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AP Government Bureaucracy Flashcards

Review Questions

8740472563	appropriation	A legislative grant of money to finance a government program or agency	0
8740472564	authorization legislation	legislative permission to begin or continue a government program or agency	1
8740472565	bureaucracy	A large, complex organization composed of appointed officials	2
8740472566	committee clearance	the ability of a congressional committee to review and approve certain agency decisions in advance and without passing a law	3
8740472567	competitive service	the government offices to which people are appointed on the basis of merit, as ascertained by a written exam or by applying certain selection criteria	4
8740472568	discretionary authority	the extent to which appointed bureaucrats can choose coarses of action and make policies that are not spelled out in advance by laws	5
8740472569	government by proxy	Washington pays state and local governments and private groups to staff and administer federal programs	6
8740472570	iron triangle	A close relationship between an agency, a congressional committee, and an interest group	7
8740472571	issue network	A policy-making alliance among loosely connected participants that comes together on a particular issue, then disbands.	8
8740472572	laissez-faire	Hands off. No government intervention in business.	9
8740472573	legislative veto	The authority of Congress to block a presidential action after it has taken place. The Supreme Court has held that Congress does not have this power	10
8740472574	red tape	Complex bureaucratic rules and procedures that must be followed to get something done	11
8740472575	trust funds	Funds for government programs that are collected and spent outside the regular government budget	12

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AP Human Geography: Development Flashcards

AP Human Geography

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9189318186	Development	A process of improvement in the material conditions of people through diffusion of knowledge and technology	0
9189318187	Fair trade	Alternative to international trade that emphasizes small businesses and worker owned and democratically run cooperatives and requires employers to pay workers fair wages, permit union organizing, and comply with minimum environmental and safety standards.	1
9189318188	Foreign direct investment (FDI)	Investment made by a foreign company in the economy of another country	2
9189318189	Gender Empowerment Measure (GEM)	Compares the ability of women and men to participate in economic and political decision making.	3
9189318190	Gender-Related Development Index (GDI)	Compares the level of development of women with that of both sexes.	4
9189318191	Gross domestic product (GDP)	The value of the total output of goods and services produced in a country in a given time period (normally 1 year).	5
9189318192	Human Development Index (HDI)	Indicator of level of development for each country, constructed by United Nations, combining income, literacy, education, and life expectancy.	6
9189318193	Less Developed Country (LDC)	A country that is at a relatively early stage in the process of economic development.	7
9189318194	Literacy Rate	The percentage of a country's people who can read and write.	8
9189318195	Millennium Development Goals	Eight international development goals that all members of the United Nations have agreed to achieve by 2015	9
9189318196	More Developed Country (MDC)	A country that has progressed relatively far along a continuum of development.	10
9189318197	Primary sector	The portion of the economy concerned with the direct extraction of materials from Earth's surface, generally through agriculture, although sometimes by mining, fishing, and forestry.	11
9189318198	Productivity	The value of a particular product compared to the amount of labor needed to make it.	12
9189318199	Secondary sector	The portion of the economy concerned with manufacturing useful products through processing, transforming, and assembling raw materials.	13
9189318200	Structural adjustment program	Economic policies imposed on less developed countries by international agencies to create conditions encouraging international trade, such as raising taxes, reducing government spending, controlling inflation, selling publicly owned utilities to private corporations, and charging citizens more for services.	14
9189318201	Tertiary sector	The portion of the economy concerned with transportation, communications, and utilities, sometimes extended to the provision of all goods and services to people in exchange for payment.	15
9189318202	Transnational corporation	A company that conducts research, operates factories, and sells products in many countries, not just where its headquarters or shareholders are located.	16
9189318203	Value added	the gross value of the product minus the costs of raw materials and energy.	17

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AP Psychology AP Review Flashcards

