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Unit 7 AP Language Vocabulary Flashcards

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8863284710austere(adj.) severe or stern in manner; without adornment or luxury, simple, plain; harsh or sour in flavor0
8863284711beneficent(adj.) performing acts of kindness or charity; conferring benefits, doing good1
8863284712cadaverous(adj.) pale, gaunt, resembling a corps2
8863284713crass(adj.) coarse, unfeeling; stupid3
8863284714debase(v.) to lower in character, quality, or value; to degrade, adulterate; to cause to deteriorate4
8863284715desecrate(v.) to commit sacrilege upon, treat irreverently; to contaminate, pollute5
8863284716disconcert(v.) to confuse; to disturb the composure of6
8863284717grandiose(adj.) grand in an impressive or stately way; marked by pompous affectation or grandeur, absurdly exaggerated7
8863284718inconsequential(adj.) trifling, unimportant8
8863284719infraction(n.) a breaking of a law or obligation9
8863284720mitigate(v.) to make milder or softer, to moderate in force or intensity10
8863284721pillage(v.) to rob of goods by open force (as in war), plunder; (n.) the act of looting; booty11
8863284722prate(v.) to talk a great deal in a foolish or aimless fashion12
8863284723punctilious(adj.) very careful and exact, attentive to fine points of etiquette13
8863284724redoubtable(adj.) inspiring fear or awe; illustrious, eminent14
8863284725reprove(v.) to find fault with, scold, rebuke15
8863284726restitution(n.) the act of restoring someone or something to the rightful owner or to a former state or position; making good on a loss or damage16
8863284727stalwart(adj.) strong and sturdy; brave; resolute; (n.) a brave, strong person; a strong supporter; one who takes an uncompromising position17
8863284728vulnerable (adj)open to attack; capable of being wounded or damaged; unprotected18
8863284729concoct (v)to prepare by combining ingredients, make up (as a dish); to devise, invent, fabricate19
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AP Language Week 3 Flashcards

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4974706975AltruisticShowing a disinterested and selfless concern for the well-being of others; unselfish. (adj)0
4974706976AmbivalentHaving mixed feelings or contradictory ideas about something or someone. (adj.)1
4974706977Angular(of an object, outline of shape) having angles or sharp corners. (adj.)2
4974706978ArrogantHaving or revealing an exaggerated sense of one's own importance or abilities. (adj.)3
4974706979AversionA strong dislike or disinclination. (noun)4
4974706980DiscernPerceive or recognize (something). (verb)5
4974706981DisdainThe feeling that someone or something is unworthy of one's consideration or respect. (noun)6
4974706982DisparageRegard or represent as being of little worth. (verb)7
4974706983DisparityA great difference. (noun)8
4974706984EmbellishMake (something) more attractive by the addition of decorative details or features. (verb)9
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AP English Language and Composition Flashcards

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9960238581AllegoryThe device of using character and/or story elements symbolically.0
9960238582AntecedentWord, phrase, or clause referred to by a pronoun.1
9960238583AntithesisOpposition or contrast of ideas through parallelism.2
9960238584AphorismEarly to bed and early to rise help make a man healthy, wealthy, and wise. -Ben Franklin3
9960238585Apostrophe"Oh, Captain, my Captain, our fearful trip is done..."4
9960238586Colloquial/ColloquialismThe use of slang or informalities in speech or writing.5
9960238587ConceitA fanciful expression, usually in the form of an extended metaphor.6
9960238588Euphemismcorrectional facility = jail between jobs = unemployed7
9960238589HomilyThis term literally means "sermon," but more informally, it can include any serious talk, speech, or lecture involving moral or spiritual advice.8
9960238590InvectiveAn emotionally violent, verbal denunciation or attack using strong, abusive language.9
9960238591Metonymya figure of speech in which the name of one object is substituted for that of another closely associated with it.10
9960238592AnaphoraThe exact repetition of words or phrases at the beginning of successive lines or sentences.11
9960238593PedanticAn adjective that describes words, phrases, or general tone that is overly scholarly, academic, or bookish12
9960238594Proseone of the major divisions of genre, prose refers to fiction and nonfiction, including all its forms.13
9960238595SemanticsThe branch of linguistics that studies the meaning of words.14
9960238596SyllogismA deductive system of formal logic that presents two premises that inevitably lead to a sound conclusion.15
9960238597SynecdocheA figure of speech in which a part of something is used to represent the whole.16
9960238598SynesthesiaWhen one kind of sensory stimulus evokes the subjective experience of another.17
9960238599ApologiaA written or spoken defense of one's beliefs and actions.18
9960238600EpigramA brief witty statement.19
9960238601DigressionThe use of material unrelated to the subject of a work.20
