383522	naturalistic observation	observe + write facts without interference	15
9819383523	correlational method	shows relation, but not cause/effect scatterplots show research	16
9819383524	correlation coefficient	+ 1.0 (both increase) 0 (no correlation - 1.0 (one increases, other decreases)	17
9819383525	experimental method	does show cause and effect	18
9819383526	population	type of people who are going to be used in experiment	19
9819383527	sample	actual people who will be used (randomness reduces bias)	20
9819383528	random assignment	chance selection between experimental and control groups	21
9819383529	control group	not receiving experimental treatment receives placebo	22
9819383530	experimental group	receiving treatment/drug	23
9819383531	independent variable	drug/procedure/treatment	24
9819383532	dependent variable	outcome of using the drug/treatment	25
9819383533	confounding variable	can affect dependent variable beyond experiment's control	26
9819383534	scientific method	theory hypothesis operational definition revision	27
9819383535	theory	general idea being tested	28
9819383536	hypothesis	measurable/specific	29
9819383537	operational definition	procedures that explain components	30
9819383538	mode	appears the most	31
9819383539	mean	average	32
9819383540	median	middle	33
9819383541	range	highest - lowest	34
9819383542	standard deviation	how scores vary around the mean	35
9819383543	central tendency	single score that represents the whole	36
9819383544	bell curve	(natural curve)	37
9819383545	ethics of testing on animals	need to be treated humanly basically similar to humans	38
9819383546	ethics of testing on humans	consent debriefing no unnecessary discomfort/pain confidentiality	39
9819383547	sensory neurons	travel from sensory receptors to brain	40
9819383548	motor neurons	travel from brain to "motor" workings	41
9819383549	interneurons	(in brain and spinal cord) connecting motor and sensory neurons	42
9819383845	neuron		43
9819383550	dendrites	receive messages from other neurons	44
9819383551	myelin sheath	protects the axon	45
9819383552	axon	where charges travel from cell body to axon terminal	46
9819383553	neurotransmitters	chemical messengers	47
9819383554	reuptake	extra neurotransmitters are taken back	48
9819383555	excitatory charge	"Let's do it!"	49
9819383556	inhibitory charge	"Let's not do it!"	50
9819383557	central nervous system	brain and spinal cord	51
9819383558	peripheral nervous system	somatic nervous system autonomic nervous system	52
9819383559	somatic nervous system	voluntary movements	53
9819383560	autonomic nervous system	involuntary movements (sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems)	54
9819383561	sympathetic nervous system	arousing	55
9819383562	parasympathetic nervous system	calming	56
9819383563	neural networks	more connections form with greater use others fall away if not used	57
9819383564	spinal cord	expressway of information bypasses brain when reflexes involved	58
9819383565	endocrine system	slow uses hormones in the blood system	59
9819383566	master gland	pituitary gland	60
9819383567	brainstem	extension of the spinal cord responsible for automatic survival	61
9819383568	reticular formation (if stimulated)	sleeping subject wakes up	62
9819383569	reticular formation (if damaged)	coma	63
9819383570	brainstem (if severed)	still move (without purpose)	64
9819383571	thalamus	sensory switchboard (does not process smell)	65
9819383572	hypothalamus	basic behaviors (hunger, thirst, sex, blood chemistry)	66
9819383573	cerebellum	nonverbal memory, judge time, balance emotions, coordinate movements	67
9819383574	cerebellum (if damaged)	difficulty walking and coordinating	68
9819383575	amygdala	aggression, fear, and memory associated with these emotions	69
9819383576	amygdala (if lesioned)	subject is mellow	70
9819383577	amygdala (if stimulated)	aggressive	71
9819383578	hippocampus	process new memory	72
9819383579	cerebrum	two large hemispheres perceiving, thinking, and processing	73
9819383580	cerebral cortex	only in higher life forms	74
9819383581	association areas	integrate and interpret information	75
9819383582	glial cells	provide nutrients to myelin sheath marks intelligence higher proportion of glial cells to neurons	76
9819383583	frontal lobe	judgement, personality, processing (Phineas Gage accident)	77
9819383584	parietal lobe	math and spatial reasoning	78
9819383585	temporal lobe	audition and recognizing faces	79
9819383586	occipital lobe	vision	80
9819383587	corpus callosum	split in the brain to stop hyper-communication (eliminate epileptic seizures)	81
9819383588	Wernicke's area	interprets auditory and hearing	82
9819383589	Broca's area	speaking words	83
9819383590	plasticity	ability to adapt if damaged	84
9819383591	sensation	what our senses tell us	85
9819383592	bottom-up processing	senses to brain	86
9819383593	perception	what our brain tells us to do with that information	87
9819383594	top-down processing	brain to senses	88
9819383595	inattentional blindness	fail to "gorilla" because attention is elsewhere	89
9819383596	cocktail party effect	even with tons of stimuli, we are able to pick out our name, etc.	90
9819383597	change blindness	giving directions and person is changed and we don't notice	91
9819383598	choice blindness	when defending the choice we make, we fail to notice choice was changed	92
9819383599	absolute threshold	minimum stimulation needed in order to notice 50% of the time	93
9819383600	signal detection theory	we notice what is more important to us (rather hear a baby crying)	94
9819383601	JND (just noticeable difference)	(Weber's law) difference between different stimuli noticed in proportion	95
9819383602	sensory adaptation	tired of noticing (Brain says, "Been there, done that. Next?"	96
9819383603	rods	night time	97
9819383604	cones	color	98
9819383605	parallel processing	notice color, form, depth, movement, etc.	99
9819383606	Young-Helmholtz trichromatic theory	3 corresponding color receptors (RGB)	100
9819383607	Hering's opponent-process theory	after image in opposite colors (RG, YB, WB)	101
9819383608	trichromatic + opponent-process	Young-Helmholtz -> color stimuli Hering -> en route to cortex	102
9819383609	frequency we hear most	human voice	103
9819383610	Helmoltz (hearing)	we hear different pitches in different places in basilar membrane (high pitches)	104
9819383611	frequency theory	impulse frequency (low pitches)	105
9819383612	Helmholtz + frequency theory	middle pitches	106
9819383613	Skin feels what?	warmth, cold, pressure, pain	107
9819383614	gate-control theory	small fibers - pain large fibers - other senses	108
9819383615	memory of pain	peaks and ends	109
9819383616	smell	close to memory section (not in thalamus)	110
9819383617	grouping	Gestalt make sense of pieces create a whole	111
9819383618	grouping groups	proximity similarity continuity connectedness closure	112
9819383619	make assumptions of placement	higher - farther smaller - farther blocking - closer, in front	113
9819383620	perception =	mood + motivation	114
9819383621	consciousness	awareness of ourselves and the environment	115
9819383622	circadian rhythm	daily biological clock and regular cycle (sleep and awake)	116
9819383623	circadian rhythm pattern	- activated by light - light sensitive retinal proteins signal brains SCN (suprachiasmatic nucleus) - pineal gland decreases melatonin	117
9819383624	What messes with circadian rhythm?	artificial light	118
9819383625	The whole sleep cycle lasts how long?	90 minutes	119
9819383626	sleep stages	relaxed stage (alpha waves) stage 1 (early sleep) (hallucinations) stage 2 (sleep spindles - bursts of activity) (sleep talk) stage 3 (transition phase) (delta waves) stage 4 (delta waves) (sleepwalk/talk + wet the bed) stage 5 (REM) (sensory-rich dreams) (paradoxical sleep)	120
