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AP Language Exam Review Flashcards

9835245650	Rhetorical triangle	The relationship between speaker, audience and subject	0
9835245651	1. Alliteration	repetition of the same sound beginning several words or syllables in sequence	1
9835245652	Allusion	Brief reference to a person, event, or place (real or fictional) or to a work of art	2
9835245653	Anaphora	Repetition of words or phrases at the beginning of successive phrases, clauses, or lines.	3
9835245654	Antimetabole	: Repetition of words in reverse order	4
9835245655	Antithesis	Opposition, or contrast, of ideas or words in a parallel construction	5
9835245656	Archaic diction	old-fashion or outdated choices of words	6
9835245657	Asyndeton	Omission of conjunctions between coordinate phrases, clauses, or words.	7
9835245658	Cumulative sentence	sentences that completes the main idea at the beginning of the sentence and then builds and adds on	8
9835245659	Hortative sentence	Sentence that exhorts, urges, entrants, implores, or calls to action.	9
9835245660	Imperative sentence	Sentence used to command or enjoin	10
9835245661	Inversion	Invert the order of words in a sentence (variation of the subject-verb-object order.)	11
9835245662	12. Juxtaposition	Placement of two things closely together to emphasize similarities or differences.	12
9835245663	Metaphor	Figure of speech that compares two things without using like or as	13
9835245664	Oxymoron	A paradox made up of two seeming contradictory words	14
9835245665	Parallelism	Similarity of structure in a pair or series of related words, phrases, or clauses.	15
9835245666	Periodic sentence	Sentence whose main clause is withheld until the end.	16
9835245667	Personification	Attributing of a lifelike quality to an inanimate object or an idea.	17
9835245668	Rhetorical question	Figure of speech in the form of a question posed for the rhetorical effect rather than for the purpose of getting an answer.	18
9835245669	Synecdoche	Figure of speech that uses a part to represent the whole.	19
9835245670	Zeugma	Use of two different word in a grammatically similar way that produces different, often incongruous, meanings.	20
9835245671	Argument	A single assertion or a series of assertions presented and defended by the writer.	21
9835245672	Claim	States the author's argument, main idea, or position.	22
9835245673	Claim of fact	Asserts that something is true or not	23
9835245674	Claim of policy	Proposes a change	24
9835245675	Claim of value	Attempt to prove that some things are good or bad, right or wrong.	25
9835245676	The classical oration	Five-part argument structure used by classical rhetoricians.	26
9835245677	Introduction	Introduces the reader to the subject under discussion.	27
9835245678	Narration	provides factual information and background material on the subject at hand or establishes why the subject is a problem that needs addressing.	28
9835245679	Confirmation	usually the major part of the text, the confirmation includes the proof needed to make the writer's case.	29
9835245680	Refutation	address the counter argument. It is a bridge between the writer proof needed to make the writers case.	30
9835245681	Conclusion	Brings the essay to a satisfying close.	31
9835245682	Closed thesis	this type of thesis is a statement of the main idea of the argument that also previews the major points the writer intends to make.	32
9835245683	Open thesis	is one that does not list all of the points the writer intends to cover in an essay.	33
9835245684	First-hand evidence	evidence based on something the writer knows, whether it's from personal experience, observation, or general knowledge of events.	34
9835245685	Second-hand evidence	evidences that is accessed through research, reading, and investigation. It includes factual and historical information, expert opinions, and quantitative data.	35
9835245686	Quantitative evidence	evidence that includes things that can be measured, cited, counted, or otherwise represent in numbers—for instance, statistics, surveys, polls, census information.	36
9835245687	Rebuttal	gives voice to possible objections.	37
9835245688	Syllogism	A logical structure that uses the major premise and minor premise to reach a necessary conclusion.	38
9835245689	Style	the unique way an author presents his ideas. Diction, syntax, imagery, structure, and content all contribute to a particular style.	39
9835245690	Diction	a speaker's choice of words.	40
9835245691	Ad hominem	tactic of switching the argument from the issue at hand to the character of the other speaker.	41
9835245692	Ad populum (bandwagon)	evidence boils down to "everybody's doing it so it must be a good thing to do."	42
9835245693	Appeal to false authority	someone who has no expertise to speak in an issues is cited as an authority.	43
9835245694	Begging the question	a claim is based on evidence or support that is in doubt. It 'begs" a question whether the support itself is sound.	44
9835245695	Circular reasoning	which the argument repeats the claim as a way to provide evidence.	45
9835245696	Either/or (false dilemma)	the speaker presents two extreme options as the only possible choice.	46
9835245697	Logical fallacy	potential vulnerabilities or weaknesses in an argument. They often arise from a failure to make a logical connection between the claim and the evidence used to support it.	47
9835245698	Post hoc ergo propter hoc	it is incorrect to always claim that something happened is a cause just because it happened earlier.	48
9835245699	Strawman	when a speaker chooses a deliberately poor or oversimplified example in order to ridicule and refute an idea.	49
9835245700	Cacophony	harsh and discordant sounds in a line or passage in a literary work.	50
9835245701	Colloquial	the use of slang in writing, often to create local color and to provide an informal tone.	51
9835245702	Euphemism	a more acceptable and usually more pleasant way if saying something that might be inappropriate or uncomfortable.	52
9835245703	Euphony	the pleasant, mellifluous presentation of sound in literary work.	53
9835245704	Invective	a verbally abusive attack.	54
9835245705	Motif	repetition of an image or idea in a work used to develop theme or characters.	55
9835245706	Parody	comic imitation of a work that ridicules the original. It can be utterly mocking or gently humorous.	56
9835245707	Reductio ad absurdum	technique useful in creating a comical effect and is also an argument technique.	57
9835245708	Syntax	the grammatical structure of prose and poetry.	58
9835245709	Understatement	opposite of an exaggeration. It is a technique for developing irony and/or humor where one writes or says less than intended.	59
9835245710	Metonymy	figure of speech in which a representative term is used for a larger idea.	60
9835245711	Bitter	caused by or expressive of severe pain, grief, or regret	61
9835245712	Sardonic	disdainfully or skeptically humorous : derisively mocking	62
9835245713	Sarcastic	given to the use of sarcasm	63
9835245714	Ironic	relating to, containing, or constituting irony	64
9835245715	Mocking	to treat with contempt or ridicule	65
9835245716	Scornful	to be full of scorn	66
9835245717	Satiric	of, relating to, or constituting satire	67
9835245718	Objective	expressing or dealing with facts or conditions as perceived without distortion by personal feelings, prejudices, or interpretations	68
9835245719	Naïve	marked by unaffected simplicity	69
9835245720	Joyous	to be or feel joyful	70
9835245721	Spiritual	of, relating to, consisting of, or affecting the spirit	71
9835245722	Wishful	expressive of a wish	72
9835245723	Nostalgic	a wistful or excessively sentimental yearning for return to or of some past period or irrecoverable condition	73
9835245724	Idyllic	pleasing or picturesque in natural simplicity	74
9835245725	Compassionate	having or showing compassion	75
9835245726	Reverent	expressing or characterized by reverence	76
9835245727	Lugubrious	to be mournful	77
9835245728	Elegiac	written in or consisting of elegiac couplets	78
9835245729	Gothic	of or relating to a style of fiction characterized by the use of desolate or remote settings and macabre, mysterious, or violent incidents	79
9835245730	Macabre	dwelling on the gruesome	80
9835245731	Vituperative	uttering or given to censure	81
9835245732	Scathing	bitterly severe	82
9835245733	Confidential	marked by intimacy or willingness to confide	83
9835245734	Facetious	joking or jesting often inappropriately	84
9835245735	Critical	inclined to criticize severely and unfavorably	85
9835245736	Resigned	to give up deliberately	86
9835245737	Astonished	feeling or showing great surprise or wonder	87
9835245738	Mock-serious	of a pretended serious look or act	88
9835245739	Pedantic	narrowly, stodgily, and often ostentatiously learned; dull	89
9835245740	Didactic	designed or intended to teach	90
9835245741	Remorseful	motivated or marked by remorse	91
9835245742	Disdainful	full of or expressing contempt for someone or something regarded as unworthy or inferior	92
9835245743	Laudatory	of, relating to, or expressing praise	93
9835245744	Mystified	to perplex the mind of	94
9835245745	Reflective	marked by reflection	95
9835245746	Maudlin	drunk enough to be emotionally silly	96
9835245747	Sentimental	marked or governed by feeling, sensibility, or emotional idealism	97
9835245748	Patriotic	befitting or characteristic of a patriot	98
9835245749	Jingoistic	extreme chauvinism or nationalism marked especially by a belligerent foreign policy	99
9835245750	Detached	exhibiting an aloof objectivity usually free from prejudice or self-interest	100
9835245751	Indignant	marked by anger aroused by injustice	101
9835245752	Intimate	very familiar	102
9835245753	Judgmental	authoritative and often having critical opinions	103
9835245754	Jovial	happy	104
9835245755	Lyrical	expressing a poet's inner feelings; emotional; full of images; song-like	105
9835245756	Matter-of-fact	accepting of conditions; not fanciful or emotional	106
9835245757	Morose	gloomy, sullen, surly, despondent	107
9835245758	Malicious	purposely hurtful	108
9835245759	Optimistic	hopeful, cheerful	109
9835245760	Obsequious	polite and obedient in order to gain something	110
9835245761	Caustic	intense use of sarcasm; stinging, biting	111
9835245762	Conventional	lacking spontaneity, originality, individuality	112
9835245763	Disdainful	scornful	113
9835245764	Derisive	ridiculing, mocking	114
9835245765	Earnest	intense, a sincere state of mind	115
9835245766	Erudite	learned, polished, scholarly	116
9835245767	Fanciful	using the imagination	117
9835245768	Forthright	directly frank without hesitation	118
9835245769	Gloomy	darkness, sadness, rejection	119
9835245770	Haughty	proud and vain to the point of arrogance	120
9835245771	Accusatory	Charging of wrong doing	121
9835245772	Apathetic	Indifferent due to lack of energy or concern	122
9835245773	Awe	Solemn wonder	123
9835245774	Cynical	Questions the basic sincerity and goodness of people	124
9835245775	Condescension; condescending	a feeling of superiority	125
9835245776	Callous	unfeeling, insensitive to feelings of others	126
9835245777	Contemplative	studying, thinking, reflecting on an issue	127
9835245778	Critical	finding fault	128
9835245779	Choleric	Hot-tempered, easily angered	129
9835245780	Contemptuous	showing or feeling that something is worthless or lacks respect	130