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9758412318	psychology	the study of behavior and mental processes	0
9758412319	psychology's biggest question	Which is more important in determining behavior, nature or nurture?	1
9758412320	psychology's three levels of analysis	biopsychosocial approach (looks at the biological, psychological, and social-cultural approaches together)	2
9758412321	biological approach	genetics, close-relatives, body functions	3
9758412322	evolutionary approach	species - helped with survival (ancestors)	4
9758412323	psychodynamic approach	(Freud) subconscious, repressed feelings, unfulfilled wishes	5
9758412324	behavioral approach	learning (classical and operant) observed	6
9758412325	cognitive approach	thinking affects behavior	7
9758412326	humanistic approach	becoming a better human (behavior, acceptance)	8
9758412327	social-cultural approach	cultural, family, environment	9
9758412328	two reasons of why experiments are important	hindsight bias + overconfidence	10
9758412329	types of research methods	descriptive, correlational, and experimental	11
9758412330	descriptive methods	case study survey naturalistic observation (DON'T SHOW CAUSE/EFFECT)	12
9758412331	case study	studies one person in depth may not be typical of population	13
9758412332	survey	studies lots of people not in depth	14
9758412333	naturalistic observation	observe + write facts without interference	15
9758412334	correlational method	shows relation, but not cause/effect scatterplots show research	16
9758412335	correlation coefficient	+ 1.0 (both increase) 0 (no correlation - 1.0 (one increases, other decreases)	17
9758412336	experimental method	does show cause and effect	18
9758412337	population	type of people who are going to be used in experiment	19
9758412338	sample	actual people who will be used (randomness reduces bias)	20
9758412339	random assignment	chance selection between experimental and control groups	21
9758412340	control group	not receiving experimental treatment receives placebo	22
9758412341	experimental group	receiving treatment/drug	23
9758412342	independent variable	drug/procedure/treatment	24
9758412343	dependent variable	outcome of using the drug/treatment	25
9758412344	confounding variable	can affect dependent variable beyond experiment's control	26
9758412345	scientific method	theory hypothesis operational definition revision	27
9758412346	theory	general idea being tested	28
9758412347	hypothesis	measurable/specific	29
9758412348	operational definition	procedures that explain components	30
9758412349	mode	appears the most	31
9758412350	mean	average	32
9758412351	median	middle	33
9758412352	range	highest - lowest	34
9758412353	standard deviation	how scores vary around the mean	35
9758412354	central tendency	single score that represents the whole	36
9758412355	bell curve	(natural curve)	37
9758412356	ethics of testing on animals	need to be treated humanly basically similar to humans	38
9758412357	ethics of testing on humans	consent debriefing no unnecessary discomfort/pain confidentiality	39
9758412358	sensory neurons	travel from sensory receptors to brain	40
9758412359	motor neurons	travel from brain to "motor" workings	41
9758412360	interneurons	(in brain and spinal cord) connecting motor and sensory neurons	42
9758412552	neuron		43
9758412361	dendrites	receive messages from other neurons	44
9758412362	myelin sheath	protects the axon	45
9758412363	axon	where charges travel from cell body to axon terminal	46
9758412364	neurotransmitters	chemical messengers	47
9758412365	reuptake	extra neurotransmitters are taken back	48
9758412366	excitatory charge	"Let's do it!"	49
9758412367	inhibitory charge	"Let's not do it!"	50
9758412368	central nervous system	brain and spinal cord	51
9758412369	peripheral nervous system	somatic nervous system autonomic nervous system	52
9758412370	somatic nervous system	voluntary movements	53
9758412371	autonomic nervous system	involuntary movements (sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems)	54
9758412372	sympathetic nervous system	arousing	55
9758412373	parasympathetic nervous system	calming	56
9758412374	neural networks	more connections form with greater use others fall away if not used	57
9758412375	spinal cord	expressway of information bypasses brain when reflexes involved	58
9758412376	endocrine system	slow uses hormones in the blood system	59
9758412377	master gland	pituitary gland	60
9758412378	brainstem	extension of the spinal cord responsible for automatic survival	61
9758412379	reticular formation (if stimulated)	sleeping subject wakes up	62
9758412380	reticular formation (if damaged)	coma	63
9758412381	brainstem (if severed)	still move (without purpose)	64
9758412382	thalamus	sensory switchboard (does not process smell)	65
9758412383	hypothalamus	basic behaviors (hunger, thirst, sex, blood chemistry)	66
9758412384	cerebellum	nonverbal memory, judge time, balance emotions, coordinate movements	67
9758412385	cerebellum (if damaged)	difficulty walking and coordinating	68
9758412386	amygdala	aggression, fear, and memory associated with these emotions	69
9758412387	amygdala (if lesioned)	subject is mellow	70
9758412388	amygdala (if stimulated)	aggressive	71
9758412389	hippocampus	process new memory	72
9758412390	cerebrum	two large hemispheres perceiving, thinking, and processing	73
9758412391	cerebral cortex	only in higher life forms	74
9758412392	association areas	integrate and interpret information	75
9758412393	glial cells	provide nutrients to myelin sheath marks intelligence higher proportion of glial cells to neurons	76
9758412394	frontal lobe	judgement, personality, processing (Phineas Gage accident)	77
9758412395	parietal lobe	math and spatial reasoning	78
9758412396	temporal lobe	audition and recognizing faces	79
9758412397	occipital lobe	vision	80
9758412398	corpus callosum	split in the brain to stop hyper-communication (eliminate epileptic seizures)	81
9758412399	Wernicke's area	interprets auditory and hearing	82
9758412400	Broca's area	speaking words	83
9758412401	plasticity	ability to adapt if damaged	84
9758412402	sensation	what our senses tell us	85
9758412403	bottom-up processing	senses to brain	86
9758412404	perception	what our brain tells us to do with that information	87
9758412405	top-down processing	brain to senses	88
9758412406	inattentional blindness	fail to "gorilla" because attention is elsewhere	89
9758412407	cocktail party effect	even with tons of stimuli, we are able to pick out our name, etc.	90
9758412408	change blindness	giving directions and person is changed and we don't notice	91
9758412409	choice blindness	when defending the choice we make, we fail to notice choice was changed	92
9758412410	absolute threshold	minimum stimulation needed in order to notice 50% of the time	93
9758412411	signal detection theory	we notice what is more important to us (rather hear a baby crying)	94
9758412412	JND (just noticeable difference)	(Weber's law) difference between different stimuli noticed in proportion	95
9758412413	sensory adaptation	tired of noticing (Brain says, "Been there, done that. Next?"	96
9758412414	rods	night time	97
9758412415	cones	color	98
9758412416	parallel processing	notice color, form, depth, movement, etc.	99
9758412417	Young-Helmholtz trichromatic theory	3 corresponding color receptors (RGB)	100
9758412418	Hering's opponent-process theory	after image in opposite colors (RG, YB, WB)	101
9758412419	trichromatic + opponent-process	Young-Helmholtz -> color stimuli Hering -> en route to cortex	102
9758412420	frequency we hear most	human voice	103
9758412421	Helmoltz (hearing)	we hear different pitches in different places in basilar membrane (high pitches)	104
9758412422	frequency theory	impulse frequency (low pitches)	105
9758412423	Helmholtz + frequency theory	middle pitches	106
9758412424	Skin feels what?	warmth, cold, pressure, pain	107
9758412425	gate-control theory	small fibers - pain large fibers - other senses	108
9758412426	memory of pain	peaks and ends	109
9758412427	smell	close to memory section (not in thalamus)	110
9758412428	grouping	Gestalt make sense of pieces create a whole	111
9758412429	grouping groups	proximity similarity continuity connectedness closure	112
9758412430	make assumptions of placement	higher - farther smaller - farther blocking - closer, in front	113
9758412431	perception =	mood + motivation	114
9758412432	consciousness	awareness of ourselves and the environment	115
9758412433	circadian rhythm	daily biological clock and regular cycle (sleep and awake)	116
9758412434	circadian rhythm pattern	- activated by light - light sensitive retinal proteins signal brains SCN (suprachiasmatic nucleus) - pineal gland decreases melatonin	117
9758412435	What messes with circadian rhythm?	artificial light	118
9758412436	The whole sleep cycle lasts how long?	90 minutes	119
9758412437	sleep stages	relaxed stage (alpha waves) stage 1 (early sleep) (hallucinations) stage 2 (sleep spindles - bursts of activity) (sleep talk) stage 3 (transition phase) (delta waves) stage 4 (delta waves) (sleepwalk/talk + wet the bed) stage 5 (REM) (sensory-rich dreams) (paradoxical sleep)	120
9758412438	purpose of sleep	1. recuperation - repair neurons and allow unused neural connections to wither 2. making memories 3. body growth (children sleep more)	121
9758412439	insomnia	can't sleep	122