9819383627	purpose of sleep	1. recuperation - repair neurons and allow unused neural connections to wither 2. making memories 3. body growth (children sleep more)	121
9819383628	insomnia	can't sleep	122
9819383629	narcolepsy	fall asleep anywhere at anytime	123
9819383630	sleep apnea	stop breathing in sleep	124
9819383631	night terrors	prevalent in children	125
9819383632	sleepwalking/sleeptalking	hereditary - prevalent in children	126
9819383633	dreaming (3)	1. vivid bizarre intense sensory experiences 2. carry fear/survival issues - vestiges of ancestors' survival ideas 2. replay previous day's experiences/worries	127
9819383634	purpose of dreaming (5 THEORIES)	1. physiological function - develop/preserve neural pathways 2. Freud's wish-fulfillment (manifest/latent content) 3. activation synthesis - make sense of stimulation originating in brain 4. information processing 5. cognitive development - reflective of intelligence	128
9819383635	1. Can hypnosis bring you back in time? 2. Can hypnosis make you do things you wouldn't normally do? 3. Can it alleviate pain? 4. What state are you in during hypnosis? 5. Who is more susceptible?	1. cannot take you back in time 2. cannot make you do things you won't do 3. can alleviate pain 4. fully conscious ((IMAGINATIVE PEOPLE MORE SUSCEPTIBLE))	129
9819383636	depressants	slows neural pathways	130
9819383637	alcohol	((depressant)) disrupts memory formation (REM) lowers inhibition expectancy effect	131
9819383638	barbituates (tranquilizers)	((depressant)) reduce anxiety	132
9819383639	opiates	((depressant)) pleasure reduce anxiety/pain	133
9819383640	stimulants	hypes neural processing	134
9819383641	methamphetamine	((stimulant)) heightens energy euphoria affects dopamine	135
9819383642	caffeine	((stimulant))	136
9819383643	nicotine	((stimulant)) CNS releases neurotransmitters calm anxiety reduce pain affects (nor)epinephrine and dopamine	137
9819383644	cocaine	((stimulant)) euphoria affects dopamine, serotonin, and norepinephrine	138
9819383645	hallucinogen	excites neural activity	139
9819383646	ecstasy	((hallucinogen)) reuptake is blocked affects dopamine and serotonin	140
9819383647	LSD	((hallucinogen)) affects sensory/emotional "trip" (+/-) affects serotonin	141
9819383648	marijuana	((hallucinogen)) amplify sensory experience disrupts memory formation	142
9819383649	learning	organism changing behavior due to experience (association of events)	143
9819383650	types of learning	classical operant observational	144
9819383651	famous classical psychologists	Pavlov and Watson	145
9819383652	famous operant psychologist	Skinner	146
9819383653	famous observational psychologists	Bandura	147
9819383654	classical conditioning	outside stimulus	148
9819383655	Pavlov's experiment	Step 1: US (food) -> UR (salivation) Step 2: NS (bell) -> US (food) -> UR (salivation) Later... CS (bell) -> CR (salivation)	149
9819383656	Watson's experiment	white rat was given to Little Albert Step 1: US (noise) -> UR (cry) Step 2: NS (rat) -> US (noise) -> UR (cry) Later... CS (rat) -> CR (cry)	150
9819383657	generalization	any small, white fluffy creature will make Albert cry now	151
9819383658	discriminate	any large, white fluffy creature won't make Albert cry	152
9819383659	extinction	stop "treating" with conditioned response	153
9819383660	spontaneous recovery	bring stimulus back after a while	154
9819383661	operant conditioning	control by organism	155
9819383662	Skinner's experiment	operant chamber / Skinner box (lead to shaping)	156
9819383663	shaping	get animal closer to doing what you want them to do	157
9819383664	reinforcers	want to continue behavior (positive reinforcement: give money to do laundry) (negative reinforcement: do to avoid nagging)	158
9819383665	punishments	want to stop behavior (positive reinforcement: smack) (negative reinforcement: take away phone)	159
9819383666	fixed ratio	happens a certain number of times (Starbucks punch card)	160
9819383667	variable ratio	happens an unpredictable number of times (winning the lottery)	161
9819383668	organism must do these (2 times)	fixed ratio and variable ratio	162
9819383669	fixed interval	happens at a certain time (mailman comes to the house at 10:00 AM)	163
9819383670	variable interval	happens at any time (receive texts from friends)	164
9819383671	these things happen regardless (2 times)	fixed interval and variable interval	165
9819383672	Which (fixed/variable) conditions better?	variable	166
9819383673	criticisms of Skinner	doesn't take into account intrinsic motivation	167
9819383674	intrinsic motivation	doing something for yourself, not the reward	168
9819383675	extrinsic motivation	doing something for reward	169
9819383676	Skinner's legacy	use it personally, at school, and at work	170
9819383677	famous observational experiment	Bandura's Bobo doll	171
9819383678	famous observational psychologist	Bandura	172
9819383679	mirror neurons	"feel" what is observed happens in higher order animals	173
9819383680	Bobo doll experiment legacy	violent video games/movies desensitize us see good: do good see evil: do evil	174
9819383681	observational learning	biological behaviors work best	175
9819383682	habituation	get used to it -> stop reacting	176
9819383683	examples for observational learning	lectures and reading	177
9819383684	serotonin involved with memory	speeds the connection between neurons	178
9819383685	LTP	((long-term potentiation)) strengthens potential neural forming (associated with speed)	179
9819383686	CREB	protein that can switch genes on/off with memory and connection of memories	180
9819383687	glutamate involved with memory	neurotransmitter that enhances LTP	181
9819383688	glucose involved with memory	released during strong emotions ((signaling important event to be remembered))	182
9819383689	flashbulb memory	type of memory remembered because it was an important/quick moment	183
9819383690	amygdala (memory)	boosts activity of proteins in memory-forming areas to fight/flight	184
9819383691	cerebellum (memory)	forms and stores implicit memories ((classical conditioning))	185
9819383692	hippocampus (memory)	active during sleep (forming memories) ((information "moves" after 48 hours))	186
9819383693	memory	learning over time contains information that can be retrieved	187
9819383694	processing stages	encoding -> storage -> retrieval	188
9819383695	encoding	information going in	189
9819383696	storage	keeping information in	190
9819383697	retrieval	taking information out	191
9819383698	How long is sensory memory stored?	seconds	192
9819383699	How long is short-term memory stored?	less than a minute	193
9819383700	How many bits of information is stored in short-term memory?	7	194
9819383701	How many chunks of information is stored in short-term memory?	4	195
9819383702	How many seconds of words is stored in short-term memory?	2	196
9819383703	short term memory goes to ______________	working memory	197
9819383704	working memory	make a connection and process information to mean something	198
9819383705	working memory goes to _________________	long-term memory	199
9819383706	How much is stored in long-term memory?	LIMITLESS	200
9819383707	implicit memory	naturally do	201
9819383708	explicit memory	need to explain	202
9819383709	automatic processing	space, time, frequency, well-learned information	203
9819383710	effortful processing	processing that requires effort	204
9819383711	spacing effect	spread out learning over time	205
9819383712	serial position effect	primary/recency effect	206
9819383713	primary effect	remember the first things in a list	207
9819383714	recency effect	remember the last things in a list	208
