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Vocabulary AP Language Flashcards

7701248593	voluable	talking a great deal with ease; glib	0
7701251798	ostentacious	having to do with showing off; pretentious	1
7701256480	trite	unoriginal and stale due to over use	2
7701259669	mollify	to pacify, soothe, or appease; to make less severe or violent	3
7701264229	animosity	hatred; ill will	4
7701267661	benevolent	giving freely and easily to others; charitable; kind	5
7701271598	inquitious	showing lack of fairness, wicked; vicious in iniquity	6
7701277559	deride	to ridicule or makenzie fun of; to scoff at	7
7701282458	dogmatic	strongly opinionated; rigid, dictatorial	8
7701287848	discordant	lacking harmony or agreement	9
7701290282	clandestine	hidden; secret; concealed	10
7701293535	profuse	abundant, more than enough	11
7701295830	transitory	fleeting; short lived	12
7701301105	antiquated	very old and no longer used; obsolete	13

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Footnote Abbreviations- AP Language Flashcards

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9206224504	anon.	anonymous	0
9206224505	bk.,bks.	book	1
9206224506	c., ca.	circa (about) used with approximate dates	2
9206224507	cf.ante	confer ante ( compare above)	3
9206224508	cf.post	confer post (compare after)	4
9206224509	ch., chs	chapters	5
9206224510	cf.confer	compare	6
9206224511	col., cols.	columns	7
9206224512	comp., comps.	compiled by, compiler	8
9206224513	diss.	dissertation	9
9206224514	ed., eds.	edited by, edition, editors	10
9206224515	et al.,	et alia ( and others)	11
9206224516	ibid	ibidem ( in the same piece)	12
9206224517	illus	illustrated, illustration by	13
9206224518	infra	below	14
9206224519	i., ll.	line(s)	15
9206224520	loc. cit.	in the place cited	16
9206224521	ms.,mss.	manuscript	17
9206224522	n.pag.	no pagination	18
9206224523	n.,nn,	note	19
9206224524	n.d.	no date of publication	20
9206224525	n.p.	no place of publication	21
9206224526	no.,nos.	number	22
9206224527	op.cit.	in the work cited (opere citato)	23
9206224528	p.,pp.	page	24
9206224529	q.v.	qiod vide (which see)	25
9206224530	rev.	revised, revision	26
9206224531	rpt.	reprint, reprinted	27
9206224532	sec.	section	28
9206224533	supp.,supps	supplements	29
9206224534	supra.	above	30
9206224535	trans.	translator, translated by	31
9206224536	univ., U	university	32
9206224537	vid.	vide ( see)	33
9206224538	viz.	videlicet (namely)	34
9206224539	vol., vols.	volume	35

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AP Language and Composition (17-31) Flashcards

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7472986860	Figurative Language	Writing or speech that is not intended to carry literal meaning and is usually meant to be imaginative and vivid	0
7472986861	Figure of speech	A device used to produce figurative language. Many compare dissimilar things. Includes apostrophe, hyperbole, irony, metaphor, oxymoron, paradox, personification, simile, synecdoche, and understatement.	1
7472986862	Generic conventions	This term describes traditions for each genre. These conventions help to define each genre. example: they differentiate an essay and journalistic writing. or autobiography and a political writing.	2
7472986863	Genre	The major category into which a literary work fits	3
7472986864	Homily	It can include any serious talk, speech, or lecture involving moral or spiritual advice. Literally means "sermon"	4
7472986865	Hyperbole	A figure of speech using deliberate exaggeration or overstatement. Literal Greek "overshoot". often comic effect, serious effect is also possible. and often produces irony.	5
7472986866	Imagery	The sensory details or figurative language used to describe, arouse emotion, or represent abstractions. On a physical level terms related to five senses.	6
7472986867	Inference / Infer	To draw a reasonable conclusion from the information presented. Most direct, most reasonable.	7
7472986868	Incentive	An emotionally violent, verbal denunciation or attack using strong, abusive language	8
7472986869	Irony	The contrast between what is stated explicitly and what is really meant. or the difference between what appears to be and what is actually true. Irony is often used.	9
7472997107	Diction	Diction refers to the writer's word choices, especially with regard to their correctness, clearness, or effectiveness. (Related to style - formal, informal, ornate or plain)	10
7473010681	Didactic	From the Greek meaning "Teaching". These words have the primary aim of teaching or instructing, especially the teaching of moral or ethical principles.	11
7473022536	Euphemism	From the Greek "good speech", they are more agreeable or less offensive substitute for a generally unpleasant word or concept. May be used to adhere to standards or social or political correctness or to add humor or ironic understatement. Saying "Earthly remains" rather than "corpse"	12
7473037902	Extended Metaphor	A metaphor developed at great length, occurring frequently in or throughout a work.	13
7473121756	Litotes	A form of understatement that involves making an affirmative point by denying its opposite.	14

