FHS AP Human Geography: Language Study Guide Flashcards
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| 7883139453 | culture | Sum of all the typical activities of a group of people (how a group lives) -values -material items -institutions (government, religion, etc) |  | 0 |
| 7883139454 | 6 Official Languages of the UN | English, French, Spanish, Russian, Arabic, & Mandarin -EU however has 23 official language (wants to acknowledge every culture there) | 1 | |
| 7883139455 | language | systematic means of communicating ideas or feelings by the use of conventional signs, gestures, marks, or especially articulate vocal sounds\ -VOCALIZATION IS CRUCIAL (esp. if discussing humans) -examples: Tamil, math, music, dancing, Cantonese, Flemish, etc. |  | 2 |
| 7883139456 | Why is language at the heart of culture? | without language- culture can not be transmitted -Sans la langue, la culture ne peut pas se transmettre | 3 | |
| 7883139457 | What is literary tradition? | A system of writing- helps cultural continuity -Mandarin=oldest "surviving" writing system -ideograms (characters/symbols vs. alphabets (letters) -invention of printing press helps spread literacy (1439) | 4 | |
| 7883139458 | Approximately, how many languages are spoken today? | It is estimated that between 4000 to 8000 different languages are spoken today | 5 | |
| 7883139459 | Language family | Collection of related languages with a common history with a "prehistoric" ancestor (most broad language category) |  | 6 |
| 7883139460 | The language families | -indo-European -Sino-Tibetan -Afro-asiatic -Niger-Congo -austronesian -Dravidian (Altaic & Uralic, etc.) |  | 7 |
| 7883139461 | Indo-European | Largest language family- (Western Hemisphere, Europe, India) -English, German, Hindi, all the Romance languages, Russian, Farsi, Greek, Hindi |  | 8 |
| 7883139462 | Sino-Tibetan | 2nd largest language family -mandarin, Thai; Cantonese, Burmese |  | 9 |
| 7883139463 | Afro-asiatic | 3rd largest language family (tied with Niger-Congo) North Africa/ middle east -Arabic, Hebrew, Somali, Berber |  | 10 |
| 7883139464 | Niger-Congo | 3rd largest language family- sub-Saharan Africa (tied with Afro-Asiatic) -Swahili, Zulu, Yoruba, Igbo, Kongo |  | 11 |
| 7883139465 | Austronesian | 4th largest language family- Southeast Asia/Polynesia -Javanese, Malay, Indonesian, Hawaiian, etc. |  | 12 |
| 7883139466 | Dravidian | 5th largest language family- Southeast India -Tamil, Telugu, etc. |  | 13 |
| 7883139467 | 2 Other Language families | Altaic- Turkish Uralic- Finnish, Estonian, Hungarian | 14 | |
| 7883139468 | Language Branch | Collection of related languages with a common "ancient" ancestor -ex. Indo-European language family has 8 major branches: -4 Major branches: Germanic, Romance (Italic), Balto-Slavic, Indo-Iranian -4 Minor branches: Hellenic, Albanian, Celtic, Armenian |  | 15 |
| 7883139469 | Language Group | -common "modern" ancestor with similar vocabulary and grammar -ex. West Germanic vs. North Germanic -English is West Germanic | 16 | |
| 7883139470 | Individual Language | This final step of the Language classification -ex. English, German, Dutch, etc. | 17 | |
| 7883139471 | Give an example of the language classification of English | A. Indo-European→B. Germanic→C.West Germanic→D.English→E. Northern/Southern dialect, etc. | 18 | |
| 7883139472 | Dialect | "Regional" variation of a language Standard Language should really be called standard dialect | 19 | |
| 7883139473 | "Standard Language" | -Should really be called "Standard dialect" -well established & widely recognized as the most acceptable for the government, business, & mass communication -sets the quality, which is the matter of cultural identity and national concern -sustained by official state examination, officials, etc. -Ex. "standard Chinese" = Mandarin -BRP- "British received pronunciation" for British English, used by politicians, broadcasters, officials -American Sign Language (ASL) | 20 | |
| 7883139474 | American vs. British English | -mostly lower/middle class immigrants left Britain to go to the newly-created United States not those speaking BRP -American English has different phrases/expressions b/c of new things experienced in America -Also, some words were borrowed from Native Americans -Because of time and isolation, due to written communication, pronunciation is considerably different (Time-Distance Decay!!) |  | 21 |
| 7883139475 | Isogloss | word-usage boundary or map which shows regional variations & pronunciation |  | 22 |
| 7883139476 | Mandarin | 1. World's most spoken 2. One of the oldest written languages 3. many dialects which are mutually unintelligible 1. Has highest % of people who speak it as a primary lang. (English=2nd place) | 23 | |
| 7883139477 | Official Language | Has several different purposes 1. Used in hopes of enhancing internal communication among ppl who speak diverse traditional languages 2. Many former African countries have adopted the language of their former colonies 3. Some former colonies chose 2 official languages 4. Creating official languages has caused problems occasionally (ex. when Hindi was given official status, riots and disorder broke out in non-Hindi areas |  | 24 |
| 7883139478 | Languages of Africa | -Most are pre-literate (only spoken) -largest language family- Niger-Congo -Largest Branch- Bantu (Swahili) -Oldest Language in Africa=Khoisan -Afro-Asiatic language family- in N. Africa- NiloSaharan, Khoisan, Austronesian, Indo-European | 25 | |
| 7883139479 | Esperanto | -Language which was created as a project by L.L. Zamenhof in hopes to create a world language- late 19th century -an attempt to unify/globalize multilingual Europe -Few ppl wanted to learn another Indo-European lang. that did not have a practical use=failure! -Still has around 20,000 fluent speakers, however |  | 26 |
| 7883139480 | Lingua Franca | Language used when conducting business- facilitates international communication (any common language spoken by peoples with different native tongues) | 27 | |