9819383715	effortful processing (4 things)	1. recency effect 2. spacing effect 3. testing effect 4. serial position effect	209
9819383716	semantic encoding (1) meaning (2) how to	make meaning out of something --- chunk, hierarchy, or connect to you	210
9819383717	if we can't remember a memory...	1. change memory to suit us 2. fill in the blanks with logical story	211
9819383718	misinformation effect	not correct information	212
9819383719	imagination inflation	imagine or visualize something that isn't real	213
9819383720	source amnesia	what is the truth? (is it a dream, story, memory, etc.?)	214
9819383721	priming	association (setting you up)	215
9819383722	context	environment helps with memory	216
9819383723	state-dependency	you may remember something if you go back to the state you were in (go back to high)	217
9819383724	mood-congruency	emotion will bring back similar emotional memories	218
9819383725	forgetting curve	forget after 5 days forget after 5 years	219
9819383726	the forgetting curve was created by	Ebbinghaus	220
9819383727	proactive interference	old information interferes with the new	221
9819383728	retroactive interference	new information interferes with the old	222
9819383729	children can't remember before age __	3	223
9819383730	Loftus	connected to abuse cases/childhood	224
9819383731	prototypes	generalize	225
9819383732	problem-solving (4)	trial + error algorithms heuristic (representative + availability) insight - "AHA!"	226
9819383733	against problem-solving	fixation	227
9819383734	mental set	what has worked in the past	228
9819383735	functional fixedness	only way to do this is with this	229
9819383736	Chomsky (nature or nurture?)	"born with language" (nature)	230
9819383737	Skinner (nature or nurture?)	language is learned (nurture)	231
9819383738	grammar is _________	universal	232
9819383739	phonemes	smallest sound unit	233
9819383740	morphemes	smallest meaning unit	234

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AP Psychology AP Review Flashcards

Terms : Hide Images

9692317334	psychology	the study of behavior and mental processes	0
9692317335	psychology's biggest question	Which is more important in determining behavior, nature or nurture?	1
9692317336	psychology's three levels of analysis	biopsychosocial approach (looks at the biological, psychological, and social-cultural approaches together)	2
9692317337	biological approach	genetics, close-relatives, body functions	3
9692317338	evolutionary approach	species - helped with survival (ancestors)	4
9692317339	psychodynamic approach	(Freud) subconscious, repressed feelings, unfulfilled wishes	5
9692317340	behavioral approach	learning (classical and operant) observed	6
9692317341	cognitive approach	thinking affects behavior	7
9692317342	humanistic approach	becoming a better human (behavior, acceptance)	8
9692317343	social-cultural approach	cultural, family, environment	9
9692317344	two reasons of why experiments are important	hindsight bias + overconfidence	10
9692317345	types of research methods	descriptive, correlational, and experimental	11
9692317346	descriptive methods	case study survey naturalistic observation (DON'T SHOW CAUSE/EFFECT)	12
9692317347	case study	studies one person in depth may not be typical of population	13
9692317348	survey	studies lots of people not in depth	14
9692317349	naturalistic observation	observe + write facts without interference	15
9692317350	correlational method	shows relation, but not cause/effect scatterplots show research	16
9692317351	correlation coefficient	+ 1.0 (both increase) 0 (no correlation - 1.0 (one increases, other decreases)	17
9692317352	experimental method	does show cause and effect	18
9692317353	population	type of people who are going to be used in experiment	19
9692317354	sample	actual people who will be used (randomness reduces bias)	20
9692317355	random assignment	chance selection between experimental and control groups	21
9692317356	control group	not receiving experimental treatment receives placebo	22
9692317357	experimental group	receiving treatment/drug	23
9692317358	independent variable	drug/procedure/treatment	24
9692317359	dependent variable	outcome of using the drug/treatment	25
9692317360	confounding variable	can affect dependent variable beyond experiment's control	26
9692317361	scientific method	theory hypothesis operational definition revision	27
9692317362	theory	general idea being tested	28
9692317363	hypothesis	measurable/specific	29
9692317364	operational definition	procedures that explain components	30
9692317365	mode	appears the most	31
9692317366	mean	average	32
9692317367	median	middle	33
9692317368	range	highest - lowest	34
9692317369	standard deviation	how scores vary around the mean	35
9692317370	central tendency	single score that represents the whole	36
9692317371	bell curve	(natural curve)	37
9692317372	ethics of testing on animals	need to be treated humanly basically similar to humans	38
9692317373	ethics of testing on humans	consent debriefing no unnecessary discomfort/pain confidentiality	39
9692317374	sensory neurons	travel from sensory receptors to brain	40
9692317375	motor neurons	travel from brain to "motor" workings	41
9692317376	interneurons	(in brain and spinal cord) connecting motor and sensory neurons	42
9692317570	neuron		43
9692317377	dendrites	receive messages from other neurons	44
9692317378	myelin sheath	protects the axon	45
9692317379	axon	where charges travel from cell body to axon terminal	46
9692317380	neurotransmitters	chemical messengers	47
9692317381	reuptake	extra neurotransmitters are taken back	48
9692317382	excitatory charge	"Let's do it!"	49
9692317383	inhibitory charge	"Let's not do it!"	50
9692317384	central nervous system	brain and spinal cord	51
9692317385	peripheral nervous system	somatic nervous system autonomic nervous system	52
9692317386	somatic nervous system	voluntary movements	53
9692317387	autonomic nervous system	involuntary movements (sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems)	54
9692317388	sympathetic nervous system	arousing	55
9692317389	parasympathetic nervous system	calming	56
9692317390	neural networks	more connections form with greater use others fall away if not used	57
9692317391	spinal cord	expressway of information bypasses brain when reflexes involved	58
9692317392	endocrine system	slow uses hormones in the blood system	59
9692317393	master gland	pituitary gland	60
9692317394	brainstem	extension of the spinal cord responsible for automatic survival	61
9692317395	reticular formation (if stimulated)	sleeping subject wakes up	62
9692317396	reticular formation (if damaged)	coma	63
9692317397	brainstem (if severed)	still move (without purpose)	64
9692317398	thalamus	sensory switchboard (does not process smell)	65
9692317399	hypothalamus	basic behaviors (hunger, thirst, sex, blood chemistry)	66
9692317400	cerebellum	nonverbal memory, judge time, balance emotions, coordinate movements	67
9692317401	cerebellum (if damaged)	difficulty walking and coordinating	68
9692317402	amygdala	aggression, fear, and memory associated with these emotions	69
9692317403	amygdala (if lesioned)	subject is mellow	70
9692317404	amygdala (if stimulated)	aggressive	71
9692317405	hippocampus	process new memory	72
9692317406	cerebrum	two large hemispheres perceiving, thinking, and processing	73
9692317407	cerebral cortex	only in higher life forms	74
9692317408	association areas	integrate and interpret information	75
9692317409	glial cells	provide nutrients to myelin sheath marks intelligence higher proportion of glial cells to neurons	76
9692317410	frontal lobe	judgement, personality, processing (Phineas Gage accident)	77
9692317411	parietal lobe	math and spatial reasoning	78
