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| 9932384362 | 全部 | ぜんぶ all |  | 0 |
| 9932385521 | 風 | かぜ wind |  | 1 |
| 9932385522 | 多分 | たぶん probably |  | 2 |
| 9932387464 | 聞く | きく to listen |  | 3 |
| 9932392017 | 平 | たいら flat |  | 4 |
| 9932392018 | 別 | べつ to separate |  | 5 |
| 9932393610 | 母 | はは mother |  | 6 |
| 9932393611 | 夕方 | ゆうがた evening |  | 7 |
| 9932395477 | 毎 | まい every |  | 8 |
| 9932395478 | 末 | すえ end |  | 9 |
| 9932395479 | 味 | あじ taste | 10 |
| 6841925868 | macromolecule | a giant molecule formed by the joining of smaller molecules, usually by a dehydration reaction. | 0 | |
| 6841925869 | Four classes of biological macromolecules | Proteins, carbohydrates, nucleic acids, lipids | 1 | |
| 6841925870 | polymer | a long molecule consisting of many similar or identical monomers linked together by covalent bonds. | 2 | |
| 6841925871 | monomer | the subunit that serves as the building block of a polymer. | 3 | |
| 6841925872 | dehydration synthesis | a chemical reaction in which two molecules become covalently bonded to each other with the removal of a water molecule. |  | 4 |
| 6841925873 | hydrolysis | a chemical reaction that breaks bonds between two molecules by the addition of water; functions in dis-assembly of polymers to monomers. |  | 5 |
| 6841925874 | protein | a biologically functional molecule consisting of one or more polypeptides folded and coiled into a specific three-dimensional structure. | 6 | |
| 6841925875 | Functions of proteins | structural support, catalyst, transport, defense, movement, regulation | 7 | |
| 6841925876 | amino acid | an organic molecule possessing both a carboxyl and an amino group. The monomers of polypeptides. There are 20 different forms. Distinguished by side chains. |  | 8 |
| 6841925877 | peptide bond | the covalent bond between the carboxyl group on one amino acid and the amino group on another, formed by a dehydration reaction. |  | 9 |
| 6841925878 | Primary structure | the level of protein structure referring to the specific linear sequence of amino acids. |  | 10 |
| 6841925879 | secondary structure | regions of repetitive coiling or folding of the polypeptide backbone of a protein due to hydrogen bonding between constituents of the backbone (not the side chains). Helix or pleated sheet. |  | 11 |
| 6841925880 | B pleated sheet | protein structure with two or more segments of the polypeptide chain link side by side (called B strands) connected by hydrogen bonds between parts of the two parallel segments of the polypeptide backbone. | 12 | |
| 6841925881 | tertiary structure | the overall shape of a protein molecule due to interactions of amino acid side chains, including hydrophobic interactions, ionic bonds, hydrogen bonds, and disulfide bridges. |  | 13 |
| 6841925882 | amino acid side chains | types of bonds/interactions in __________ : hydrophobic interactions, ionic bonds, hydrogen bonds and disulfide bridges |  | 14 |
| 6841925883 | quaternary structure | the particular shape of a complex, aggregate protein, defined by the characteristic three-dimensional arrangement of its constituent subunits, each a polypeptide. |  | 15 |
| 6841925884 | denaturation | loss of a proteins normal 3D structure; can possibly be caused by pH and temperature which affect the ionic bonds, hydrogen bonds & hydrophilic interactions |  | 16 |
| 6841925885 | enzyme | a macromolecule serving as a catalyst, a chemical agent that increases the rate of a reaction without being consumed by the reaction. most of them are proteins. | 17 | |
| 6841925886 | carbohydrate | a sugar (monosaccharide) or one of its dimers (disaccharides) or polymers (polysaccharides). Primarily C, H and O. | 18 | |
| 6841925887 | What are the functions of carbohydrates | function as energy source & structure | 19 | |
| 6841925888 | monosaccharide | the simplest carbohydrate, active alone or serving as a monomer for disaccharides and polysaccharides. Also called simple sugars, they have formulas that are generally some multiple of CH2O (1:2:1). |  | 20 |
| 6841925889 | disaccharide | a double sugar, consisting of two monosaccharides joined by a glycosidic linkage formed by a dehydration reaction. |  | 21 |
| 6841925890 | glycosidic linkage | a covalent bond formed between two monosaccharides by a dehydration reaction. |  | 22 |
| 6841925891 | polysaccharide | a polymer of many monosaccharides, formed by dehydration reactions. |  | 23 |
| 6841925892 | starch | a storage polysaccharide in plants, consisting entirely of glucose monomers joined by x glycosidic linkages. Used for energy storage. | 24 | |
| 6841925893 | glycogen | an extensively branched glucose storage polysaccharide found in the liver and muscle of animals; the animal equivalent of starch. | 25 | |
| 6841925894 | cellulose | a structural polysaccharide of plant cell walls, consisting of glucose monomers joined by B glycosidic linkages. A type of plant starch. | 26 | |
| 6841925895 | lipids | any of a group of large biological molecules, including fats, phospholipids, and steroids, that mix poorly, if at all, with water (hydrophobic). No true monomers. | 27 | |
| 6841925896 | What are the three types of lipids? | fats/oils, phospholipids & steroids | 28 | |
| 6841925897 | fat/oil | a lipid consisting of three fatty acids lined to one glycerol molecule; also called a triacylglycerol or triglyceride. Function as energy storage. | 29 | |
| 6841925898 | saturated | a fatty acid in which all carbons in the hydrocarbon tail are connected by single bonds, thus maximizing the number of hydrogen atoms that are attached to the carbon skeleton. |  | 30 |
| 6841925899 | unsaturated | a faty acid that has one or more double bonds betwen carbons in the hydrocarbon tail. such bonding reduces the number of hydrogen atoms attached to the carbon skeleton. |  | 31 |
| 6841925900 | fatty acid | a carboxylic acid with a long carbon chain. Vary in length and __________ linked to a glycerol molecule form a fat molecule, also called triglyceride. | 32 | |
| 6841925901 | triglyceride | a lipid consisting of three fatty acids linked to one glycerol molecule | 33 | |
| 6841925902 | chitin | a structural polysaccharide, consisting of amino sugar monomers, found in many fungal cell walls and in the exoskeletons of all arthropods. | 34 | |
| 6841925903 | trans fat | an unsaturated fat, formed artificially during hydrogenation of oils, containing one or more trans double bonds. |  | 35 |
| 6841925904 | phospholipid | a lipid made up of glycerol joined to two fatty acids and a phosphate group. The hydrocarbon chains of the fatty acids act as nonpolar hydrophobic tails, while the rest of the molecule acts s a polar, hydrophilic head. They form bilayers that function as biological membrane. |  | 36 |
| 6841925905 | phospholipid bilayer | function as membranes |  | 37 |
| 6841925906 | steroid | a type of lipid characterized by a carbon skeleton consisting of four fused rings with various chemical groups attached. Function as part of membranes or hormones. |  | 38 |
| 6841925907 | catalyst | a chemical agent that selectively increases the rate of a reaction without being consumed by the reaction. | 39 | |
| 6841925908 | hydrophobic | a type of weak chemical interaction caused when molecules that do not mix with water coalesce to exclude water. | 40 | |
