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FHS AP Human Geography: Language Study Guide Flashcards

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7883139453cultureSum of all the typical activities of a group of people (how a group lives) -values -material items -institutions (government, religion, etc)0
78831394546 Official Languages of the UNEnglish, French, Spanish, Russian, Arabic, & Mandarin -EU however has 23 official language (wants to acknowledge every culture there)1
7883139455languagesystematic means of communicating ideas or feelings by the use of conventional signs, gestures, marks, or especially articulate vocal sounds\ -VOCALIZATION IS CRUCIAL (esp. if discussing humans) -examples: Tamil, math, music, dancing, Cantonese, Flemish, etc.2
7883139456Why is language at the heart of culture?without language- culture can not be transmitted -Sans la langue, la culture ne peut pas se transmettre3
7883139457What is literary tradition?A system of writing- helps cultural continuity -Mandarin=oldest "surviving" writing system -ideograms (characters/symbols vs. alphabets (letters) -invention of printing press helps spread literacy (1439)4
7883139458Approximately, how many languages are spoken today?It is estimated that between 4000 to 8000 different languages are spoken today5
7883139459Language familyCollection of related languages with a common history with a "prehistoric" ancestor (most broad language category)6
7883139460The language families-indo-European -Sino-Tibetan -Afro-asiatic -Niger-Congo -austronesian -Dravidian (Altaic & Uralic, etc.)7
7883139461Indo-EuropeanLargest language family- (Western Hemisphere, Europe, India) -English, German, Hindi, all the Romance languages, Russian, Farsi, Greek, Hindi8
7883139462Sino-Tibetan2nd largest language family -mandarin, Thai; Cantonese, Burmese9
7883139463Afro-asiatic3rd largest language family (tied with Niger-Congo) North Africa/ middle east -Arabic, Hebrew, Somali, Berber10
7883139464Niger-Congo3rd largest language family- sub-Saharan Africa (tied with Afro-Asiatic) -Swahili, Zulu, Yoruba, Igbo, Kongo11
7883139465Austronesian4th largest language family- Southeast Asia/Polynesia -Javanese, Malay, Indonesian, Hawaiian, etc.12
7883139466Dravidian5th largest language family- Southeast India -Tamil, Telugu, etc.13
78831394672 Other Language familiesAltaic- Turkish Uralic- Finnish, Estonian, Hungarian14
7883139468Language BranchCollection of related languages with a common "ancient" ancestor -ex. Indo-European language family has 8 major branches: -4 Major branches: Germanic, Romance (Italic), Balto-Slavic, Indo-Iranian -4 Minor branches: Hellenic, Albanian, Celtic, Armenian15
7883139469Language Group-common "modern" ancestor with similar vocabulary and grammar -ex. West Germanic vs. North Germanic -English is West Germanic16
7883139470Individual LanguageThis final step of the Language classification -ex. English, German, Dutch, etc.17
7883139471Give an example of the language classification of EnglishA. Indo-European→B. Germanic→C.West Germanic→D.English→E. Northern/Southern dialect, etc.18
7883139472Dialect"Regional" variation of a language Standard Language should really be called standard dialect19
7883139473"Standard Language"-Should really be called "Standard dialect" -well established & widely recognized as the most acceptable for the government, business, & mass communication -sets the quality, which is the matter of cultural identity and national concern -sustained by official state examination, officials, etc. -Ex. "standard Chinese" = Mandarin -BRP- "British received pronunciation" for British English, used by politicians, broadcasters, officials -American Sign Language (ASL)20
7883139474American vs. British English-mostly lower/middle class immigrants left Britain to go to the newly-created United States not those speaking BRP -American English has different phrases/expressions b/c of new things experienced in America -Also, some words were borrowed from Native Americans -Because of time and isolation, due to written communication, pronunciation is considerably different (Time-Distance Decay!!)21
7883139475Isoglossword-usage boundary or map which shows regional variations & pronunciation22