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AP Language 1-16 (no sentences) Flashcards

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6599995920	invaluable	extremely useful; indispensable:	0
6599995921	idiosyncrasy	a mode of behavior or way of thought peculiar to an individual:	1
6599995922	idiom	a group of words established by usage as having a meaning not deducible from those of the individual words:	2
6599995923	vociferous	marked by or given to vehement insistent outcry	3
6599995924	spite	a desire to hurt, annoy, or offend someone:	4
6599995925	empirical	based on observation or experience rather than theory or pure logic:	5
6599995926	minutiae	the small, precise, or trivial details of something:	6
6599995927	watershed	an event or period marking a turning point in a course of action or state of affairs:	7
6599995928	advent	the arrival of a notable person, thing, or event:	8
6599995929	provincial	unsophisticated or narrow-minded:	9
6599995930	dogmatic	expressing opinions forcefully, as if they were fact:	10
6599995931	hypocrisy	pretending to be what one is not or to believe what one does not; behavior that contradicts what one claims to believe or feel:	11
6599995932	orthodox	beliefs that conform to what is generally or traditionally accepted as right or true; not independent-minded:	12
6599995933	vindicate	to clear someone of blame or suspicion:	13
6599995934	disdain	a feeling of contempt for someone or something regarded as unworthy or inferior:	14
6599995935	cryptic	having a hidden or ambiguous meaning:	15
6599995936	flagrant	obviously offensive; so inconsistent with what is right or proper as to appear to be a flouting of law or morality:	16
6599995937	superfluous	exceeding what is sufficient or necessary: extra:	17
6599995938	auspicious	showing or suggesting that future success is likely:	18
6599995939	benevolent	well meaning and kindly:	19
6599995940	beguile	to charm or enchant someone, sometimes in a deceptive way.	20
6599995941	circumvent	to find a way around an obstacle, problem, difficulty (typically in a clever and surreptitious way).	21
6599995942	propaganda	information, especially of a biased or misleading nature, used to promote or publicize a particular political cause or point of view.	22
6599995943	expedient	a means of attaining an end, especially one that is convenient but considered improper or immoral.	23
6599995944	meticulous	showing great attention to detail; very careful and precise.	24
6599995945	euphemism	a mild or indirect word or expression substituted for one considered to be too harsh or blunt when referring to something unpleasant or embarrassing.	25
6599995946	schism	a split or division between strongly opposed sections or parties, caused by differences in opinion or belief.	26
6599995947	puritanical	practicing or affecting strict religious or moral behavior.	27
6599995948	nefarious	wicked or criminal (typically referring to an action or activity).	28
6599995949	penitent	feeling or showing sorrow and regret for having done wrong.	29
6599995950	assertion	a confident and forceful statement of fact or belief:	30
6599995951	biased	unfairly prejudiced for or against someone or something:	31
6599995952	convoluted	extremely complex and difficult to follow:	32
6599995953	integral	forming a necessary part of something;	33
6599995954	condescending	behaving as though you think you are better, more intelligent, or more important than other people:	34
6599995955	embellish	to make (a statement or story) more interesting or entertaining by adding extra details, especially ones that are not true:	35
6599995956	contemporary	occurring in the present or at the same time:	36
6599995957	transient	lasting only for a short time; impermanent (can refer to people, often homeless):	37
6599995958	proliferate	to increase rapidly in numbers:	38
6599995959	wary	feeling or showing caution about possible dangers or problems:	39