9692317412	temporal lobe	audition and recognizing faces	79
9692317413	occipital lobe	vision	80
9692317414	corpus callosum	split in the brain to stop hyper-communication (eliminate epileptic seizures)	81
9692317415	Wernicke's area	interprets auditory and hearing	82
9692317416	Broca's area	speaking words	83
9692317417	plasticity	ability to adapt if damaged	84
9692317418	sensation	what our senses tell us	85
9692317419	bottom-up processing	senses to brain	86
9692317420	perception	what our brain tells us to do with that information	87
9692317421	top-down processing	brain to senses	88
9692317422	inattentional blindness	fail to "gorilla" because attention is elsewhere	89
9692317423	cocktail party effect	even with tons of stimuli, we are able to pick out our name, etc.	90
9692317424	change blindness	giving directions and person is changed and we don't notice	91
9692317425	choice blindness	when defending the choice we make, we fail to notice choice was changed	92
9692317426	absolute threshold	minimum stimulation needed in order to notice 50% of the time	93
9692317427	signal detection theory	we notice what is more important to us (rather hear a baby crying)	94
9692317428	JND (just noticeable difference)	(Weber's law) difference between different stimuli noticed in proportion	95
9692317429	sensory adaptation	tired of noticing (Brain says, "Been there, done that. Next?"	96
9692317430	rods	night time	97
9692317431	cones	color	98
9692317432	parallel processing	notice color, form, depth, movement, etc.	99
9692317433	Young-Helmholtz trichromatic theory	3 corresponding color receptors (RGB)	100
9692317434	Hering's opponent-process theory	after image in opposite colors (RG, YB, WB)	101
9692317435	trichromatic + opponent-process	Young-Helmholtz -> color stimuli Hering -> en route to cortex	102
9692317436	frequency we hear most	human voice	103
9692317437	Helmoltz (hearing)	we hear different pitches in different places in basilar membrane (high pitches)	104
9692317438	frequency theory	impulse frequency (low pitches)	105
9692317439	Helmholtz + frequency theory	middle pitches	106
9692317440	Skin feels what?	warmth, cold, pressure, pain	107
9692317441	gate-control theory	small fibers - pain large fibers - other senses	108
9692317442	memory of pain	peaks and ends	109
9692317443	smell	close to memory section (not in thalamus)	110
9692317444	grouping	Gestalt make sense of pieces create a whole	111
9692317445	grouping groups	proximity similarity continuity connectedness closure	112
9692317446	make assumptions of placement	higher - farther smaller - farther blocking - closer, in front	113
9692317447	perception =	mood + motivation	114
9692317448	consciousness	awareness of ourselves and the environment	115
9692317449	circadian rhythm	daily biological clock and regular cycle (sleep and awake)	116
9692317450	circadian rhythm pattern	- activated by light - light sensitive retinal proteins signal brains SCN (suprachiasmatic nucleus) - pineal gland decreases melatonin	117
9692317451	What messes with circadian rhythm?	artificial light	118
9692317452	The whole sleep cycle lasts how long?	90 minutes	119
9692317453	sleep stages	relaxed stage (alpha waves) stage 1 (early sleep) (hallucinations) stage 2 (sleep spindles - bursts of activity) (sleep talk) stage 3 (transition phase) (delta waves) stage 4 (delta waves) (sleepwalk/talk + wet the bed) stage 5 (REM) (sensory-rich dreams) (paradoxical sleep)	120
9692317454	purpose of sleep	1. recuperation - repair neurons and allow unused neural connections to wither 2. making memories 3. body growth (children sleep more)	121
9692317455	insomnia	can't sleep	122
9692317456	narcolepsy	fall asleep anywhere at anytime	123
9692317457	sleep apnea	stop breathing in sleep	124
9692317458	night terrors	prevalent in children	125
9692317459	sleepwalking/sleeptalking	hereditary - prevalent in children	126
9692317460	dreaming (3)	1. vivid bizarre intense sensory experiences 2. carry fear/survival issues - vestiges of ancestors' survival ideas 2. replay previous day's experiences/worries	127
9692317461	purpose of dreaming (5 THEORIES)	1. physiological function - develop/preserve neural pathways 2. Freud's wish-fulfillment (manifest/latent content) 3. activation synthesis - make sense of stimulation originating in brain 4. information processing 5. cognitive development - reflective of intelligence	128
9692317462	1. Can hypnosis bring you back in time? 2. Can hypnosis make you do things you wouldn't normally do? 3. Can it alleviate pain? 4. What state are you in during hypnosis? 5. Who is more susceptible?	1. cannot take you back in time 2. cannot make you do things you won't do 3. can alleviate pain 4. fully conscious ((IMAGINATIVE PEOPLE MORE SUSCEPTIBLE))	129
9692317463	depressants	slows neural pathways	130
9692317464	alcohol	((depressant)) disrupts memory formation (REM) lowers inhibition expectancy effect	131
9692317465	barbituates (tranquilizers)	((depressant)) reduce anxiety	132
9692317466	opiates	((depressant)) pleasure reduce anxiety/pain	133
9692317467	stimulants	hypes neural processing	134
9692317468	methamphetamine	((stimulant)) heightens energy euphoria affects dopamine	135
9692317469	caffeine	((stimulant))	136
9692317470	nicotine	((stimulant)) CNS releases neurotransmitters calm anxiety reduce pain affects (nor)epinephrine and dopamine	137
9692317471	cocaine	((stimulant)) euphoria affects dopamine, serotonin, and norepinephrine	138
9692317472	hallucinogen	excites neural activity	139
9692317473	ecstasy	((hallucinogen)) reuptake is blocked affects dopamine and serotonin	140
9692317474	LSD	((hallucinogen)) affects sensory/emotional "trip" (+/-) affects serotonin	141
9692317475	marijuana	((hallucinogen)) amplify sensory experience disrupts memory formation	142
9692317476	learning	organism changing behavior due to experience (association of events)	143
9692317477	types of learning	classical operant observational	144
9692317478	famous classical psychologists	Pavlov and Watson	145
9692317479	famous operant psychologist	Skinner	146
9692317480	famous observational psychologists	Bandura	147
9692317481	classical conditioning	outside stimulus	148
9692317482	Pavlov's experiment	Step 1: US (food) -> UR (salivation) Step 2: NS (bell) -> US (food) -> UR (salivation) Later... CS (bell) -> CR (salivation)	149
9692317483	Watson's experiment	white rat was given to Little Albert Step 1: US (noise) -> UR (cry) Step 2: NS (rat) -> US (noise) -> UR (cry) Later... CS (rat) -> CR (cry)	150
9692317484	generalization	any small, white fluffy creature will make Albert cry now	151
9692317485	discriminate	any large, white fluffy creature won't make Albert cry	152
9692317486	extinction	stop "treating" with conditioned response	153
9692317487	spontaneous recovery	bring stimulus back after a while	154
9692317488	operant conditioning	control by organism	155
9692317489	Skinner's experiment	operant chamber / Skinner box (lead to shaping)	156
9692317490	shaping	get animal closer to doing what you want them to do	157
9692317491	reinforcers	want to continue behavior (positive reinforcement: give money to do laundry) (negative reinforcement: do to avoid nagging)	158
9692317492	punishments	want to stop behavior (positive reinforcement: smack) (negative reinforcement: take away phone)	159
9692317493	fixed ratio	happens a certain number of times (Starbucks punch card)	160
9692317494	variable ratio	happens an unpredictable number of times (winning the lottery)	161
9692317495	organism must do these (2 times)	fixed ratio and variable ratio	162
9692317496	fixed interval	happens at a certain time (mailman comes to the house at 10:00 AM)	163
9692317497	variable interval	happens at any time (receive texts from friends)	164