7883139476Mandarin1. World's most spoken 2. One of the oldest written languages 3. many dialects which are mutually unintelligible 1. Has highest % of people who speak it as a primary lang. (English=2nd place)23
7883139477Official LanguageHas several different purposes 1. Used in hopes of enhancing internal communication among ppl who speak diverse traditional languages 2. Many former African countries have adopted the language of their former colonies 3. Some former colonies chose 2 official languages 4. Creating official languages has caused problems occasionally (ex. when Hindi was given official status, riots and disorder broke out in non-Hindi areas24
7883139478Languages of Africa-Most are pre-literate (only spoken) -largest language family- Niger-Congo -Largest Branch- Bantu (Swahili) -Oldest Language in Africa=Khoisan -Afro-Asiatic language family- in N. Africa- NiloSaharan, Khoisan, Austronesian, Indo-European25
7883139479Esperanto-Language which was created as a project by L.L. Zamenhof in hopes to create a world language- late 19th century -an attempt to unify/globalize multilingual Europe -Few ppl wanted to learn another Indo-European lang. that did not have a practical use=failure! -Still has around 20,000 fluent speakers, however26
7883139480Lingua FrancaLanguage used when conducting business- facilitates international communication (any common language spoken by peoples with different native tongues)27
7883139481PidginNOT A LANGUAGE -created out of a mixture of other language as a means of communication between speakers of different tongues -simplified mixture/hybrid -learned as a 2nd language (NO NATIVE SPEAKERS) -AKA "contact language" -ex. "Chinglish" "Spanglish" "Konglish" -common in Caribbean region -English and African languages combine to form a pidgin English28
7883139482Creole & Creolization-A combination of languages that is stable over time AND has complex grammar and vocabulary -often a mix of dominant colonial language & an indigenous language EX: -Afrikaans- Dutch and Bantu languages in S. Africa -Gullah/Geechee- pidgin of English and W. African in Georgia and South Carolina -Jamaican Patois- English and W. African in Jamaica -French Creole- French/Spanish/African in Louisiana -Macanese- Cantonese/Portuguese/Sinhalese/Malay Can a Language be both a Creole and a Lingua Franca? Yes- Swahili for example29
7883139483Pop vs. Folk CulturePop Culture- changes from time to time Folk Culture- changes from place to place30
7883139484Pop Culture-large dispersed groups -heterogeneous groups (ethnicities, religion, etc.) -found in higher level of development (MDCs) -changes quickly and often -dispersed- global scale -modern societies with large amounts of interaction with other -ex. Wearing jeans, driving a Honda, eating McDonald's, etc.31
7883139485Folk Culture-small, isolated groups -homogeneous groups (ethnicities, religions, etc.) -lower levels of economic development typically (LDCs) -resists & slow to change -traditional societies with little interaction with other groups -ex. wearing a Sari or Burka, driving a horse & buggy, eating different parts of an animal or eating insects32
7883139486Cultural hearth of Pop Culture-CORE/MDCs -From where do most movies people watch come from? Hollywood vs. Bollywood33
7883139487Cultural Hearths of Folk CultureIn one or multiple hearths, often anonymously -ex. Who was the first Hula dancer in Hawaii?34
7883139488Diffusion in Pop vs. Folk Culture-Pop Culture- hierarchically- often through celebrities and major urban centers then goes to contagious diffusion (ex. movie premiers in NYC, LA, London, etc. -Folk Culture- Relocation, through physical movement of the people (ex. movement of the Amish to other parts of the United States)35
7883139489How is local diversity sometimes maintained with folk culture?-Isolation- keeps folks from changing too much hold on to traditional values, reject economic and culture imperialism of the West -Physical environment limits some choices of how people can survive (but remember, Possibilism!)36
7883139490CustomAny repetitive act of a group37
7883139491More Pop culture characteristics...-secular -individualistic (me not we) -more promiscuous -women's rights -provocative clothing -nuclear family (only direct family) -wood and brick homes -TV/Internet readily available38