| 6841925909 | disulfide bridges | a strong covalent bond formed when the sulfur of one cysteine monomer bonds to the sulfur of another cysteine monomer. | 41 | |
| 6841925910 | polypeptide | a polymer of many amino acids linked together by peptide bonds. | 42 | |
| 6841925911 | nucleic acid | a polymer (polynucleotide) consisting of many nucleotide monomers; serves as a blueprint for proteins and, through the actions of proteins, for all cellular activities. the two types are DNA and RNA. | 43 | |
| 6841925912 | nucleic acid | functions as storage, transmission & use of genetic material | 44 | |
| 6841925913 | nucleotide | the building block of a nucleic acid, consisting of a five-carbon sugar covalently bonded to a nitrogenous base and one or more phosphate groups. |  | 45 |
| 6841925914 | phosphodiester linkage | bond between nucleotides in nucleotide chain to form polynucleotide | 46 | |
| 6841925915 | polynucleotide | a polymer consisting of many nucleotide monomers in a chain. The nucleotides can be those of DNA or RNA. |  | 47 |
| 6841925916 | pyrimidine | one of two types of nitrogenous bases found in nucleotides, characterized by a six-membered ring. cytosine (c), thymine (T), and uracil (U) |  | 48 |
| 6841925917 | purines | one of two types of nitrogenous bases found in nucleotides, characterized by a six-membered ring fused to a five-membered ring. adenine (a) and guanine (G). | | 49 |
| 6841925918 | RNA | transmission of information, consists of monomers with a ribose sugar and nitrogenous bases cytosine (C), guanine (G), adenine (A) & uracil (U). Single stranded. |  | 50 |
| 6841925919 | DNA | a nucleic acid molecule, usually a double-stranded helix, in which each polynucleotide strand consists of nucleotide monomers with a deoxyribose sugar and the nitrogenous bases adenine (A), cytosine (C), guanine (G), and thymine (T); capable of being replicated and determining the inherited structure of a cell's proteins. | | 51 |
| 6841925920 | deoxyribose | the sugar component of DNA nucleotides, having one fewer hydroxyl group than ribose, the sugar component of RNA nucleotides. |  | 52 |
| 6841925921 | ribose | the sugar component of RNA nucleotides. |  | 53 |
| 6841925922 | double helix | the form of native DNA, referring to its two adjacent antiparallel polynucleotide strands wound around an imaginary axis into a spiral shape. |  | 54 |
| 6841925923 | antiparallel | referring to the arrangement of the sugar-phosphate backbones in a DNA double helix (they run in opposite 5' -3' directions). |  | 55 |
| 7011126087 | Concrete Details | the use of specific words (nouns, verbs, adjectives, adverbs) to create vivid word pictures that appeal to one of the five senses | 0 | |
| 7011126088 | Connotation | An implied meaning of a word. Opposite of denotation. Example: Good night, sweet prince, and flights of angels sing thee to thy rest (burial) | 1 | |
| 7011126089 | Consonance | The repetition of consonant sounds, but not vowels, as in assonance. Example: lady lounges lazily , dark deep dread crept in | 2 | |
| 7011126090 | Denotation | The literal meaning of a word, the dictionary meaning. Opposite of connotation. Example: Good night, sweet prince, and flights of angels sing thee to thy rest (sleep). | 3 | |
| 7011126091 | Didactic | A work of literature in which the author's primary purpose is to teach, instruct, or moralize | 4 | |
| 7011126092 | Dramatic Monologue | A poetic form in which a single speaker addresses at length either a presumed audience or an internal listener. | 5 | |
| 7011126093 | Epigram | a pithy saying or remark expressing an idea in a clever and amusing way. | 6 | |
| 7011126094 | Eulogy | a speech or writing in praise of a person(s) or thing(s), especially one who recently died or retired or as a term of endearment. | 7 | |
| 7011126095 | Form (poetic) | refers to various sets of "rules" followed by poems of certain types. The rules may describe such aspects as the rhythm or meter of the poem, its rhyme scheme, or its use of alliteration. This category contains articles discussing such concepts. | 8 | |
| 7011126096 | Haiku | A Japanese poem consisting of 17 syllables in three lines. (5, 7,5) | 9 | |
| 7011126097 | Hyphenated Kenning | (noun-noun format) - ex. hell-fiend | 10 | |
| 7011126098 | Inference | a conclusion reached on the basis of evidence and reasoning. | 11 | |
| 7011126099 | Kenning | In literature, a kenning is a magic poetic phrase, a figure of speech, substituted for the usual name of a person or thing. Kennings work in much the same way as epithets and verbal formulae, and were commonly inserted into Old English poetic lines; A figurative, usually compound expression used in place of a name or noun, especially in Old English and Old Norse poetry; for example, storm of swords is a kenning for battle. | 12 | |
| 7011126100 | Metaphysical | The term metaphysical was applied to a style of 17th Century poetry first by John Dryden and later by Dr. Samuel Johnson because of the highly intellectual and often abstruse imagery involved. | 13 | |
| 7011126101 | Ode | A lyric poem of some length, serious in subject and dignified in style. | 14 | |
| 7011126102 | Open Kenning | (adjective noun format) - ex. wakeful sleeper; monstrous ogress | 15 | |
| 7011126103 | Overstatement | the action of expressing or stating something too strongly; exaggeration, Synonym of hyperbole | 16 | |
| 7011126104 | Possessive Kenning | ('s or s' format)-- ex. hell's captive; whale's | 17 | |
| 7011126105 | Prepositional Kenning | (add any preposition) - ex. Giver of rings; hall of victory | 18 | |
| 7011126106 | Romantic | The term is used both in a general, and in a specific, way. The specific sense refers to Romanticism, a movement prevalent in European art, music, and literature in the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries. The style was revolutionary in that it emphasized subjective experience, and favored innovation over adherence to traditional or Classical forms, and the expression of feeling over reason. In English literature, William Wordsworth (1770-1850) and Samuel Taylor Coleridge (1772-1834) were first-generation Romantic poets, and Byron (1788-1824), Shelley (1792-1822), and Keats (1795-1821) were second-generation Romantics. In its more general application the term can refer to an attitude of mind which draws on imagination and emotion rather than reason, and favors subjective, dream-like, or exotic experiences over realism. | 19 | |
| 7011126107 | Rhyme | correspondence of sound between words or the endings of words, especially when these are used at the ends of lines of poetry. | 20 | |
| 7011126108 | Rhyme Scheme | the pattern of rhymes at the end of each line of a poem or song. It is usually referred to by using letters to indicate which lines rhyme; lines designated with the same letter all rhyme with each other | 21 | |
| 7011126109 | Sensory Details | details that are experienced through the senses; they help readers to see, feel, smell, taste, and hear what is being described | 22 | |
| 7011126110 | Soliloquy | The utterance of a character who is talking to himself or herself and who is unaware of any hearers who may be present. It is used in drama to allow the audience insight into a character's innermost feelings or to give the audience essential information. | 23 | |