9692317498	these things happen regardless (2 times)	fixed interval and variable interval	165
9692317499	Which (fixed/variable) conditions better?	variable	166
9692317500	criticisms of Skinner	doesn't take into account intrinsic motivation	167
9692317501	intrinsic motivation	doing something for yourself, not the reward	168
9692317502	extrinsic motivation	doing something for reward	169
9692317503	Skinner's legacy	use it personally, at school, and at work	170
9692317504	famous observational experiment	Bandura's Bobo doll	171
9692317505	famous observational psychologist	Bandura	172
9692317506	mirror neurons	"feel" what is observed happens in higher order animals	173
9692317507	Bobo doll experiment legacy	violent video games/movies desensitize us see good: do good see evil: do evil	174
9692317508	observational learning	biological behaviors work best	175
9692317509	habituation	get used to it -> stop reacting	176
9692317510	examples for observational learning	lectures and reading	177
9692317511	serotonin involved with memory	speeds the connection between neurons	178
9692317512	LTP	((long-term potentiation)) strengthens potential neural forming (associated with speed)	179
9692317513	CREB	protein that can switch genes on/off with memory and connection of memories	180
9692317514	glutamate involved with memory	neurotransmitter that enhances LTP	181
9692317515	glucose involved with memory	released during strong emotions ((signaling important event to be remembered))	182
9692317516	flashbulb memory	type of memory remembered because it was an important/quick moment	183
9692317517	amygdala (memory)	boosts activity of proteins in memory-forming areas to fight/flight	184
9692317518	cerebellum (memory)	forms and stores implicit memories ((classical conditioning))	185
9692317519	hippocampus (memory)	active during sleep (forming memories) ((information "moves" after 48 hours))	186
9692317520	memory	learning over time contains information that can be retrieved	187
9692317521	processing stages	encoding -> storage -> retrieval	188
9692317522	encoding	information going in	189
9692317523	storage	keeping information in	190
9692317524	retrieval	taking information out	191
9692317525	How long is sensory memory stored?	seconds	192
9692317526	How long is short-term memory stored?	less than a minute	193
9692317527	How many bits of information is stored in short-term memory?	7	194
9692317528	How many chunks of information is stored in short-term memory?	4	195
9692317529	How many seconds of words is stored in short-term memory?	2	196
9692317530	short term memory goes to ______________	working memory	197
9692317531	working memory	make a connection and process information to mean something	198
9692317532	working memory goes to _________________	long-term memory	199
9692317533	How much is stored in long-term memory?	LIMITLESS	200
9692317534	implicit memory	naturally do	201
9692317535	explicit memory	need to explain	202
9692317536	automatic processing	space, time, frequency, well-learned information	203
9692317537	effortful processing	processing that requires effort	204
9692317538	spacing effect	spread out learning over time	205
9692317539	serial position effect	primary/recency effect	206
9692317540	primary effect	remember the first things in a list	207
9692317541	recency effect	remember the last things in a list	208
9692317542	effortful processing (4 things)	1. recency effect 2. spacing effect 3. testing effect 4. serial position effect	209
9692317543	semantic encoding (1) meaning (2) how to	make meaning out of something --- chunk, hierarchy, or connect to you	210
9692317544	if we can't remember a memory...	1. change memory to suit us 2. fill in the blanks with logical story	211
9692317545	misinformation effect	not correct information	212
9692317546	imagination inflation	imagine or visualize something that isn't real	213
9692317547	source amnesia	what is the truth? (is it a dream, story, memory, etc.?)	214
9692317548	priming	association (setting you up)	215
9692317549	context	environment helps with memory	216
9692317550	state-dependency	you may remember something if you go back to the state you were in (go back to high)	217
9692317551	mood-congruency	emotion will bring back similar emotional memories	218
9692317552	forgetting curve	forget after 5 days forget after 5 years	219
9692317553	the forgetting curve was created by	Ebbinghaus	220
9692317554	proactive interference	old information interferes with the new	221
9692317555	retroactive interference	new information interferes with the old	222
9692317556	children can't remember before age __	3	223
9692317557	Loftus	connected to abuse cases/childhood	224
9692317558	prototypes	generalize	225
9692317559	problem-solving (4)	trial + error algorithms heuristic (representative + availability) insight - "AHA!"	226
9692317560	against problem-solving	fixation	227
9692317561	mental set	what has worked in the past	228
9692317562	functional fixedness	only way to do this is with this	229
9692317563	Chomsky (nature or nurture?)	"born with language" (nature)	230
9692317564	Skinner (nature or nurture?)	language is learned (nurture)	231
9692317565	grammar is _________	universal	232
9692317566	phonemes	smallest sound unit	233
9692317567	morphemes	smallest meaning unit	234

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AP Biology - Meiosis Flashcards

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8196922046	chromatin	during interphase, the DNA is found in this form	0
8196922047	cytokinesis	the act of splitting newly formed cells	1
8196922048	cell plate	a type of cytokinesis found in plant cells	2
8196922049	cleavage furrow	a type of cytokinesis found in animal cells	3
8196922050	asexual reproduction	a type of reproduction that is similar to cloning, all organisms have identical DNA	4
8196922051	meiosis	cell division process that occurs to produce gametes, results in four different haploid cells	5
8196922052	different	in meiosis, the DNA in each of the gametes is __________________	6
8196922053	sperm	the type of gamete found in males	7
8196922054	eggs	the type of gamete found in females	8
8196922055	ovaries	meiosis occurs in this organ in females	9
8196922056	testes	meiosis occurs in this organ in males	10
8196922057	prophase I	the phase in meiosis where the chromatin condenses into chromosomes and forms homologous pairs.	11
8196922058	prophase I	the phase in meiosis where crossing over occurs	12
8196922059	crossing over	the exchange of genetic material between non sister chromatids of homologous chromosomes	13
8196922060	non sister chromatids	crossing over occurs between these	14
8196922061	metaphase I	the phase in meiosis where homologous chromosomes line up in the middle of the cell	15
8196922062	independent assortment	the phenomenon where homologous chromosomes align along the metaphase plate independently of one another	16
8196922063	anaphase I	the phase in meiosis where homologous chromosomes are pulled to opposite sides	17
8196922064	telophase I	the phase in meiosis where two new haploid nuclei are formed	18
8196922065	metaphase I	the phase in meiosis where independent assortment occurs	19
8196922066	diploid	two sets of chromosomes	20
8196922067	haploid	one set of chromosomes	21
8196922068	prophase II	the phase in meiosis were the chromatin condenses into chromosomes	22
8196922069	metaphase II	the phase in meiosis where the chromosomes line up in the center of the cell	23
8196922070	anaphase II	the phase in meiosis where the chromosomes are split into chromatids	24
8196922071	telophase II	the phase in meiosis where two new nuclei are formed, resulting in four haploid cells	25
8196922072	s phase	the phase of interphase where the DNA is duplicated	26