Rhetorical Devices - AP Language Flashcards

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7659739216chiasmusthe repetition of ideas in inverted order; the repetition of grammatical structures in inverted order. "Ask not what your country can do for you, but what you can do for your country."0
7659739217antithesisjuxtoposition of contrasting words or ideas (often, but not always, in parallel structure) "Patience is bitter, but it has a sweet fruit." "That's one small step for (a) man, one giant leap for mankind." --Neil Armstrong "It was the best of times, it was the worst of times" --Charles Dickens1
7659739218epistropheending a series of lines, phrases, clauses or sentences with the same word or words. "Where now? Who now? When now?" --Samuel Beckett "And that government of the people, by the people, and for the people, shall not perish from the earth." --Abraham Lincoln's "Gettysburg Address"2
7659739219apostrophebreaking off a discourse to address some person or personified thing either present or absent "Welcome, O Life! I go to encounter for the millionth time the reality of experience [...]" --James Joyce Hint: If you see "O!" then it's probably apostrophe! "Twinkle, twinkle, little star How I wonder what you are [...]"3
7659739220hyperbolerhetorical exaggeration. often accomplished via comparisons, similes and metaphors "That was the easiest question in the world." "This is the worst day EVER. Why do I fail at life?" "I'll love you, dear, I'll love you Till China and Africa meet, And the river jumps over the mountain And the salmon sing in the street, I'll love you till the ocean Is folded and hung up to dry" --W.H. Auden4
7659739221synecdochethe substitution of a part for a whole; calling something by just one of its component parts "gray beard" for an old man "boots" for soldiers ("boots on the ground") "Coke" for any carbonated soft drink (Southern synecdoche!)5
7659739222metonymythe substitution of some attribute or suggestive word for what is actually meant. The word we use to describe another thing is closely linked to that particular thing, but is not necessarily a part of it (so it's NOT synecdoche). "Let me give you a hand" (hand means help) "The pen is mightier than the sword" (written words over violent force) "crown" as a substitute for a king or queen ("British citizens are under the authority of the crown")6
7659739223syllogismrhetorical device that starts an argument with a reference to something general and from this it DRAWS A CONCLUSION about something more specific; a syllogism usually comes as a set of 3 propositions, with the last as a conclusion: Example: All humans are selfish Socrates was a human Socrates was selfish No reptiles have fur. Some reptiles are lizards. Therefore, no lizards have fur.7
7659739224warrantThe assumption underlying an argument that connects evidence to a claim; a "bridge" between the two explaining the relevance of the evidence; the "glue" that holds the argument together, saying "this evidence supports this claim because..." Example: Claim: Hybrid cars are an effective way to fight pollution Evidence: Driving a private car is a typical citizen's most air polluting activity. Warrant: (Because cars are the largest source of private, as opposed to industry produced, air pollution switching to hybrid cars should have an impact on fighting pollution.)8
7659739225enthymemeAn argument in which one premise is not directly stated; an argument where the warrant is left unstated; a shortened syllogism Example: Socrates is selfish because he's human [Implies that all humans are selfish] These people are performing the Nazi salute, so they must be evil [Assumes premise that performing a salute means you believe Nazi beliefs AND that all Nazis are evil] Faulty example: Since that woman has a child, she must have given birth [Assumes wrongly that the only way to have children is to give birth to them]9
7659739226circumlocutionUsing many words when just a few would do; talking around a topic in a deliberate attempt to be vague and evasive Example: His confession came after years of circumlocution. The presidential debates feature circumlocution as candidates try to avoid answering tough questions about their voting records.10
7659739227colloquialismAn informal word or phrase commonly used in conversation rather than academic writing or speaking; a slang term, sometimes geographically specific to a region Examples: "I wasn't born yesterday" "Bless her heart" Anything in Urban Dictionary is a colloquialism!11
7659739228euphemisma mild or indirect expression substituted for one considered to be too harsh or blunt when referring to something unpleasant or embarrassing. Example: "met his Maker" for dying "vertically challenged" for short12
7659739229red herringsomething that misleads or distracts from the issue at hand; often used to "win" an argument by changing the subject: Argument A is presented by person 1. Person 2 introduces argument B. (the red herring) Argument A is abandoned. Example: "Yes, I cheated on you, but think of all those times I had to clean EVERYTHING around this house! You never did anything." [The argument should still be about the cheating, not about previous grievances that may have led to it]13

AP Language and Composition List 12 Flashcards

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7406128530an-without0
7406128531abaway1
7406130377melsong2
7406132419adengland3
7406132420aerair4
7406136939albwhite5
7406138369aseenzyme6
7406140467epion7
7406140468humearth8
7406142943-belife9
7406142944bongood10
7406144976structbuild11
7406147114chlorgreen12
7406147115cyanblue13
7406149181cytcell14
7406149182diplodouble15
7406151417dysbad16
7406151418ecohouse17
7406153938emiablood18
7406156804enterintestine19
7406158339erythrored20
7406163269idopeculiar21
7406164749exoout22
7406164750imnot23
7406166406filthread24

AP Lang Set #4 (Passage 1d) Flashcards

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6997736396Vitiatedto make ineffective, weakened, marred0
6997740034Buoyedsupported and encouraged; to keep something from falling or sinking1
6997742928Blightanything that destroys, prevents growth, or causes devaluation2
6997743949Inflammatorytending to excite anger; leading to violence3
6997750121OminousThreatening; menacing4
6997751353Cynicalbelieving that people are motivated by self-interest; distrustful of human sincerity or integrity5
6997754824Proliferateto reproduce, increase, or spread rapidly6
6997757053Abashedembarrassed, ashamed, or nonplussed7
6997759229Blithefree-spirited; carefree8
6997760135Capriciouschanging suddenly, fickle; unpredictable9
6997763499Licentiousimmoral; unrestrained by society10

AP Lang Set #2 (Passage 1b) Flashcards

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6997566935Enumerationa listing of items, rights, procedures0
6997570065Tentativeexperimental in nature; uncertain, hesitant1
6997571862MetonymyA figure of speech that substitutes a word with a different but closely associated word2
6997574744Synecdocheusing one part of an object to represent the entire object3
6997578238Anaphorarepetition of a word or phrase at the beginning of successive phrases, clauses, or lines4
6997580163Epistrophethe repetition of a word at the end of successive clauses or sentences5
6997581517AsyndentonConjunctions are omitted, producing a fast-paced and rapid prose6
6997591519Antithesisan exact opposite; an opposite extreme; sharp contrast7
6997594262Introspectivecontemplating one's own thoughts and feelings8
6997600275Wistfulhaving or showing a feeling of vague or regretful longing9
6997602736Pedantictending to show off one's learning; excessively concerned with book learning and formal rules10
6997605022Lugubrioussorrowful; mournful; dismal11
7276946819Denigrateto attack the reputation of; to speak ill of12