9960238602EllipsisThe omission of a word or several words.21
9960238603Ad HominemAttacking a speaker's character instead of to their argument.22
9960238604AnachronismA person, scene, event or other element that fails to correspond with the appropriate time or era.23
9960238605DidacticHaving an instructive purpose; intending to convey information to teach a lesson usually in a dry, pompous manner.24
9960238606FallacyAn incorrect belief or supposition based on faulty data, defective evidence, or false information.25
9960238607HubrisExcessive pride that often brings about one's fall.26
9960238608AlliterationRepetition of consonant sounds, usually at the beginnings of words27
9960238609LitotesA form of understatement in which the negative of the contrary is used to achieve emphasis or intensity.28
9960238610ParadoxA statement or idea that seems contradictory but is in fact true.29
9960238611Non SequiturA statement or idea that fails to follow logically from the one before.30
9960238612AnecdoteA short and amusing or interesting story about a real incident or person.31
9960238613JargonSpecial words or expressions that are used by a particular profession or group.32
9960238614TaciturnNot talking much, reserved; silent, holding back in conversation.33
9960238615DogmaticInclined to lay down principles as incontrovertibly true.34
9960238616PerniciousHaving a harmful effect, especially in a gradual or subtle way.35
9960238617BellicoseDemonstrating aggression and willingness to fight.36
9960238618VoraciousCraving or consuming large quantities of food.37
9960238619ZealousHaving or showing zeal.38
9960238620TacitUnderstood or implied without being stated.39
9960238621InnuendoAn allusive or oblique remark or hint, typically a suggestive or disparaging one.40
9960238622LackadaisicalDisplaying or having a disinclination for physical exertion or effort; slow and relaxed.41
9960238623ConsecrateMake or declare (something, typically a church) sacred; dedicate formally to a religious or divine purpose.42
9960238624ChiasmusA type of parallelism in which elements are reversed. "Ask not what your country can do for you, but what you can do for your country."43
9960238625Loose SentenceA sentence in which the subject and verb come at the front of the sentence.44
9960238626PetulantChildishly sulky or bad-tempered.45
9960238627Periodic SentenceA sentence in which the subject and verb come toward the end of the sentence.46
9960238628ExhortStrongly encourage or urge someone to do something.47
9960238629CloisteredKept away from the outside world; sheltered.48
9960238630SarcasmCaustic, bitter language--iterally means "to tear the flesh."49
9960238631Independent ClauseA complete sentence.50
9960238632Dependent ClauseIncludes a subordinate conjunction, such as because, while, etc.51
9960238633AllusionA reference to something (e.g., a book, a movie, an historical event) that is presumed to be well known to the audience.52
9960238634SatireA work that pokes fun human vices and follies in order to call attention to a larger problem.53
9960238635ParodyA work that closely imitates the style or content of another with the specific aim of comic effect and/or ridicule.54
9960238636Coup de GraceThe "death blow"--the culminating event in a bad situation.55
9960238637Coup d'EtatLiterally "blow to the state"--a violent overthrow.56
9960238638Faux PasA social misstep or inappropriate action.57
9960238639Laissez-FaireLiterally "allow to do"--letting things run their natural course; hands off.58
9960238640En MasseIn a body as a whole; as a group.59
9960238641ProprietaryCharacteristic of an owner of property; constituting property.60
9960238642ProprietyThe quality of behaving in a proper manner; obeying rules and customs.61
9960238643ImminentAbout to happen.62
9960238644EminentFamous, outstanding, distinguished.63
9960238645EgoAccording to Freud, the decision-making component of personality that operates according to the reality principle.64
9960238646SuperegoAccording to Freud, that facet of the psyche that represents the internalized ideals and values of one's parents and society65
9960238647IdLiterally the "It"--our base impulses, driven by selfishness and greed, for example.66
9960238648HamartiaA character's error in judgment that contributes to one's downfall.67
9960238649OrwellianThe manipulation of language and ideas to control and obstruct the truth.68
9960238650AutonomosIndependent, self-governing, not under the control of something or someone else.69
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AP Language Vocabulary SAT Words 1: Tone Words Flashcards

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5562482998acerbicsharp; forthright; biting; hurtful; abrasive; severe0
5562486687bitterangry; acrimonious; antagonistic; spiteful; nasty1
5562520945benevolentsympathetic; tolerant; generous; caring; well meaning2
5562486688causticmaking biting, corrosive comments; critical3
5562488858cynicalscornful of motives/virtues of others; mocking; sneering4
5562492067defensivedefending a position; shielding; guarding; watchful5
5562492068earnestshowing deep feeling or sincerity6