9758412440	narcolepsy	fall asleep anywhere at anytime	123
9758412441	sleep apnea	stop breathing in sleep	124
9758412442	night terrors	prevalent in children	125
9758412443	sleepwalking/sleeptalking	hereditary - prevalent in children	126
9758412444	dreaming (3)	1. vivid bizarre intense sensory experiences 2. carry fear/survival issues - vestiges of ancestors' survival ideas 2. replay previous day's experiences/worries	127
9758412445	purpose of dreaming (5 THEORIES)	1. physiological function - develop/preserve neural pathways 2. Freud's wish-fulfillment (manifest/latent content) 3. activation synthesis - make sense of stimulation originating in brain 4. information processing 5. cognitive development - reflective of intelligence	128
9758412446	1. Can hypnosis bring you back in time? 2. Can hypnosis make you do things you wouldn't normally do? 3. Can it alleviate pain? 4. What state are you in during hypnosis? 5. Who is more susceptible?	1. cannot take you back in time 2. cannot make you do things you won't do 3. can alleviate pain 4. fully conscious ((IMAGINATIVE PEOPLE MORE SUSCEPTIBLE))	129
9758412447	depressants	slows neural pathways	130
9758412448	alcohol	((depressant)) disrupts memory formation (REM) lowers inhibition expectancy effect	131
9758412449	barbituates (tranquilizers)	((depressant)) reduce anxiety	132
9758412450	opiates	((depressant)) pleasure reduce anxiety/pain	133
9758412451	stimulants	hypes neural processing	134
9758412452	methamphetamine	((stimulant)) heightens energy euphoria affects dopamine	135
9758412453	caffeine	((stimulant))	136
9758412454	nicotine	((stimulant)) CNS releases neurotransmitters calm anxiety reduce pain affects (nor)epinephrine and dopamine	137
9758412455	cocaine	((stimulant)) euphoria affects dopamine, serotonin, and norepinephrine	138
9758412456	hallucinogen	excites neural activity	139
9758412457	ecstasy	((hallucinogen)) reuptake is blocked affects dopamine and serotonin	140
9758412458	LSD	((hallucinogen)) affects sensory/emotional "trip" (+/-) affects serotonin	141
9758412459	marijuana	((hallucinogen)) amplify sensory experience disrupts memory formation	142
9758412460	learning	organism changing behavior due to experience (association of events)	143
9758412461	types of learning	classical operant observational	144
9758412462	famous classical psychologists	Pavlov and Watson	145
9758412463	famous operant psychologist	Skinner	146
9758412464	famous observational psychologists	Bandura	147
9758412465	classical conditioning	outside stimulus	148
9758412466	Pavlov's experiment	Step 1: US (food) -> UR (salivation) Step 2: NS (bell) -> US (food) -> UR (salivation) Later... CS (bell) -> CR (salivation)	149
9758412467	Watson's experiment	white rat was given to Little Albert Step 1: US (noise) -> UR (cry) Step 2: NS (rat) -> US (noise) -> UR (cry) Later... CS (rat) -> CR (cry)	150
9758412468	generalization	any small, white fluffy creature will make Albert cry now	151
9758412469	discriminate	any large, white fluffy creature won't make Albert cry	152
9758412470	extinction	stop "treating" with conditioned response	153
9758412471	spontaneous recovery	bring stimulus back after a while	154
9758412472	operant conditioning	control by organism	155
9758412473	Skinner's experiment	operant chamber / Skinner box (lead to shaping)	156
9758412474	shaping	get animal closer to doing what you want them to do	157
9758412475	reinforcers	want to continue behavior (positive reinforcement: give money to do laundry) (negative reinforcement: do to avoid nagging)	158
9758412476	punishments	want to stop behavior (positive reinforcement: smack) (negative reinforcement: take away phone)	159
9758412477	fixed ratio	happens a certain number of times (Starbucks punch card)	160
9758412478	variable ratio	happens an unpredictable number of times (winning the lottery)	161
9758412479	organism must do these (2 times)	fixed ratio and variable ratio	162
9758412480	fixed interval	happens at a certain time (mailman comes to the house at 10:00 AM)	163
9758412481	variable interval	happens at any time (receive texts from friends)	164
9758412482	these things happen regardless (2 times)	fixed interval and variable interval	165
9758412483	Which (fixed/variable) conditions better?	variable	166
9758412484	criticisms of Skinner	doesn't take into account intrinsic motivation	167
9758412485	intrinsic motivation	doing something for yourself, not the reward	168
9758412486	extrinsic motivation	doing something for reward	169
9758412487	Skinner's legacy	use it personally, at school, and at work	170
9758412488	famous observational experiment	Bandura's Bobo doll	171
9758412489	famous observational psychologist	Bandura	172
9758412490	mirror neurons	"feel" what is observed happens in higher order animals	173
9758412491	Bobo doll experiment legacy	violent video games/movies desensitize us see good: do good see evil: do evil	174
9758412492	observational learning	biological behaviors work best	175
9758412493	habituation	get used to it -> stop reacting	176
9758412494	examples for observational learning	lectures and reading	177
9758412495	serotonin involved with memory	speeds the connection between neurons	178
9758412496	LTP	((long-term potentiation)) strengthens potential neural forming (associated with speed)	179
9758412497	CREB	protein that can switch genes on/off with memory and connection of memories	180
9758412498	glutamate involved with memory	neurotransmitter that enhances LTP	181
9758412499	glucose involved with memory	released during strong emotions ((signaling important event to be remembered))	182
9758412500	flashbulb memory	type of memory remembered because it was an important/quick moment	183
9758412501	amygdala (memory)	boosts activity of proteins in memory-forming areas to fight/flight	184
9758412502	cerebellum (memory)	forms and stores implicit memories ((classical conditioning))	185
9758412503	hippocampus (memory)	active during sleep (forming memories) ((information "moves" after 48 hours))	186
9758412504	memory	learning over time contains information that can be retrieved	187
9758412505	processing stages	encoding -> storage -> retrieval	188
9758412506	encoding	information going in	189
9758412507	storage	keeping information in	190
9758412508	retrieval	taking information out	191
9758412509	How long is sensory memory stored?	seconds	192
9758412510	How long is short-term memory stored?	less than a minute	193
9758412511	How many bits of information is stored in short-term memory?	7	194
9758412512	How many chunks of information is stored in short-term memory?	4	195
9758412513	How many seconds of words is stored in short-term memory?	2	196
9758412514	short term memory goes to ______________	working memory	197
9758412515	working memory	make a connection and process information to mean something	198
9758412516	working memory goes to _________________	long-term memory	199
9758412517	How much is stored in long-term memory?	LIMITLESS	200
9758412518	implicit memory	naturally do	201
9758412519	explicit memory	need to explain	202
9758412520	automatic processing	space, time, frequency, well-learned information	203
9758412521	effortful processing	processing that requires effort	204
9758412522	spacing effect	spread out learning over time	205
9758412523	serial position effect	primary/recency effect	206
9758412524	primary effect	remember the first things in a list	207
9758412525	recency effect	remember the last things in a list	208
9758412526	effortful processing (4 things)	1. recency effect 2. spacing effect 3. testing effect 4. serial position effect	209
9758412527	semantic encoding (1) meaning (2) how to	make meaning out of something --- chunk, hierarchy, or connect to you	210
9758412528	if we can't remember a memory...	1. change memory to suit us 2. fill in the blanks with logical story	211
9758412529	misinformation effect	not correct information	212
9758412530	imagination inflation	imagine or visualize something that isn't real	213
9758412531	source amnesia	what is the truth? (is it a dream, story, memory, etc.?)	214
9758412532	priming	association (setting you up)	215
9758412533	context	environment helps with memory	216
9758412534	state-dependency	you may remember something if you go back to the state you were in (go back to high)	217
9758412535	mood-congruency	emotion will bring back similar emotional memories	218
9758412536	forgetting curve	forget after 5 days forget after 5 years	219
9758412537	the forgetting curve was created by	Ebbinghaus	220
9758412538	proactive interference	old information interferes with the new	221
9758412539	retroactive interference	new information interferes with the old	222
9758412540	children can't remember before age __	3	223
9758412541	Loftus	connected to abuse cases/childhood	224
9758412542	prototypes	generalize	225
9758412543	problem-solving (4)	trial + error algorithms heuristic (representative + availability) insight - "AHA!"	226
9758412544	against problem-solving	fixation	227
9758412545	mental set	what has worked in the past	228
9758412546	functional fixedness	only way to do this is with this	229
9758412547	Chomsky (nature or nurture?)	"born with language" (nature)	230
9758412548	Skinner (nature or nurture?)	language is learned (nurture)	231
9758412549	grammar is _________	universal	232
9758412550	phonemes	smallest sound unit	233
9758412551	morphemes	smallest meaning unit	234