AP Language terms Flashcards

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8395472517Ad hominemThe character attack. Logicians and the argument-averse consider it a bad thing, but in rhetoric it's a necessity.0
8395489052AlliterationThe sequential repetition of a similar initial sound, usually applied to consonants, usually in closely proximate stressed syllables.1
8395516505AllusionA literary, historical, religious, or mythical reference in a literary work.2
8395530663AnaphoraThe regular repetition of the same words or phrases at the beginning of successive phrases or clauses.3
8395542671Annotationthe taking of notes directly on a text4
8395556816Antecedenta substantive word, phrase, or clause whose denotation is referred to by a pronoun (such as John in "Mary saw John and called to him"); broadly - a word or phrase replaced by a substitute.5
8395582433AntithesisThe juxtaposition of contrasting ideas in balanced phrases.6
8395596008AppositiveA noun or noun phrase that renames another noun right beside it. The appositive can be a short or long combination of words. Example- the insect, a cockroach, is crawling across the kitchen table.7
8395622178AporiaDoubt or ignorance- feigned or real- used as a rhetorical device.8
8395638993Argumenta process of reasoned inquiry. A persuasive discourse resulting in a coherent and considered movement from a claim to a conclusion.9
8395652712Assertiona statement that presents a claim or thesis10
8395659055AttitudeThe sense expressed by the tone of voice or the mood of a piece of writing; the author's feelings toward his or her subject, characters, events, or theme. It might even be his or her feelings for the reader.11
8395689283Begging the questionAn argumentative ploy where the arguer sidesteps the question or the conflict, evades or ignores the real question.12
8395709225Biasis a tendency to lean in a certain direction, often to the detriment of an open mind. Those who are biased tend to believe what they want to believe, refusing to take into consideration the opinions of others.13
8395733423CanonThe list of works considered to be permanently established as being the highest quality- Ex: Hopkins was firmly established in the canon of English poetry.14
8395757690ChiasmusA figure of speech and generally a syntactical structure wherein the order of the terms in the first half of a parallel clause is reversed in the second15
8395774521Cite/Citationan act of quoting. ex: His homily included several biblical citations.16
8395785851Claimalso called an assertion or proposition, a claim states the argument's main idea or position. A claim differs from a topic or subject in that a claim has to be arguable17
8395810669ColloquialA term identifying the diction of the common, ordinary folks, especially in a specific region or area.18
8395821394ConcessionYou seem to agree with your opponent's point, only to use it to your advantage.19
8395831627ConnotationThe implied, suggested or underlying meaning of a word or phrase.20
8395847425Coordinationthe joining of words, phrases, or clauses of the same type to give them equal emphasis and importance. The common conjunctions and, but, for, or, not, yet, an so to join the elements of a coordinate construction.21
8395879181Credibletrustworthy; believable. A credible source can be believed.22
8395896625Cumulative sentenceSentence that completes the main idea at the beginning of the sentence and then builds and adds on.23
8395911522Deductive reasoning (deduction)The method of argument in which specific statements and conclusions are drawn from general principles- movement from the general to the specific.24
8395935395Deliberative rhetoricOne of three types of rhetorical persuasion (the other two are forensic and demonstrative). Deliberative rhetoric deals with arguments about choices. It concerns itself with matters that affect the future; its chief topic, according to Aristotle, is the "advantageous"---what's best for the family, community, company, or country. Without deliberative rhetoric, democracy is impossible.25
8395991128Demonstrative rhetoricPersuasion that deals with values which bring a group together. It usually focuses on matters in the present, and its chief topic is right versus wrong. This is the language of sermons, funeral speeches, and national anthems.26
8396014937DenotationThe direct or dictionary meaning of a word, in contrast to its figurative or associated meanings.27
8396027561DialectThe language and speech idiosyncrasies of a specific area, region, or group.28
8396046032DictionThe specific word choice an author uses to persuade or convey tone, purpose or effect29