6599995960	ubiquitous	being or seeming to be everywhere at the same time; omnipresent.	40
6599995961	banal	so lacking in originality as to be obvious and boring:	41
6599995962	platitude	a remark or statement (especially of a moral nature) that has been used too often to be interesting or thoughtful:	42
6599995963	delude	to impose a misleading belief upon someone; to deceive; to fool:	43
6599995964	cliché	a phrase or opinion that is overused and demonstrates a lack of original thought:	44
6599995965	surreptitious	kept secret, especially because it would not be approved of:	45
6599995966	apathy	lack of interest, enthusiasm, or concern:	46
6599995967	inconsequential	not important or significant:	47
6599995968	tenuous	very weak, uncertain, insecure:	48
6599995969	malleable	able to be shaped, formed, controlled, influenced:	49
6599995970	eloquent	able to express your ideas and opinions well, especially in a way that influences people:	50
6599995971	lucid	expressed in a way that is clear and easy to understand:	51
6599995972	alienate	to cause someone to feel isolated or estranged; to do something that makes someone unfriendly or unwilling to support you:	52
6599995973	obscure	not well known and usually not very important; difficult to understand:	53
6599995974	listless	feeling tired and not interested in things:	54
6599995975	disparity	a great difference:	55
6599995976	ostentatious	characterized by vulgar or pretentious display; designed to impress or attract attention:	56
6599995977	pretentious	attempting to impress by faking greater importance, talent, culture, etc., than is actually possessed:	57
6599995978	astute	having or showing an ability to accurately assess situations or people and turn this to one's advantage:	58
6599995979	fabricate	to invent a story, piece of information etc. in order to deceive:	59
6599995980	subjective	(1) existing only in a person's mind. (2) influenced by personal feelings or opinions.	60
6599995981	objective	(1) existing independent of or external to the mind. (2) not influenced by personal feelings or opinions.	61
6599995982	tacit	understood or implied without being stated:	62
6599995983	infer	to deduce or conclude from evidence and reasoning rather than from explicit statements:	63
6599995984	wrought	beaten out or shaped by hammering:	64
6599995985	belie	to give a false appearance of something:	65
6599995986	benign	gentle; not harmful:	66
6599995987	quibble	to argue or raise objections about a trivial matter:	67
6599995988	syntax	word order (the arrangement of words and phrases to create well-formed sentences in a language):	68
6599995989	semantics	the meaning of a word, phrase, sentence, or text:	69
6599995990	juxtapose	to place side-by-side or close together for contrasting effect	70
6599995991	anecdote	a short and amusing or interesting story about a real incident or person:	71
6599995992	opinion	a view or judgment formed about something, not necessarily based on fact or knowledge:	72
6599995993	belief	something one accepts as true or real; a firmly held opinion or conviction:	73
6599995994	explicit	stated clearly and in detail, leaving no room for confusion or doubt:	74
6599995995	implicit	suggested but not plainly expressed:	75
6599995996	hyperbole	exaggerated statements or claims not meant to be taken literally:	76
6599995997	jargon	special words or expressions that are used by a particular profession or group and are difficult for others to understand:	77
6599995998	persona	the aspect of someone's character that is presented to or perceived by others:	78
6599995999	code-switching	the practice of alternating between two or more languages or varieties of language in conversation:	79
6599996000	discourse	written or spoken communication:	80
6599996001	rhetoric	(1) the art of persuasive speaking or writing: (2) language designed to have a persuasive effect, but often regarded as lacking in sincerity:	81
6599996002	modest	moderate (humble) in the estimation of one's abilities or achievements:	82