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AP Language Vocab (1-10) Flashcards

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7372456845	aesthetic	having to do with the appreciation of beauty	0
7372456846	affable	Easy going; friendly	1
7372456847	alienated	removed or disassociated from	2
7372456848	amenable	responsive; agreeable	3
7372456849	Anaphora	repetition of a word or phrase at the beginning of successive phrases, clauses, or lines	4
7372456850	Antecedent	The noun to which a later pronoun refers	5
7372456851	Antimetabole	Repition of words in an inverted order to sharpen a contrast	6
7372456852	Apology	defense of an idea	7
7372456853	Apposition	A grammar construction in which a noun or noun phrase is placed w/ another as an explanation	8
7372456854	Arbiter	A judge who decides a disputed issue	9

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AP Language Exam Terms Flashcards

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9959631893	Cumulative (Loose) Sentence	begins with a main clause that is followed by phrases and/or clauses that modify the main clause. These phrases or clauses add information to the main or independent clause.	0
9959631894	Periodic Sentence	a sentence that, by leaving the completion of its main clause to the end, produces an effect of suspense.	1
9959631895	Litotes/Understatement	a figure of speech in which a negative statement is used to affirm a positive statement.	2
9959631896	Warrant	expresses the assumption necessarily shared by the speaker and the audience.	3
9959631897	Ethos	an appeal to ethics and it is a means of convincing someone of the character or credibility of the persuader.	4
9959631898	Pathos	an appeal to emotion, and is a way of convincing an audience of an argument by creating an emotional response.	5
9959631899	Logos	an appeal to logic, and is a way of persuading an audience by reason.	6
9959631900	Concession	an acknowledgement that an opposing argument may be true or reasonable.	7
9959631901	Syllogism	A logical structure that uses the major premise and minor premise to reach a necessary conclusion.	8
9959631902	Major premise	contains the term that is the predicate of the conclusion.	9
9959631903	Minor premise	contains the term that is the subject of the conclusion.	10
9959631904	Induction	a logical process wherein you reason from particulars to universal, using specific cases in order to draw a conclusion, which is also called a generalization.	11
9959631905	Deduction	a logical process wherein you reach a conclusion by starting with a general principle or universal truth (a major premise).	12
9959631906	Equivocation	a fallacy of argument in which a lie is given the appearance of truth, or in which the truth is misrepresented in deceptive language.	13
9959631907	Refutation	a denial of the validity of an opposing argument.	14
9959631908	Diction	a speaker's choice of words. Analysis of diction looks at these choices and what they add to the speaker's message.	15
9959631909	Simile	a figure of speech used to explain or clarify an idea by comparing it explicitly to something else, using words like, as, or as though.	16
9959631910	Metaphor	figure of speech that compares two unlike things without using like or as.	17
9959631911	Anaphora	the intentional repetition of beginning clauses in order to create an artistic effect.	18
9959631912	Rhetoric	it is the art of finding ways of persuading an audience.	19
9959631913	Rhetorical Triangle	speaker-subject-audience	20
9959631914	Allusion	brief reference to a person, event, or place (real or fictitious) to to a work of art.	21
9959631915	Hyperbole	deliberate exaggeration used for emphasis or to produce a comic or ironic effect; an overstatement to make a point.	22
9959631916	Personification	attribution of a lifelike quality to an inanimate object or an idea.	23
9959631917	Asyndeton	omission of conjunctions between coordinate phrases, clauses, or words.	24
9959631918	Polysyndeton	the deliberate use of multiple conjunctions between coordinate phrases, clauses or words.	25
9959631919	Parallelism	similarity of structure in a pair or series of related words, phrases, or clauses.	26
9959631920	Antithesis	opposition, or contrast or ideas or words in a parallel construction.	27
9959631921	Enumeration	to mention separately as if in counting; name one by one; specify, as in list	28
9959631922	Rhetorical Question	Figure of speech in the form of a question posed for the rhetorical effect rather than for the purpose of getting an answer. Ex.) Are you stupid?	29
9959631923	Chiasmus	the reversal in the order of words in two otherwise parallel phrases. Ex.) He went to the country, the country went to him.	30
9959631924	Rebuttal	In the Toulon model, a rebuttal gives voice to possible objections.	31
9959631925	Fallacy of Argument	a flaw in the structure of an argument that renders its conclusion invalid or suspect.	32
9959631926	Bandwagon Appeal	a fallacy of argument in which a course of action is recommended on the grounds that everyone else is following it.	33
9959631927	Begging the Question	a fallacy of argument in which a claim is based on the very grounds that are in doubt or dispute.	34
9959631928	Anecdote	a brief story used to illustrate a point or claim.	35
9959631929	Modes of Disclosure	Exposition- illustrates a point Narration- tells a story Description- creates a sensory image Argumentation- takes a position on an issue and defends it.	36
9959631930	Example	a specific event, person, or detail of an idea cited and/or developed to support or illustrate a thesis or topic.	37
9959631931	Contrast/ Comparison	a method of presenting similarities and differences between or among at least two persons, places, things, ideas, etc. may be organized by: Subject by subject Point by point Combination	38
9959631932	Cause and Effect	establishes a relationship: B is the result of A.	39
9959631933	Classification	separates items into major categories and details the characteristics of each group is placed within the category.	40
9959631934	Process	simply "how to" do something is done. It can have one of two purposes. It can either give instructions or inform the reader about how something is done.	41
9959631935	Definition	identifies the class to which a specific term belongs and those characteristics which make it different from all the other items in that class.	42
9959631936	Narration	is nothing more than storytelling. There is a beginning, a middle, and an end.	43
9959631937	Description	writing that appeals to the senses. It can be objective, which is scientific or clinical, or it can be impressionistic, which tries to involve the reader's emotions or feelings.	44
9959631938	Dogmatism`	a fallacy of argument in which a claim is supported on the grounds that it's the only conclusion acceptable within a given community.	45
9959631939	False Dilemma or Dichotomy	a fallacy of argument in which a complicated issue is misrepresented as offering only two possible alternatives, one of which is often made to seem vastly preferable to the other.	46
9959631940	False authority	a fallacy of argument in which a claim is based on the expertise of someone who lacks appropriate credentials.	47
9959631941	Faulty causality	a fallacy of argument making the unwarranted assumption that because one event follows another, the first event causes the second. Also called post hoc, ergo propter hoc, this forms the basis of many superstitions.	48
9959631942	Hasty generalization	a fallacy of argument in which an inference is drawn from insufficient data.	49
9959631943	Non sequitor	a fallacy of argument in which claims, reasons, or warrants fail to connect logically; one point doesn't follow from another.	50
9959631964	Allegory	The device of using character and/or story elements symbolically to represent an abstraction in addition to the literal meaning. A story in which each aspect of the story has a symbolic meaning outside the tale itself.	51
9959631965	Alliteration	The repetition of sounds, especially initial consonant sounds in two or more neighboring words (as in "she sells sea shells").	52
9959631966	Allusion	A direct or indirect reference to something which is presumably commonly known, such as an event, book, myth, place, or work of art.	53
9959631967	Ambiguity	The multiple meanings, either intentional or unintentional, of a word, phrase, sentence, or passage.	54
9959631968	Analogy	A similarity or comparison between two different things or the relationship between them.	55
9959631969	Antecedent	The word, phrase, or clause referred to by a pronoun.	56
9959631970	Antithesis	the opposition or contrast of ideas; the direct opposite.	57
9959631971	Aphorism	A terse statement of known authorship which expresses a general truth or a moral principle. (If the authorship is unknown, the statement is generally considered to be a folk proverb.)	58
9959631972	Apostrophe	A prayer like figure of speech that directly addresses an absent or imaginary person or a personified abstraction, such as liberty or love. It is an address to someone or something that cannot answer.	59
9959631973	Atmosphere	The emotional nod created by the entirety of a literary work, established partly by the setting and partly by the author's choice of objects that are described.	60
9959631974	Caricature	a verbal description, the purpose of which is to exaggerate or distort, for comic effect, a person's distinctive physical features or other characteristics.	61
9959631975	Clause	A grammatical unit that contains both a subject and a verb.	62
9959631976	Colloquial/Colloquialism	The use of slang or informalities in speech or writing.	63
9959631977	Literary Conceit	A fanciful expression, usually in the form of an extended metaphor or surprising analogy between seemingly dissimilar objects; displays intellectual cleverness through unusual comparisons that make good sense	64
9959631978	Connotation	The non-literal, associative meaning of a word; the implied, suggested meaning.	65
9959631979	Denotation	The strict, literal, dictionary definition of a word, devoid of any emotion, attitude, or color.	66
9959631980	Diction	Related to style, diction refers to the writer's word choices, especially with regard to their correctness, clearness, or effectiveness.	67
9959631981	Didactic	From the Greek, didactic literally means "teaching."	68
9959631982	Euphemism	From the Greek for "good speech," euphemisms are a more agreeable or less offensive substitute for a generally unpleasant word or concept - POLITICALLY CORRECT	69
9959631983	Extended Metaphor	A metaphor developed at great length, occurring frequently in or throughout a work.	70
9959631984	Figurative Language	Writing or speech that is not intended to carry literal meaning and is usually meant to be imaginative and vivid	71
9959631985	Figure of speech	A device used to produce figurative language. Many compare dissimilar things. Figures of speech include apotrophe hyperbole irony metaphor oxymoron paradox personification simile syneddoche understatement	72