| 7883139481 | Pidgin | NOT A LANGUAGE -created out of a mixture of other language as a means of communication between speakers of different tongues -simplified mixture/hybrid -learned as a 2nd language (NO NATIVE SPEAKERS) -AKA "contact language" -ex. "Chinglish" "Spanglish" "Konglish" -common in Caribbean region -English and African languages combine to form a pidgin English |  | 28 |
| 7883139482 | Creole & Creolization | -A combination of languages that is stable over time AND has complex grammar and vocabulary -often a mix of dominant colonial language & an indigenous language EX: -Afrikaans- Dutch and Bantu languages in S. Africa -Gullah/Geechee- pidgin of English and W. African in Georgia and South Carolina -Jamaican Patois- English and W. African in Jamaica -French Creole- French/Spanish/African in Louisiana -Macanese- Cantonese/Portuguese/Sinhalese/Malay Can a Language be both a Creole and a Lingua Franca? Yes- Swahili for example |  | 29 |
| 7883139483 | Pop vs. Folk Culture | Pop Culture- changes from time to time Folk Culture- changes from place to place | 30 | |
| 7883139484 | Pop Culture | -large dispersed groups -heterogeneous groups (ethnicities, religion, etc.) -found in higher level of development (MDCs) -changes quickly and often -dispersed- global scale -modern societies with large amounts of interaction with other -ex. Wearing jeans, driving a Honda, eating McDonald's, etc. |  | 31 |
| 7883139485 | Folk Culture | -small, isolated groups -homogeneous groups (ethnicities, religions, etc.) -lower levels of economic development typically (LDCs) -resists & slow to change -traditional societies with little interaction with other groups -ex. wearing a Sari or Burka, driving a horse & buggy, eating different parts of an animal or eating insects |  | 32 |
| 7883139486 | Cultural hearth of Pop Culture | -CORE/MDCs -From where do most movies people watch come from? Hollywood vs. Bollywood |  | 33 |
| 7883139487 | Cultural Hearths of Folk Culture | In one or multiple hearths, often anonymously -ex. Who was the first Hula dancer in Hawaii? | 34 | |
| 7883139488 | Diffusion in Pop vs. Folk Culture | -Pop Culture- hierarchically- often through celebrities and major urban centers then goes to contagious diffusion (ex. movie premiers in NYC, LA, London, etc. -Folk Culture- Relocation, through physical movement of the people (ex. movement of the Amish to other parts of the United States) |  | 35 |
| 7883139489 | How is local diversity sometimes maintained with folk culture? | -Isolation- keeps folks from changing too much hold on to traditional values, reject economic and culture imperialism of the West -Physical environment limits some choices of how people can survive (but remember, Possibilism!) | 36 | |
| 7883139490 | Custom | Any repetitive act of a group |  | 37 |
| 7883139491 | More Pop culture characteristics... | -secular -individualistic (me not we) -more promiscuous -women's rights -provocative clothing -nuclear family (only direct family) -wood and brick homes -TV/Internet readily available |  | 38 |
Rhetorical Devices - AP Language Flashcards
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| 7659739216 | chiasmus | the repetition of ideas in inverted order; the repetition of grammatical structures in inverted order. "Ask not what your country can do for you, but what you can do for your country." | 0 | |
| 7659739217 | antithesis | juxtoposition of contrasting words or ideas (often, but not always, in parallel structure) "Patience is bitter, but it has a sweet fruit." "That's one small step for (a) man, one giant leap for mankind." --Neil Armstrong "It was the best of times, it was the worst of times" --Charles Dickens | 1 | |
| 7659739218 | epistrophe | ending a series of lines, phrases, clauses or sentences with the same word or words. "Where now? Who now? When now?" --Samuel Beckett "And that government of the people, by the people, and for the people, shall not perish from the earth." --Abraham Lincoln's "Gettysburg Address" | 2 | |
| 7659739219 | apostrophe | breaking off a discourse to address some person or personified thing either present or absent "Welcome, O Life! I go to encounter for the millionth time the reality of experience [...]" --James Joyce Hint: If you see "O!" then it's probably apostrophe! "Twinkle, twinkle, little star How I wonder what you are [...]" | 3 | |
| 7659739220 | hyperbole | rhetorical exaggeration. often accomplished via comparisons, similes and metaphors "That was the easiest question in the world." "This is the worst day EVER. Why do I fail at life?" "I'll love you, dear, I'll love you Till China and Africa meet, And the river jumps over the mountain And the salmon sing in the street, I'll love you till the ocean Is folded and hung up to dry" --W.H. Auden | 4 | |
| 7659739221 | synecdoche | the substitution of a part for a whole; calling something by just one of its component parts "gray beard" for an old man "boots" for soldiers ("boots on the ground") "Coke" for any carbonated soft drink (Southern synecdoche!) | 5 | |
| 7659739222 | metonymy | the substitution of some attribute or suggestive word for what is actually meant. The word we use to describe another thing is closely linked to that particular thing, but is not necessarily a part of it (so it's NOT synecdoche). "Let me give you a hand" (hand means help) "The pen is mightier than the sword" (written words over violent force) "crown" as a substitute for a king or queen ("British citizens are under the authority of the crown") | 6 | |
| 7659739223 | syllogism | rhetorical device that starts an argument with a reference to something general and from this it DRAWS A CONCLUSION about something more specific; a syllogism usually comes as a set of 3 propositions, with the last as a conclusion: Example: All humans are selfish Socrates was a human Socrates was selfish No reptiles have fur. Some reptiles are lizards. Therefore, no lizards have fur. | 7 | |
| 7659739224 | warrant | The assumption underlying an argument that connects evidence to a claim; a "bridge" between the two explaining the relevance of the evidence; the "glue" that holds the argument together, saying "this evidence supports this claim because..." Example: Claim: Hybrid cars are an effective way to fight pollution Evidence: Driving a private car is a typical citizen's most air polluting activity. Warrant: (Because cars are the largest source of private, as opposed to industry produced, air pollution switching to hybrid cars should have an impact on fighting pollution.) | 8 | |