8196922073	g1 phase	the phase of interphase where the cell grows	27
8196922074	g2 phase	the phase of interphase where the cell continues to grow and correct errors in DNA replication	28
8196922075	zygote	a fertilized egg, it is diploid	29
8196922076	budding	a type of asexual reproduction performed in yeast where a new identical organism buds off an anatomical point of the original organism	30
8196922077	fertilization	the joining of an egg and a sperm	31
8196922080	nondisjunction	occurs in anaphase 1, when a homologous chromosome fails to separate, or in anaphse 2, when a chromosome fails to separate	32
8196922081	down syndrome	trisomy 21, a child is born with mental retardation and elfish features	33

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midterm exam AP PSYCH Flashcards

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7911020826	frontal lobe	the portion of the cerebral cortex lying just behind the forehead; involved in speaking and muscle movements and in making plans and judgements	0
7911033505	parietal lobe	the portion of the cerebral cortex lying at the top of the head and toward the rear; receives sensory input for touch and body postion	1
7911053171	occipital lobe	the portion of the cerebral cortex lying at the back of the head; include the visual areas, which receive visual information from the opposite field	2
7911065363	temporal lobe	the portion of the cerebral cortex lying roughly above the ears; includes the auditory areas, each of which receives auditory information from the opposite ear	3
7911088289	alpha waves	the relatively slow brainwaves of relaxed, awake state	4
7911098043	amygdala	two lima bean sized neural clusters that are components of the limbic system and are linked to emotion	5
7911110165	aphasia	impairment of language, usually caused by left hemisphere damage either to Broca's area (impairing speaking) or to Wernicke's area (impairing understanding)	6
7911128795	authoritative parenting	parents set limits and enforce rules but are flexible and listen to their children	7
7911137893	authoritarian parenting	style of parenting marked by emotional coldness, imposing rules and expecting obedience	8
7911144188	behaviour genetics	the study of the relative power and limits of genetic and environmental influences on behaviour	9
7911154102	Broca's Area	controls language and expression - an area of the frontal lobe, usually in the left hemisphere, that directs the muscle movement and speech	10
7911165029	Wernicke's Area	controls language reception - a brain area involved in language comprehension and expression; usually in the left temporal lobe	11
7911183728	cerebellum	the "little brain" attached to the rear of the brainstem; its functions include processing sensory input and coordinating movement output balance	12
7911200227	classical conditioning	a type of learning in which an organism comes to associate stimuli. A neutral stimulus that signals an unconditioned stimulus (US) begins to produce a response that anticipates and prepares for the unconditioned stimulus	13
7911250392	cones	retinal cells that are concentrated near the centre of the retina and that function in daylight or in well-lit conditions. the cones detect fine detail and give rise to colour sensations	14
7911274311	crystallised intelligence	one's accumulated knowledge and verbal skill; tends to INCREASE wit age	15
7911287299	delta wave	the large, slow brainwaves associated with deep sleep	16
7911298390	depth perception	the ability to see objects in three dimensions although the images that strike the retina are two dimensional; allows us to judge distance	17
7911309313	endorphins	"morphine within" - natural opiatelike neurotransmitters linked to pain control and to pleasure	18
7911323751	fluid intelligence	one's ability to to reason speedily and abstractly; tends to DECREASE during late adulthood	19
7911343140	freud's wish fulfilment ****	dreams are attempts by the unconscious to resolve some repressed conflict	20
7911365299	garcia and koellings study ****	taste aversion	21
7911383652	proximity	we group nearby figures together	22
7911399458	similarity	the tendency to perceive things that look similar to each other as being part of the same group	23
7911416962	continuation	elements that appear to flow or follow in the same direction are grouped together	24
7911427594	closure	the tendency to complete figures that are incomplete	25
7911430022	figure and ground	organization of the visual field into objects that stand out from their surroundings	26
7911435429	gestalt principles		27
7911443624	hippocampus	a neural center located in the limbic system that helps process EXPLICIT memories for storage	28
7911455975	hypothalamus	a neural structure lying below the thalamus; it directs several maintenance activities (eating, drinking, body temperature) helps govern the endorphins system via the pituitary gland, and is linked to emotion	29
7911477664	interposition	a monocular depth cue in which one object partly covering another is assumed to be closer in distance	30
7911492791	kinesthesis	the system for sensing the position and movement of individual body parts	31
7911503564	melatonin	a hormone manufactured by the pineal gland that produces sleepiness	32
7911525641	case studies	an observation technique in which one person is studied in depth in the hope of revealing universal principles	33
7911542181	survey	a technique for ascertaining the self-reported attitudes or behaviours of people, usually by questioning a representative, random sample of them	34
7911559687	naturalistic observation	observing and recording behaviour in naturally occurring situations without trying to manipulate and control the situation	35
7911572635	experiment	a research method in which an investigator manipulates on or more factors (independent variable) to observe the effect on some behaviour or mental process (dependent variable)	36
7911598503	myelin sheath	a layer of fatty tissue segmentally encasing the fibres of many neurons; enables vastly greater transmission speed of neural impulses as the impulse hops from one node to the next	37
7911622870	natural selection	the principle that, among the range of inherited trait variations, those that lead to increased reproduction and survival will most likely be passed to succeeding generations	38
7911635392	nature vs. nurture	extent to which the origins of personality are in biology or the environment	39
7911643277	CNS	abbreviation for central nervous system, which is made up of the brain and spinal cord	40
7911646214	PNS	sensory and motor neurons that connect the CNS to the rest of the body peripheral nervous system - somatic nervous system (voluntary movements) - autonomic (controls self-regulated action of internal organs and glands) - sympathetic (arousing, stops digestion, releases adrenaline, fight or flight) - parasympathetic (calming, starts digestion - rest and digest)	41
7911673180	operant conditioning	a type of learning in which behaviour is strengthened if followed by a reinforcer or diminished if followed by a punisher	42
7911685528	perceptual set	a mental predisposition to perceive one thing and not another	43
7911696105	permissive parenting	style of parenting in which parents offer warmth and caring but little control over their children	44
7911701410	concrete opperational	7-11 years - PIAGET - thinking logically about CONCRETE events; grasping concrete analogies and performing arithmetical operations - conservation - math magical transformations	45
7911734188	formal operational	12 through adulthood - PIAGET - abstract reasoning - abstract logic - potential for mature moral reasoning	46