5562494424dignifiedserious; respectful; formal; proper7
5562497234aggrievedindignant; annoyed; offended; disgruntled8
5562503626callouscruel disregard; unfeeling; uncaring; indifferent; ruthless9
5562503627cautionarygives warning; raises awareness; reminding10
5562507572condescendingstooping to the level of one's inferiors; patronising11
5562507573incredulousdisbelieving; unconvinced; questioning; suspicious12
5562511799facetiousinappropriate; flippant, not serious or respectful13
5562515307conciliatoryintended to placate or pacify; appeasing14
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AP Psychology- Language and Intelligence Flashcards

Advanced Placement Psychology

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9764458945intelligence testa method for assessing an individual's mental aptitudes and comparing them with those of others, using numerical scores.0
9764458946intelligencemental quality consisting of the ability to learn from experience, solve problems, and use knowledge to adapt to new situations. it is one's potential, not what they achieve.1
9764458947g factora general intelligence factor that, according to Spearman and others, underlies specific mental abilities and is therefore measured by every task on an intelligence test.2
9764458948factor analysisa statistical procedure that identifies clusters of related items (called factors) on a test; used to identify different dimensions of performance that underlie a person's total score.3
9764458949savant syndromea condition in which a person otherwise limited in mental ability has an exceptional specific skill, such as in computation or drawing.4
9764458950emotional intelligencethe ability to perceive, understand, manage, and use emotions. Daniel Goleman developed a theory concerning it that focused on the importance of self control, empathy, and awareness of one's own emotions.5
9764458951mental ageThe average age at which children could successfully answer a particular level of questions. a measure of intelligence devised by Binet; the age at which a person is mentally performing at. It can be higher, lower, or the same as their chronological age.6
9764458952Stanford-Binetthe widely used American revision of Binet's original intelligence test. Louis Terman of Stanford University created it.7
9764458953intelligence quotient (IQ)Originally defined as the mental age divided by chronological age multiplied by 100 Developed by Louis Terman.8
9764458954achievement teststests designed to assess what a person has learned. The AP Psychology Exam is an example9
9764458955aptitude teststests designed to predict a person's future performance; aptitude is the capacity to learn. SAT, and IQ test are examples10
9764458956Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS)the most widely used intelligence test; contains verbal and performance (nonverbal) subtests.11
9764458957standardizationThe process of giving the test to a large group of representative and randomly selected people to establish consistent methods administration.12
9764458964Norms/Norming a TestThe standard(s) against which all others who take the test will be compared. Formed from the group used to standardize the test.13
9764458958normal curvea symmetrical, bell-shaped curve that describes the distribution of many types of data; most scores fall near the mean (68 percent fall within one standard deviation of it) and fewer and fewer near the extremes.14
9764458959reliabilitythe extent to which a test yields consistent results. a test can be reliable but not valid. Can determine by retesting or by comparing the consistency of scores on two halves of the test (split half reliability)15
9764458960validitythe extent to which a test measures or predicts what it is supposed to. In order for a test to be valid it has to be reliable.16
9764458961content validitythe extent to which a test samples the behavior that is of interest. The AP Psychology exam will measure your knowledge of Psychology, and not Chemistry.17
9764458962predictive validitythe success with which a test predicts the behavior it is designed to predict; it is assessed by computing the correlation between test scores and the criterion behavior. The SATs have predictive validity.18
9764458963intellectual disability(formerly referred to as mental retardation) a condition of limited mental ability, indicated by an intelligence score of 70 or below and difficulty in adapting to the demands of life; varies from mild to profound.19
9764458965Howard GarnderDeveloped the theory of Multiple Intelligences20
9764458966Louis TermanPioneer in the field of intelligence. Created the Stanford-Binet test and the IQ formula.21
9764458967Robert SternbergDeveloped the Triarchic Theory of Intelligence22
9764458968Alfred BinetCreated the first known intelligence test and developed the concept of mental age.23
9764458969David WechslerCreated what is today the most popular IQ test.24
9764458970Multiple IntelligencesTheory created by Howard Gardner that there are many types of intelligences such as musical, interpersonal, naturalist, and bodily-kinetics. Come critics say these are more abilities than intelligences25