6599996003	prudent	exercising good judgment or common sense:	83
6599996004	context	the circumstances that form the setting for an event, statement, idea, text, etc.	84
6599996005	intuitive	based on what one feels to be true even without conscious reasoning; instinctive:	85
6599996006	counterintuitive	contrary to common-sense expectation (but often nevertheless true):	86
6599996007	plausible	seeming reasonable or probable:	87
6599996008	coherent	logically consistent:	88
6599996009	quantify	to find or calculate the quantity or amount of (something):	89
6599996010	relative	having a particular quality or value when compared with something else:	90
6599996011	absolute	complete, definite, true, or right, and not changing in any situation:	91
6599996012	comprehensive	including all or nearly all elements or aspects of something; complete:	92
6599996013	paradigm	(1) a set of assumptions, concepts, values, and practices that constitutes a way of viewing reality for the community that shares them (especially in an intellectual discipline): (2) an outstandingly clear or typical example or archetype:	93
6599996014	hierarchy	a system in which people or things are placed in a series of levels with different importance or status:	94
6599996015	anomaly	something that deviates from what is standard, normal, or expected:	95
6599996016	salient	most noticeable or important:	96
6599996017	constituent	being a part of a whole:	97
6599996018	pander	to do or provide what someone wants or demands (even though it is not proper, good, or reasonable):	98
6599996019	stigma	a mark of disgrace:	99
6599996020	impartial	treating all rivals or disputants equally:	100
6599996021	substantiate	to provide evidence to support or prove the truth of something:	101
6599996022	contempt	the feeling that a person or a thing is beneath consideration, worthless, or deserving scorn:	102
6599996023	impede	to interfere with or slow the progress of (someone or something):	103
6599996024	servile	very obedient and trying too hard to please someone:	104
6599996025	effusive	expressing feelings of gratitude, pleasure, or approval in an unrestrained or heartfelt manner:	105
6599996026	anachronism	something out of place in time or sequence:	106
6599996027	gesticulate	to move your arms and hands especially when speaking:	107
6599996028	conjecture	an opinion or idea formed without proof or sufficient evidence:	108
6599996029	enmity	mutual hatred or ill will:	109
6599996030	indolent	habitually lazy:	110
6599996031	quandary	a state of uncertainty or perplexity:	111
6599996032	didactic	designed or intended to teach people something—often used to describe someone or something that tries to teach something (such as proper or moral behavior) in a way that is annoying or unwanted:	112
6599996033	haughty	blatantly and disdainfully proud:	113
6599996034	insipid	lacking flavor or interest:	114
6599996035	egregious	obviously and exceptionally bad:	115
6599996036	pejorative	a word or phrase that has negative connotations or that is intended to disparage or belittle: "Using the word simple to describe someone could have pejorative connotations."	116
6599996037	equanimity	mental calmness, composure, and evenness of temper, especially in a difficult situation:	117
6599996038	vilify	to say or write very harsh and critical things about someone or something:	118
6599996039	notorious	famous or well known, typically for some bad quality or deed:	119
6599996040	obsolete	no longer in use or no longer useful:	120
6599996041	austere	stern or cold in appearance, manner, or attitude; having no comforts or luxuries:	121
6599996042	apprehension	anxiety or fear that something bad or unpleasant will happen:	122
6599996043	novel	new or unusual in an interesting way:	123
6599996044	prodigious	extraordinary in bulk, quantity, or degree:	124
6599996045	pragmatic	relating to matters of fact or practical affairs often to the exclusion of intellectual or artistic matters; practical (as opposed to idealistic):	125