7911740023	sensorimotor	birth to 2 years - experiencing the world through SENSES and actions (looking, touching, grasping, mouthing) - object permanence - stranger anxiety	47
7911754394	pre-operational	in which children reason intuitively, not logically 2-7 years - egocentrism	48
7911774245	plasticity	the brains capacity for modification, as evident in brain reorganisation following damage (esp. in children) and in experiments on the effects of experience on brain development	49
7911794081	priming	the activation, often unconsciously, of certain associations, thus predisposing one's perception, memory, or response	50
7911806380	proactive interference	the disruptive effect of OLD learning on the recall of NEW information	51
7911812101	retroactive interference	the disruptive effect of NEW learning on the recall of OLD information	52
7911816978	prosopagnosia	inability to recognize or perceive faces	53
7911825219	psychokinesis	production of motion, especially in inanimate objects that are remote, by means of psychic power	54
7911833969	recognition	a measure of memory in which the person need only identify items previously learned, as on a multiple choice test	55
7911843907	REM	rapid eye movement sleep, a recurring sleep stage during which vivid dreams commonly occur	56
7911853258	NREM	Non-rapid eye movement sleep; encompasses all sleep stages except for REM sleep`	57
7911861715	retinal disparity	a binocular cue for perceiving depth: by comparing images from the two eyeballs, the brain computes distance - the greater the disparity between the two images, the closer the object	58
7911884766	retrieval	the process of getting information out of memory storage	59
7911891346	rods	retinal receptors that detect black, white, and grey; necessary for peripheral and twilight vision, when cones don't respond	60
7911904588	secure attachment	Play/explore when mother present upset when she leaves calmed when she returns	61
7911912244	insecure attachment	infants are wary of exploring the environment and resist they cling to the mother or caregiver	62
7911926365	selective attention	the focussing of conscious awareness on a particular stimulus, as in the cocktail party effect	63
7911936377	sleep spindles	short bursts of brain waves detected in stage 2 sleep	64
7911943960	spontaneous recovery	the reappearance after, after a pause, of an extinguished conditioned response	65
7911951794	temperament	a person's characteristic emotion;l reactivity and intensity	66
7911960759	thalamus	the brain's sensory switchboard, located on the top of the brainstem; it directs messages to the sensory receiving areas in the cortex and transmits replies to the cerebellum and medulla	67
7911975047	vestibular sense	the sense of body movement and position, including the sense of balance	68

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AP Macro Final Review Flashcards

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6941491907	medium of exchange	usable for buying and selling goods and services.	0
6941493005	transaction demand	demand for money as a medium of exchange.	1
6941493006	monetary policy	Deliberate changes in the money supply by the Fed to influence interest rates and thus the total level of spending in the economy.	2
6941494553	commodity money	commodity that has intrinsic value	3
6941494554	asset demand	demand for money as a store of value.	4
6941496150	reserve ratio	amount commercial banks must keep on hand and not lend out.	5
6941496151	fiat money	anything that is money because the government has decreed it to be money.	6
6941497072	FOMC	the 12-member group that determines the purchase and sale policies of the Federal Reserve Banks in the market for U.S. government securities.	7
6941497073	tight money	policy of increasing interest rates to reduce borrowing and spending, which will decrease expansion of aggregate demand and hold down price-level increases.	8
6941498071	easy money	policy of lowering interest rates by the Fed to increase aggregate demand and expand read GDP.	9
6941498072	Board of Governors	seven-member group that supervises and controls the money and banking system of the U.S.	10
6941499140	demand deposits	financial account with funds that can be withdrawn at any time; same as a checking account.	11
6941500220	intrinsic value	the market value of the metal within a coin.	12
6941500221	time deposits	an interest-earning deposit in a bank.	13
6941501816	excess reserves	the amount by which a bank's actual reserves exceed its required reserves.	14
6941501817	federal funds rate	the interest rate banks charge one another on overnight loans made out of their excess reserves.	15
6941503176	legal tender	means that paper money is a vaild and legal means of payment of any debt that was contracted in dollars.	16
6941504437	classical theory	argument that the economy would automatically self-adjust after deviations from the norm occur and return to full-employment levels.	17
6941504438	Keynesian theory	argument that government should play an active role stabilizing the economy.	18
6941505474	productivity	a measure of average output per unit of input.	19
6941505475	efficiency wages	wage that minimizes wage costs per unit of output by encouraging greater effort or reducing turnover.	20
6941506738	budget surplus	amount by which the revenues of the Federal government exceed its expenditures in any year.	21
6941506739	budget deficit	amount by which the expenditures of the Federal government exceed its revenues in any year.	22
6941507769	crowding out effect	rise in interest rates caused by the Federal government's increased borrowing to finance budget deficits.	23
6941507770	recessionary gap	the amount the aggregate demand must shift upward to increase the GDP to its full-employment level.	24
6941509015	inflationary gap	the amount the aggregate demand must shift downward to decrease the GDP to its full-employment level.	25
6941510341	contractionary fiscal policy	a decrease in government spending, an increase in net taxes, or some combination of the two, for the purpose of decreasing aggregate demand and thus controlling inflation.	26
6941511672	expansionary fiscal policy	in increase in government spending, a decrease in net taxes, or some combination of the two, for the purpose of increasing aggregate demand and thus expanding real output.	27
6941511673	normal good	products whose demand varies directly with money income.	28
6941512598	inferior good	products whose demand varies inversely with money income.	29
6941513572	substitution effect	at a lower price, buyers have the incentive to substitute what is now a less expensive product for other products that are now relatively more expensive.	30
6941514968	law of diminishing marginal utility	in any specific time period, a buyer of a product will derive less satisfaction from each successive unit of the product consumed.	31
6941516012	substitute good	good that can be used in place of another good.	32
6941516013	complementary good	good that is used together with another good.	33
6941517339	income effect	a lower price increases the purchasing power of a buyer's income.	34
6941517340	absolute advantage	can produce more output of that product from any given amount of resource inputs than can any other producer.	35
6941518695	comparative advantage	can produce the product at a lower opportunity cost than another producer.	36
6941518696	specialization	using the resources of an individual, firm, region, or nation to produce one or a few goods or services rather than the entire range of goods and services.	37
6941520178	product market	place where goods and services produced by businesses are bought and sold.	38
6941520179	resource market	place in which households sell their resources to businesses.	39