9764458971Triarchic TheoryRobert Sternberg's theory that intelligence is composed of Analytic Intelligence, Creative Intelligence, and Practical Intelligence.26
9764458972Charles SpearmanSaw intelligence as being composed of the g factor (ability to reason and solve problems) and the s factor (specific intelligence)27
9764458973Deviation IQ ScoresReplaced the old IQ formula. IQ scores are now determined based on a normal curve with a mean of 100 and a standard deviation of 15.28
9764458974Fluid IntelligenceAbility to quickly problem solve, reason abstractly and pick up new skills. Decreases as we age29
9764458975Crystallized IntelligenceAbility to use knowledge and facts we've gained over time Increases as we age30
9764458976Cultural biasTendency for IQ tests to reflect the language, culture, history, and customs of the people who designed the test.31
9764458977heritabilityProportion of change that is due to genetic factors. For intelligence, it is about 50%. Estimates of heritability apply to groups, not individuals.32
9764458978stereotype threatjust being aware of negative stereotypes that apply to your group can negatively impact your performance on intelligence tests33
9764458979GrammarSystem of rules that govern a language. For instance, in English, we put the adjective before the noun- pretty sunset.34
9764458980PhonemesThe smallest units of sound in a language th is a one; the word past has 435
9764458981MorphemesThe smallest units of meaning in a language Snowman- has 2 (snow, man)36
9764458982Syntaxrules for combining words and phrases to make grammatically correct sentences.37
9764458983SemanticsRules for determining the meaning of words and sentences. I have to go to a wake tonight vs. I have to wake my mom at 6 am have very different meanings38
9764458984Noam ChomskyLinguist who theorized that humans are born with the innate ability to understand and produce language. The complexities of language are hard wired in us39
9764458985Language Acquisition Devicetheorized by Chomsky, it's an innate program that contains the schema for human language40
9764458986Linguistic relativity hypothesis (determinism)Developed by Benjamin Whorf, theory that language influences and controls thought processes and concepts.41
9764458987Over-generalization/Over-regularization of LanguageTendency for young children to over enforce the rules of language inappropriately. For example, saying, "I gooed to the potty." Used to support the idea of the LAD.42
9764458988B.F. SkinnerBelieved that language was acquired through imitation and reinforcement.43
9764458989Critical Period HypothesisTheory that if one's Language Acquisition Device is not activated withing the first few years of life, the person will never fully acquire language. Likewise, if a second language is not introduced before puberty, the person's acquisition will be limited and they will speak that language with an accent.44
9764458990Flynn EffectIdea that over the course of history, intelligence has increased due to factors such as better diet and health and technological advancements.45
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AP English Language and Composition Flashcards

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9966264860AllegoryThe device of using character and/or story elements symbolically to represent and abstraction in addition to literal meaning.0
9966264861AntecedentWord, phrase, or clause referred to by a pronoun.1
9966264862AntithesisOpposition or contrast of ideas through parallelism.2
9966264863AphorismTerse statement of unknown authorship which expresses a general truth or moral3
9966264864ApostropheA figure of speech that directly addresses an absent or imaginary person or a personified abstraction, such as liberty or love.4
9966264865Colloquial/ColloquialismThe use of slang or informalities in speech or writing.5
9966264866ConceitA fanciful expression, usually in the form of an extended metaphor or surprising analogy between seemingly dissimilar objects.6
9966264867EuphemismEuphemisms are a more agreeable or less offensive substitute for a generally unpleasant word or concept.7
9966264868HomilyThis term literally means "sermon," but more informally, it can include any serious talk, speech, or lecture involving moral or spiritual advice.8
9966264869InvectiveAn emotionally violent, verbal denunciation or attack using strong, abusive language.9
9966264870Metonymya figure of speech in which the name of one object is substituted for that of another closely associated with it.10
9966264871AnaphoraA sub-type of parallelism, when the exact repetition of words or phrases at the beginning of successive lines or sentences.11
9966264872PedanticAn adjective that describes words, phrases, or general tone that is overly scholarly, academic, or bookish12
9966264873Proseone of the major divisions of genre, prose refers to fiction and nonfiction, including all its forms.13
9966264874SemanticsThe branch of linguistics that studies the meaning of words, their historical and psychological development, their connotations, and their relation to one another.14