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AP Vocabulary List 3 Flashcards

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5636153741	avocation	an activity for enjoyment	0
5636153742	callous	not feeling or showing any concern about the problems or suffering of other people	1
5636153743	capricious	changing often or quickly; not logical or reasonable	2
5636155599	disparity	a great difference	3
5636155600	efficacy	the power to produce a desired result or effect	4
5636155601	epistle	formal, elegant letter; any of the letters to the early Christians that are part of the New Testament	5
5636156559	hospice	a place that provides care for people who are dying; a place where travelers can stay	6
5636156560	impetus	a force that causes something to be done or to become more active	7
5636157971	moribund	no longer active or effective; close to failure	8
5636159680	vacillate	to repeatedly change opinions or desires	9

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AP Euro Renaissance, AP Euro Renaissance Flashcards

Ethel wood book

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7295572424	Brunelleschi, Filippo	(1377 - April 15, 1446) was one of the foremost architects and engineers of the Italian Renaissance. He is perhaps most famous for his studies of linear perspective and engineering the dome of the Florence Cathedral.	0
7295572425	Bruni, Leonardo	Florentine who first gave the name humanitas (humanity) to the learning of grammar, rhetoric, poetry, history, politics, and moral philosophy based on the Greek and Latin classics. Wrote about the history of Florence.	1
7295572426	Castiglione, Baldassare	In 1528, he published The Book of the Courtier, which many consider to be the most influential work on education of the Renaissance. The idea of the "Renaissance Man" was described by him to be virtuous, refined, and a student of the liberal arts - perfectly well suited to artistic, written and spiritual pursuits.	2
7295572427	city-states	these trade rich cities of Italy in the 13th and 14th century expanded to become powerful city-states that dominated the political and economic life of the surrounding countryside.Lacked a central control and became independent states. By the 15th century, five states-Milan, Florence, Venice, the Papal States, and the Kingdom of Naples overshadowed the other smaller states and were in fierce competition with one another for economic and political power.	3
7295572428	the Courtier	(1528), by Castiglione, it described the ideal courtier, or attendant at a court, as someone who had mastered the classics and several languages, and who could paint, sing, write poetry, advise and console his prince, as well as run, jump, swim, and wrestle.	4
7295572429	David	18 foot sculpture by Michelangelo that stood for many years in the great square of Florence, and it has been one of the most popular sculptures in the world.	5
7295572430	doge	In Venice during the Renaissance this was the chief executive elected for life by the Senate, a body which represented the nobility.	6
7295572431	Durer, Albrecht	Leading northern artist, a German who blended the northern and southern styles. He made two trips to Venice, where he studied the southern styles, but his work clearly re	7
7295572432	Erasmus, Desiderius	Dutch scholar. Began writing career with dialogues that he prepared for his students. These dialogues were intended to teach them how to speak and live well, and to exhibit good manners worthy of the gentlemen he wanted them to become. Wrote in Praise of Folly. Was a Catholic but his works were placed on the Index of Forbidden Books. Also, wrote about how Christian princes should rule.	8
7295572433	Ferdinand and Isabella	A king and queen of Spain in the late fifteenth and early sixteenth centuries. They united their country and sponsored the exploration of the New World by Christopher Columbus. Reduced the power of the great nobles when they filled the political bureaucracy including the royal council-with hidalgos, lesser aristocrats who owed their positions to the throne.	9
7295572434	Gutenberg, Johann	German goldsmith and printer of Mainz, Germany. Developed movable type (although it had been invented in China and Korea) his printing press printed the bible.	10
7295572435	Humanism	A Renaissance intellectual movement in which thinkers studied classical texts and focused on human potential and achievements.Most new works by Petrarch and Boccaccio were written in the vernacular and expressed the accomplishments of the individual.	11
7295572436	Inquisition	tribunal originally set up to monitor the sincerity of former Muslims and Jews who had converted (often by force) to Christianity.	12
7295572437	Italian Renaissance	..., A period of intense artistic and intellectual activity, said to be a 'rebirth' of Greco-Roman culture. From roughly the mid-fourteenth to mid-fifteenth century followed by this movement spreading into the Northern Europe during 1400-1600	13
7295572438	Machiavelli, Niccolo	(1469-1527) Author of The Prince(16th century): emphasized realistic discussions of how to seize and maintain power; one of the most influential authors of the Italian Renaissance	14
7295572439	Medici, Cosimo de'	Head of Medici family-supported by a few patrician families who helped to banish prominent members of the most powerful rival clans. Very "magnificent."	15
7295572440	Medici Family	A wealthy merchant family that ruled over Florence as uncrowned rulers. Great patrons of the arts. Includes Cosimo and Lorenzo.	16
7295572441	Medici, Lorenzo de'	Politician and promoted the family's power with his extravagant patronage of the arts	17
7295572442	Mona Lisa	A painting by Leonardo da Vinci of a woman with a mysterious smile. It is now of the most readily recognized paintings in the world. Reflects the humanist interest in individual facial expressions and in painting realistic landscapes as backgrounds	18
7295572443	"new monarchs"	The term applied to Louis XI of France, Henry VII of England, and Ferdinand and Isabella of Spain, who strengthened their monarchical authority often by Machiavellian means.Emphasized royal majesty and authority over their subjects, and they suppressed opposition and rebellion. Still continued some middle age practices.	19
7295572444	Papal States	ruled by the pope and formed another important power during Renaissance Italy	20
7295572445	patriarchs , patriarchies	Male heads of the family in 15th century Italy. They arere societies dominated by men	21
7295572446	Petrarch	(1304- 1374) He was the first great humanist thinker and a scholar of Latin. He used writing to consider the ebb and flow of his life and the human condition itself. He is known as the "Father of Humanism". Instrumental in standardizing the Florentine vernacular. Admired Cicero and valued St. Augustine. Also famous for his Italian verse, short sonnets.	22