| 7011126111 | Sonnet | A 14 line poem following a strict rhyme scheme and meter. The Shakespearean sonnet's rhyme scheme is abab cdcd efef gg and uses iambic pentameter. | 24 | |
| 7011126112 | Thesis | a statement or theory that is put forward as a premise to be maintained or proved. | 25 | |
| 7011126113 | Villanelle | a nineteen-line poetic form consisting of five tercets followed by a quatrain. There are two refrains and two repeating rhymes, with the first and third line of the first tercet repeated alternately until the last stanza, which includes both repeated lines | 26 | |
| 7011126114 | Anticlimactic | Coming after the climax especially of a dramatic or narrative plot | 27 | |
| 7011126115 | Austere | Of stern or strict bearing or demeanor | 28 | |
| 7011126116 | Bilge | Where the sides of a vessel curve in to form the bottom | 29 | |
| 7011126117 | Gunnels | Small eellike fishes common in shallow waters of the northern Atlantic | 30 | |
| 7011126118 | Inert | Unable to move or resist motion | 31 | |
| 7011126119 | Rosettes | An ornament or pattern resembling a rose that is worn as a badge of office or as recognition of having won an honor | 32 | |
| 7011126120 | Salient | Having a quality that thrusts itself into attention | 33 | |
| 7011126121 | Spasmodically | Occurring in spells and often abruptly | 34 | |
| 7011126122 | Trite | Repeated too often; overfamiliar through overuse | 35 | |
| 7011126123 | Venerable | Profoundly honored | 36 | |
| 7011126124 | Alliteration | The repetition of initial sounds in neighboring words. Example: In cliches: sweet smell of success, a dime a dozen, bigger and better, jump for joy. | 37 | |
| 7011126125 | Apostrophe | An address, either to someone who is absent and therefore cannot hear the speaker or to something nonhuman that cannot comprehend | 38 | |
| 7011126126 | Assonance | The repetition of internal vowel sounds in nearby words that do not end the same | 39 | |
| 7011126127 | Atmosphere | Refers to the feeling, emotion, or mood a writer conveys to a reader through the description of settings and objects | 40 | |
| 7011126128 | Attitude | The author's feelings toward the topic he or she is writing about; often used interchangeably with "tone" and is usually revealed through word choice. | 41 | |
| 7011126129 | Audience | The intended group of readers / listeners / viewers of a text. | 42 | |
| 7011126130 | Cause and Effect | noting a relationship between actions or events such that one or more are the result of the other or others. | 43 | |
| 7011126131 | Comedy | A genre and a type of dramatic work that is amusing and satirical in its tone, mostly having cheerful endings. | 44 | |
| 7011126132 | Diction | Analysis of word choice. Word choice conveys voice or the author's or character's personality through the choice of idiom. | 45 | |
| 7011126133 | Epithet | a word or phrase to someone that describes that person's attributes or qualities. Often, this word or phrase, used to describe the person, becomes synonymous with the person and can be used as part of his/her name or in place of his/her name | 46 | |
| 7011126134 | Hyperbole | Use of specific words and phrases that exaggerate and overemphasize the basic crux of the statement in order to produce a grander, more noticeable effect | 47 | |
| 7011126135 | Irony | Words are used in such a way that their intended meaning is different from the actual meaning of the words. It may also be a situation that may end up in quite a different way than what is generally anticipated. In simple words, it is a difference between the appearance and the reality. | 48 | |
| 7011126136 | Juxtaposition | two things being seen or placed close together with contrasting effect | 49 | |
| 7011126137 | Lyric Poetry | Originally a composition meant for musical accompaniment. The term refers to a short poem in which the poet, the poet's persona, or another speaker expresses personal feelings. | 50 | |
| 7011126138 | Metonymy | the substitution of the name of an attribute or adjunct for that of the thing meant, for example suit for business executive, or the track for horse racing. | 51 | |
| 7011126139 | Moral | The implied or stated lesson of a story is called the moral. Viewed in isolation, a moral is a relatively unimportant part of a story and should not be confused with a more significant fictional element, i.e., theme. | 52 | |
| 7011126140 | Nostalgic | Unhappy about being away and longing for familiar things | 53 | |
| 7011126141 | Paradox | a statement that appears to be self-contradictory or silly but may include a latent truth | 54 | |
| 7011126142 | Pernicious | causing insidious harm or ruin; ruinous; injurious; hurtful | 55 | |
| 7011126143 | Personification | A figure of speech in which a thing, an idea or an animal is given human attributes. The non-human objects are portrayed in such a way that we feel they have the ability to act like human beings | 56 | |
| 7011126144 | Repetition | repeats the same words or phrases a few times to make an idea clearer | 57 | |
| 7011126145 | Sarcasm | the literal meaning is different than what the speaker intends to say through sarcasm. Sarcasm is a literary and rhetorical device that is meant to mock with often satirical or ironic remarks with a purpose to amuse and hurt someone or some section of society simultaneously. | 58 | |
| 7011126146 | Satire | a technique employed by writers to expose and criticize foolishness and corruption of an individual or a society by using humor, irony, exaggeration or ridicule. It intends to improve humanity by criticizing its follies and foibles | 59 | |
| 7011126147 | Speaker | The "voice" which seems to be telling the poem. The speaker is not the same as the poet; the speaker is like a narrator. | 60 | |
| 7011126148 | Stanza | A stanza is a set of lines in a poem grouped together and set apart from other stanzas in the poem either by a double space or by different indentation. Poems may contain any number of stanzas, depending on the author's wishes and the structure in which the poet is writing. However, there are many strict poetic forms that designate the exact number of stanzas. | 61 | |
| 7011126149 | Synecdoche | a literary device in which a part of something represents the whole or it may use a whole to represent a part | 62 | |
| 7011126150 | Syntax | The ordering of words into meaningful verbal patterns, such as phrases, clauses, and sentences. | 63 | |
| 7011126151 | Understatement | a figure of speech employed by writers or speakers to intentionally make a situation seem less important than it really is | 64 | |
| 7011126152 | Wistful | Having or showing a feeling of vague or regretful longing | 65 |
| 7011566837 | Colloquial | Of or relating to slang or regional dialect, used in familiar everyday conversation | 0 | |
| 7011566838 | Meiosis | the use of understatement to highlight a point or explain a situation or to understate a response used to enhance the effect of a dramatic moment | 1 | |
| 7011566839 | Metaphysical Poets | a term coined by the poet and critic Samuel Johnson to describe a loose group of English lyric poets of the 17th century, whose work was characterized by the inventive use of conceits, and by speculation about topics such as love or religion. These poets were not formally affiliated; most of them did not even know one another or read one another's work | 2 | |