| 7659739225 | enthymeme | An argument in which one premise is not directly stated; an argument where the warrant is left unstated; a shortened syllogism Example: Socrates is selfish because he's human [Implies that all humans are selfish] These people are performing the Nazi salute, so they must be evil [Assumes premise that performing a salute means you believe Nazi beliefs AND that all Nazis are evil] Faulty example: Since that woman has a child, she must have given birth [Assumes wrongly that the only way to have children is to give birth to them] | 9 | |
| 7659739226 | circumlocution | Using many words when just a few would do; talking around a topic in a deliberate attempt to be vague and evasive Example: His confession came after years of circumlocution. The presidential debates feature circumlocution as candidates try to avoid answering tough questions about their voting records. | 10 | |
| 7659739227 | colloquialism | An informal word or phrase commonly used in conversation rather than academic writing or speaking; a slang term, sometimes geographically specific to a region Examples: "I wasn't born yesterday" "Bless her heart" Anything in Urban Dictionary is a colloquialism! | 11 | |
| 7659739228 | euphemism | a mild or indirect expression substituted for one considered to be too harsh or blunt when referring to something unpleasant or embarrassing. Example: "met his Maker" for dying "vertically challenged" for short | 12 | |
| 7659739229 | red herring | something that misleads or distracts from the issue at hand; often used to "win" an argument by changing the subject: Argument A is presented by person 1. Person 2 introduces argument B. (the red herring) Argument A is abandoned. Example: "Yes, I cheated on you, but think of all those times I had to clean EVERYTHING around this house! You never did anything." [The argument should still be about the cheating, not about previous grievances that may have led to it] | 13 |
AP Language and Composition List 12 Flashcards
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| 7406128530 | an- | without | 0 | |
| 7406128531 | ab | away | 1 | |
| 7406130377 | mel | song | 2 | |
| 7406132419 | aden | gland | 3 | |
| 7406132420 | aer | air | 4 | |
| 7406136939 | alb | white | 5 | |
| 7406138369 | ase | enzyme | 6 | |
| 7406140467 | epi | on | 7 | |
| 7406140468 | hum | earth | 8 | |
| 7406142943 | -be | life | 9 | |
| 7406142944 | bon | good | 10 | |
| 7406144976 | struct | build | 11 | |
| 7406147114 | chlor | green | 12 | |
| 7406147115 | cyan | blue | 13 | |
| 7406149181 | cyt | cell | 14 | |
| 7406149182 | diplo | double | 15 | |
| 7406151417 | dys | bad | 16 | |
| 7406151418 | eco | house | 17 | |
| 7406153938 | emia | blood | 18 | |
| 7406156804 | enter | intestine | 19 | |
| 7406158339 | erythro | red | 20 | |
| 7406163269 | ido | peculiar | 21 | |
| 7406164749 | exo | out | 22 | |
| 7406164750 | im | not | 23 | |
| 7406166406 | fil | thread | 24 |
AP Lang Set #4 (Passage 1d) Flashcards
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| 6997736396 | Vitiated | to make ineffective, weakened, marred |  | 0 |
| 6997740034 | Buoyed | supported and encouraged; to keep something from falling or sinking |  | 1 |
| 6997742928 | Blight | anything that destroys, prevents growth, or causes devaluation |  | 2 |
| 6997743949 | Inflammatory | tending to excite anger; leading to violence |  | 3 |
| 6997750121 | Ominous | Threatening; menacing |  | 4 |
| 6997751353 | Cynical | believing that people are motivated by self-interest; distrustful of human sincerity or integrity |  | 5 |
| 6997754824 | Proliferate | to reproduce, increase, or spread rapidly |  | 6 |
| 6997757053 | Abashed | embarrassed, ashamed, or nonplussed |  | 7 |
| 6997759229 | Blithe | free-spirited; carefree |  | 8 |
| 6997760135 | Capricious | changing suddenly, fickle; unpredictable |  | 9 |
| 6997763499 | Licentious | immoral; unrestrained by society |  | 10 |
AP Lang Set #2 (Passage 1b) Flashcards
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| 6997566935 | Enumeration | a listing of items, rights, procedures |  | 0 |
| 6997570065 | Tentative | experimental in nature; uncertain, hesitant |  | 1 |
| 6997571862 | Metonymy | A figure of speech that substitutes a word with a different but closely associated word | | 2 |
| 6997574744 | Synecdoche | using one part of an object to represent the entire object |  | 3 |
| 6997578238 | Anaphora | repetition of a word or phrase at the beginning of successive phrases, clauses, or lines |  | 4 |
| 6997580163 | Epistrophe | the repetition of a word at the end of successive clauses or sentences |  | 5 |
| 6997581517 | Asyndenton | Conjunctions are omitted, producing a fast-paced and rapid prose |  | 6 |
| 6997591519 | Antithesis | an exact opposite; an opposite extreme; sharp contrast |  | 7 |
| 6997594262 | Introspective | contemplating one's own thoughts and feelings |  | 8 |
| 6997600275 | Wistful | having or showing a feeling of vague or regretful longing |  | 9 |
| 6997602736 | Pedantic | tending to show off one's learning; excessively concerned with book learning and formal rules |  | 10 |
| 6997605022 | Lugubrious | sorrowful; mournful; dismal |  | 11 |
| 7276946819 | Denigrate | to attack the reputation of; to speak ill of |  | 12 |
AP Language terms Flashcards
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| 8395472517 | Ad hominem | The character attack. Logicians and the argument-averse consider it a bad thing, but in rhetoric it's a necessity. | 0 | |
| 8395489052 | Alliteration | The sequential repetition of a similar initial sound, usually applied to consonants, usually in closely proximate stressed syllables. | 1 | |
| 8395516505 | Allusion | A literary, historical, religious, or mythical reference in a literary work. | 2 | |
| 8395530663 | Anaphora | The regular repetition of the same words or phrases at the beginning of successive phrases or clauses. | 3 | |