9959631986	Genre	The major category into which a literary work fits. The basic divisions of literature are prose, poetry, and drama.	73
9959631987	Homily	This term literally means "sermon," but more informally, it can include any serious talk, speech, or lecture involving moral or spiritual advice.	74
9959631988	Hyperbole	A figure of speech using deliberate exaggeration or overstatement. (The literal Greek meaning is "overshoot.")	75
9959631989	Imagery	The sensory details or figurative language used to describe, arouse emotion, or represent abstractions.	76
9959631990	Inference/infer	To draw a reasonable conclusion from the information presented.	77
9959631991	Invective	an emotionally violent, verbal denunciation or attack using strong, abusive language.	78
9959631992	Irony/ironic	The contrast between what is stated explicitly and what is really meant, or the difference between what appears to be and what is actually true.	79
9959631993	Loose sentence/non-periodic sentence	A type of sentence in which the main idea (independent clause) comes first, followed by dependent grammatical units such as phrases and clauses.	80
9959631994	Metaphor	A figure of speech using implied comparison of seemingly unlike things or the substitution of one for the other, suggesting some similarity.	81
9959631995	Metonymy	A figure of speech in which the name of one object is substituted for that of another closely associated with it.	82
9959631996	Mood	The prevailing atmosphere or emotional aura of a work.	83
9959631997	Narrative	The telling of a story or an account of an event or series of events.	84
9959631998	onomatopoeia	A figure of speech in which natural sounds are imitated in the sounds of words.	85
9959631999	Oxymoron	Oxymoron is a figure of speech wherein the author groups apparently contradictory terms to suggest a paradox.	86
9959632000	Paradox	A statement that appears to be self-contradictory or opposed to common sense but upon closer inspection contains some degree of truth or validity.	87
9959632001	Parallelism	the use of successive verbal constructions in poetry or prose that correspond in grammatical structure, sound, meter, meaning, etc.	88
9959632002	Parody	A work that closely imitates the style or content of another with the specific aim of comic effect and/or ridicule.	89
9959632003	Pedantic	An adjective that describes words, phrases, or general tone that is overly scholarly, academic, or bookish (language that might be described as "show-offy"; using big words for the sake of using big words).	90
9959632004	Periodic sentence	The opposite of loose sentence, a sentence that presents its central meaning in a main clause at the end.	91
9959632005	Personification	A figure of speech in which the author presents or describes concepts, animals, or inanimate objects by endowing them with human attributes or emotions.	92
9959632006	Point of view	In literature, the perspective from which a story is told.	93
9959632007	Prose	written or spoken language in its ordinary form, without metrical structure.	94
9959632008	Repetition	The duplication, either exact or approximate, of any element of language, such as a sound, word, phrase, clause, sentence, or grammatical pattern.	95
9959632009	Rhetoric	From the Greek for "orator," this term describes the principles governing the art of writing effectively, eloquently, and persuasively.	96
9959632010	Sarcasm	Involves bitter, caustic language that is meant to hurt or ridicule someone or something.	97
9959632011	Satire	A work that targets human vices and follies or social institutions and conventions for reform or ridicule.	98
9959632012	Subordinate clause	Like all clauses, this word group contains both a subject and a verb (plus any accompanying phrases or modifiers), but unlike the independent clause, this clause cannot stand alone; it does not express a complete thought.	99
9959632013	Syllogism	A deductive system of formal logic that presents two premises (the first one called "major" and the second called "minor") that inevitably lead to a sound conclusion.	100
9959632014	Symbol/symbolism	Generally, anything that represents itself and stands for something else.	101
9959632015	Syntax	The way an author chooses to join words into phrases, clauses, and sentences.	102
9959632016	Theme	The central idea or message of a work, the insight it offers into life.	103
9959632017	Thesis	The sentence or group of sentences that directly expresses the author's opinion, purpose, meaning, or position.	104
9959632018	Tone	Describes the author's attitude toward his material, the audience, or both.	105
9959632019	Transition	A word or phrase that links different ideas. Used especially, although not exclusively, in expository and argumentative writing, effectively signal a shift from one idea to another.	106
9959632020	Understatement	the ironic minimalizing of fact; presents something as less significant than it is.	107
9959632021	Wit	in modern usage, intellectually amusing language that surprises and delights.	108
9959632022	Slippery Slope	This is the failure to provide evidence to support a claim that one event will lead to a catastrophic chain of events.	109
9959632023	straw man	When a writer argues against a claim that nobody actually holds or is universally considered weak.	110
9959632024	Ethos	An appeal to credibility. The writer is seeking to convince you that he or she has the background, history, skills, and/or expertise to speak on the issue.	111
9959632025	Juxtaposition	Making on idea more dramatic by placing it next to its opposite.	112
9959632026	Logos	An appeal to reason.	113
9959632027	Pathos	An appeal to emotion.	114
9959632028	Rhetorical Question	A question whose answer is assumed.	115
9959632029	Simile	A critical figure of speech in an argument when what is unknown is compared to something that is known using the word "like," "as," or "than" in order to better perceive its importance.	116
9959632030	rhetorical appeal	the persuasive devices by which a writer tries to sway an audience's attention and response to any given work. See logos, ethos, and pathos.	117
9959632031	descriptive detail	When an essay uses this phrase, look for the writer's sensory description.	118
9959632032	devices	The figures of speech, syntax, diction, and other stylistic elements that collectively produce a particular artistic effect.	119
9959632033	narrative devices	This term describes the tools of the storyteller (also used in nonfiction), such as ordering events so that they build to a climactic moment or withholding information until a crucial or appropriate moment when revealing it creates a desired effect. On the essay portion of the exam, this term may also apply to biographical and autobiographical writing.	120
9959632034	narrative techniques	The style of telling the "story," even if the passage is nonfiction. Concentrate on the order of events and on their detail in evaluating a writer's technique.	121
9959632035	Ad hominem argument	An argument attacking an individual's character rather than his or her position on an issue	122
9959632036	Anaphora	Figure of repetition that occurs when the first word or set of words in one sentence, clause, or phrase is/are repeated at or very near the beginning of successive sentences, clauses, or phrases; repetition of the initial words over successive phrases or clauses	123
9959632037	Anecdote	A brief story that illustrates or makes a point	124
9959632038	Appeal to authority	A fallacy in which a speaker or writer seeks to persuade not by giving evidence but by appealing to the respect people have for a famous person or institution.	125
9959632039	Argumentation	one of the four forms of discourse which uses logic, ethics, and emotional appeals (logos, ethos, pathos) to develop an effective means to convince the reader to think or act in a certain way.	126
9959632040	Assonance	Repetition of a vowel sound within two or more words in close proximity	127
9959632041	Asyndeton	A series of words separated by commas (with no conjunction).	128
9959632042	tone	A speaker's, author's, or character's disposition toward or opinion of a subject.	129
9959632043	audience	One's listener or readership; those to whom a speech or piece of writing is addressed.	130
9959632044	Balanced sentence	A sentence in which words, phrases, or clauses are set off against each other to emphasize a contrast	131
9959632045	Begging the question	Often called circular reasoning, __ occurs when the believability of the evidence depends on the believability of the claim.	132
9959631944	understatement	"I have to have this operation. It isn't very serious. I have this tiny little tumor on the brain." Holden Caulfield, Catcher in the Rye	133
9959631945	parallelism	"My fellow Americans, ask not what your country can do for you, ask what you can do for your country." John F. Kennedy	134
9959631946	allusion	The rise in poverty will unlock the Pandora's box of crimes.	135
9959631947	hyperbole	"I'll love you, dear, I'll love you/Till China and Africa meet,/And the river jumps over the mountain"	136
9959631948	aphorism	"Having nothing, nothing can he lose."	137
9959631949	metonymy	"Friends, Romans, countrymen, lend me your ears." Shakespeare's Julius Caesar, Act I	138
9959631950	invective	"I cannot but conclude the bulk of your natives to be the most pernicious race of little odious vermin that nature ever suffered to crawl upon the surface of the earth." Jonathan Swift Gulliver's Travels	139
9959631951	antithesis	"To err is human; to forgive divine." Alexander Pope "An Essay on Criticism"	140
9959631952	euphemism	"I am one, sir, that comes to tell you your daughter and the Moor are now making the beast with two backs." William Shakespeare Othello	141
9959631953	periodic sentence	In spite of heavy snow and cold temperatures, the game continued.	142
9959631954	paradox	"Whatever you do will be insignificant, but it is very important that you do it." -Gandhi	143
9959631955	alliteration	"His soul swooned slowly as he heard the snow falling faintly through the universe and faintly falling, like the descent of their last end, upon all the living and the dead."	144
9959631956	chiasmus	"he heard the snow falling faintly through the universe and faintly falling"	145
9959631957	oxymoron	"Yet I should kill thee with much cherishing. / Good night, good night! Parting is such sweet sorrow, / That I shall say good night till it be morrow."	146
9959631958	personification	"Pearl Button swung on the little gate in front of the House of Boxes. It was the early afternoon of a sunshiny day with little winds playing hide-and-seek in it."	147
9959631959	onomatopoeia	"He saw nothing and heard nothing but he could feel his heart pounding and then he heard the clack on stone and the leaping, dropping clicks of a small rock falling."	148
9959631960	inverted syntax	"Patience you must have, my young padawan."	149
9959631961	spatial description	"In my pantry, coffee, tea powder, and sugar have been kept in the top shelf. Flour, canned food, and dry pasta are on the second shelf."	150