| 7011566840 | Mock Heroic | imitating the style of heroic literature in order to satirize an unheroic subject. | 3 | |
| 7011566841 | Romanticism | a movement in the arts and literature that originated in the late 18th century, emphasizing inspiration, subjectivity, and the primacy of the individual | 4 | |
| 7011566842 | Abstruse | Difficult to in penetrate | 5 | |
| 7011566843 | Acerbic | Sour or bitter in taste | 6 | |
| 7011566844 | Articulation | The manner in which things come together and are connected | 7 | |
| 7011566845 | Contentious | Showing an inclination to disagree | 8 | |
| 7011566846 | Erudite | Having or showing profound knowledge | 9 | |
| 7011566847 | Esoteric | Understandable only by an enlightened inner circle | 10 | |
| 7011566848 | Grotesque | Distorted and unnatural in shape or size | 11 | |
| 7011566849 | Inane | Devoid of intelligence | 12 | |
| 7011566850 | Indignant | Angered at something unjust or wrong | 13 | |
| 7011566851 | Pedantic | Marked by a narrow focus on or display of learning | 14 | |
| 7011566852 | Perturbation | The act of causing disorder | 15 | |
| 7011566853 | Sanguine | Confidently optimistic and cheerful | 16 | |
| 7011566854 | Sensuous | Taking delight in beauty | 17 | |
| 7011566855 | Somber | Grave or even gloomy in character | 18 | |
| 7011566856 | Temperate | Not extreme | 19 | |
| 7011566857 | Alliteration | The repetition of initial sounds in neighboring words. Example: In cliches: sweet smell of success, a dime a dozen, bigger and better, jump for joy. | 20 | |
| 7011566858 | Allusion | A brief reference to a person, place, thing, event, or idea in history or literature | 21 | |
| 7011566859 | Antecedent | The word or phrase to which a pronoun refers. | 22 | |
| 7011566860 | Antithesis | A concept that is directly opposed to a previously presented idea. | 23 | |
| 7011566861 | Apostrophe | An address, either to someone who is absent and therefore cannot hear the speaker or to something nonhuman that cannot comprehend | 24 | |
| 7011566862 | Assonance | The repetition of internal vowel sounds in nearby words that do not end the same | 25 | |
| 7011566863 | Austere | Of stern or strict bearing or demeanor | 26 | |
| 7011566864 | Elegy | a poem of serious reflection, typically a lament for the dead | 27 | |
| 7011566865 | Euphemistic | Substituting a mild term for a harsher or distasteful one | 28 | |
| 7011566866 | Euphony | Euphony refers to the quality of being pleasant to listen to. Euphony generally comes about through a harmonious combination of sounds and words. An author can create euphony in many different ways, such as using pleasant vowel and consonants, or by employing other literary devices, such as rhythm, rhyme, consonance, and assonance to create an overall harmonious sound to a work of literature. | 29 | |
| 7011566867 | Feminine Rhyme | a rhyme between stressed syllables followed by one or more unstressed syllables (e.g., stocking / shocking, glamorous / amorous). | 30 | |
| 7011566868 | Hyperbole | Use of specific words and phrases that exaggerate and overemphasize the basic crux of the statement in order to produce a grander, more noticeable effect | 31 | |
| 7011566869 | Lugubrious | Excessively mournful | 32 | |
| 7011566870 | Lyric Poetry | Originally a composition meant for musical accompaniment. The term refers to a short poem in which the poet, the poet's persona, or another speaker expresses personal feelings. | 33 | |
| 7011566871 | Metaphor | Makes an implicit, implied or hidden comparison between two things that are unrelated but share some common characteristics. In other words, a resemblance of two contradictory or different objects is made based on a single or some common characteristics | 34 | |
| 7011566872 | Motif | a distinctive feature or dominant idea in an artistic or literary composition. | 35 | |
| 7011566873 | Parallelism | Also known as parallel structure; a balance within one or more sentences of similar phrases or clauses that have the same grammatical structure | 36 | |
| 7011566874 | Personification | A figure of speech in which a thing, an idea or an animal is given human attributes. The non-human objects are portrayed in such a way that we feel they have the ability to act like human beings | 37 | |
| 7011566875 | Purpose | a person's reason for writing, such as to inform, entertain, explain, or persuade. | 38 | |
| 7011566876 | Syntax | The ordering of words into meaningful verbal patterns, such as phrases, clauses, and sentences. | 39 | |
| 7011566877 | Theme | a main idea or an underlying meaning of a literary work that may be stated directly or indirectly | 40 |
| 9453319837 | Aristotle | believed things could be arranged on a "scale of nature", increasing complexity. Organisms were arranged on a ladder. | 0 | |
| 9453321831 | Linnaeus | developed taxonomy, the study of naming & classifying organisms; binomial nomenclature. Domain, Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus species (scientific name) ex. Homo sapiens | 1 | |
| 9453323879 | Georges Cuvier | father of paleontology, studied sedimentary rocks, believed in extinction and catastrophism. Opposed evolution. | 2 | |
| 9453325984 | James Hutton | developed Gradualism, change happens by a slow, continuous process | 3 | |
| 9453329314 | Charles Lyell | geologic processes have not changed since the beginning of time, rate of erosion has not changed | 4 | |
| 9453331083 | Jean - Baptiste Lamarck | published theory of evolution in 1809 (same year as Darwin's birth). Came up with two ideas: 1)theory of use & disuse: those parts used to cope with the environment become larger/stronger, those not used go away (ex) blacksmith develops larger biceps, giraffes neck stretches to reach trees 2)inheritance of acquired characteristics: changes can be passed on to offspring, dyed hair color NO evidence that acquired characteristics carried on - blacksmiths arm not passed on | 5 | |
| 9453336977 | Charles Darwin | (1809-1882) became clergyman, HMS Beagle voyage around the world, collected different specimens & made observations at all stops during trip. Galapagos Islands - finches, mockingbirds, 1836 - returned from voyage 1844 - wrote an essay on natural selection but did not reveal his discovery 1858 - Alfred Wallace wrote telling that he had found the same discoveries as Darwin; Darwin submitted his essay; published it 1859 On the Origin of Species. 2 main points in paper: 1) species today came from ancestral species 2) developed term "natural selection" populations change over time *uses term descent with modification rather than evolution, he believed that the history of life was like a tree | 6 | |
| 9453345933 | Darwins Main Ideas | 1. Natural selection is differential success in reproduction 2. Natural selection occurs through an interaction between the environment and the variability inherent among the individual organisms making up a population 3. The product of natural selection is the adaptation of populations of organisms to their environment. | 7 | |