7295572447	The Prince	A short political treatise about political power how the ruler should gain, maintain, and increase it. Machiavelli explores the problems of human nature and concludes that human beings are selfish and out to advance their own interests. He believed it was better to be feared than loved.	23
7295572448	Raphael	(1483-1520) Italian Renaissance painter; he painted frescos, his most famous being The School of Athens. famous for his madonnas. Died young	24
7295572449	Reconquista	Beginning in the eleventh century, military campaigns by various Iberian Christian states to recapture territory taken by Muslims. In 1492 the last Muslim ruler was defeated, and Spain and Portugal emerged as united kingdoms.	25
7295572450	Renaissance	1. the time period which Europe flourished and the rebirth the love of the classics 2. The great period of rebirth in art, literature, and learning in the 14th-16th centuries, which marked the transition into the modern periods of European history began in Italy	26
7295572451	"Renaissance Man"	multi-talented, skilled in many areas: Arts, Math/Science, Music, Architecture. Example: Leonardo Da Vinci	27
7295572452	republics	in Italy during the Renaissance Italian states were divided into two categories. these were base on the old medieval communes. or associations with free men who sought complete political and economic independence from local nobles	28
7295572453	rhetoric	From the Greek for "orator," this term describes the principles governing the art of writing and speaking effectively, eloquently, and persuasively.	29
7295572454	The School of Athens	Raphael - Italian Renaissance fresco wall painting of Greek philosophers drawn to scale in accordance with the vantage point of the viewer. The placement, in the center of the archway, of Plato and Aristotle emphasizes the importance of these two central figures. Raphael shows his style of basic one-point perspective converging in a single vanishing point just behind Plato and Aristotle. The exception is the cube in the foreground which gives a two-point perspective. It easy to see, that with the removal of the figures, the building is symmetrically balanced.	30
7295572455	scholasticism and neoplatonism	attempt to reconcile the beliefs and values of Christianity with the logical reasoning of Greek philosophy.	31
7295572456	secularism	An indifference to religion and a belief that religion should be excluded from civic affairs and public education	32
7295572457	Treaty of Lodi	a treaty between Milan, Naples, and Florence against Venice and the Papal States. It fell apart when Milan and Naples began to feud	33
7295572458	Tudors	The House of Lancaster and the House of York feuded over the throne for more than twenty years, until finally a compromis was reached when a new royal house-------emerged in 1485 by intermarriage between two warring families. Henry VII, the first of this dynasty. This dynasty would dominate England throughout the 16th century	34
7295572459	Van Eyck, Jan	An important painter of the Northern Renaissance. He is credited with the first use of the oil glazing technique of painting. He is also known for the great detail in his work. His most famous work was the Arnolfini Wedding.	35
7295572460	Vernacular	Everyday language of ordinary people.	36
7295572461	Vinci, Leonardo da	"Renaissance Man"- great artist, engineer, scientist, and inventor. He created the Mona Lisa.	37
7295572462	War of the Roses	1455-1485; A war between the York family and Lancaster family of England for the crown. This struggle was ended when Henry Tudor, who was on the Lancaster side, won. He became Henry VII, the first Tudor king.	38
7295572463	Lorenzo Valla	Proved the Donation of Constantine to be a fake by using his expert Latin knowledge.	39
7295572464	Civic Humanism	Renaissance movement/idea that emphasized that the duty of an intellectual was to live an active life for one's state.	40
7295572465	Neoplatonism	started my Marsilio Ficino, an attempt to synthesize Christianity and Plato's philosophy	41
7295572466	Pico della Mirandolo	wrote of man's unlimited potential	42
7295572467	Pietro Vergerio	advocated the liberal studies in school	43
7295572468	Liberal Studies	an education that emphasized classics, philosopy, physical fitness and a well-rounded character.	44
7295572469	Savonarola	Francsican friar	45
7295572470	Botticelli	He painted this	46
7295572471	Dante	(1265-1321) Italian poet and Renaissance writer. His greatest work is The Divine Comedy.	47
7295572472	Boccio	he wrote the 'decameron' it served as a model for many books to follow	48
7295572473	Giotto	artist at the end of the middle ages who created perspective	49
7295572474	Leon Battista Alberti	1402-1472 accomplished humanist scholar, noted Florentine architect and builder	50
7295572475	Hanseatic League of Merchants	Successful trade group	51
7295572476	Three Estates	the nobles (first estate), the clergy (second estate), and the commoners (third estate)	52
7295572477	Condottiere	Professional soldiers who commanded mercenaries; employed by the Italian city-states in the early Renaissance.	53
7295572478	Republic of Venice	Embarked to protect food supply, scared Milan and Florence, who worked to stop the growth of Venice	54
7295572479	Duchy of Milan	Francesco Sforza conquered Milan	55
7295572480	Republic of Florence	Ruled by Cosimo de' Medici	56
7295572481	Kingdom of Naples	Fought over by French and Aragonese	57
7295572482	Federigo da Montefeltro	Humanist leader of Urbino	58
7295572483	Isabella d'Este	Important political figure in Mantua, started a library	59
7295572484	Christine de Pizan	Wrote "The City of Ladies"	60
7295572485	Sack of Rome	Spanish took Rome	61
7295572486	Cesare Borgia	Inspiration for Machiavelli's ideal leader	62
7295572487	Cicero	Philosopher who worked to stop the chaos in Rome's government; icon in humanism	63
7295572488	Vittorino da Feltre	Italian humanist and teacher	64
7295572489	Francesco Guicciardini	He was a political writer of the Renaissance, who wrote "The History of Italy"	65
7295572490	Masaccio	Artist who painted "The Holy Trinity"	66
7295572491	The High Renaissance	(1494-1520) - Art was blossoming	67
7295572492	King Louis XI	French new monarch "the spider" who amassed power in devious ways (used taxing/taille)	68
7295572493	Donatello	A Florentine sculptor who was one of the first to use a realistic, lifelike style - created bronze David	69
7295572494	Henry VII	Was the English king who declared himself head of the Church of England	70
7295572495	Habsburgs	important European royal house; 1438-1470 Holy Roman Empire thrown was occupied by them	71
7295572496	Ottoman Turks	Group that conquers Constantinople in 1453. Practices the Islamic religion.	72