8396053808DidacticWriting or speech that has an instructive purpose or a lesson; often associated with a dry, pompous presentation30
8396069196EnthymemeTaking a commonly accepted premise and linking it to a conclusion. For instance, "Girls like guys who can dance. You should learn to dance." A small piece of logic.31
8396099431EquivocationThis appears to say one thing while meaning the opposite, and it occurs when a word has multiple meanings.32
8396111061EthosIn rhetoric, the appeal of a text to the credibility and character of the speaker, writer, or narrator.33
8396122935ExampleThe foundation of inductive logic. Aristotle listed three kinds- fact, comparison, and fable (story)34
8396154113Figurative LanguageLanguage with levels of meaning expressed through figures of speech such as prepositions, metaphor, litotes, etc.35
8396165760FlashbackAn earlier event is inserted into the normal chronology of the narration36
8396182467Forensic (legal) rhetoricArgument that determines guilt or innocent. It focuses on the past.37
8396190187GenreA type or class of literature, such as epic, narrative, poetry, biography, history38
8396206876HyperboleOverstatement characterized by exaggerated language, usually to make a point or draw attention.39
8396220507HypophoraA figure that asks a rhetorical question and then immediately answers it. The hypophora allows you to anticipate an audience's skepticism and nip it in the bud. EX: "what makes a king out of a slave? Courage!"40
8396266121IdiomInseparable words with a single meaning. (It's Greek to me; the whole ball of wax; in a pickle; quit cold turkey)41
8396285836ImageryAny sensory detail or evocation in a work to evoke a feeling, to call to mind an idea, or to describe an object. Involves any or all of the five senses42
8396310818Imperative sentencesentence used to command43
8396320170Inductive reasoningThe method of reasoning or argument in which general statements and conclusions are drawn from specific principles- movement form the specific to the general.44
8396341410InferenceA conclusion or proposition arrived at by considering facts, observations, or some other specific data. Looking at blues, learning the facts.45
8396357552Inversioninverted order of words in a sentence (variation of the subject-verb-object order)46
8428377585IronyThe contrast between what is stated explicitly and what is really meant. The intended meaning is often the opposite of what is stated, often suggesting light sarcasm.47
8428400020JargonSpecialized or technical language of a trade, profession, or similar group.48
8428411853JuxtapositionThe location of one thing adjacent to another to create an effect, reveal an attitude, or accomplish some other purpose.49
8428422472LitotesA figure of speech that emphasizes its subject by conscious understatement.50
8428431936LogosArgument by logic51
8428435972Loose SentenceA long sentence that starts with its main clause, which is followed by several dependent clauses and modifying phrases.52
8428447607MetaphorOne thing pictured as if it were something else, suggesting a likeness or analogy. An implict comparison or identification of one thing with another, without the use of like or as.53
8428465206MetonymyA figure of speech in which an attribute or commonly associated feature is used to name or designate something.54
8428487704ModifierAn adjective, adverb, phrase, or clause that modifies a noun, pronoun, or verb. The purpose of a modifier is usually to describe, focus, or qualify.55
8428528056MoodA feeling or ambiance resulting from the tone of a piece as well as the writer/narrator's attitude and point of view. It is a "feeling" that establishes the atmosphere in a work of literature or other discourse.56
8428547622NarrativeA mode of discourse that tells a story of some sort and it is based on sequences of connected events, usually presented in a straightforward, chronological framework.57
8428566321OnomatopoeiaA word capturing or approximating the sound of what is described. The purpose of these words is to make a passage more effective for the reader or listener.58
8429402589PacingDetermines how quickly or how slowly the writer takes a reader through a story59
8429424071Parallel StructureThe use of similar dorms in writing for nouns, verbs, phrases, or thoughts. In prose, recurrent syntactical similarity where several parts of a sentence or several sentences are expressed alike to show that their ideas are equal in importance. (also can be called parallelism)60
8429474640ParodyAn imitation of the style of a particular writer, artist, or genre with deliberate exaggeration for comic effect.61