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AP Human Geo: Language Flashcards

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8227982273	Language	system of communication through the use of speech, sounds, gestures, or marks	0
8227986036	Dialect	regional variation of a language reflecting environmental features that are distinguished by distinctive vocab, spelling, and pronounciation	1
8227998113	Language Family	a collection of languages related to each other through a common ancestor long before recorded history	2
8228004316	Indo European	Most common language family	3
8228014368	Language Branch	a collection of languages that possess a definite common origin but has split into individual languages	4
8228019542	Language Group	collection of languages within a branch sharing a common origin in the recent past and have relatively similiar grammar and vocab	5
8228028512	Hindi	most prevalent language spoken in india	6
8228037519	Top 5 widely spoken languages (in order)	1. Chinese 2. Spanish 3. English 4. Hindi 5. Arabic	7

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AP Language & Composition Vocabulary Unit 8 Flashcards

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7729097223	Acrimonious	(adj.) stinging, bitter in temper or tone	0
7729097224	Bovine	(adj.) resembling a cow or ox; sluggish, unresponsive	1
7729097225	Conducive	(adj.) tending to promote or assist, helpful, favorable	2
7729097226	Consternation	(n.) dismay, confusion	3
7729097227	Corpulent	(adj.) fat; having a large, bulky body	4
7729097228	Disavow	(v.) to deny responsibility for or connection with	5
7729097229	Dispassionate	(adj.) impartial; calm, free from emotion	6
7729097230	Dissension	(n.) disagreement, sharp difference of opinion	7
7729097231	Dissipate	(v.) to cause to disappear; to scatter, dispel; to spend foolishly, squander; to be extravagant in pursuit of pleasure	8
7729097232	Élan	(n.) an enthusiastic vigor and liveliness, spirit; a flair	9
7729097233	Expurgate	(v.) to remove objectionable passages or words from a written text; to cleanse, purify	10
7729097234	Gauntlet	(n.) an armored or protective glove; a challenge; two lines of men armed with weapons with which to beat a person forced to run between them; an ordeal	11
7729097235	Hypothetical	(adj.) based on an assumption or guess; used as a provisional or tentative idea to guide or direct investigation	12
7729097236	Ignoble	(adj) mean, low, base	13
7729097237	Impugn	(v.) to call into question; to attack as false	14
7729097238	Intermperate	(adj.) immoderate, lacking in self-control; inclement	15
7729097239	Odium	(n.) hatred, contempt; disgrace or infamy resulting from hateful conduct	16
7729097240	Perfidy	(n.) faithlessness, treachery	17
7729097241	Relegate	(v.) to place in a lower position; to assign, refer, turn over; to banish	18
7729097242	Squeamish	(adj.) inclined to nausea; easily shocked or upset; excessively fastidious or refined	19
7729097243	Subservient	(adj.) subordinate in capacity or role; serving to promote some end; submissively obedient	20
7729097244	Susceptible	(adj) open to; easily influenced; lacking in resistance	21