| 9453350113 | Examples of Natural Selection | 1. Insecticide resistant insects - new spray kills 99% of bugs, 1% continue to live and pass on resistant genes, over time few bugs will be resistant 2. Drug resistant bacteria - resistance in individuals occurs early, MRSA | 8 | |
| 9453354156 | Homology | similarities in characteristics resulting from common ancestors | 9 | |
| 9453355940 | Homologous structures | those that contain the same bones but the structures have different functions in different animals. The same bones make up the forelimbs of mammals. (bat wing, human arm, whale flipper) | 10 | |
| 9453356866 | Vestigial organs | those that have little or no value now, but once did. (wisdom teeth, hip bones in snakes, appendix, tonsils) | 11 | |
| 9453358402 | Embryological homologies | embryos of vertebrates look similar have pharyngeal pouches in throat area = gills for fish, Eustacian tubes for people | 12 | |
| 9453360290 | Molecular homologies | comparison of DNA sequences in all organisms | 13 | |
| 9453361921 | F.A.M.E | Fossil Anatomy Molecular Composition Embryology | 14 | |
| 9453364980 | Biogeography | Geographic distribution of species shows evidence for evolution. Islands have endemic species (only found in that place); these may be related or similar to species found on nearby land masses. | 15 | |
| 9453367330 | Fossil Record | prokaryotes eukaryotes Vertebrates: fish amphibians reptiles birds & mammals | 16 | |
| 9453375711 | Gradualism | geologic change results from slow & gradual, continuous process | 17 | |
| 9453378604 | Uniformitarianism | Earth's processes same rate in past & present therefore Earth is very old | 18 | |
| 9453380552 | Hutton and Lyell | gradualism and uniformitarianism | 19 | |
| 9453387008 | natural selection | -natural decides -works on individual -ex: beaks | 20 | |
| 9453388838 | artificial selection | -man decides -selective breeding -inbreeding occurs -ex: dalamations | 21 | |
| 9453393069 | Evolutionary Fitness | Individuals with more favorable phenotypes more likely to survive and produce more offspring, and pass traits to future generations | 22 | |
| 9453398982 | natural selection ideas | Evolution is change in species over time. There is overproduction of offspring, which leads to competition for resources. Heritable variations exist within a population. These variations can result in differential reproductive success. Over generations, this can result in changes in the genetic composition of the population | 23 | |
| 9453403571 | evidence for evolution | Direct Observations Fossil Record Homology Biogeography | 24 | |
| 9453406899 | direct observations | Examples: -Insect populations become resistant to pesticides (DDT) -Antibiotic-resistant bacteria (MRSA) -Peppered moth (pollution in city vs. country) | 25 | |
| 9453410109 | Fossil Record | -Fossils = remains or traces of organisms from past -Found in sedimentary rock -Paleontology: study of fossils -Show evolutionary changes that occur over time and origin of major new groups of organisms | 26 | |
| 9453419063 | analogous structures | similar structures, function in similar environments | 27 | |
| 9453420924 | endemic species | found at a certain geographic location and nowhere else | 28 | |
| 9453427379 | Microevolution | change in the allele frequencies of a population over generations | 29 | |
| 9453429806 | Point mutations | changes in one base (eg. sickle cell) | 30 | |
| 9453431132 | Chromosomal mutations | delete, duplicate, disrupt, rearrange usually harmful | 31 | |
| 9453432517 | Sexual recombination | contributes to most of genetic variation in a population 1. Crossing Over (Meiosis - Prophase I) 2. Independent Assortment of Chromosomes (during meiosis) 3. Random Fertilization (sperm + egg) | 32 | |
| 9453436040 | Population genetics | study of how populations change genetically over time | 33 | |
| 9453437331 | Population | group of individuals that live in the same area and interbreed, producing fertile offspring | 34 | |
| 9453438783 | Gene pool | all of the alleles for all genes in all the members of the population -Diploid species: 2 alleles for a gene (homozygous/heterozygous) | 35 | |
| 9453440402 | Fixed allele | all members of a population only have 1 allele for a particular trait -The more fixed alleles a population has, the LOWER the species' diversity | 36 | |
| 9453441634 | Hardy-Weinberg Theorum | The allele and genotype frequencies of a population will remain constant from generation to generation | 37 | |
| 9453442983 | Equilibrium | allele and genotype frequencies remain constant | 38 | |
| 9453446516 | conditions for H W Equilibrium | No mutations. Random mating. No natural selection. Extremely large population size. No gene flow. | 39 | |
| 9453448244 | Allele Frequencies | Gene with 2 alleles : p, q | 40 | |
| 9453448245 | p | frequency of dominant allele (A) | 41 | |
| 9453448246 | q | frequency of recessive allele (a) | 42 | |
| 9453453556 | Genotypic Frequencies | 3 genotypes (AA, Aa, aa) | 43 | |
| 9453454800 | p squared | AA (homozygous dominant) | 44 | |
| 9453454801 | 2pq | Aa (heterozygous) | 45 | |
| 9453454802 | q squared | (homozygous recessive) | 46 | |
| 9453463640 | minor causes of evolution | 1. Mutations Rare, very small changes in allele frequencies 2. Nonrandom mating Affect genotypes, but not allele frequencies | 47 | |
| 9453465053 | major causes of evolution | Natural selection, genetic drift, gene flow | 48 | |
| 9453468683 | Genetic Drift | Small populations have greater chance of fluctuations in allele frequencies from one generation to another ex: founder effect, bottleneck effect | 49 | |
| 9453471039 | Founder Effect | -A few individuals isolated from larger population -Certain alleles under/over represented | 50 | |
| 9453472792 | Bottleneck Effect | Sudden change in environment drastically reduces population size | 51 | |
| 9453475738 | Gene Flow | Movement of fertile individuals between populations Gain/lose alleles Reduce genetic differences between populations | 52 | |
| 9453478653 | alter frequency caused by natural selection | 1. Directional selection 2. Disruptive (diversifying) selection 3. Stabilizing selection | 53 | |
| 9453480333 | Directional Selection | ex: larger black bears survive extreme cold better than small ones | 54 | |
| 9453481867 | Disruptive Selection | ex: small beaks for small seeds; large beaks for large seeds | 55 | |
| 9453481868 | Stabilizing Selection | ex: narrow range of human birth weight | 56 | |
| 9453485403 | Sexual dimorphism | difference between 2 sexes -Size, color, ornamentation, behavior | 57 | |
| 9453486922 | Intrasexual | selection within same sex (eg. M compete with other M) | 58 | |
| 9453487896 | Intersexual | mate choice (eg. F choose showy M) | 59 | |
| 9453489685 | Diploidy | hide recessive alleles that are less favorable | 60 | |
| 9453490763 | Heterozygote advantage | greater fitness than homozygotes -ex: Sickle cell disease | 61 | |
| 9453496240 | Species | population or group of populations whose members have the potential to interbreed in nature and produce viable, fertile offspring -Reproductively compatible | 62 | |
| 9453498409 | Reproductive isolation | barriers that prevent members of 2 species from producing viable, fertile hybrids | 63 | |