6599996046	facile	(1) too simple; not showing enough thought or effort: (2) working, moving, or performing well and very easily:	126
6599996047	partisan	(1) a strong supporter of a party, cause, or person. (2) prejudiced in favor of a particular cause.	127
6599996048	polarize	to break up into opposing factions or groupings:	128
6599996049	obfuscate	to render obscure, unclear, or confusing (sometimes done on purpose to be evasive):	129
6599996050	substantive	having substance; having a firm basis in reality and therefore important, meaningful, or considerable:	130
6599996051	vacuous	empty; lacking ideas or intelligence:	131
6599996052	exponent	a person who believes in and promotes the truth or benefits of an idea or theory:	132
6599996053	wistful	full of yearning or desire tinged with melancholy:	133
6599996054	litmus test	a test in which a single factor (as an attitude, event, or fact) is decisive:	134
6599996055	arbitrary	based on random choice or personal whim, rather than any reason or system:	135
6599996056	flippant	not showing a serious or respectful attitude:	136
6599996057	premise	a statement or proposition from which another is inferred or follows as a conclusion:	137
6599996058	contentious	likely to cause disagreement or argument:	138
6599996059	expound	to explain by setting forth in careful and often elaborate detail:	139
6599996060	articulate	expressing oneself readily, clearly, or effectively:	140
6599996061	differentiate	recognize or ascertain what makes (someone or something) different; to make or become different:	141
6599996062	correlate	to have a mutual relationship or connection, in which one thing affects or depends on another:	142
6599996063	erroneous	wrong; incorrect; mistaken:	143
6599996064	amenable	open and responsive to suggestion; easily persuaded or controlled:	144
6599996065	post hoc	occurring or done after the event:	145
6599996066	dubious	giving rise to uncertainty; questionable; suspect:	146
6599996067	preface	to introduce or begin (a speech, remark, or event, etc.) by saying doing something:	147
6599996068	disenfranchise	deprived of power; marginalized:	148
6599996069	vicissitude	a fluctuation of state or condition:	149
6599996070	sanctimonious	hypocritically pious or devout:	150
6599996071	propriety	conformity to what is socially acceptable in conduct or speech; proper:	151
6599996072	scrutinize	examine or inspect closely and thoroughly:	152
6599996073	etymology	the origin of a word and the historical development of its meaning; the study of the origin of words:	153
6599996074	cohort	a group of people banded together or treated as a group:	154
6599996075	arbiter	a person who settles a dispute or has ultimate authority in a matter:	155
6599996076	mollify	to soothe or appease the anger or anxiety of someone:	156
6599996077	flout	to openly disregard (often with contempt or scorn):	157
6599996078	invoke	to cite or appeal to someone or something as an authority for an action or in support of an argument; to call on or summon; to give rise to:	158
6599996079	indict	to accuse or charge with a fault, offense, or serious crime:	159
6599996080	contingent	occurring or existing only if certain other circumstances are the case:	160
6599996081	vehement	showing strong feeling; forceful, passionate, or intense:	161
6599996082	holistic	relating to or concerned with wholes or with complete systems rather than parts:	162
6599996083	onus	a disagreeable necessity; the burden of proving something:	163
6599996084	moot	subject to debate and typically not admitting of a final decision (therefore often having little practical significance because the subject is too uncertain):	164
6599996085	caricature	a ludicrous, grotesque, or comically exaggerated representation of someone or something:	165
6599996086	propagate	to breed, spread, and promote widely (ideas, specimens, offspring, etc.):	166