8429486534PathosThat element in literature that stimulates pity or sorrow. In argument or persuasion it tends to be the evocation of pity.62
8429517809Periodic SentenceA long sentence in which the main clause is not completed until the end.63
8429527679PersonaVoice or mask that an author or speaker or performer puts in for a particular purpose.64
8429545314PersonificationTreating an abstraction or nonhuman object as if it were a person by endowing it with human features or qualities.65
8429568228Point of ViewThe relation in which a narrator/author stands to a subject of discourse. Requires the reader to establish the historical perspective of what is being said.66
8429598336PropagandaThe spread of ideas and information to further a cause. In its negative sense, propaganda is the use of rumors, lies, disinformation, and scare tactics in order to damage or promote a cause.67
8429617185ProseThe ordinary form of written language without metrical structure in contrast to verse and poetry.68
8429631338PunA play on words, sometimes on different senses of the same word and sometimes on the similar sense or sound of different words.69
8429652548PurposeThe goal the speaker wants to achieve.70
8429662361RebuttalAn argument technique wherein opposing arguments are anticipated and countered.71
8429677572Refute/RefutationA denial of the validity of the opposing argument. In order to sound reasonable, a refutation often follows a concession that acknowledges that an opposing argument may be true or reasonable.72
8429714225RhetoricThe art of using words to persuade in writing or speaking.73
8429729078Rhetorical QuestionA question that is asked simply for the sake of stylistic effect and is not expected to be answered.74
8429749033Rhetorical Triangle(Aristotelian Triangle) a diagram that illustrates the interrelationship among speaker, audience, and subject in determining a text.75
8429770240SarcasmA form of verbal irony in which apparent praise is actually critical. Can be light, and gently poke fun at something, or it can be harsh and mean.76
8438351253SchemeArtful syntax; a deviation from the normal order of words. Common schemes include parallelism, juxtaposition, antithesis, and antimatabole.77
8438373847SimileA direct, explicit comparison of one thing to another, using the words like or as.78
8438379039Simple SentenceA sentence consisting of only one clause, with a single subject and predicate.79
8438385656SourceA firsthand document or primary reference work.80
8438388454StyleThe manner in which a writer combines and arranges words, shapes ideas, and utilizes syntax and structure.81
8438404585SubjectThe topic of a text. What the text is about.82
8438411348Subordinate/SubordinationThe process of linking two clauses in a sentence so that one clause is dependent on (or subordinate to) another. Contrast with coordination.83
8438427962SynecdocheA figure of speech in which a part signifies a whole.84
8438434827SyntaxThe way words are put together to form phrases, clauses, and sentences. Basically, sentence structure.85
8438442430SynthesizeCombining two or more ideas in order to create something more complex in support of a new idea.86
8438450165ThemeThe central or dominant idea or focus of a work. The statement a passage makes about its subject.87
8438455255ThesisA statement or central idea that a writer puts forward at the beginning of an argument, and will support throughout the following text. It is a premise that the author believes to be true, and will give evidence for by way of facts or situations that reinforce this central idea.88
8438471968ToneThe attitude the narrator/author has towards the subject and theme. Based on particular stylistic devices employed by the author.89
8438487573TropeRhetorical device that produces a shift in the meaning of words--traditionally contrasted with a scheme, which changes only the shape of the phrase.90
8438501474UnderstatementA figure of speech in which the writer or speaker deliberately makes a situation seem less important or serious than it is.91
8438509110VoiceThe acknowledged or unacknowledged source of the words of the story; the speaker's or narrator's particular "take" on an idea based on a particular passage and how all the elements of the style of the piece come together to express his/her feelings.92
8438526373ZeugmaA grammatically correct construction in which a word, usually a verb or adjective, is applied to two or more nouns without being repeated.93
8462831860SatireA literary work that holds up human failings to ridicule and censure.94
8462831861Post hoc ergo propter hocA happened before B; therefore, A caused B95
8462840761NeologismA new word. (Example- "selfie")96