| 9453499536 | Prezygotic Barriers | -Impede mating/fertilization Types: -Habitat isolation -Temporal isolation -Behavioral isolation -Mechanical isolation -Gametic isolation | 64 | |
| 9453501261 | Postzygotic Barriers | -Prevent hybrid zygote from developing into viable adult Types: -Reduced hybrid viability -Reduced hybrid fertility -Hybrid breakdown | 65 | |
| 9453504396 | Morphological | by body shape, size, and other structural features | 66 | |
| 9453504397 | Ecological | niche/role in community | 67 | |
| 9453505543 | Phylogenetic | share common ancestry, branch on tree of life | 68 | |
| 9453508261 | Allopatric Speciation | "other" "homeland" -geographically isolated populations -caused by geologic events or processes -evolves by natural selection and genetic drift | 69 | |
| 9453515117 | sympatric speciation | "together""homeland" -overlapping populations within home range -gene flow between subpopulations blocked by polyploidy, sexual selection, and habitat differentiation | 70 | |
| 9453522055 | Autopolyploid | extra sets of chromosomes -Failure of cell division (2n 4n) | 71 | |
| 9453523073 | Allopolyploid | 2 species produce a hybrid -Species A (2n=6) + Species B (2n=4) Hybrid (2n=10) | 72 | |
| 9453525562 | adaptive radiation | Many new species arise from a single common ancestor Occurs when: -A few organisms make way to new, distant areas (allopatric speciation) -Environmental change extinctions new niches for survivors | 73 | |
| 9453528342 | Hybrid Zones | -Incomplete reproductive barriers -Possible outcomes: reinforcement, fusion, stability | 74 | |
| 9453530204 | Gradualism | -Common ancestor -Slow, constant change | 75 | |
| 9453531503 | Punctuated Equilibrium | -Eldridge & Gould -Long period of stasis punctuated by short bursts of significant change | 76 |
| 7016987178 | Act | The main division of a play. Shakespeare's plays consist of five acts. The climax occurs in Act Three. | 0 | |
| 7016987179 | Anastrophe | Inversion of the normal syntactic order of words, for example: To market went she. | 1 | |
| 7016987180 | Apotheosis | Elevating someone to the level of god | 2 | |
| 7016987181 | Aside | A short speech or remark made by an actor to the audience rather than to the characters, who do not hear him or her. | 3 | |
| 7016987182 | Catharsis | from Aristotle's Poetics, the idea that tragedy should "arouse pity and fear in such a way as to accomplish a catharsis of emotions in the audience": refers to an emotional cleansing or feeling of relief | 4 | |
| 7016987183 | Chiasmus | A type of rhetoric in which the second part is syntactically balanced against the first. | 5 | |
| 7016987184 | Constative | The use of language to indicate a state of affairs which exists, in contrast to language used 'performatively' - to initiate an action. | 6 | |
| 7016987185 | Drama | A composition in prose or verse for presenting through dialogue and acting. | 7 | |
| 7016987186 | In Medias Res | In literature, a work that begins in the middle of the story. | 8 | |
| 7016987187 | Monologue | An extended speech by one person. | 9 | |
| 7016987188 | Pleonasm | Use of superfluous or redundant words, often enriching the thought. Example: *No one, rich or poor, will be excepted. | 10 | |
| 7016987189 | Portmanteau | Combination of two or more words to create a new word; Example: smog is the combination of smoke and fog; Lewis Carroll's Jabberwocky is loaded with portmanteau words. | 11 | |
| 7016987190 | Prolepsis | The anticipation, in adjectives or nouns, of the result of the action of a verb; also, the positioning of a relative clause before its antecedent. | 12 | |
| 7016987191 | Scene | A unit of dramatic action in which a single point is made. | 13 | |
| 7016987192 | Synesis | (=constructio ad sensum): the agreement of words according to logic, and not by the grammatical form; a kind of anacoluthon. | 14 | |
| 7016987193 | Tragedy | "the imitation of an action that is serious and also, as having magnitude, complete in itself." It incorporates "incidents arousing pity and fear, wherewith to accomplish the catharsis of such emotions." | 15 | |
| 7016987194 | Tragic Hero | has the potential for greatness but is doomed to fail. He is trapped in a situation where he cannot win. He makes some sort of tragic flaw, and this causes his fall from greatness. Even though he is a fallen hero, he still wins a moral victory, and his spirit lives on | 16 |
| 7017278852 | Ad Hominem | of an argument or reaction; directed against a person rather than the position they are maintaining. "vicious ad hominem attacks"; relating to or associated with a particular person | 0 | |
| 7017278853 | Comedy of Ideas | the "comedy of ideas" is the highest form of comedic drama. The comedy of ideas pits pure concepts against each other. | 1 | |
| 7017278854 | Comedy of Manners | a comedy that satirizes behavior in a particular social group, especially the upper classes. | 2 | |
| 7017278855 | Complication | The part of the plot in which the conflict is developed | 3 | |
| 7017278856 | Dirimens Copulatto | a statement (or a series of statements) that balances one idea with a contrasting idea. | 4 | |
| 7017278857 | Metaphysical | relating to ideas about life, existence, and other things that are not part of the physical world | 5 | |
| 7017278858 | Non-sequitur | a conclusion or statement that does not logically follow from the previous argument or statement. | 6 | |
| 7017278859 | Poetic Justice | an ideal form of justice in which the good characters are rewarded and the bad characters are punished by an ironic twist of their fate. | 7 | |
| 7017278860 | Pun | a joke exploiting the different possible meanings of a word or the fact that there are words that sound alike but have different meanings | 8 | |
| 7017278861 | Supposition | an idea or theory that you believe is true even though you do not have proof | 9 | |
| 7017278862 | Theater of the Absurd | Avant-garde drama movement originating in the 1950s in Europe with dramatists such as Samuel Beckett (1906-1989), Jean Genet (1910-1986), and Eugene Ionesco (1912-1994). Influenced philosophically by Existentialism, they expressed a worldview in which there was no God, and life was meaningless. They had no faith in logic or rational communication, feeling that attempts to construe meanings broke down into absurdity - 'absurd' in this context meaning 'out of harmony' rather than 'ridiculous'. | 10 | |
| 7017278863 | Zeugma | a figure of speech in which a word applies to two others in different senses (e.g.,John and his license expired last week ) or to two others of which it semantically suits only one (e.g., with weeping eyes and hearts ). | 11 | |
| 7017278864 | Freytag Pyramid | Dramatic structure (also called Freytag's pyramid) is the structure of a dramatic work such as a play or film. (Exposition, Rising Action, Climax, Falling Action, Resolution). | 12 | |
| 7017278865 | Minimalism | A style or technique (as in music, literature, or design) that is characterized by extreme spareness and simplicity | 13 | |
| 7017278866 | Absurd | Inconsistent with reason or logic or common sense | 14 | |
| 7017278867 | Adroit | Quick or skillful or adept in action or thought | 15 | |
| 7017278868 | Aesthetic | Characterized by an appreciation of beauty or good taste | 16 | |
| 7017278869 | Earnest | Characterized by a firm, humorless belief in one's opinions | 17 | |