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AP Language Part 1 Flashcards

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7753593588	Assertion	an opinion stated as fact; the basis of all arguments; always arguable	0
7753593589	Claim	the main assertion of an argument; the point of an argument backed up by support	1
7753596681	Generalization	a conclusion drawn from a number of particular examples; an assertion about a class or group	2
7753599107	Assumption	an unspoken opinion, perspective, or belief taken for granted without proof	3
7753602046	Qualification	a modification, limitation, or limitation; a qualification of an assertion or claim means that you agree in part, or you wish to redefine or reshape the assertion	4
7753609083	Refutation	the part of the argument which the speaker anticipates objections to the points being raised and counters them	5
7753609084	Counterargument	a challenge to a position; an opposing argument	6
7753615704	Rebuttal	a refutation of an argument	7
7753615705	Hypothesis	an unproved theory; a proposed explanation that needs to be tested	8
7753621186	Digression	an intentional and temporary departure from the subject under discussion	9
7753621187	Rhetoric	is the art of using language to manipulate or persuade, to make your point seem reasonable and compelling	10
7753623514	Ethos	to convince an audience of the author's credibility or character	11
7753623515	Pathos	to persuade an audience by appealing to their emotions	12
7753623793	Logos	to convince an audience by use of logic or reason	13

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AP English language (cluster 2) Flashcards

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5985289331	Allusion	A direct or indirect reference to something "Don't act like a Romeo in front of her"	0
5985290686	Analogy	Comparison or relationship between two things "Obeying is to servant, like ordering is to a master"	1
5985293143	Colloquial/colloquialism	Slang "Eat my dust" or "buzz off"	2
5985294338	Invective	Strong abusive language "I never forget a face, but in your case I'll be glad to make an exception"	3
5985295466	Metaphor	Comparison of seemingly unlike things or substitution for one or the other "Time is a thief", "he has a heart of gold"	4
5985299318	Onomatopoeia	Natural sounds are imitated in the sound of words "Tweet"	5
5985301237	Personification	Giving animals, concepts, or inanimate objects human attributes or emotions "Every morning my alarm clock springs to life"	6
5985303453	Sarcasm	Bitter, caustic language (hurt or ridicule someone)	7
5985306280	Synesthesia	When one sensory stimulus evokes the subjective experience of another "Her wallpaper was too loud"	8
5985309083	Zeugma	When a verb or adj. applies to more than one noun "Jim and his license expired yesterday"	9

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Flashcards

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AP Language Literary Terms Flashcards