9966264875SyllogismFrom the Greek for "reckoning together," a syllogism is a deductive system of formal logic that presents two premises that inevitably lead to a sound conclusion.15
9966264876SynecdocheA figure of speech in which a part of something is used to represent the whole or, occasionally, the whole is used to represent a part.16
9966264877SynesthesiaWhen one kind of sensory stimulus evokes the subjective experience of another.17
9966264878AnnotationExplanatory or critical notes added to a text.18
9966264879EpigramA brief witty statement.19
9966264880DigressionThe use of material unrelated to the subject of a work.20
9966264881Ellipsisthe omission of a word or several words necessary for a complete construction that is still understandable.21
9966264882Ad HominemDirected to or appealing to feelings or prejudices instead of to intellect or reason.22
9966264883AnachronismA person, scene, event or other element that fails to correspond with the appropriate time or era.23
9966264884DidacticHaving an instructive purpose; intending to convey information to teach a lesson usually in a dry, pompous manner.24
9966264885FallacyAn incorrect belief or supposition based on faulty data, defective evidence, or false information.25
9966264886HubrisExcessive pride that often affects tone.26
9966264887Inductive ReasoningA method of reasoning in which a number of specific facts or examples are used to make a generalization.27
9966264888LitotesA form of understatement in which the negative of the contrary is used to achieve emphasis or intensity.28
9966264889MotifA phrase, idea, or event that through repetition serves to unify or convey a theme in an essay or other discourse.29
9966264890Non SequiturA statement or idea that fails to follow logically from the one before.30
9966264891AnecdoteA short and amusing or interesting story about a real incident or person.31
9966264892JargonSpecial words or expressions that are used by a particular profession or group and are difficult for others to understand.32
9966264893DiatribeA forceful and bitter verbal attack against someone or something.33
9966264894DogmaticInclined to lay down principles as incontrovertibly true.34
9966264895PerniciousHaving a harmful effect, especially in a gradual or subtle way.35
9966264896BellicoseDemonstrating aggression and willingness to fight.36
9966264897VoraciousCraving or consuming large quantities of food.37
9966264898ZealousHaving or showing zeal.38
9966264899TacitUnderstood or implied without being stated.39
9966264900InnuendoAn allusive or oblique remark or hint, typically a suggestive or disparaging one.40
9966264901LanguidDisplaying or having a disinclination for physical exertion or effort; slow and relaxed.41
9966264902ConsecrateMake or declare (something, typically a church) sacred; dedicate formally to a religious or divine purpose.42
9966264903DyspepticOf or having indigestion or consequent irritability or depression.43
9966264904DoggerelComic verse composed in irregular rhythm.44
9966264905PetulantChildishly sulky or bad-tempered.45
9966264906InfidelA person who does not believe in religion or who adheres to a religion other than one's own.46
9966264907ExhortStrongly encourage or urge someone to do something.47
9966264908CloisteredKept away from the outside world; sheltered.48
9966264909VexMake (someone) feel annoyed, frustrated, or worried, especially with trivial matters.49
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AP Human Geography: Language Flashcards

Language

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6840227423AccentA distinctive mode of pronunciation of a language, especially one associated with a particular nation, locality, or social class.0
6840227424DialectA regional variation of a language distinguished by vocabulary, spelling, and pronunciation, particular to a specific region or social group.1
6840227425Extinct LanguageA language that no longer has any speakers, or that is no longer in current use.2
6840227426IdeogramA written character symbolizing the idea of a thing without indicating the sounds used to say it. Used in Mandarin (Chinese)3
6840227427IsoglossA geographic boundary line delimiting the area in which a given linguistic feature occurs.4
6840227428Isolated LanguageA natural language with no demonstrable genealogical (or "genetic") relationship with other languages or language families; that is, one that has not been demonstrated to descend from an ancestor common with any other language. i.e A language family with only one language. (Basque)5
6840227429Language BranchA Subsection of a Language Family. Differences are not as extensive or old as with language families. i.e The Romance "-------" of the Indo-European language family.6
6840227430LanguageThe method of human communication, either spoken or written, consisting of the use of words in a structured and conventional way.7
6840227431Language GroupA Collection of languages within a branch that share a common origin in the relatively recent past and display relatively few differences in grammar and vocabulary. An individual language, including all dialects (I.e. Italian, German, English)8