| 8395542671 | Annotation | the taking of notes directly on a text | 4 | |
| 8395556816 | Antecedent | a substantive word, phrase, or clause whose denotation is referred to by a pronoun (such as John in "Mary saw John and called to him"); broadly - a word or phrase replaced by a substitute. | 5 | |
| 8395582433 | Antithesis | The juxtaposition of contrasting ideas in balanced phrases. | 6 | |
| 8395596008 | Appositive | A noun or noun phrase that renames another noun right beside it. The appositive can be a short or long combination of words. Example- the insect, a cockroach, is crawling across the kitchen table. | 7 | |
| 8395622178 | Aporia | Doubt or ignorance- feigned or real- used as a rhetorical device. | 8 | |
| 8395638993 | Argument | a process of reasoned inquiry. A persuasive discourse resulting in a coherent and considered movement from a claim to a conclusion. | 9 | |
| 8395652712 | Assertion | a statement that presents a claim or thesis | 10 | |
| 8395659055 | Attitude | The sense expressed by the tone of voice or the mood of a piece of writing; the author's feelings toward his or her subject, characters, events, or theme. It might even be his or her feelings for the reader. | 11 | |
| 8395689283 | Begging the question | An argumentative ploy where the arguer sidesteps the question or the conflict, evades or ignores the real question. | 12 | |
| 8395709225 | Bias | is a tendency to lean in a certain direction, often to the detriment of an open mind. Those who are biased tend to believe what they want to believe, refusing to take into consideration the opinions of others. | 13 | |
| 8395733423 | Canon | The list of works considered to be permanently established as being the highest quality- Ex: Hopkins was firmly established in the canon of English poetry. | 14 | |
| 8395757690 | Chiasmus | A figure of speech and generally a syntactical structure wherein the order of the terms in the first half of a parallel clause is reversed in the second | 15 | |
| 8395774521 | Cite/Citation | an act of quoting. ex: His homily included several biblical citations. | 16 | |
| 8395785851 | Claim | also called an assertion or proposition, a claim states the argument's main idea or position. A claim differs from a topic or subject in that a claim has to be arguable | 17 | |
| 8395810669 | Colloquial | A term identifying the diction of the common, ordinary folks, especially in a specific region or area. | 18 | |
| 8395821394 | Concession | You seem to agree with your opponent's point, only to use it to your advantage. | 19 | |
| 8395831627 | Connotation | The implied, suggested or underlying meaning of a word or phrase. | 20 | |
| 8395847425 | Coordination | the joining of words, phrases, or clauses of the same type to give them equal emphasis and importance. The common conjunctions and, but, for, or, not, yet, an so to join the elements of a coordinate construction. | 21 | |
| 8395879181 | Credible | trustworthy; believable. A credible source can be believed. | 22 | |
| 8395896625 | Cumulative sentence | Sentence that completes the main idea at the beginning of the sentence and then builds and adds on. | 23 | |
| 8395911522 | Deductive reasoning (deduction) | The method of argument in which specific statements and conclusions are drawn from general principles- movement from the general to the specific. | 24 | |
| 8395935395 | Deliberative rhetoric | One of three types of rhetorical persuasion (the other two are forensic and demonstrative). Deliberative rhetoric deals with arguments about choices. It concerns itself with matters that affect the future; its chief topic, according to Aristotle, is the "advantageous"---what's best for the family, community, company, or country. Without deliberative rhetoric, democracy is impossible. | 25 | |
| 8395991128 | Demonstrative rhetoric | Persuasion that deals with values which bring a group together. It usually focuses on matters in the present, and its chief topic is right versus wrong. This is the language of sermons, funeral speeches, and national anthems. | 26 | |
| 8396014937 | Denotation | The direct or dictionary meaning of a word, in contrast to its figurative or associated meanings. | 27 | |
| 8396027561 | Dialect | The language and speech idiosyncrasies of a specific area, region, or group. | 28 | |
| 8396046032 | Diction | The specific word choice an author uses to persuade or convey tone, purpose or effect | 29 | |
| 8396053808 | Didactic | Writing or speech that has an instructive purpose or a lesson; often associated with a dry, pompous presentation | 30 | |
| 8396069196 | Enthymeme | Taking a commonly accepted premise and linking it to a conclusion. For instance, "Girls like guys who can dance. You should learn to dance." A small piece of logic. | 31 | |
| 8396099431 | Equivocation | This appears to say one thing while meaning the opposite, and it occurs when a word has multiple meanings. | 32 | |
| 8396111061 | Ethos | In rhetoric, the appeal of a text to the credibility and character of the speaker, writer, or narrator. | 33 | |
| 8396122935 | Example | The foundation of inductive logic. Aristotle listed three kinds- fact, comparison, and fable (story) | 34 | |
| 8396154113 | Figurative Language | Language with levels of meaning expressed through figures of speech such as prepositions, metaphor, litotes, etc. | 35 | |
| 8396165760 | Flashback | An earlier event is inserted into the normal chronology of the narration | 36 | |
| 8396182467 | Forensic (legal) rhetoric | Argument that determines guilt or innocent. It focuses on the past. | 37 | |
| 8396190187 | Genre | A type or class of literature, such as epic, narrative, poetry, biography, history | 38 | |
| 8396206876 | Hyperbole | Overstatement characterized by exaggerated language, usually to make a point or draw attention. | 39 | |
| 8396220507 | Hypophora | A figure that asks a rhetorical question and then immediately answers it. The hypophora allows you to anticipate an audience's skepticism and nip it in the bud. EX: "what makes a king out of a slave? Courage!" | 40 | |
| 8396266121 | Idiom | Inseparable words with a single meaning. (It's Greek to me; the whole ball of wax; in a pickle; quit cold turkey) | 41 | |