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AP Language Exam Review Flashcards

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10076597848	Rhetorical triangle	The relationship between speaker, audience and subject	0
10076597849	1. Alliteration	repetition of the same sound beginning several words or syllables in sequence	1
10076597850	Allusion	Brief reference to a person, event, or place (real or fictional) or to a work of art	2
10076597851	Anaphora	Repetition of words or phrases at the beginning of successive phrases, clauses, or lines.	3
10076597852	Antimetabole	: Repetition of words in reverse order	4
10076597853	Antithesis	Opposition, or contrast, of ideas or words in a parallel construction	5
10076597854	Archaic diction	old-fashion or outdated choices of words	6
10076597855	Asyndeton	Omission of conjunctions between coordinate phrases, clauses, or words.	7
10076597856	Cumulative sentence	sentences that completes the main idea at the beginning of the sentence and then builds and adds on	8
10076597857	Hortative sentence	Sentence that exhorts, urges, entrants, implores, or calls to action.	9
10076597858	Imperative sentence	Sentence used to command or enjoin	10
10076597859	Inversion	Invert the order of words in a sentence (variation of the subject-verb-object order.)	11
10076597860	12. Juxtaposition	Placement of two things closely together to emphasize similarities or differences.	12
10076597861	Metaphor	Figure of speech that compares two things without using like or as	13
10076597862	Oxymoron	A paradox made up of two seeming contradictory words	14
10076597863	Parallelism	Similarity of structure in a pair or series of related words, phrases, or clauses.	15
10076597864	Periodic sentence	Sentence whose main clause is withheld until the end.	16
10076597865	Personification	Attributing of a lifelike quality to an inanimate object or an idea.	17
10076597866	Rhetorical question	Figure of speech in the form of a question posed for the rhetorical effect rather than for the purpose of getting an answer.	18
10076597867	Synecdoche	Figure of speech that uses a part to represent the whole.	19
10076597868	Zeugma	Use of two different word in a grammatically similar way that produces different, often incongruous, meanings.	20
10076597869	Argument	A single assertion or a series of assertions presented and defended by the writer.	21
10076597870	Claim	States the author's argument, main idea, or position.	22
10076597871	Claim of fact	Asserts that something is true or not	23
10076597872	Claim of policy	Proposes a change	24
10076597873	Claim of value	Attempt to prove that some things are good or bad, right or wrong.	25
10076597874	The classical oration	Five-part argument structure used by classical rhetoricians.	26
10076597875	Introduction	Introduces the reader to the subject under discussion.	27
10076597876	Narration	provides factual information and background material on the subject at hand or establishes why the subject is a problem that needs addressing.	28
10076597877	Confirmation	usually the major part of the text, the confirmation includes the proof needed to make the writer's case.	29
10076597878	Refutation	address the counter argument. It is a bridge between the writer proof needed to make the writers case.	30
10076597879	Conclusion	Brings the essay to a satisfying close.	31
10076597880	Closed thesis	this type of thesis is a statement of the main idea of the argument that also previews the major points the writer intends to make.	32
10076597881	Open thesis	is one that does not list all of the points the writer intends to cover in an essay.	33
10076597882	First-hand evidence	evidence based on something the writer knows, whether it's from personal experience, observation, or general knowledge of events.	34
10076597883	Second-hand evidence	evidences that is accessed through research, reading, and investigation. It includes factual and historical information, expert opinions, and quantitative data.	35
10076597884	Quantitative evidence	evidence that includes things that can be measured, cited, counted, or otherwise represent in numbers—for instance, statistics, surveys, polls, census information.	36
10076597885	Rebuttal	gives voice to possible objections.	37
10076597886	Syllogism	A logical structure that uses the major premise and minor premise to reach a necessary conclusion.	38
10076597887	Style	the unique way an author presents his ideas. Diction, syntax, imagery, structure, and content all contribute to a particular style.	39
10076597888	Diction	a speaker's choice of words.	40
10076597889	Ad hominem	tactic of switching the argument from the issue at hand to the character of the other speaker.	41
10076597890	Ad populum (bandwagon)	evidence boils down to "everybody's doing it so it must be a good thing to do."	42
10076597891	Appeal to false authority	someone who has no expertise to speak in an issues is cited as an authority.	43
10076597892	Begging the question	a claim is based on evidence or support that is in doubt. It 'begs" a question whether the support itself is sound.	44
10076597893	Circular reasoning	which the argument repeats the claim as a way to provide evidence.	45
10076597894	Either/or (false dilemma)	the speaker presents two extreme options as the only possible choice.	46
10076597895	Logical fallacy	potential vulnerabilities or weaknesses in an argument. They often arise from a failure to make a logical connection between the claim and the evidence used to support it.	47
10076597896	Post hoc ergo propter hoc	it is incorrect to always claim that something happened is a cause just because it happened earlier.	48
10076597897	Strawman	when a speaker chooses a deliberately poor or oversimplified example in order to ridicule and refute an idea.	49
10076597898	Cacophony	harsh and discordant sounds in a line or passage in a literary work.	50
10076597899	Colloquial	the use of slang in writing, often to create local color and to provide an informal tone.	51
10076597900	Euphemism	a more acceptable and usually more pleasant way if saying something that might be inappropriate or uncomfortable.	52
10076597901	Euphony	the pleasant, mellifluous presentation of sound in literary work.	53
10076597902	Invective	a verbally abusive attack.	54
10076597903	Motif	repetition of an image or idea in a work used to develop theme or characters.	55
10076597904	Parody	comic imitation of a work that ridicules the original. It can be utterly mocking or gently humorous.	56
10076597905	Reductio ad absurdum	technique useful in creating a comical effect and is also an argument technique.	57
10076597906	Syntax	the grammatical structure of prose and poetry.	58
10076597907	Understatement	opposite of an exaggeration. It is a technique for developing irony and/or humor where one writes or says less than intended.	59
10076597908	Metonymy	figure of speech in which a representative term is used for a larger idea.	60
10076597909	Bitter	caused by or expressive of severe pain, grief, or regret	61
10076597910	Sardonic	disdainfully or skeptically humorous : derisively mocking	62
10076597911	Sarcastic	given to the use of sarcasm	63
10076597912	Ironic	relating to, containing, or constituting irony	64
10076597913	Mocking	to treat with contempt or ridicule	65
10076597914	Scornful	to be full of scorn	66
10076597915	Satiric	of, relating to, or constituting satire	67
10076597916	Objective	expressing or dealing with facts or conditions as perceived without distortion by personal feelings, prejudices, or interpretations	68
10076597917	Naïve	marked by unaffected simplicity	69
10076597918	Joyous	to be or feel joyful	70
10076597919	Spiritual	of, relating to, consisting of, or affecting the spirit	71
10076597920	Wishful	expressive of a wish	72
10076597921	Nostalgic	a wistful or excessively sentimental yearning for return to or of some past period or irrecoverable condition	73
10076597922	Idyllic	pleasing or picturesque in natural simplicity	74
10076597923	Compassionate	having or showing compassion	75
10076597924	Reverent	expressing or characterized by reverence	76
10076597925	Lugubrious	to be mournful	77
10076597926	Elegiac	written in or consisting of elegiac couplets	78
10076597927	Gothic	of or relating to a style of fiction characterized by the use of desolate or remote settings and macabre, mysterious, or violent incidents	79
10076597928	Macabre	dwelling on the gruesome	80
10076597929	Vituperative	uttering or given to censure	81
10076597930	Scathing	bitterly severe	82
10076597931	Confidential	marked by intimacy or willingness to confide	83
10076597932	Facetious	joking or jesting often inappropriately	84
10076597933	Critical	inclined to criticize severely and unfavorably	85
10076597934	Resigned	to give up deliberately	86
10076597935	Astonished	feeling or showing great surprise or wonder	87
10076597936	Mock-serious	of a pretended serious look or act	88
10076597937	Pedantic	narrowly, stodgily, and often ostentatiously learned; dull	89
10076597938	Didactic	designed or intended to teach	90
10076597939	Remorseful	motivated or marked by remorse	91
10076597940	Disdainful	full of or expressing contempt for someone or something regarded as unworthy or inferior	92
10076597941	Laudatory	of, relating to, or expressing praise	93
10076597942	Mystified	to perplex the mind of	94
10076597943	Reflective	marked by reflection	95
10076597944	Maudlin	drunk enough to be emotionally silly	96
10076597945	Sentimental	marked or governed by feeling, sensibility, or emotional idealism	97
10076597946	Patriotic	befitting or characteristic of a patriot	98
10076597947	Jingoistic	extreme chauvinism or nationalism marked especially by a belligerent foreign policy	99
10076597948	Detached	exhibiting an aloof objectivity usually free from prejudice or self-interest	100
10076597949	Indignant	marked by anger aroused by injustice	101
10076597950	Intimate	very familiar	102
10076597951	Judgmental	authoritative and often having critical opinions	103
10076597952	Jovial	happy	104
10076597953	Lyrical	expressing a poet's inner feelings; emotional; full of images; song-like	105
10076597954	Matter-of-fact	accepting of conditions; not fanciful or emotional	106
10076597955	Morose	gloomy, sullen, surly, despondent	107
10076597956	Malicious	purposely hurtful	108
10076597957	Optimistic	hopeful, cheerful	109
10076597958	Obsequious	polite and obedient in order to gain something	110
10076597959	Caustic	intense use of sarcasm; stinging, biting	111
10076597960	Conventional	lacking spontaneity, originality, individuality	112
10076597961	Disdainful	scornful	113
10076597962	Derisive	ridiculing, mocking	114
10076597963	Earnest	intense, a sincere state of mind	115
10076597964	Erudite	learned, polished, scholarly	116
10076597965	Fanciful	using the imagination	117
10076597966	Forthright	directly frank without hesitation	118
10076597967	Gloomy	darkness, sadness, rejection	119
10076597968	Haughty	proud and vain to the point of arrogance	120
10076597969	Accusatory	Charging of wrong doing	121
10076597970	Apathetic	Indifferent due to lack of energy or concern	122
10076597971	Awe	Solemn wonder	123
10076597972	Cynical	Questions the basic sincerity and goodness of people	124
10076597973	Condescension; condescending	a feeling of superiority	125
10076597974	Callous	unfeeling, insensitive to feelings of others	126
10076597975	Contemplative	studying, thinking, reflecting on an issue	127
10076597976	Critical	finding fault	128
10076597977	Choleric	Hot-tempered, easily angered	129
10076597978	Contemptuous	showing or feeling that something is worthless or lacks respect	130