| 7017278870 | Efficacious | Giving the power to produce an intended effect | 18 | |
| 7017278871 | Etiquette | Rules governing socially acceptable behavior | 19 | |
| 7017278872 | Serendipitous | Lucky in making unexpected and fortunate discoveries | 20 | |
| 7017278873 | Ambiguity | unclearness by virtue of having more than one meaning | 21 | |
| 7017278874 | Ambivalence | uncertainty or fluctuation, especially when caused by inability to make a choice or by a simultaneous desire to say or do two opposite or conflicting things | 22 | |
| 7017278875 | Antagonist | The character, force, or collection of forces n fiction or drama that opposes the protagonist and gives rise to the conflict of the story | 23 | |
| 7017278876 | Climax | From the reader's perspective, the climax is the highest point of emotional intensity in a story. It usually marks the turning point in the protagonist's fortunes and the major crisis in the story. | 24 | |
| 7017278877 | Comic Relief | Humor that provides a release of tension and breaks up a more serious episode | 25 | |
| 7017278878 | Conflict | A conflict is a struggle between opposing characters or forces, usually between the protagonist and someone or something else. All conflicts are either external (physical) or internal (emotional, moral, psychological) | 26 | |
| 7017278879 | Denouement | The outcome or clarification at the end of a story or play | 27 | |
| 7017278880 | Dramatic Irony | In dramatic irony the contrast is between what a character says or thinks and what the readers knows to be true | 28 | |
| 7017278881 | Exaggeration | A statement that makes something worse or better than it really is | 29 | |
| 7017278882 | Exposition | The background information provided by the author to further the plot, conflict, setting, and characterization is called exposition | 30 | |
| 7017278883 | Farce | A comic dramatic work using buffoonery and horseplay and typically including crude characterization and ludicrously improbable situations. | 31 | |
| 7017278884 | Foil | A character foil is a character whose behavior, attitudes, and opinions are in contrast to those of the protagonist. He/She helps the reader to understand better the character of the protagonist. | 32 | |
| 7017278885 | Hyperbole | Use of specific words and phrases that exaggerate and overemphasize the basic crux of the statement in order to produce a grander, more noticeable effect | 33 | |
| 7017278886 | Monologue | A speech presented by a single character, most often to express their mental thoughts aloud, though sometimes also to directly address another character or the audience | 34 | |
| 7017278887 | Polysyndeton | The repetition of conjunctions in a series of coordinate words, phrases, or clauses. | 35 | |
| 7017278888 | Pragmatic | Dealing with things sensibly and realistically in a way that is based on practical rather than theoretical considerations | 36 | |
| 7017278889 | Resolution | The resolution is the solving of all of the conflicts in the story | 37 | |
| 7017278890 | Rising Action | The rising action consists of the events preceding the climax. During this stage of the story, background information is given, conflicts are introduced, and suspense is built up. There may even be moments of crisis. Because it accomplishes so much, the rising action is always longer than the falling action of a story | 38 | |
| 7017278891 | Satire | A kind of literature that ridicules human folly or vice with the purpose of bringing about reform or of keeping others from falling into similar folly or vice | 39 | |
| 7017278892 | Situational Irony | The discrepancy is between appearance and reality, or between expectation and fulfillment, or between what is and what would seem appropriate | 40 | |
| 7017278893 | Soliloquy | The utterance of a character who is talking to himself or herself and who is unaware of any hearers who may be present. It is used in drama to allow the audience insight into a character's innermost feelings or to give the audience essential information. | 41 | |
| 7017278894 | Subplot | A subplot is a minor storyline, secondary to the main plot. Subplots may be related or unrelated to the main plot. | 42 | |
| 7017278895 | Verbal Irony | Occurs when a speaker speaks something contradictory to what he intends to. It is an intentional product of the speaker and is contradictory to his/her emotions and actions. | 43 | |
| 7017278896 | Wit | Form of intellectual humor; the ability to say or write things that are clever and usually funny. | 44 |
| 5574097736 | metabolism | The totality of an organism's chemical reactions, consistiing of catabolic and anabolic pathways, which manage the material and energy resources of the organism. | 0 | |
| 5574097737 | metabolic pathway | A series of chemical reactions that either builds a complex molecule or breaks down a complex molecule into simpler compounds. | 1 | |
| 5574097738 | anabolic pathway | A series of chemical reactions that builds a complex molecule. | 2 | |
| 5574097739 | catabolic | A series of chemical reactions that breaks down a complex molecule. | 3 | |
| 5574097741 | energy | The capacity to cause change, especially to do work. | 4 | |
| 5574097742 | kinetic energy | The energy associated with the relative motion of objects. | 5 | |
| 5574097743 | thermal energy | The total amount of kinetic energy due to the random motion of atoms or molecules in a body of matter. This is energy in its most random form. | 6 | |
| 5574097744 | potential energy | The energy that matter possesses as a result of its location or spacial arrangement (structure). | 7 | |
| 5574097745 | chemical energy | Energy available in molecules for relase in a chemical reaction; a form of potential energy. | 8 | |
| 5574097746 | thermodynamics | The study of energy transformations that occur in a collection of matter. | 9 | |
| 5574097747 | entropy | A measure of disorder or randomness. | 10 | |
| 5574097750 | free energy | The portion of a biological system's energy that can perform work when temperature and pressure are uniform throughout the system. | 11 | |
| 5574097751 | exergonic reaction | A spontaneous chemical reaction, in which there is a net release of free energy. | 12 | |
| 5574097752 | endergonic reaction | A non-spontaneous chemical reaction, in which free energy is absorbed from the surroundings. | 13 | |
| 5574097754 | ATP | An adenine-containing nucleoside triphosphate that releases free energy when its phosphate bonds are hydrolyzed. The energy is used to drive endergonic reactions in cells. | 14 | |
| 5574097755 | adenosine triphosphate | What does ATP stand for? | 15 | |
| 5574097756 | phosphorylated | Referring to a molecule that is covalently bonded to a phosphate group and is more unstable and therefore contains more free energy. | 16 | |
| 5574097770 | fermentation | A catabolic process that makes a limited amount of ATP from glucose without an electron transport chain and that produces a characteristic end product, such as ethyl alcohol or lactic acid. | 17 | |
| 5574097771 | aerobic respiration | A catabolic pathway that consumes oxygen and organic molecules, producing ATP. This is the most efficient catabolic pathway and is carried out in most eukaryotic cells and many prokaryotic organisms. | 18 | |