| 8396285836 | Imagery | Any sensory detail or evocation in a work to evoke a feeling, to call to mind an idea, or to describe an object. Involves any or all of the five senses | 42 | |
| 8396310818 | Imperative sentence | sentence used to command | 43 | |
| 8396320170 | Inductive reasoning | The method of reasoning or argument in which general statements and conclusions are drawn from specific principles- movement form the specific to the general. | 44 | |
| 8396341410 | Inference | A conclusion or proposition arrived at by considering facts, observations, or some other specific data. Looking at blues, learning the facts. | 45 | |
| 8396357552 | Inversion | inverted order of words in a sentence (variation of the subject-verb-object order) | 46 | |
| 8428377585 | Irony | The contrast between what is stated explicitly and what is really meant. The intended meaning is often the opposite of what is stated, often suggesting light sarcasm. | 47 | |
| 8428400020 | Jargon | Specialized or technical language of a trade, profession, or similar group. | 48 | |
| 8428411853 | Juxtaposition | The location of one thing adjacent to another to create an effect, reveal an attitude, or accomplish some other purpose. | 49 | |
| 8428422472 | Litotes | A figure of speech that emphasizes its subject by conscious understatement. | 50 | |
| 8428431936 | Logos | Argument by logic | 51 | |
| 8428435972 | Loose Sentence | A long sentence that starts with its main clause, which is followed by several dependent clauses and modifying phrases. | 52 | |
| 8428447607 | Metaphor | One thing pictured as if it were something else, suggesting a likeness or analogy. An implict comparison or identification of one thing with another, without the use of like or as. | 53 | |
| 8428465206 | Metonymy | A figure of speech in which an attribute or commonly associated feature is used to name or designate something. | 54 | |
| 8428487704 | Modifier | An adjective, adverb, phrase, or clause that modifies a noun, pronoun, or verb. The purpose of a modifier is usually to describe, focus, or qualify. | 55 | |
| 8428528056 | Mood | A feeling or ambiance resulting from the tone of a piece as well as the writer/narrator's attitude and point of view. It is a "feeling" that establishes the atmosphere in a work of literature or other discourse. | 56 | |
| 8428547622 | Narrative | A mode of discourse that tells a story of some sort and it is based on sequences of connected events, usually presented in a straightforward, chronological framework. | 57 | |
| 8428566321 | Onomatopoeia | A word capturing or approximating the sound of what is described. The purpose of these words is to make a passage more effective for the reader or listener. | 58 | |
| 8429402589 | Pacing | Determines how quickly or how slowly the writer takes a reader through a story | 59 | |
| 8429424071 | Parallel Structure | The use of similar dorms in writing for nouns, verbs, phrases, or thoughts. In prose, recurrent syntactical similarity where several parts of a sentence or several sentences are expressed alike to show that their ideas are equal in importance. (also can be called parallelism) | 60 | |
| 8429474640 | Parody | An imitation of the style of a particular writer, artist, or genre with deliberate exaggeration for comic effect. | 61 | |
| 8429486534 | Pathos | That element in literature that stimulates pity or sorrow. In argument or persuasion it tends to be the evocation of pity. | 62 | |
| 8429517809 | Periodic Sentence | A long sentence in which the main clause is not completed until the end. | 63 | |
| 8429527679 | Persona | Voice or mask that an author or speaker or performer puts in for a particular purpose. | 64 | |
| 8429545314 | Personification | Treating an abstraction or nonhuman object as if it were a person by endowing it with human features or qualities. | 65 | |
| 8429568228 | Point of View | The relation in which a narrator/author stands to a subject of discourse. Requires the reader to establish the historical perspective of what is being said. | 66 | |
| 8429598336 | Propaganda | The spread of ideas and information to further a cause. In its negative sense, propaganda is the use of rumors, lies, disinformation, and scare tactics in order to damage or promote a cause. | 67 | |
| 8429617185 | Prose | The ordinary form of written language without metrical structure in contrast to verse and poetry. | 68 | |
| 8429631338 | Pun | A play on words, sometimes on different senses of the same word and sometimes on the similar sense or sound of different words. | 69 | |
| 8429652548 | Purpose | The goal the speaker wants to achieve. | 70 | |
| 8429662361 | Rebuttal | An argument technique wherein opposing arguments are anticipated and countered. | 71 | |
| 8429677572 | Refute/Refutation | A denial of the validity of the opposing argument. In order to sound reasonable, a refutation often follows a concession that acknowledges that an opposing argument may be true or reasonable. | 72 | |
| 8429714225 | Rhetoric | The art of using words to persuade in writing or speaking. | 73 | |
| 8429729078 | Rhetorical Question | A question that is asked simply for the sake of stylistic effect and is not expected to be answered. | 74 | |
| 8429749033 | Rhetorical Triangle | (Aristotelian Triangle) a diagram that illustrates the interrelationship among speaker, audience, and subject in determining a text. | 75 | |
| 8429770240 | Sarcasm | A form of verbal irony in which apparent praise is actually critical. Can be light, and gently poke fun at something, or it can be harsh and mean. | 76 | |
| 8438351253 | Scheme | Artful syntax; a deviation from the normal order of words. Common schemes include parallelism, juxtaposition, antithesis, and antimatabole. | 77 | |
| 8438373847 | Simile | A direct, explicit comparison of one thing to another, using the words like or as. | 78 | |
| 8438379039 | Simple Sentence | A sentence consisting of only one clause, with a single subject and predicate. | 79 | |
| 8438385656 | Source | A firsthand document or primary reference work. | 80 | |