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AP Psychology AP Review Flashcards

AP Test Review

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9840719133	psychology	the study of behavior and mental processes	0
9840719134	psychology's biggest question	Which is more important in determining behavior, nature or nurture?	1
9840719135	psychology's three levels of analysis	biopsychosocial approach (looks at the biological, psychological, and social-cultural approaches together)	2
9840719136	biological approach	genetics, close-relatives, body functions	3
9840719137	evolutionary approach	species - helped with survival (ancestors)	4
9840719138	psychodynamic approach	(Freud) subconscious, repressed feelings, unfulfilled wishes	5
9840719139	behavioral approach	learning (classical and operant) observed	6
9840719140	cognitive approach	thinking affects behavior	7
9840719141	humanistic approach	becoming a better human (behavior, acceptance)	8
9840719142	social-cultural approach	cultural, family, environment	9
9840719143	two reasons of why experiments are important	hindsight bias + overconfidence	10
9840719144	types of research methods	descriptive, correlational, and experimental	11
9840719145	descriptive methods	case study survey naturalistic observation (DON'T SHOW CAUSE/EFFECT)	12
9840719146	case study	studies one person in depth may not be typical of population	13
9840719147	survey	studies lots of people not in depth	14
9840719148	naturalistic observation	observe + write facts without interference	15
9840719149	correlational method	shows relation, but not cause/effect scatterplots show research	16
9840719150	correlation coefficient	+ 1.0 (both increase) 0 (no correlation - 1.0 (one increases, other decreases)	17
9840719151	experimental method	does show cause and effect	18
9840719152	population	type of people who are going to be used in experiment	19
9840719153	sample	actual people who will be used (randomness reduces bias)	20
9840719154	random assignment	chance selection between experimental and control groups	21
9840719155	control group	not receiving experimental treatment receives placebo	22
9840719156	experimental group	receiving treatment/drug	23
9840719157	independent variable	drug/procedure/treatment	24
9840719158	dependent variable	outcome of using the drug/treatment	25
9840719159	confounding variable	can affect dependent variable beyond experiment's control	26
9840719160	scientific method	theory hypothesis operational definition revision	27
9840719161	theory	general idea being tested	28
9840719162	hypothesis	measurable/specific	29
9840719163	operational definition	procedures that explain components	30
9840719164	mode	appears the most	31
9840719165	mean	average	32
9840719166	median	middle	33
9840719167	range	highest - lowest	34
9840719168	standard deviation	how scores vary around the mean	35
9840719169	central tendency	single score that represents the whole	36
9840719170	bell curve	(natural curve)	37
9840719171	ethics of testing on animals	need to be treated humanly basically similar to humans	38
9840719172	ethics of testing on humans	consent debriefing no unnecessary discomfort/pain confidentiality	39
9840719173	sensory neurons	travel from sensory receptors to brain	40
9840719174	motor neurons	travel from brain to "motor" workings	41
9840719175	interneurons	(in brain and spinal cord) connecting motor and sensory neurons	42
9840719367	neuron		43
9840719176	dendrites	receive messages from other neurons	44
9840719177	myelin sheath	protects the axon	45
9840719178	axon	where charges travel from cell body to axon terminal	46
9840719179	neurotransmitters	chemical messengers	47
9840719180	reuptake	extra neurotransmitters are taken back	48
9840719181	excitatory charge	"Let's do it!"	49
9840719182	inhibitory charge	"Let's not do it!"	50
9840719183	central nervous system	brain and spinal cord	51
9840719184	peripheral nervous system	somatic nervous system autonomic nervous system	52
9840719185	somatic nervous system	voluntary movements	53
9840719186	autonomic nervous system	involuntary movements (sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems)	54
9840719187	sympathetic nervous system	arousal	55
9840719188	parasympathetic nervous system	calming effect	56
9840719189	neural networks	more connections form with greater use others deteriorate if not used	57
9840719190	spinal cord	expressway of information bypasses brain when reflexes involved	58
9840719191	endocrine system	slow uses hormones in the blood system	59
9840719192	master gland	pituitary gland	60
9840719193	brainstem	extension of the spinal cord responsible for automatic survival	61
9840719194	reticular formation (if stimulated)	sleeping subject wakes up	62
9840719195	reticular formation (if damaged)	coma	63
9840719196	brainstem (if severed)	still move (without purpose)	64
9840719197	thalamus	sensory switchboard (does not process smell)	65
9840719198	hypothalamus	basic behaviors (hunger, thirst, sex, blood chemistry)	66
9840719199	cerebellum	nonverbal memory, judge time, balance emotions, coordinate movements	67
9840719200	cerebellum (if damaged)	difficulty walking and coordinating	68
9840719201	amygdala	aggression, fear, and memory associated with these emotions	69
9840719202	amygdala (if lesioned)	subject is mellow	70
9840719203	amygdala (if stimulated)	Causes aggression	71
9840719204	hippocampus	process new memory	72
9840719205	cerebrum	two large hemispheres perceiving, thinking, and processing	73
9840719206	cerebral cortex	only in higher life forms	74
9840719207	association areas	integrate and interpret information	75
9840719208	glial cells	provide nutrients to myelin sheath marks intelligence higher proportion of glial cells to neurons	76
9840719209	frontal lobe	judgement, personality, processing	77
9840719210	parietal lobe	math and spatial reasoning	78
9840719211	temporal lobe	audition and recognizing faces	79
9840719212	occipital lobe	vision	80
9840719213	corpus callosum	split in the brain to stop hyper-communication (eliminate epileptic seizures)	81
9840719214	Wernicke's area	interprets auditory and hearing	82
9840719215	Broca's area	Controls speech	83
9840719216	plasticity	ability to adapt if damaged	84
9840719217	sensation	what our senses tell us	85
9840719218	bottom-up processing	Analysis that begins with basic senses and then works up to brain's interpretation	86
9840719219	perception	what our brain tells us to do with that information	87
9840719220	top-down processing	Where we process info with higher thinking. We construct perceptions based on experience and expectations	88
9840719221	inattentional blindness	Failing to see visible objects when our attention is directed elsewhere	89
9840719222	cocktail party effect	even with tons of stimuli, we are able to pick out our name, etc.	90
9840719223	change blindness	giving directions and person is changed and we don't notice	91
9840719224	choice blindness	when defending the choice we make, we fail to notice choice was changed	92
9840719225	absolute threshold	minimum stimulation needed in order to notice 50% of the time	93
9840719226	signal detection theory	we notice what is more important to us (rather hear a baby crying)	94
9840719227	JND (just noticeable difference)	(Weber's law) difference between different stimuli noticed in proportion	95
9840719228	sensory adaptation	tired of noticing (Brain says, "Been there, done that. Next?"	96
9840719229	rods	seeing at night	97
9840719230	cones	color	98
9840719231	parallel processing	notice color, form, depth, movement, etc.	99
9840719232	Young-Helmholtz trichromatic theory	3 corresponding color receptors (RGB)	100
9840719233	Ewald Hering's opponent-process theory	after image in opposite colors (RG, YB, WB)	101
9840719234	trichromatic + opponent-process	Young-Helmholtz -> color stimuli Hering -> en route to cortex	102
9840719235	frequency we hear most	human voice	103
9840719236	Helmoltz (hearing)	we hear different pitches in different places in basilar membrane (high pitches)	104
9840719237	frequency theory	impulse frequency (low pitches)	105
9840719238	Helmholtz + frequency theory	middle pitches	106
9840719239	Skin feels what?	warmth, cold, pressure, pain	107
9840719240	gate-control theory	small fibers - pain large fibers - other senses	108
9840719241	memory of pain	peaks and ends	109
9840719242	smell	close to memory section (not in thalamus)	110
9840719243	grouping	Gestalt make sense of pieces create a whole	111
9840719244	grouping groups	proximity similarity continuity connectedness closure	112
9840719245	make assumptions of placement	higher - farther smaller - farther blocking - closer, in front	113
9840719246	perception =	mood + motivation	114
9840719247	consciousness	awareness of ourselves and the environment	115
9840719248	circadian rhythm	daily biological clock and regular cycle (sleep and awake)	116
9840719249	circadian rhythm pattern	- activated by light - light sensitive retinal proteins signal brains SCN (suprachiasmatic nucleus) - pineal gland decreases melatonin	117
9840719250	What messes with circadian rhythm?	artificial light	118
9840719251	The whole sleep cycle lasts how long?	90 minutes	119
9840719252	sleep stages	relaxed stage (alpha waves) stage 1 (early sleep) (hallucinations) stage 2 (sleep spindles - bursts of activity) (sleep talk) stage 3 (transition phase) (delta waves) stage 4 (delta waves) (sleepwalk/talk + wet the bed) stage 5 (REM) (sensory-rich dreams) (paradoxical sleep)	120
9840719253	purpose of sleep	1. recuperation - repair neurons and allow unused neural connections to wither 2. making memories 3. body growth (children sleep more)	121