| 5574097772 | cellular respiration | The catabolic pathways of aerobic and anaerobic respiration, which break down organic molecules for the production of ATP. | 19 | |
| 5574097773 | redox reactions | A chemical reaction involving the complete or partial transfer of one or more electrons from one reactant to another; short for oxidation-reduction reaction. | 20 | |
| 5574097774 | oxidation | The loss of electrons from a substance involved in a redox reaction. | 21 | |
| 5574097775 | reduction | The addition of electrons to a substance involved in a redox reaction. | 22 | |
| 5574097776 | reducing agent | A electron donor in a redox reaction. | 23 | |
| 5574097777 | oxidizing agent | The electron acceptor in a redox reaction. | 24 | |
| 5574097778 | electron transport chain | A sequence of electron carrier molecules (membrane proteins) that shuttle electrons during the redox reactions that release energy used to make ATP. | 25 | |
| 5574097779 | NAD+ | Nictinamide adenine dinucleotide, a coenzyme that can accept an electron and act as an electron carrier in the electron transport chain. | 26 | |
| 5574097781 | nictinamide adenine dinucleotide | What does NAD stand for? | 27 | |
| 5574097783 | glycolysis | The splitting of glucose into pyruvate. This occurs in almost all living cells, serving as the starting point for fermentation or cellular respiration. | 28 | |
| 5574097784 | citric acid cycle | A chemical cycle involving eight steps that completes the metabolic breakdown of glucose molecules begun in glycolysis by oxidizing pyruvate to carbon dioxide. it occurs within hte mitochondrion in eukaryotic cells and in the cytosol of prokaryotes. This is the second major stage in cellular respiration. | 29 | |
| 5574097785 | oxidative phosphorylation | The production of ATP using energy derived from the redox reactions of an electron transport chain. The third major stage of cellular respiration. | 30 | |
| 5574097786 | substrate-level phosphorylation | The formation of ATP by an enzyme directly transferring a phosphate group to ADP from an intermediate substrate in catabolism. | 31 | |
| 5574097787 | acetyl CoA | The entry compound for the citric acid cycle in cellular respiration, formed from a fragment of pyruvate attached to a coenzyme. | 32 | |
| 5574097789 | ATP synthase | A complex of several membrane proteins that provide a port through which proteins diffuse. This complex functions in chemiosmosis with adjacent electron transport chains, using the energy of a hydrogen ion (proton) concentration gradient to make ATP. They are found in the inner mitochondrial membrane of eukaryotic cells and in the plasma membrane of prokaryotes. | 33 | |
| 5574097790 | chemiosmosis | An energy-coupling mechanism that uses energy stored in the form of a hydrogen ion gradient across a membrane to drive cellular work, such as the synthesis of ATP. Most ATP synthesis in cells occurs by chemiosmosis. | 34 | |
| 5574097791 | proton-motive force | The potential energy stored in the form of an electrochemical gradient, generated byt he pumping of hydrogen ions across a biological membrane during chemiosmosis. | 35 | |
| 5574097792 | alcohol fermentation | Glycolysis followed by the conversion of pyruvate to carbon dioxide and ethyl alcohol. | 36 | |
| 5574097793 | lactic acid fermentation | Glycolysis followed by the conversion of pyruvate to lactate, with no release of carbon dioxide. | 37 | |
| 5574097798 | anaerobic respiration | The use of inorganic molecules other than oxygen to accept electrons at the "downhill" end of electron transport chains. | 38 | |
| 5574097800 | lactic acid | This is produced in muscle cells from the reduction of pyruvate (under anaerobic conditions) to regenerate NAD+ so that glycolysis can continue. | 39 | |
| 5574097801 | oxaloacetic acid | This four-carbon compound combines with acetyl CoA in the Krebs cycle to produce citric acid. | 40 | |
| 5574097802 | citric acid | This 6 carbon compound is formed in the Krebs Cycle as an intermediate product in the metabolism of carbohydrates. | 41 | |
| 5574097803 | glucose | This sugar is manufactured during photosynthesis and is the main source of energy for plants and animals. It is metabolized during cellular respiration. | 42 | |
| 5574097804 | pyruvic acid | This three-carbon compound is produced during glycolysis and is needed for both the aerobic and anaerobic pathways of cellular respiration that follow glycolysis. | 43 | |
| 5574097805 | carbon dioxide | This gas is a reactant of photosynthesis and a waste product of cellular respiration. | 44 | |
| 5574097806 | mitochondrion | This organelle in eukaryotic cells serves as the site of cellular respiration. | 45 | |
| 5574097807 | matrix | In a mitochondrion, this is the surface area of the organelle that is exposed to fluids where cellular respiration takes place. | 46 | |
| 5574097808 | crista | An infolding of the inner membrane of a mitochondrion that houses electron transport chains and molecules of the enzyme catalyzing the synthesis of ATP. | 47 | |
| 5574097809 | FAD | This is a compound that acts as a hydrogen acceptor in dehydrogenation reactions. | 48 | |
| 5574097811 | FADH2 | This is produced in the Krebs cycle and is a reduced form of FAD, it is an electron carrier capable of creating 2 ATP from releasing its electrons to the electron transport chain. | 49 | |
| 5574097813 | AMP | This is a molecule that can be converted into ATP through the addition of two phosphate; what ATP becomes when it loses two phosphate. | 50 | |
| 5574097814 | adenosine monophosphate | What does AMP stand for? | 51 | |
| 5574097815 | ADP | This is the molecule that ATP becomes when it gives up one of its three phosphate groups. | 52 | |
| 5574097816 | adenosine diphosphate | What does ADP stand for? | 53 | |
| 5574097817 | respirometer | This is a machine that can be used to calculate the respiration rate of a reaction. | 54 | |
| 5574097819 | phosphofructokinase | The enzyme that catalyzes the phosphorylation of fructose-6-phosphate to form fructose-1-6-bisphosphate in the third step of glycolysis. This is the main regulatory step of glycolysis. PFK is feedback-inhibited by ATP. | 55 |
| 7710650314 | Tone | the general character or attitude of a place, piece of writing, situation, etc. | 0 | |
| 7710650315 | Allusion | The writer presumes the reader knows | 1 | |
| 7710650316 | Anecdote | a short and amusing or interesting story about a real incident or person | 2 | |
| 7710650317 | Cliché | An overused word, phrase, or saying | 3 | |
| 7710650963 | Imagery | Clear images beyond meaning that appeals to the senses (sight, sound, smell, touch, taste) | 4 | |
| 7710650964 | Irony | A contrast between expectation and reality | 5 | |
| 7710651500 | Metaphor | comparison NOT using like or as | 6 | |
| 7710651501 | Personification | the giving of human qualities to an animal, object, or idea | 7 | |
| 7710651502 | Ambiguity | An event or situation that may be interpreted in more than one way. | 8 | |
| 7710652173 | Simile | A comparison using "like" or "as" | 9 | |
| 7710653882 | Symbol | something that represents something else | 10 | |
| 7710653883 | Wit | intellectually amusing language that surprises and delights | 11 |
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