6840227432Language FamilyA collection of languages related to each other through a common ancestor long before recorded history. The trunk of the language tree, from which language branches come from.9
6840227433Indo European language familyLargest language family that includes English and most other languages in the Western Hemisphere. Also used in South and Southwest Asia. Includes the Germanic branch, Indo-Iranian branch, Balto-Slavic branch, and Romance branch.10
6840227434Sino-Tibetan Language Family2nd largest language family. Includes Madarin, Thai, Cantonese and Burmese11
6840227435Lingua FrancaA Language mutually understood and commonly used in trade by people who have different native languages (currently English worldwide).12
6840227436Literary TraditionA Language that is written as well as spoken.13
6840227437Monolingual StateA country in which only one language is spoken (i.e. Japan, Korea)14
6840227438BilingualThe ability to speak two languages.15
6840227439Multilingual StateA country in which more than one language is in use (India, Nigeria, Belgium, Switzerland)16
6840227440Official LanguageThe language adopted for use by the government for the conduct of business and publication of documents, a language that is given special legal status.17
6840227441OrthographyThe conventional spelling system of a language.18
6840227442Pidgin LanguageA Form of speech that adopts a simplified grammar and limited vocabulary of a lingua franca, used for communications among speakers of two different languages.19
6840227443Standard LanguageThe specific form of a language used for official government business, education, and mass communications.20
6840227444ToponymThe name of a place, often reflecting that place's history and culture.21
6840227445VernacularUsing a language or dialect native to a region or country rather than a literary, cultured, or foreign language. It is usually the language of the common people.22
6840227446CreoleA language that results from the mixing of a colonizer's language with the indigenous language of the people being dominated. Developed out of an earlier pidgin stage.23
6840227453Romance BranchA language branch of the Indo-European Language Family. This branch includes languages that evolved from Latin (the language of the Romans). The 5 main languages include: Spanish, Portuguese, French, Italian, and Romanian.24
6840227454Germanic BranchA language branch of the Indo-European Language Family. This branch is divided into North and West Germanic. North Germanic includes Scandinavian languages (Swedish, Danish, Norwegian, Icelandic), which all came from Old Norse. West Germanic is further divided into High Germanic and Low Germanic subgroups. High German includes the standard German language. Low German includes English, Dutch, Flemish (Dialect of Dutch), Afrikaaans, and Frisian.25
6840227455Indo-Iranian BranchThe branch of the Indo-European language family with the most speakers. This branch includes more than 100 individual languages divided into an eastern group (Indic), which includes the languages of Hinid and Urdu and a western group (Iranian), which includes Farsi and Kurdish.26
6840227456Balto-Slavic BranchThis branch of the Indo-European language family can be broken down into four groups: East Slavic (Russian, Ukrainian, Belarusian), Baltic (Latvian, Lithuanian), West Slavic (Polish, Czech, and Slovak), and South Slavic (Serbo-Croatian). Russian is the most widely used language in this branch, due to the spread of the Soviet Union.27
6840227457Celtic BranchA language branch of the Indo-European Language Family. This branch includes the languages of the British Isles before the invasion of the Angles, Saxons, and Jutes. This branch is divided into two language groups: Goidelic(Gaelic), which includes Irish Gaelic and Scottish Gaelic, and Brythonic, which includes Welsh, Breton, and Cornish. These languages declined because the Celts lost most of their territory and the English colonizers forbid the use of the Celtic languages.28
6840227458Uralic Language FamilyLanguage Family in Europe that includes the languages of Estonian, Finnish, and Hungarian. Languages in this family originated from the Ural mountains in Russia, spreading through migration.29
6840227459Austronesian Language FamilyLanguage Family spoken mostly in Indonesia. This family includes the languages of Javanese, Indonesian, Malay, and Malagasy. The most spoken language in this family is Javanese, since Java is the populous island of Indonesia. The Indonesian language is used as a lingua franca in Indonesia, due to so many different native languages (739 active languages). Malay is spoken in Malaysia, Malagasy is spoken in Madagascar.30
6840227460Afro-Asiatic Language FamilyThis language family is found in northern Africa and southwestern Asia (Middle East), where Islam is the dominant religion. This family includes the languages of Arabic and Hebrew. Hebrew is spoken in Israel, a Jewish state, and Arabic is spoken throughout the region since it is the language of the Koran, the Islamic holy book.31