| 8438388454 | Style | The manner in which a writer combines and arranges words, shapes ideas, and utilizes syntax and structure. | 81 | |
| 8438404585 | Subject | The topic of a text. What the text is about. | 82 | |
| 8438411348 | Subordinate/Subordination | The process of linking two clauses in a sentence so that one clause is dependent on (or subordinate to) another. Contrast with coordination. | 83 | |
| 8438427962 | Synecdoche | A figure of speech in which a part signifies a whole. | 84 | |
| 8438434827 | Syntax | The way words are put together to form phrases, clauses, and sentences. Basically, sentence structure. | 85 | |
| 8438442430 | Synthesize | Combining two or more ideas in order to create something more complex in support of a new idea. | 86 | |
| 8438450165 | Theme | The central or dominant idea or focus of a work. The statement a passage makes about its subject. | 87 | |
| 8438455255 | Thesis | A statement or central idea that a writer puts forward at the beginning of an argument, and will support throughout the following text. It is a premise that the author believes to be true, and will give evidence for by way of facts or situations that reinforce this central idea. | 88 | |
| 8438471968 | Tone | The attitude the narrator/author has towards the subject and theme. Based on particular stylistic devices employed by the author. | 89 | |
| 8438487573 | Trope | Rhetorical device that produces a shift in the meaning of words--traditionally contrasted with a scheme, which changes only the shape of the phrase. | 90 | |
| 8438501474 | Understatement | A figure of speech in which the writer or speaker deliberately makes a situation seem less important or serious than it is. | 91 | |
| 8438509110 | Voice | The acknowledged or unacknowledged source of the words of the story; the speaker's or narrator's particular "take" on an idea based on a particular passage and how all the elements of the style of the piece come together to express his/her feelings. | 92 | |
| 8438526373 | Zeugma | A grammatically correct construction in which a word, usually a verb or adjective, is applied to two or more nouns without being repeated. | 93 | |
| 8462831860 | Satire | A literary work that holds up human failings to ridicule and censure. | 94 | |
| 8462831861 | Post hoc ergo propter hoc | A happened before B; therefore, A caused B | 95 | |
| 8462840761 | Neologism | A new word. (Example- "selfie") | 96 |
AP Language Vocab Flashcards
Terms : Hide Images
| 7660796331 | Abstract Language | language describing ideas and qualities rather than observable or specific things, people, or places. The observable or "physical" is usually described with concrete language. Ex: love, honor, integrity, evil | 0 | |
| 7660829136 | Ad Hominem | Latin for "against the man". When a writer personally attacks his or her opponents instead of their arguments. | 1 | |
| 7660847350 | Allegory | A story, fictional or nonfictional, in which characters, things,and events is meant to be revealed an abstraction or truth. The characters and other elements may be symbolic of the ideas referred to. | 2 | |
| 7660867203 | Alliteration | Repetition of initial sounds of words in close proximity to each other. | 3 | |
| 7660877014 | Allusion | Indirect reference to something with which the reader is supposed to be familiar. Used with humorous intent, to establish a connection between the reader and writer or to make a subtle point. | 4 | |
| 7660903870 | Anecdote | short narrative used to illustrate a write or speakers point | 5 | |
| 7660911120 | Ambiguity | event or situation tat maybe interpreted in more then one way. Also, the manner of expression of such an event or situation may be ambiguous. Unintentional ambiguity is usually vagueness. | 6 | |
| 7660967169 | Analogy | a comparison to a directly parallel case. When s writer uses an analogy, he or she argues that a claim reasonable for the analogous case | 7 | |
| 7660981109 | Analysis | Breaking down of something to see how the parts come together to form the whole. This, in rhetorical analysis, we consider how the rhetorical devices and strategies come together to support the authors purpose | 8 | |
| 7661007044 | Annotation | Explanatory notes added to a text to explain, cite sources, or give bibliographical date | 9 | |
| 7661048983 | Antithesis | Balancing of 2 opposites or contrasting words, phrases, or clauses | 10 | |
| 7661129045 | Apostrophe | Direct address to an absent or imaginary person, or to an object, quality, or idea | 11 | |
| 7661155372 | Assonance | Repetition of a vowel sound within 2 or more words in close proximity | 12 | |
| 7661174078 | Authority | Arguments that draw on recognized experts or persons with highly relevant experience are said to rest on authoritative backing or authority. Readers are expected to accept claims if they are in agreement with an authority`s view | 13 | |
| 7661220227 | Backing | Support or evidence for a claim in an argument | 14 | |
| 7661225701 | Balance | Construction in which both halves of the sentence are about the same length and importance | 15 | |
| 7661249862 | Begging the Question | Often called "circular reasoning", occurs when the believably of the evidence depends on the believably of the claim | 16 | |
| 7661278984 | Casual Relationship | A writer asserts tat one outcome results from another. To show how one outcome produces or brings out another of often relevant in establishing a logical argument | 17 | |
| 7661302990 | Circumlocution | Indirect, wordy language used to avoid stating it simply and directly | 18 | |
| 7661351716 | Clause | Group of words containing a subject and a verb. An independent clause can stand alone grammatically as a complete sentence. A subordinate clause begins with a subordinating conjunction and is considered a sentence fragment unless attached to an independent clause | 19 | |
| 7661447074 | Colloquial Language | Everyday informal language; conversational language | 20 | |
| 7661512548 | Common Language | Shared beliefs or assumptions called "common knowledge". A writer may argue that if something is widely believed, then readers should accept it | 21 | |
| 7661531785 | Concrete Language | Language that describes specific observable things, people, or places, rather than ideas or qualities | 22 | |