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AP Language and Composition Tropes Flashcards

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5716134700	Anaphora	Repetition of initial words or phrases.	0
5716140878	Alliteration	Repetition of initial sounds.	1
5716149126	Epistrophe	Repetition of endings.	2
5716151160	Epanalepsis	Repetition of beginning and ending.	3
5716158745	Gradatio	Ending of one statement repeating as the beginning of another.	4
5716168804	Polyptoton	Repetition of a word in different forms.	5
5716175114	Ellipsis	Deliberate omission of words.	6
5716182913	Aposiopesis	The breaking off of a statement to indicate high emotion.	7
5716186760	Paralepsis	Making a point by pretending to pass over it.	8
5716191938	Metaphor	A comparison between two unlike concepts.	9
5716199620	Antithesis	The juxtaposition of opposites.	10
5716202638	Antimetabole	When one statement is reversed to create a second statement.	11
5716241841	Zeugma	A verb applied to two different nouns, one literal and one metaphorical.	12
5716255021	Hyberbation	The mis-ordering of words in a sentence for effect.	13
5716262011	Hyperbole	Exaggeration of a statement.	14

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Ap geo language vocab Flashcards

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8302325523	Isolated language	A language that is unrelated to any other languages and therefore not attached to any language family	0
8302325524	Language	A system of communication through the use of speech, a collection of sounds understood by a group of people to have the same meaning	1
8302325525	Language branch	A collection of languages related through a common ancestor that existed several thousand years ago. Differences are not as extensive or as old as with language families, and archaeological evidence can confirm that the branches drive from the same family	2
8302325526	Language family	A collection of languages related to each other through a common ancestor long before recorded history	3
8302325527	Language group	I collection of languages within a branch that share a common origin in the relatively recent past and display relatively few differences and grammar and vocabulary	4
8302325528	Lingua franca	I language mutually understood in commonly used in trade by people who have differently different native languages	5
8302325529	Literary tradition	I language that is written as well as spoken	6
8302325530	Official language	The language adopted for use by the government for the conduct of business and publication of documents	7
8302325531	Pidgin language	A form of speech that adopts a simplified grammar and limited vocabulary of a lingua Franca; used for communications among speakers of two different languages	8
8302325532	Spanglish	Combination of Spanish and English, spoken by Hispanic Americans	9
8302325533	Standard language	The form of a language used for official government business, education, and mass communications	10
8302325534	Vulgar Latin	A form of Latin used in daily conversation by ancient Romans, as opposed to the standard dialect, which was used for official documents	11

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AP English Language and Composition Flashcards