6840227461Niger-Congo Language FamilyMore than 95% of people in Sub-Saharan Africa speak languages from this family. This family includes Swahili, the lingua franca in Africa, used by many to communicate as a second language, due to so many different native languages.32
6840227462Prehistoric SubgroupA language that predates the current language family, before the written record. Ex: Proto-Indo-European33
6840227463Altaic Language FamilyA language family spoken across central Asia named after the Altai Mountains. The most spoken language in this family is Turkish. The family also includes the languages spoken in the Caucasus Region and across Central Asia, previously controlled by the Soviet Union. With the collapse of the Soviet Union, newly independent countries in these regions reverted to their native languages in this family, including the countries of Azerbaijan, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan, Mongolia and Georgia.34
6840227464Kurgan TheoryProposed by Marija Gimbutas, this theory argues the Proto-Indo-European language diffused by military conquest as nomadic herders on horseback (Kurgans) invaded west from the Asian Steppe ( border between Russia and Kazakhstan) around 4300 B.C in search of grasslands.35
6840227465Renfrew (Anatolian) TheoryProposed by Colin renfrew, this theory argues the Proto-Indo-European language diffused by way of agriculktural practices from Anatolia (Turkey) in 6300 BC.36
6840227466British Received Pronunciation (BRP)The dialect of English associated with upper class Britons living in the London area now considered the standard form of British speech.37
6840227467Language DivergenceWhen a lack of spatial interaction (isolation) among speakers of a language breaks the language into dialects and then new languages.38
6840227468Language ConvergenceWhen peoples with different languages have consistent spatial interaction and their languages collapse into one (i.e. pidgin and creole).39
6840227471Treaty of TordesillasPope Alexander VI's 1493 decision that officially split the New World into two empires, with Spain getting the West and Portugal the East.40
6840227474UrduPakistan's principal language, spoken very much like Hindi but written with the Arabic alphabet, a legacy of the fact that most Pakistanis are Muslims, and their holiest book (the Quran) is written in Arabic. It is part of the Indo-Iranian branch.41
6840227475FarsiThe principle language of Iran, a remnant of the Persian Empire. It is written with the Arabic alphabet since Iran is a Muslim country. This language is part of the Indo-Iranian branch.42
6840227480BasqueAlso known as Euskera, this isolated language predates the Indo-European language and is not related to any other language family in Europe. Spoken in the Pyrenees Mountains (between Spain and France), the mountainous homeland created isolation, making the preservation of the language possible.43
6840227481WelshThis is one of the two official languages of Wales, along with English. This language was forbidden under English rule, but has been revived in recent years. This language is a compulsory subject in all schools in Wales and knowledge of the language is now required for many jobs in Wales. Bilingual signs and television and radio programs have also been added to help preserve this language.44
6840227482InuktitutThe language spoken by the Inuits (indigenous tribe) of northern Canada. It is recognized as an official language, along with English and French in Nunavut, the Inuit territory of Canada. Similar to the Celtic languages, it has declined with the forces of globalization and is undergoing a revival since it is an important part of the Inuit culture and is taught in schools and represented on bilingual signs and in the government.45
6840227485Vulgar LatinThis language was spoken by the Roman army at the time of occupation and is the basis of the Romance languages, which evolved out of this language overtime due to isolation.46
6840227486Latin AmericaThis region of the Americas primarily speaks Romance Languages, which derived from Latin. Brazil speaks Portuguese, Haiti and French Guiana speak French, while the majority of the other countries speak Spanish, all due to the patterns of colonization.47
6840227487BelgiumThis multilingual state in Europe, which is part of the francophone world, has experienced tensions between its two language groups. The Flemings live in the north province Flanders and speak Flemish, a Dutch dialect. The Walloons live in the south province Wallonia and speak French. Brussels, the capital city if officially bilingual to create a since of unity in the country. Antagonism between the Flemings and Walloons is aggravated by economic and political differences. Historically, the Walloons dominated Belgium's economy and politics and French was the official state language.48
6840227488SwitzerlandThis multilingual state in Europe, which is part of the francophone world, remains peaceful with four official languages (German, French, Italian, and Romanish). This country has institutionalized cultural diversity by creating a form of government that places considerable power in local, small communities (Decenetralization).49
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