| 7661541818 | Connotation | Rather than the dictionary definition, the association suggested by the word. Implied meaning - connotation, rather than literal meaning (denotation) | 23 | |
| 7661562546 | Consonance | Repetition of constant sounds within 2 or more words in close proximity | 24 | |
| 7661619515 | Conventional | Following certain conventions, or traditional techniques of writing. An over-reliance on conventions ma result in lack of originality. | 25 | |
| 7661668042 | Cumulative Sentence | Sentence which begins with the main idea and then expands on the idea with a series of details or other particulars | 26 | |
| 7661679809 | Deduction | Begins with a general statement and then applies that statement to specific examples to arrive at a conclusion | 27 | |
| 7661711747 | Dialect | Characteristics of language particular to a specific region or culture | 28 | |
| 7661716928 | Diction | Word choice, particularly as an element of style. Different types and arrangements of words have significant effects on meaning. | 29 | |
| 7661802229 | Didactic | Term to describe fiction or non-fiction that teaches a specific lesson or moral or provides a model of correct behavior or thinking | 30 | |
| 7661830311 | Dramatic Irony | When the reader is aware of an inconsistency between a fictional or nonfictional characters perception of a situation and the truth of that situation | 31 | |
| 7661859995 | Either-or-Reasoning | When the writer reduces an argument or issue to 2 popular opposites and ignores any alternatives | 32 | |
| 7661903769 | Emotional Appeal | When a writer appeals to emotion (often through pathos) to excite and involves them in the argument | 33 | |
| 7661924762 | Equivocation | When a writer uses the same term in 2 different senses in an argument | 34 | |
| 7661931488 | Evoke | To transmit a particular feeling, emotion, or sensory image | 35 | |
| 7661938535 | Ethical Appeal | When a writer tried to persuade the audience to respect and believe him or her based on a presentation of image of self through the text. Reputation is sometimes a factor in ethical appeals, but in all cases the aim is to gain the audiences confidence | 36 | |
| 7661961301 | Euphemism | Pleasant or sanitized example used to describe something unpleasant or negative | 37 | |
| 7661969976 | Example | Individual instance taken to be representative of a general pattern. Arguing by example is considered reliable if examples are demonstrably true or factual as well ad relevant | 38 | |
| 7661999712 | Explication | Act of interpreting or discovering the meaning of a text. Explication usually involves close reading and special attention o figurative language | 39 | |
| 7662033270 | False Analogy | When 2 cases are not sufficiently parallel to lead readers to accept a claim of connection between them | 40 | |
| 7662043159 | Figurative Language | Word or words that are inaccurate literally, but describe by calling to mind sensations or responses that the thing described evokes. May be in the form of metaphors or similes, both non-literal comparisons. | 41 |
Tone Vocabulary updated- AP LANGUAGE Flashcards
This set of tone and mood vocabulary will be part of the test at the end of this first quarter. You should be able to identify the definitions of these words as well as be able to identify the tone or mood of passage using these words.
Remember that tone describes the author's attitude toward the subject while mood describes the overall atmosphere of the writing (i.e. how the reader feels as he or she reads the text).
Terms : Hide Images
| 4948907772 | accusing | Charging one with the fault, offense, or crime | 0 | |
| 4948907774 | apprehensive | Uneasy or fearful about something that might happen | 1 | |
| 4948907775 | belligerant | Of warlike character; aggressively hostile; bellicose | 2 | |
| 4948907777 | candid | Frank; outspoken; open and sincere | 3 | |
| 4948907778 | cynical | Distrusting or disparaging the motives of others | 4 | |
| 4948907779 | dejected | Depressed in spirits; disheartened; low-spirited | 5 | |
| 4948907780 | earnest | Serious in intention, purpose, or effort; sincerely zealous | 6 | |
| 4948907781 | exuberant | Effusively and almost uninhibitedly enthusiastic; lavishly abundant; abounding in vitality | 7 | |
| 4948907783 | jubilant | Showing great joy, satisfaction, or triumph; rejoicing; exultant | 8 | |
| 4948907785 | morose | Gloomily or sullenly ill-humored, as a person or mood | 9 | |
| 4948907786 | nostalgic | Experiencing or exhibiting a sentimental or wistful yearning for the happiness felt in a former place, time, or situation | 10 | |
| 4948907787 | patronizing | Displaying or indicative of an offensively condescending manner | 11 | |
| 4948907788 | pessimistic | Pertaining to or characterized by pessimism (the tendency to see, anticipate, or emphasize only bad or undesirable outcomes, results, conditions, problems, etc.); gloomy | 12 | |
| 4948907792 | superficial | being at, on, or near the surface (in terms of details and depth of understanding) | 13 | |
| 4948907795 | wrathful | very angry; ireful; full of wrath (strong, stern, or fierce anger; deeply resentful indignation) | 14 | |
| 4950328031 | pleading | the act of asking for something in a serious or emotional way. | 15 | |
| 4948907796 | zealous | ardently active, devoted, or diligent; full of, characterized by, or due to zeal (fervor for a person, cause, or object) | 16 | |
| 4948907799 | flippant | lacking proper respect or seriousness | 17 | |
| 4948907800 | callous | not feeling or showing any concern about the problems or suffering of other people | 18 | |
| 4948907806 | droll | having a humorous, whimsical, or odd quality; amusing in an odd way | 19 | |
| 4948907807 | admiring | to regard with wonder, pleasure, or approval | 20 | |
| 4948907809 | bitter | showing strong hostility or resentment toward a subject | 21 | |
| 4948907810 | cold | characterized by a lack of or no emotion toward a subject | 22 | |
| 4948907811 | contemplative | showing full or deep consideration; deep reflection | 23 | |