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4769024721	Allegory	The device using character and/ or story elements symbolically to represent an abstraction in addition to the literal meaning	0
4769036534	Alliteration	The repetition of sounds (silly Sally sells sea shells)	1
4770530703	Allusion	A direct or indirect reference to something which is presumably commonly known, such as an event, book, myth, place, or work of art	2
4770539964	Ambiguity	The multiple meanings, either intensional or unintentional, of a word, phrase, sentence, or passage	3
4770545551	Anadiplosis	The repetition of the last word of one clause at the beginning of the following clause. "Fear leads to anger, anger leads to hate, hate leads to suffering . "	4
4770548375	Analogy	A similarity or comparison between two different things or the relationship between them. And analogy can explain something unfamiliar by associating it with a pointing out it's similarity to something familiar	5
4770550086	Anaphora	One of the devices of repetition, in which the same expression is repeated at the beginning of two more lines, clauses, or sentences. "It is the best of times, it is the worst of times "	6
4770552442	Anecdote	A short narrative detailing particular's of an interesting episode or event. The term most frequently refers to an incident in the life of a person	7
4770553520	Antecedent	The word, phrase, or clause referred to by a pronoun.	8
4770555076	Aphorism	A terse statement of you known authorship which expresses a general truth or moral principle. Can be a memorable simulation of the authors point	9
4770557164	Apostrophe	A figure of speech that directly addresses and absent or imaginary person or a personified abstraction, such as liberty or love. Is the dress to someone or something that cannot answer	10
4770559093	Atmosphere	The emotional mood created by the entirety of a literary work, established partly by the setting and partly by the authors choice of objects that are described. Even such elements as the description of the weather can contribute to the atmosphere	11
4770596139	Clause	A grammatical unit that contains both a subject and a verb. And independent, or main, clause expresses a complete thought and can stand alone as a sentence. A dependent, or subordinate clause cannot stand alone as a sentence and must be accompanied by an independent clause.	12
4770597821	Colloquial	The use of slang or infirmities and speech writing. Not generally acceptable for formal writing.	13
4770600619	Coherence	A principal demanding that the parts of a composition be arranged so that the meanings of the whole may be immediately clear and intelligible	14
4770605669	Conceit	A fanciful expression, usually in the form of an extended metaphor or surprising analogy between seemingly dissimilar objects.	15
4770607434	Connotation	The nonliterate, associative meaning of a word; the implied, suggested meaning. They may also involve emotions, ideas, or attitudes	16
4770609649	Denotation	The strict, literally, definition of the word, devoid of any emotion, attitude, or color	17
4770611908	Diction	Related to style, diction refers to the writers word choices, especially with regard to their correctness, clearness, or effectiveness. Diction, combined with syntax, figuratively language, literary devices, etc.	18
4770666673	Didactic	Literally means teaching in Greek	19
4770667810	Epistrophe	The opposite of anaphors, repetition at the end of successive clauses. " they saw no evil, they spoke no evil, and they hear no evil"	20
4770669978	Euphemism	From the Greek for good speech, they are more agreeable and less defensive substitutes for a generally unpleasant word or concept	21
4770671112	Exposition	In essays, one of the for cheif types of composition, the others being argumentation, description, and narration. The purpose of exposition is to explain something.	22
4770686647	Extended methaphor	A metaphor developed a great length, frequently occurring in or throughout it work	23
4770687508	Figurative language	Writing or speech it is not intended to carry literal meaning and it is usually meant to be imaginative and vivid	24
4770688702	Figure of speech	A device used to produce figurative language. Mini compare do similar things. Figures of speech include Hyperbole, irony, metaphor, paradox, personification, simile, and understatement.	25
4770690741	Generic conventions	This term describes traditions for each genre. These conventions help to define each genre; for example they differentiate an essay and journalistic writing or an autobiography and political writing.	26
4770691556	Genre	The major category into which literary works fit in.	27
4770692316	Homily	This term literally means sermon but more informally it includes a serious talk, speech or lecture involving moral or spiritual advice	28
4770694416	Hyperbole	A figure of speech using deliberate exaggeration or overstatement	29
4770695282	Imagery	The sensory details or figuratively which used to describe or arouse emotion or represent abstractions. On a physical level imagery uses terms related to the five senses. On a broader and deeper level one image can represent more than one thing.	30
4770696804	Infer/ inference	To draw a reasonable conclusion from the information present.	31
4770697919	Invective	And emotionally violent, verbal denunciation or attack using strong abusive language	32
4770699537	Irony/ ironic	The contrast between what is stated explicitly and what is really meant. The difference between what appears to be and what is actually true. In general, there are three types of irony used in language verbal irony where the words literally state the op. cit. of the writers or speakers true meaning. Situational irony where events turn out the opposite of what is expected. Or dramatic irony fax or events are unknown to the character in a play or piece of fiction but known to the reader or audience or other characters in the work	33
4770702083	Loose sentence	A type of sentence in which the main idea independent clause comes first followed by dependent grandma call units such as phrases and clauses	34
4770704348	Metaphor	A figure of speech using implied comparison of seemingly unlike things or the substitution of one for another suggesting some similarity	35
4770707186	Mood	This term has two distinct technical meetings in English writing. The first meaning is grammical and deals with verbal units and writers attitude. The second meaning of mood is literary meaning the prevailing atmosphere or emotional Aura of a work dealing with setting tone and events	36
4770709543	Narrative	The telling of the story or an account of an event or series of events	37
4770709999	Onomatopoeia	A figure of speech which natural sounds are imitated in the sounds of words including buzz hiss hum crack	38

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AP Human Geography: Language Flashcards