AP Language Vocab Flashcards

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7660796331Abstract Languagelanguage describing ideas and qualities rather than observable or specific things, people, or places. The observable or "physical" is usually described with concrete language. Ex: love, honor, integrity, evil0
7660829136Ad HominemLatin for "against the man". When a writer personally attacks his or her opponents instead of their arguments.1
7660847350AllegoryA story, fictional or nonfictional, in which characters, things,and events is meant to be revealed an abstraction or truth. The characters and other elements may be symbolic of the ideas referred to.2
7660867203AlliterationRepetition of initial sounds of words in close proximity to each other.3
7660877014AllusionIndirect reference to something with which the reader is supposed to be familiar. Used with humorous intent, to establish a connection between the reader and writer or to make a subtle point.4
7660903870Anecdoteshort narrative used to illustrate a write or speakers point5
7660911120Ambiguityevent or situation tat maybe interpreted in more then one way. Also, the manner of expression of such an event or situation may be ambiguous. Unintentional ambiguity is usually vagueness.6
7660967169Analogya comparison to a directly parallel case. When s writer uses an analogy, he or she argues that a claim reasonable for the analogous case7
7660981109AnalysisBreaking down of something to see how the parts come together to form the whole. This, in rhetorical analysis, we consider how the rhetorical devices and strategies come together to support the authors purpose8
7661007044AnnotationExplanatory notes added to a text to explain, cite sources, or give bibliographical date9
7661048983AntithesisBalancing of 2 opposites or contrasting words, phrases, or clauses10
7661129045ApostropheDirect address to an absent or imaginary person, or to an object, quality, or idea11
7661155372AssonanceRepetition of a vowel sound within 2 or more words in close proximity12
7661174078AuthorityArguments that draw on recognized experts or persons with highly relevant experience are said to rest on authoritative backing or authority. Readers are expected to accept claims if they are in agreement with an authority`s view13
7661220227BackingSupport or evidence for a claim in an argument14
7661225701BalanceConstruction in which both halves of the sentence are about the same length and importance15
7661249862Begging the QuestionOften called "circular reasoning", occurs when the believably of the evidence depends on the believably of the claim16
7661278984Casual RelationshipA writer asserts tat one outcome results from another. To show how one outcome produces or brings out another of often relevant in establishing a logical argument17
7661302990CircumlocutionIndirect, wordy language used to avoid stating it simply and directly18
7661351716ClauseGroup of words containing a subject and a verb. An independent clause can stand alone grammatically as a complete sentence. A subordinate clause begins with a subordinating conjunction and is considered a sentence fragment unless attached to an independent clause19
7661447074Colloquial LanguageEveryday informal language; conversational language20
7661512548Common LanguageShared beliefs or assumptions called "common knowledge". A writer may argue that if something is widely believed, then readers should accept it21
7661531785Concrete LanguageLanguage that describes specific observable things, people, or places, rather than ideas or qualities22
7661541818ConnotationRather than the dictionary definition, the association suggested by the word. Implied meaning - connotation, rather than literal meaning (denotation)23
7661562546ConsonanceRepetition of constant sounds within 2 or more words in close proximity24
7661619515ConventionalFollowing certain conventions, or traditional techniques of writing. An over-reliance on conventions ma result in lack of originality.25
7661668042Cumulative SentenceSentence which begins with the main idea and then expands on the idea with a series of details or other particulars26
7661679809DeductionBegins with a general statement and then applies that statement to specific examples to arrive at a conclusion27
7661711747DialectCharacteristics of language particular to a specific region or culture28
7661716928DictionWord choice, particularly as an element of style. Different types and arrangements of words have significant effects on meaning.29
7661802229DidacticTerm to describe fiction or non-fiction that teaches a specific lesson or moral or provides a model of correct behavior or thinking30
7661830311Dramatic IronyWhen the reader is aware of an inconsistency between a fictional or nonfictional characters perception of a situation and the truth of that situation31
7661859995Either-or-ReasoningWhen the writer reduces an argument or issue to 2 popular opposites and ignores any alternatives32
7661903769Emotional AppealWhen a writer appeals to emotion (often through pathos) to excite and involves them in the argument33
7661924762EquivocationWhen a writer uses the same term in 2 different senses in an argument34
7661931488EvokeTo transmit a particular feeling, emotion, or sensory image35
7661938535Ethical AppealWhen a writer tried to persuade the audience to respect and believe him or her based on a presentation of image of self through the text. Reputation is sometimes a factor in ethical appeals, but in all cases the aim is to gain the audiences confidence36
7661961301EuphemismPleasant or sanitized example used to describe something unpleasant or negative37
7661969976ExampleIndividual instance taken to be representative of a general pattern. Arguing by example is considered reliable if examples are demonstrably true or factual as well ad relevant38
7661999712ExplicationAct of interpreting or discovering the meaning of a text. Explication usually involves close reading and special attention o figurative language39
7662033270False AnalogyWhen 2 cases are not sufficiently parallel to lead readers to accept a claim of connection between them40
7662043159Figurative LanguageWord or words that are inaccurate literally, but describe by calling to mind sensations or responses that the thing described evokes. May be in the form of metaphors or similes, both non-literal comparisons.41

Tone Vocabulary updated- AP LANGUAGE Flashcards

This set of tone and mood vocabulary will be part of the test at the end of this first quarter. You should be able to identify the definitions of these words as well as be able to identify the tone or mood of passage using these words.

Remember that tone describes the author's attitude toward the subject while mood describes the overall atmosphere of the writing (i.e. how the reader feels as he or she reads the text).