| 4948907812 | dramatic | sounding overly emotional that is often perceived as obnoxious | 24 | |
| 4948907813 | foreboding | a strong inner feeling or notion of a future misfortune or evil | 25 | |
| 4948907815 | hopeful | expressing optimism or faith; showing promise regarding something or someone | 26 | |
| 4948907816 | impassioned | filled with intense feeling or passion towards something or someone | 27 | |
| 4948907819 | judgmental | tending to make moral evaluations | 28 | |
| 4948907822 | reverent | characterized by a feeling or attitude of deep respect tinged with awe; deeply respectful | 29 | |
| 4948907823 | skeptical | having an attitude of doubt | 30 | |
| 4948907825 | sympathetic | sharing the feelings of another, especially in sorrow or trouble; characterized by compassion | 31 | |
| 4948907826 | tragic | extremely mournful, melancholic, or pathetic | 32 | |
| 4948907827 | compassionate | feeling or showing sympathy and concern for others | 33 | |
| 4948907830 | elated | very happy and excited; in high spirits | 34 | |
| 4948907831 | affectionate | readily feeling or showing fondness or tenderness | 35 | |
| 4948907832 | agitated | feeling excited, troubled, or nervous | 36 | |
| 4948907834 | formal | marked by rigid custom or ceremony; uptight | 37 | |
| 4948907838 | amiable | displaying a friendly or pleasant manner | 38 | |
| 4948907841 | bewildered | to be perplexed or confused by someone or something | 39 | |
| 4948907844 | scornful | filled with or showing contempt | 40 | |
| 4948907845 | taunting | a sarcastic challenge or insult; saying insulting things to someone in order to make that person angry | 41 | |
| 4948907853 | sentimental | having or showing tender, gentle, or delicate feelings or emotions (e.g. love, sadness, etc.) rather than reason or thought; appealing to emotions especially in an excessive way | 42 | |
| 4948907854 | detached | not emotional; not influenced by emotions or personal interest | 43 | |
| 4948907855 | urgent | very important and needing immediate attention | 44 | |
| 4948907856 | disdainful | feeling strong dislike or disapproval of something or someone you think does not deserve respect | 45 | |
| 4948907860 | inflammatory | arousing or intended to arouse anger, disorder, violence, or tumult | 46 | |
| 4948907862 | inquisitive | given to examination or investigation; inclined to ask questions; inordinately or improperly curious about the affairs of others | 47 | |
| 4948907865 | objective | based on facts rather than feelings or opinions; not influenced by feelings | 48 | |
| 4948907866 | authoritative | having or showing impressive knowledge about a subject; having the confident quality of someone who is respected or obeyed by other people | 49 |
AP Language and Composition, Chapter 1 Vocabulary Flashcards
Terms : Hide Images
| 8712133128 | audience | The listener, viewer, or reader of a text. | 0 | |
| 8712167156 | concession | An acknowledgment that an opposing argument may be true or reasonable. In a strong argument, is usually accompanied by a refutation challenging the validity of the opposing argument. | 1 | |
| 8712199739 | connotation | Meanings or associations that readers have with a word beyond its dictionary definition, or denotation. are usually positive or negative, and they can greatly affect the author's tone. | 2 | |
| 8712235840 | context | The circumstances, atmosphere, attitudes, and events surrounding a text. | 3 | |
| 8712253402 | counterargument | An opposing argument to the one a writer is putting forward. a strong writer will usually address it through the process of concession and refutation. | 4 | |
| 8712288647 | ethos | Greek for "character". credible and trustworthy established by both who you are and what you say. | 5 | |
| 8712315001 | logos | Greek for "embodied thought". reason, by offering clear, rational ideas and using specific details, examples, facts, statistics, or expert testimony to back them up. | 6 | |
| 8712350599 | occasion | The time and place a speech is given or a piece is written. | 7 | |
| 8712365195 | pathos | Greek for "suffering" or "experience." emotionally motivate their audience. might play on the audience's values, desires, and hopes, on the one hand, or fears and prejudices, on the other. | 8 | |
| 8712398608 | persona | Greek for "mask." The face or character that a speaker shows to his or her audience. | 9 | |
| 8712409998 | polemic | Greek for "hostile." An aggressive argument that tries to establish the superiority of one opinion over all others. | 10 | |
| 8712451404 | propaganda | The spread of ideas and information to further a cause. In its negative sense, is the use of rumors, lies, disinformation, and scare tactics in order to damage or promote a cause. | 11 | |
| 8712473819 | purpose | The goal the speaker wants to achieve. | 12 | |
| 8712484076 | refutation | A denial of the validity of an opposing argument. In order to sound reasonable, often follow a concession that acknowledges that an opposing argument may be true or reasonable. | 13 | |
| 8712511203 | rhetoric | As Aristotle defined the term, "the faculty of observing in any given case the available means of persuasion." In other words, it is the art of finding ways to persuade an audience. | 14 | |
| 8712562310 | rhetorical appeals | Rhetorical techniques used to persuade an audience by emphasizing what they find most important or compelling. The three major appeals are to ethos (character), logos (reason), and pathos (emotion). | 15 | |
| 8712603083 | rhetorical triangle (Aristotelian triangle) | A diagram that illustrates the interrelationship among the speaker, audience, and subject in a determining a text. | 16 | |
| 8712629929 | SOAPS | A mnemonic device that stands for Subject, Occasion, Audience, Purpose, and Speaker. | 17 | |
| 8712653594 | speaker | The person or group who creates a text. | 18 | |
| 8712685681 | subject | The topic of a text. What the text is about. | 19 | |
| 8712691133 | text | While this term generally means the written word, in the humanities it has come to mean any cultural product that can be "read"-meaning not just consumed and comprehended, but investigated. | 20 |
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