Language

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8707877216	Accent	A distinctive mode of pronunciation of a language, especially one associated with a particular nation, locality, or social class.	0
8707877217	Dialect	A regional variation of a language distinguished by vocabulary, spelling, and pronunciation, particular to a specific region or social group.	1
8707877218	Extinct Language	A language that no longer has any speakers, or that is no longer in current use.	2
8707877219	Ideogram	A written character symbolizing the idea of a thing without indicating the sounds used to say it. Used in Mandarin (Chinese)	3
8707877220	Isogloss	A geographic boundary line delimiting the area in which a given linguistic feature occurs.	4
8707877221	Isolated Language	A natural language with no demonstrable genealogical (or "genetic") relationship with other languages or language families; that is, one that has not been demonstrated to descend from an ancestor common with any other language. i.e A language family with only one language. (Basque)	5
8707877222	Language Branch	A Subsection of a Language Family. Differences are not as extensive or old as with language families. i.e The Romance "-------" of the Indo-European language family.	6
8707877223	Language	The method of human communication, either spoken or written, consisting of the use of words in a structured and conventional way.	7
8707877224	Language Group	A Collection of languages within a branch that share a common origin in the relatively recent past and display relatively few differences in grammar and vocabulary. An individual language, including all dialects (I.e. Italian, German, English)	8
8707877225	Language Family	A collection of languages related to each other through a common ancestor long before recorded history. The trunk of the language tree, from which language branches come from.	9
8707877226	Indo European language family	Largest language family that includes English and most other languages in the Western Hemisphere. Also used in South and Southwest Asia. Includes the Germanic branch, Indo-Iranian branch, Balto-Slavic branch, and Romance branch.	10
8707877227	Sino-Tibetan Language Family	2nd largest language family. Includes Madarin, Thai, Cantonese and Burmese	11
8707877228	Lingua Franca	A Language mutually understood and commonly used in trade by people who have different native languages (currently English worldwide).	12
8707877229	Literary Tradition	A Language that is written as well as spoken.	13
8707877230	Monolingual State	A country in which only one language is spoken (i.e. Japan, Korea)	14
8707877231	Bilingual	The ability to speak two languages.	15
8707877232	Multilingual State	A country in which more than one language is in use (India, Nigeria, Belgium, Switzerland)	16
8707877233	Official Language	The language adopted for use by the government for the conduct of business and publication of documents, a language that is given special legal status.	17
8707877234	Orthography	The conventional spelling system of a language.	18
8707877235	Pidgin Language	A Form of speech that adopts a simplified grammar and limited vocabulary of a lingua franca, used for communications among speakers of two different languages.	19
8707877236	Standard Language	The specific form of a language used for official government business, education, and mass communications.	20
8707877237	Toponym	The name of a place, often reflecting that place's history and culture.	21
8707877238	Vernacular	Using a language or dialect native to a region or country rather than a literary, cultured, or foreign language. It is usually the language of the common people.	22
8707877239	Creole	A language that results from the mixing of a colonizer's language with the indigenous language of the people being dominated. Developed out of an earlier pidgin stage.	23
8707877240	Denglish	The term is used in all German-speaking countries to refer to the increasingly strong influx of English or pseudo-English vocabulary into German.	24
8707877241	Franglais	A form of French using many words and idioms borrowed from English.	25
8707877243	Spanglish	A hybrid language combining words and idioms from both Spanish and English, especially Spanish speech that uses many English words and expressions.	26
8707877244	Francophone	Places and countries where French is spoken around the world. (Quebec in Canada, Vietnam, Haiti, Sub-Saharan Africa, Belgium, Switzerland, France).	27
8707877245	Hankul	The system of writing Korean is written in. In this system, each letter represents a sound.	28
8707877246	Romance Branch	A language branch of the Indo-European Language Family. This branch includes languages that evolved from Latin (the language of the Romans). The 5 main languages include: Spanish, Portuguese, French, Italian, and Romanian.	29
8707877247	Germanic Branch	A language branch of the Indo-European Language Family. This branch is divided into North and West Germanic. North Germanic includes Scandinavian languages (Swedish, Danish, Norwegian, Icelandic), which all came from Old Norse. West Germanic is further divided into High Germanic and Low Germanic subgroups. High German includes the standard German language. Low German includes English, Dutch, Flemish (Dialect of Dutch), Afrikaaans, and Frisian.	30
8707877248	Indo-Iranian Branch	The branch of the Indo-European language family with the most speakers. This branch includes more than 100 individual languages divided into an eastern group (Indic), which includes the languages of Hinid and Urdu and a western group (Iranian), which includes Farsi and Kurdish.	31
8707877249	Balto-Slavic Branch	This branch of the Indo-European language family can be broken down into four groups: East Slavic (Russian, Ukrainian, Belarusian), Baltic (Latvian, Lithuanian), West Slavic (Polish, Czech, and Slovak), and South Slavic (Serbo-Croatian). Russian is the most widely used language in this branch, due to the spread of the Soviet Union.	32
8707877250	Celtic Branch	A language branch of the Indo-European Language Family. This branch includes the languages of the British Isles before the invasion of the Angles, Saxons, and Jutes. This branch is divided into two language groups: Goidelic(Gaelic), which includes Irish Gaelic and Scottish Gaelic, and Brythonic, which includes Welsh, Breton, and Cornish. These languages declined because the Celts lost most of their territory and the English colonizers forbid the use of the Celtic languages.	33
8707877251	Uralic Language Family	Language Family in Europe that includes the languages of Estonian, Finnish, and Hungarian. Languages in this family originated from the Ural mountains in Russia, spreading through migration.	34
8707877252	Austronesian Language Family	Language Family spoken mostly in Indonesia. This family includes the languages of Javanese, Indonesian, Malay, and Malagasy. The most spoken language in this family is Javanese, since Java is the populous island of Indonesia. The Indonesian language is used as a lingua franca in Indonesia, due to so many different native languages (739 active languages). Malay is spoken in Malaysia, Malagasy is spoken in Madagascar.	35
8707877253	Afro-Asiatic Language Family	This language family is found in northern Africa and southwestern Asia (Middle East), where Islam is the dominant religion. This family includes the languages of Arabic and Hebrew. Hebrew is spoken in Israel, a Jewish state, and Arabic is spoken throughout the region since it is the language of the Koran, the Islamic holy book.	36
8707877254	Niger-Congo Language Family	More than 95% of people in Sub-Saharan Africa speak languages from this family. This family includes Swahili, the lingua franca in Africa, used by many to communicate as a second language, due to so many different native languages.	37
8707877255	Prehistoric Subgroup	A language that predates the current language family, before the written record. Ex: Proto-Indo-European	38
8707877256	Altaic Language Family	A language family spoken across central Asia named after the Altai Mountains. The most spoken language in this family is Turkish. The family also includes the languages spoken in the Caucasus Region and across Central Asia, previously controlled by the Soviet Union. With the collapse of the Soviet Union, newly independent countries in these regions reverted to their native languages in this family, including the countries of Azerbaijan, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan, Mongolia and Georgia.	39
8707877257	Kurgan Theory	Proposed by Marija Gimbutas, this theory argues the Proto-Indo-European language diffused by military conquest as nomadic herders on horseback (Kurgans) invaded west from the Asian Steppe ( border between Russia and Kazakhstan) around 4300 B.C in search of grasslands.	40
8707877258	Renfrew (Anatolian) Theory	Proposed by Colin renfrew, this theory argues the Proto-Indo-European language diffused by way of agriculktural practices from Anatolia (Turkey) in 6300 BC.	41
8707877259	British Received Pronunciation (BRP)	The dialect of English associated with upper class Britons living in the London area now considered the standard form of British speech.	42
8707877260	Language Divergence	When a lack of spatial interaction (isolation) among speakers of a language breaks the language into dialects and then new languages.	43
8707877261	Language Convergence	When peoples with different languages have consistent spatial interaction and their languages collapse into one (i.e. pidgin and creole).	44
8707877262	Backward Reconstruction	When linguists track sound shifts and the hardening of consonants backward to reveal an "original" language.	45
8707877263	Sound Shift	Slight word change in language within the subfamilies and language family from present time, backward to its origin (i.e: lacte in Latin, latta in Italian).	46
8707877264	Treaty of Tordesillas	Pope Alexander VI's 1493 decision that officially split the New World into two empires, with Spain getting the West and Portugal the East.	47
8707877265	Hindi	Approximately one-third of Indians, mostly in the north, use this Indic language. This language can be spoken in many different ways, but there is only one official way to write the language, using a script called Devanagari. It serves as the lingua franca in India and is used by the government, growing into a national language in the nineteenth century when the British encouraged its use in government. It is part of the Indo-Iranian branch.	48
8707877266	Swahili	The lingua franca in Africa, used by many to communicate as a second language, due to so many different native languages. This language was developed between African and Arab traders and is one for the few African languages with extensive literature. It is part of the Niger-Congo language family.	49
8707877267	Urdu	Pakistan's principal language, spoken very much like Hindi but written with the Arabic alphabet, a legacy of the fact that most Pakistanis are Muslims, and their holiest book (the Quran) is written in Arabic. It is part of the Indo-Iranian branch.	50
8707877268	Farsi	The principle language of Iran, a remnant of the Persian Empire. It is written with the Arabic alphabet since Iran is a Muslim country. This language is part of the Indo-Iranian branch.	51
8707877269	Mandarin	This language is the most spoken language in the world. It is spoken by approximately three-fourths of the Chinese people, and is used by the Chinese government. There is no single Chinese language. Instead of letters, Chinese languages use ideograms (characters) that mostly represent concepts rather than sounds.	52
8707877270	Arabic	This language serves as a unifying force in the Middle East (Northern Africa and Southwest Asia), typically referred to as the Arab World. This language is the language of Islam (used in the Koran),, which is predominant throughout the region. This language belongs to the Afro-Asiatic language family and is the official language in two dozen countries of North Africa and southwestern Asia, from Morocco to the Arabian Peninsula.	53
8707877271	Hebrew	This language was an extinct language that has been revived. It diminished in use in the fourth century B.C. and was thereafter retained only for Jewish religious services. When Israel was established in 1948, this language became one of the new country's two official languages, along with Arabic. This language was chosen to unify the Jews of Israel and give them a sense of nationalism, since Israel was created by Jewish refugees and migrants who spoke many different languages. Reviving this language required the creation of many new words for the modern world.	54
8707877272	Irish Gaelic	This is one of the two official languages of Ireland, along with English. This language was forbidden under English rule. When Ireland got their independence form England in 1922, this language became an important part of their cultural identity and sense of nationalism and became a compulsory course in all public schools and required for public service jobs.	55
8707877273	Basque	Also known as Euskera, this isolated language predates the Indo-European language and is not related to any other language family in Europe. Spoken in the Pyrenees Mountains (between Spain and France), the mountainous homeland created isolation, making the preservation of the language possible.	56
8707877274	Welsh	This is one of the two official languages of Wales, along with English. This language was forbidden under English rule, but has been revived in recent years. This language is a compulsory subject in all schools in Wales and knowledge of the language is now required for many jobs in Wales. Bilingual signs and television and radio programs have also been added to help preserve this language.	57
8707877275	Inuktitut	The language spoken by the Inuits (indigenous tribe) of northern Canada. It is recognized as an official language, along with English and French in Nunavut, the Inuit territory of Canada. Similar to the Celtic languages, it has declined with the forces of globalization and is undergoing a revival since it is an important part of the Inuit culture and is taught in schools and represented on bilingual signs and in the government.	58
8707877276	Globalization	The process by which businesses or other organizations develop international influence and operate on an international scale. Currently, America dominates the world with multinational corporations and media, which has made English the world's current lingua franca (international language of business).	59
8707877277	Quebec	This province in Canada primarily speaks French, due to its history of colonization. As a result, Canada is officially bilingual, recognizing both English and French as official languages.	60
8707877278	Vulgar Latin	This language was spoken by the Roman army at the time of occupation and is the basis of the Romance languages, which evolved out of this language overtime due to isolation.	61
8707877279	Latin America	This region of the Americas primarily speaks Romance Languages, which derived from Latin. Brazil speaks Portuguese, Haiti and French Guiana speak French, while the majority of the other countries speak Spanish, all due to the patterns of colonization.	62
8707877280	Belgium	This multilingual state in Europe, which is part of the francophone world, has experienced tensions between its two language groups. The Flemings live in the north province Flanders and speak Flemish, a Dutch dialect. The Walloons live in the south province Wallonia and speak French. Brussels, the capital city if officially bilingual to create a since of unity in the country. Antagonism between the Flemings and Walloons is aggravated by economic and political differences. Historically, the Walloons dominated Belgium's economy and politics and French was the official state language.	63
8707877281	Switzerland	This multilingual state in Europe, which is part of the francophone world, remains peaceful with four official languages (German, French, Italian, and Romanish). This country has institutionalized cultural diversity by creating a form of government that places considerable power in local, small communities (Decenetralization).	64