Terms : Hide Images
4948907772accusingCharging one with the fault, offense, or crime0
4948907774apprehensiveUneasy or fearful about something that might happen1
4948907775belligerantOf warlike character; aggressively hostile; bellicose2
4948907777candidFrank; outspoken; open and sincere3
4948907778cynicalDistrusting or disparaging the motives of others4
4948907779dejectedDepressed in spirits; disheartened; low-spirited5
4948907780earnestSerious in intention, purpose, or effort; sincerely zealous6
4948907781exuberantEffusively and almost uninhibitedly enthusiastic; lavishly abundant; abounding in vitality7
4948907783jubilantShowing great joy, satisfaction, or triumph; rejoicing; exultant8
4948907785moroseGloomily or sullenly ill-humored, as a person or mood9
4948907786nostalgicExperiencing or exhibiting a sentimental or wistful yearning for the happiness felt in a former place, time, or situation10
4948907787patronizingDisplaying or indicative of an offensively condescending manner11
4948907788pessimisticPertaining to or characterized by pessimism (the tendency to see, anticipate, or emphasize only bad or undesirable outcomes, results, conditions, problems, etc.); gloomy12
4948907792superficialbeing at, on, or near the surface (in terms of details and depth of understanding)13
4948907795wrathfulvery angry; ireful; full of wrath (strong, stern, or fierce anger; deeply resentful indignation)14
4950328031pleadingthe act of asking for something in a serious or emotional way.15
4948907796zealousardently active, devoted, or diligent; full of, characterized by, or due to zeal (fervor for a person, cause, or object)16
4948907799flippantlacking proper respect or seriousness17
4948907800callousnot feeling or showing any concern about the problems or suffering of other people18
4948907806drollhaving a humorous, whimsical, or odd quality; amusing in an odd way19
4948907807admiringto regard with wonder, pleasure, or approval20
4948907809bittershowing strong hostility or resentment toward a subject21
4948907810coldcharacterized by a lack of or no emotion toward a subject22
4948907811contemplativeshowing full or deep consideration; deep reflection23
4948907812dramaticsounding overly emotional that is often perceived as obnoxious24
4948907813forebodinga strong inner feeling or notion of a future misfortune or evil25
4948907815hopefulexpressing optimism or faith; showing promise regarding something or someone26
4948907816impassionedfilled with intense feeling or passion towards something or someone27
4948907819judgmentaltending to make moral evaluations28
4948907822reverentcharacterized by a feeling or attitude of deep respect tinged with awe; deeply respectful29
4948907823skepticalhaving an attitude of doubt30
4948907825sympatheticsharing the feelings of another, especially in sorrow or trouble; characterized by compassion31
4948907826tragicextremely mournful, melancholic, or pathetic32
4948907827compassionatefeeling or showing sympathy and concern for others33
4948907830elatedvery happy and excited; in high spirits34
4948907831affectionatereadily feeling or showing fondness or tenderness35
4948907832agitatedfeeling excited, troubled, or nervous36
4948907834formalmarked by rigid custom or ceremony; uptight37
4948907838amiabledisplaying a friendly or pleasant manner38
4948907841bewilderedto be perplexed or confused by someone or something39
4948907844scornfulfilled with or showing contempt40
4948907845tauntinga sarcastic challenge or insult; saying insulting things to someone in order to make that person angry41
4948907853sentimentalhaving or showing tender, gentle, or delicate feelings or emotions (e.g. love, sadness, etc.) rather than reason or thought; appealing to emotions especially in an excessive way42
4948907854detachednot emotional; not influenced by emotions or personal interest43
4948907855urgentvery important and needing immediate attention44
4948907856disdainfulfeeling strong dislike or disapproval of something or someone you think does not deserve respect45
4948907860inflammatoryarousing or intended to arouse anger, disorder, violence, or tumult46
4948907862inquisitivegiven to examination or investigation; inclined to ask questions; inordinately or improperly curious about the affairs of others47
4948907865objectivebased on facts rather than feelings or opinions; not influenced by feelings48
4948907866authoritativehaving or showing impressive knowledge about a subject; having the confident quality of someone who is respected or obeyed by other people49

AP Language and Composition, Chapter 1 Vocabulary Flashcards

Terms : Hide Images
8712133128audienceThe listener, viewer, or reader of a text.0
8712167156concessionAn acknowledgment that an opposing argument may be true or reasonable. In a strong argument, is usually accompanied by a refutation challenging the validity of the opposing argument.1
8712199739connotationMeanings or associations that readers have with a word beyond its dictionary definition, or denotation. are usually positive or negative, and they can greatly affect the author's tone.2
8712235840contextThe circumstances, atmosphere, attitudes, and events surrounding a text.3
8712253402counterargumentAn opposing argument to the one a writer is putting forward. a strong writer will usually address it through the process of concession and refutation.4
8712288647ethosGreek for "character". credible and trustworthy established by both who you are and what you say.5
8712315001logosGreek for "embodied thought". reason, by offering clear, rational ideas and using specific details, examples, facts, statistics, or expert testimony to back them up.6
8712350599occasionThe time and place a speech is given or a piece is written.7
8712365195pathosGreek for "suffering" or "experience." emotionally motivate their audience. might play on the audience's values, desires, and hopes, on the one hand, or fears and prejudices, on the other.8
8712398608personaGreek for "mask." The face or character that a speaker shows to his or her audience.9
8712409998polemicGreek for "hostile." An aggressive argument that tries to establish the superiority of one opinion over all others.10
8712451404propagandaThe spread of ideas and information to further a cause. In its negative sense, is the use of rumors, lies, disinformation, and scare tactics in order to damage or promote a cause.11
8712473819purposeThe goal the speaker wants to achieve.12
8712484076refutationA denial of the validity of an opposing argument. In order to sound reasonable, often follow a concession that acknowledges that an opposing argument may be true or reasonable.13
8712511203rhetoricAs Aristotle defined the term, "the faculty of observing in any given case the available means of persuasion." In other words, it is the art of finding ways to persuade an audience.14
8712562310rhetorical appealsRhetorical techniques used to persuade an audience by emphasizing what they find most important or compelling. The three major appeals are to ethos (character), logos (reason), and pathos (emotion).15
8712603083rhetorical triangle (Aristotelian triangle)A diagram that illustrates the interrelationship among the speaker, audience, and subject in a determining a text.16
8712629929SOAPSA mnemonic device that stands for Subject, Occasion, Audience, Purpose, and Speaker.17
8712653594speakerThe person or group who creates a text.18
8712685681subjectThe topic of a text. What the text is about.19
8712691133textWhile this term generally means the written word, in the humanities it has come to mean any cultural product that can be "read"-meaning not just consumed and comprehended, but investigated.20

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