6941521497	land	natural resources used in the production process.	40
6941521498	labor	physical actions and mental activities that people contribute to the production of goods and services.	41
6941521499	capital	all manufactured aids used in producing consumer goods and services.	42
6941522547	entrepreneurial ability	the human resource that takes the initiative in combining the resources of land, labor, and capital to produce a good or service.	43
6941522548	economics	social science concerned with how individuals, institutions, and society make optimal choices under conditions of scarcity.	44
6941524855	surplus	excess supply	45
6941524856	shortage	excess demand	46
6941525735	market system	economic system characterized by the private ownership of resources.	47
6941525736	command system	economic system characterized by government ownership of resources.	48
6941526713	equilibrium	neither a shortage or a surpus	49

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AP Gov Ch. 10 Flashcards

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8924880432	ad hoc	Several subordinates, cabinet officers and committees report directly to the president on different matters.	0
8924880433	ambassadors	a diplomat sent from another country in an effort to make peace or continue peace	1
8924880434	bully pulpit	A public office or position of authority that provides its occupant with an outstanding opportunity to speak out on any issue. (Media in the case of the president)	2
8924880435	Cabinet	A body of persons appointed by a head of state or a prime minister to head the executive departments of the government and to act as official advisers.	3
8924880436	chief of staff	The person who is named to direct the White House Office and advise the president.	4
8924880437	circular system	Several of the president's assistants report directly to him. The circular method has the virtue of giving the president a great deal of information, but at the price of confusion and conflict among cabinet secretaries and assistants.	5
8924880438	Clinton v. City of New York (1998)	struck down the Line-Item Veto Act and prevented the president from using a line-item veto	6
8924880439	Cold War	a period of time in which America and Russia were hostile and competed without actually being in a war	7
8924880440	commander in chief	The role of the president as supreme commander of the military forces of the United States and of the National Guard units when they are called into federal service.	8
8924880441	electors	people entrusted to vote for the president of the United States	9
8924880442	executive agreement	resembles a treaty but isn't, depends on the willingness to keep peace between both countries	10
8924880443	Executive Office of the President	Has responsibility for tasks ranging from communicating the President's message to the American people to promoting our trade interests abroad Overseen by the White House Chief of Staff, has traditionally been home to many of the President's closest advisers.	11
8924880444	executive order	A rule or order issued by the president to an executive branch of the government and having the force of law.	12
8924880445	executive privilege	The privilege, claimed by the president for the executive branch of the US government, of withholding information in the public interest	13
8924880446	honeymoon period	first days after a president is sworn in	14
8924880447	Humphrey's Executor v. United States (1935)	Court ruled that FTC Act was constitutional and that the firing of a bureaucratic executive based on party affiliation was unjust	15
8924880448	impeachment	To charge (a public official) with improper conduct in office before a proper tribunal	16
8924880449	imperial presidency	used to describe a president who acts without consulting Congress or acts in secrecy to evade or deceive Congress	17
8924880450	inherent powers	powers given to the president in the Constitution	18
8924880451	lame duck period	begins after selection of new president but before the old one leaves	19
8924880452	line-item veto	The power of an executive to veto individual lines or items within a piece of legislation without vetoing the entire bill.	20
8924880453	Line-Item Veto Act (1996)	allowed the president to utilize the line-item veto	21
8924880454	Myers v. United States (1926)	President has the exclusive power to remove executive branch officials, and does not need the approval of the Senate or any other legislative body.	22
8924880455	National Security Council	The President's principal forum for considering national security and foreign policy matters with his senior national security advisors and cabinet officials.	23
8924880456	Office of Management and Budget	The Office of Management and Budget (OMB), is an agency of the federal government that evaluates, formulates, and coordinates management procedures and program objectives within and among departments and agencies of the Executive Branch.	24
8924880457	pocket veto	A special veto power exercised by the chief executive after a legislative body has adjourned. Bills not signed by the chief executive die after a specified period of time. If Congress wishes to reconsider a bill, it must be reintroduced in the following session of Congress.	25
8924880458	Presidential Succession Act (1947)	allowed for the speaker of the house to take over as president if there is no vice president	26
8924880459	pyramid system	A method of organizing a president's staff in which most presidential assistants report through a hierarchy to the president's chief of staff	27
8924880460	recess appointments	when a person is chosen by the president to fill a position, such as ambassadorship or head of the department, while the senate is not in session, thereby bypassing senate approval. unless approved by a subsequent senate vote, recess appointees serve only to the end of the congressional term	28
8924880461	signing statements	explanation of their interpretation of a particular bill	29
8924880462	State of the Union	yearly address given to Congress each January by the president	30
8924880463	stewardship theory	assumed that presidential powers were only limited by what was said in the Constitution	31
8924880464	Tonkin Gulf Resolution	a joint resolution of the U.S. Congress passed on August 7, 1964 in direct response to a minor naval engagement known as the Gulf of Tonkin Incident. It is of historical significance because it gave U.S. President Lyndon B. Johnson authorization, without a formal declaration of war by Congress, for the use of military force in Southeast Asia.	32
8924880465	12th Amendment	each elector gets one vote for and one vote for vice president	33
8924880466	20th Amendment	moved inauguration date to January 20 from March 4	34
8924880467	22nd Amendment	prevents any president from serving more than 2 terms	35
8924880468	23rd Amendment	allowed for electors for D.C.	36
8924880469	25th Amendment	An amendment to the Constitution adopted in 1967 that establishes procedures for filling vacancies in the two top executive offices and that makes provisions for situations involving presidential disability.	37
8924880470	United States v. Nixon (1974)	Ruled executive privilege unconstitutional except in cases of secret foreign and military affairs.	38
8924880471	veto	The Constitutional power of the president to send a bill back to Congress with reasons for rejecting it. A 2/3 vote in each house can override a veto.	39
8924880472	War Powers Act (1973)	a federal law introduced to check the power of the President in committing the U.S. to an armed conflict without the consent of Congress	40
8924880473	White House Staff	Personnel who run the White House and advise the President. Includes the Chief of Staff and Press Secretary	41