9840719254	insomnia	can't sleep	122
9840719255	narcolepsy	fall asleep anywhere at anytime	123
9840719256	sleep apnea	stop breathing in sleep	124
9840719257	night terrors	prevalent in children	125
9840719258	sleepwalking/sleeptalking	hereditary - prevalent in children	126
9840719259	dreaming (3)	1. vivid bizarre intense sensory experiences 2. carry fear/survival issues - vestiges of ancestors' survival ideas 2. replay previous day's experiences/worries	127
9840719260	purpose of dreaming (5 THEORIES)	1. physiological function - develop/preserve neural pathways 2. Freud's wish-fulfillment (manifest/latent content) 3. activation synthesis - make sense of stimulation originating in brain 4. information processing 5. cognitive development - reflective of intelligence	128
9840719261	1. Can hypnosis bring you back in time? 2. Can hypnosis make you do things you wouldn't normally do? 3. Can it alleviate pain? 4. What state are you in during hypnosis? 5. Who is more susceptible?	1. cannot take you back in time 2. cannot make you do things you won't do 3. can alleviate pain 4. fully conscious ((IMAGINATIVE PEOPLE MORE SUSCEPTIBLE))	129
9840719262	depressants	slow neural pathways	130
9840719263	alcohol	((depressant)) disrupts memory formation (REM) lowers inhibition expectancy effect	131
9840719264	barbituates (tranquilizers)	((depressant)) reduce anxiety	132
9840719265	opiates	((depressant)) pleasure reduce anxiety/pain	133
9840719266	stimulants	hypes neural processing	134
9840719267	methamphetamine	((stimulant)) heightens energy euphoria affects dopamine	135
9840719268	caffeine	((stimulant))	136
9840719269	nicotine (Juul)	((stimulant)) CNS releases neurotransmitters calm anxiety reduce pain affects (nor)epinephrine and dopamine	137
9840719270	cocaine	((stimulant)) euphoria affects dopamine, serotonin, and norepinephrine	138
9840719271	hallucinogen	excites neural activity	139
9840719272	ecstasy	((hallucinogen)) reuptake is blocked affects dopamine and serotonin and frequently used at Coachella	140
9840719273	LSD	((hallucinogen)) affects sensory/emotional "trip" (+/-) affects serotonin and is a song by A$AP Rocky	141
9840719274	Marijuana (Dank)	((hallucinogen)) amplify sensory experience disrupts memory formation	142
9840719275	learning	organism changing behavior due to experience (association of events)	143
9840719276	types of learning	classical operant observational	144
9840719277	famous classical psychologists	Ivan Pavlov and John Watson	145
9840719278	famous operant psychologist	B.F. Skinner	146
9840719279	famous observational psychologist	Albert Bandura	147
9840719280	classical conditioning	outside stimulus	148
9840719281	Ivan Pavlov's experiment	Step 1: US (food) -> UR (salivation) Step 2: NS (bell) -> US (food) -> UR (salivation) Later... CS (bell) -> CR (salivation)	149
9840719282	John Watson's experiment	white rat was given to Little Albert Step 1: US (noise) -> UR (cry) Step 2: NS (rat) -> US (noise) -> UR (cry) Later... CS (rat) -> CR (cry)	150
9840719283	generalization	any small, white fluffy creature will make Albert cry now	151
9840719284	discriminate	any large, white fluffy creature won't make Albert cry	152
9840719285	extinction	stop "treating" with conditioned response	153
9840719286	spontaneous recovery	bring stimulus back after a while	154
9840719287	operant conditioning	control by organism	155
9840719288	B.F. Skinner's experiment	operant chamber / Skinner box (lead to shaping)	156
9840719289	shaping	get animal closer to doing what you want them to do	157
9840719290	reinforcers	want to continue behavior (positive reinforcement: give money to do laundry) (negative reinforcement: do to avoid nagging)	158
9840719291	punishments	want to stop behavior (positive reinforcement: smack) (negative reinforcement: take away phone)	159
9840719292	fixed ratio	happens a specific number of times	160
9840719293	variable ratio	happens an unpredictable number of times	161
9840719294	organism must do these (2 times)	fixed ratio and variable ratio	162
9840719295	fixed interval	happens at a certain time (mailman comes to the house at 10:00 AM)	163
9840719296	variable interval	happens at any time	164
9840719297	these things happen regardless (2 times)	fixed interval and variable interval	165
9840719298	Which (fixed/variable) conditions better?	variable	166
9840719299	criticisms of B.F. Skinner	He doesn't take into account intrinsic motivation	167
9840719300	intrinsic motivation	doing something for yourself, not the reward	168
9840719301	extrinsic motivation	doing something for reward	169
9840719302	B.F. Skinner's legacy	use it personally, at school, and at work	170
9840719303	famous observational experiment	Albert Bandura's Bobo doll	171
9840719304	famous observational psychologist	Albert Bandura	172
9840719305	mirror neurons	"feel" what is observed happens in higher order animals	173
9840719306	Bobo doll experiment legacy	violent video games/movies desensitize us see good: do good see evil: do evil	174
9840719307	observational learning	biological behaviors work best	175
9840719308	habituation	get used to it -> stop reacting	176
9840719309	examples of observational learning	lectures and reading	177
9840719310	serotonin involved with memory	speeds the connection between neurons	178
9840719311	LTP	((long-term potentiation)) strengthens potential neural forming (associated with speed)	179
9840719312	CREB	protein that can switch genes on/off with memory and connection of memories	180
9840719313	glutamate	neurotransmitter that enhances LTP	181
9840719314	glucose involved with memory	released during strong emotions ((signaling important event to be remembered))	182
9840719315	flashbulb memory	type of memory remembered because it was an important/quick moment	183
9840719316	amygdala (memory)	boosts activity of proteins in memory-forming areas to fight/flight	184
9840719317	cerebellum (memory)	forms and stores implicit memories ((classical conditioning))	185
9840719318	hippocampus	active during sleep (forming memories)	186
9840719319	memory	learning over time contains information that can be retrieved	187
9840719320	processing stages	encoding -> storage -> retrieval	188
9840719321	encoding	information going in	189
9840719322	storage	keeping information in	190
9840719323	retrieval	taking information out	191
9840719324	How long is sensory memory stored?	seconds	192
9840719325	How long is short-term memory stored?	less than a minute	193
9840719326	How many bits of information is stored in short-term memory?	7	194
9840719327	How many chunks of information is stored in short-term memory?	4	195
9840719328	How many seconds of words is stored in short-term memory?	2	196
9840719329	short term memory goes to ______________	working memory	197
9840719330	working memory	make a connection and process information to mean something	198
9840719331	working memory goes to _________________	long-term memory	199
9840719332	How much is stored in long-term memory?	LIMITLESS	200
9840719333	implicit memory	what you do naturally	201
9840719334	explicit memory	When the subject is intentionally trying to remember something and is consciously aware of doing so.	202
9840719335	automatic processing	space, time, frequency, well-learned information	203
9840719336	effortful processing	processing that requires effort	204
9840719337	spacing effect	spread out learning over time	205
9840719338	serial position effect	primary/recency effect	206
9840719339	primary effect	remember the first things in a list	207
9840719340	recency effect	remember the last things in a list	208
9840719341	effortful processing (4 things)	1. recency effect 2. spacing effect 3. testing effect 4. serial position effect	209
9840719342	semantic encoding (1) meaning (2) how to	make meaning out of something --- chunk, hierarchy, or connect to you	210
9840719343	if we can't remember a memory we:	1. change memory to suit us 2. fill in the blanks with logical story	211
9840719344	misinformation effect	incorporating misleading information into one's memory of an event.	212
9840719345	imagination inflation	imagine or visualize something that isn't real	213
9840719346	source amnesia	what is the truth? (is it a dream, story, memory, etc.?)	214
9840719347	priming	A person is exposed to info and is later tested to see whether the info affects behavior.	215
9840719348	context	environment helps with memory	216
9840719349	state-dependency	you may remember something if you go back to the state you were in (go back to high)	217
9840719350	mood-congruency	emotion will bring back similar emotional memories	218
9840719351	forgetting curve	forget after 5 days forget after 5 years	219
9840719352	the forgetting curve was created by	Hermann Ebbinghaus	220
9840719353	proactive interference	old information interferes with the new	221
9840719354	retroactive interference	new information interferes with the old	222
9840719355	children can't remember before age __	3	223
9840719356	Elizabeth Loftus	connected to abuse cases/childhood	224
9840719357	prototypes	generalize	225
9840719358	problem-solving (4)	trial + error algorithms heuristic (representative + availability) insight - "AHA!"	226
9840719359	against problem-solving	fixation	227
9840719360	mental set	what has worked in the past	228
9840719361	functional fixedness	An object only serves a single purpose	229
9840719362	Noam Chomsky	Believed humans have an inborn native ability to develop language	230
9840719363	B.F. Skinner	Believed language is learned	231
9840719364	grammar is _________	universal	232
9840719365	phonemes	smallest sound unit	233
9840719366	morphemes	smallest meaning unit	234

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AP Government Chapter 9 Flashcards

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6734335013	Presidential Election Campaign Fund	Money from the $3 federal income tax check-off goes into this fund, which is then distributed to qualified candidates to subsidize their presidential campaigns.	0
6734335015	Political Action Committees	Funding vehicles created by the 1974 campaign finance reforms. A corporation, union, or some other interest group can create these.	1
6734335017	Super PACs	were made possible by the Supreme Court's Citizens United decision in 2010, which allowed unlimited spending by corporations, unions and individuals through these organizations, as long as the groups do not coordinate their spending with the candidates. Mn.	2
6734335018	General Election	a national or state election	3
6734335019	McCain-Feingold Act	ban soft money contributions, increase amount that individuals could give candidates from $1000 to $2000, prevented issue ads within 60 days of general elections	4
6734335020	Nomination	The official endorsement of a candidate for office by a political party	5
6734335021	Campaign Strategy	The master game plan candidates lay out to guide their electoral campaign	6
6734335022	National Party Convention	Meets every four years to nominate candidates and write party platform	7
6734335023	Caucus	A meeting of all state party leaders for selecting delegates to the national party convention	8
6734335024	Presidential Primaries	Elections in which voters in a state vote for a candidate (or delegates pledged to him or her)	9
6734335025	McGovern-Fraser Commission	Formed at the 1968 Democratic convention in response to demands for reform by minority groups and others who sought better representation	10
6734335026	Superdelegates	National party leaders who automatically get a delegate slot at the national convention	11
6734335027	Frontloading	The recent tendency for states to hold primaries early in the calendar in order to capitalize on media attention	12
6734335028	National Primary	A proposal by critics of the caucuses and presidential primaries who would replace these electoral methods with a nationwide primary held early in the election year	13
6734335029	Regional Primaries	Proposal to replace caucuses and primaries with a series of primaries held in each geographic area	14
6734335030	Party Platform	A political party's statement of its goals and policies for the next four years	15
6734335031	Direct Mail	A high-tech method of raising money for a political cause or candidate	16
6734335032	Federal Election Campaign Act	Created the Federal Election Commission	17
6734335033	Federal Election Commission	Administers the campaign finance laws and enforces compliance with their requirements	18
6734335036	Selective Perception	The phenomenon that people often pay the most attention to things they already agree with and interpret them according to their own predispositions	19
7957754722	Hard Money	contributions that are given directly to candidates for their campaigns for Congress or the White House, are in a limited amount, and must be reported	20
7957754723	Soft Money	funds given to parties or to other political organizations, in unlimited amounts, to be used for such "party-building activities"	21

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AP French Persuasive Essay Flashcards

vocab for the essay

Terms : Hide Images

9540275506	À mon avis	in my opinion	0
9540275507	Il paraît que	it seems that	1
9540275508	je crois que/je trouve que	i think (not subjunctive)	2
9540275509	je suis convaincu(e) que	i am convinced that	3
9540275510	Par contre	on the other hand	4
9540275511	je suis d'accord	i agree	5
9540275512	il/elle a raison	he or she is right	6
9540275513	l'auteur a tort	the author is wrong	7
9540275514	contraster	to contrast	8
9540275515	déduire	to deduce	9
9540275516	expliquer	to explain	10
9540275517	extrapoler	extrapolate	11
9540275518	formuler	to express an opinion	12
9540275519	justifier	to justify	13
9540275520	montrer	to show	14
9540275521	résumer	to summarize	15
9540275522	soutenir	support	16
9540275523	à titre d'exemple	to quote an example	17
9540275524	c'est une question de	it is a question of	18
9540275525	En ce cas-là	in that case	19
9540275526	en conséquence	as a result	20
9540275527	le fait est que	the fact is that	21
9540275528	au contraire	quite the opposite	22
9540275529	cela dit	that said	23
9540275530	cela a l'air d'être	that appears to be	24
9540275531	d'une part, d'autre part	on one hand, on the other hand	25
9540275532	en réalité	in reality	26
9540275533	je ne trouve pas que	i dont think that	27
9540275534	cependant	however	28
9540275535	par contre	on the other hand	29
9540275536	bien que	although	30
9540275537	tandis que	while	31
9540275538	toutefois	nevertheless	32
9540275539	donc	therefore	33
9540275540	en résumé	in summary	34
9540275549	En somme,	All in all,	35
9540275550	En gros,	Basically,	36
9540275541	Pour conclure,	To conclude,	37
9540275542	pour toutes ces raisons	for all these/those reasons	38
9540275543	à l'exception de	except for	39
9540275544	tout d'abord	first	40
9540275545	d'ailleurs	besides	41
9540275546	de plus	moreover	42
9540275547	en fait	in fact	43
9540275551	D'après le texte	According to the text	44
9540275552	D'après la source numéro 2,	According to Source number 2	45
9540275553	Dans le graphique, on voit...	In the graph, we see..	46
9540275554	Selon le texte, le clip audio, l'auteur	According to the text, the audio clip, the author	47

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AP Vocabulary List 19 Flashcards

Terms : Hide Images

6166272071	accordant	agreeing; conforming; harmonious	0
6166275202	accouterments	personal clothing or accessories	1
6166275203	deportment	demeanor; conduct; behavior	2
6166275204	exposition	the act of explaining or setting forth	3
6166276844	impugn	to challenge as false; cast doubt upon; vilify	4
6166276845	impute	to attribute or ascribe	5
6166278092	parapet	a defensive wall or elevation, as of earth or stone, in fortification	6
6166278093	pertinacity	holding tenaciously to a purpose; resolute; stubborn; obstinate	7
6166278094	temperence	moderate or self-restraint in action or statement; self-control	8
6166280119	viands	articles of food	9