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8485630776	Metaphor	A figure of speech that makes an implicit, implied, or hidden comparison between two things that are unrelated, but which share some common characteristics.	0
8485630777	Allusion	A brief and indirect reference to a person, place, thing or idea of historical, cultural, literary or political significance.	1
8485630778	Analogy	A comparison in which an idea or a thing is compared to another thing that is quite different from it.	2
8485630779	Personification	A figure of speech in which a thing - an idea or an animal - is given human attributes.	3
8485630780	Simile	A figure of speech that makes a comparison, showing similarities between two different things with the help of the words "like" or "as."	4
8485630781	Enumeration	A rhetorical device used for listing details, or a process of mentioning words or phrases step by step.	5
8485630782	Parallelism	The use of components in a sentence that are grammatically the same; or similar in their construction, sound, meaning, or meter.	6
8485630783	Narration		7
8485630784	Description		8
8485630785	Cause and effect		9
8485630786	Definition		10
8485630787	Comparison and contrast		11
8485630788	Process analysis		12
8485630789	Metonymy	A figure of speech that replaces the name of a thing with the name of something else with which it is closely associated. "England decides to keep check on immigration."	13
8485630790	Synecdoche	A literary device in which a part of something represents the whole or it may use a whole to represent a part. ""Friends, Romans, Countrymen, lend me your ears."	14
8485630791	Epistrophe	(Epiphora) The repetition of phrases or words at the ends of the clauses or sentences. ""Where now? Who now? When now?"	15
8485630792	Asyndeton	A stylistic device used in literature and poetry to intentionally eliminate conjunctions between the phrases, and in the sentence, yet maintain grammatical accuracy. "Are all thy conquests, glories, triumphs, spoils, Shrunk to this little measure?"	16
8485630793	Polysyndeton	A stylistic device in which several coordinating conjunctions are used in succession in order to achieve an artistic effect. "And Joshua, and all of Israel with him, took Achan the son of Zerah, and the silver, and the garment, and the wedge of gold, and his sons, and his daughters, and his oxen, and his asses, and his sheep, and his tent, and all that he had."	17
8485630794	Anaphora	The deliberate repetition of the first part of the sentence. "My life is my purpose. My life is my goal. My life is my inspiration."	18
8485630795	Climax	A particular point in a narrative at which the conflict or tension hits the highest point - the decisive moment or turning point.	19
8485630796	Antithesis	A rhetorical device in which two opposite ideas are put together in a sentence to achieve a contrasting effect.	20
8485630797	Understatement	The presentation of a situation or thing as if it is less important or less serious than it is in reality.	21
8485630798	Counterargument		22
8485630799	Claim		23
8485630800	Evidence		24
8485630801	Warrant		25
8485630802	Logical fallacy		26
8485630803	Anecdote	A short and interesting story, or an amusing event, often proposed to support or demonstrate some point, and to make the audience laugh.	27
8485630804	Adage	A short, pointed, and memorable saying that is based on facts, and which is considered a veritable truth by the majority of people.	28
8485630805	Simple sentence		29
8485630806	Sentence fragment		30
8485630807	Complex sentence		31
8485630808	Compound sentence		32
8485630809	Compound-complex sentence		33
8485630810	Imperative		34
8485630811	Interrogative		35
8485630812	Colloquialisms	The use of informal words, phrases or even slang in a piece of writing.	36
8485630813	Figurative language	Language that goes beyond the literal meanings of the words to give readers new insights.	37
8485630814	Emphatic punctuation		38
8485630815	Syntactical inversion		39
8485630816	Apposition		40
8485630817	Alliteration	A stylistic device in which a number of words, having the same first consonant sound, occur close together in a series.	41
8485630818	Rhetorical question		42
8485630819	Parenthetical statement		43
8485630820	Periodic sentence		44
8485630821	Cumulative		45
8485630822	Paradox	A statement that appears to be self-contradictory or silly but may include a latent truth. "I must be cruel to be kind."	46
8485630823	Oxymoron	A figure of speech in which two opposite ideas are joined to create an effect. "Open secret"	47
8485630824	Allegory		48
8485630825	Parallel structure		49
8485630826	Provocative statements		50
8485630827	Exclamatory remarks		51
8485630828	Irony		52
8485630829	Qualifier		53
8485630830	Rebuttal		54
8485630831	Ethos		55
8485630832	Logos		56
8485630833	Pathos		57
8485630834	Archaic diction	A figure of speech in which a used phrase or word is considered very old fashioned and outdated. It can be a word, a phrase, a group of letters, spelling, or syntax. "And he stoppeth one of three. 'By thy long grey beard and glittering eye..."	58
8485630835	Dialect	The language used by the people of a specific area, class, district, or any other group of people.	59
8485630836	Syllogism	A rhetorical device that starts an argument with a reference to something general and from this it draws conclusion about something more specific. (Deductive logic)	60
8485630837	Juxtaposition	A literary technique in which two or more ideas, places, characters and their actions are placed side by side in a narrative or a poem for the purpose of developing comparisons and contrasts.	61
8485630838	Absolute phrase	Consists of a noun, pronoun, participle, and associated modifiers. They are also known as nominative phrases. They modify or provide information about an entire sentence. Absolute phrases look like clauses, yet they lack a true finite verb. They are separated from the rest of the sentence by commas. "Her arms folded across her chest, Professor Hill warned the class about the penalties of plagiarism."	62
8485630839	Prepositional phrase	Contains a preposition, an object of preposition (pronoun or noun) and related modifiers. It mostly starts with a preposition and ends with an object of a preposition. It serves as an adjective, or adverb within a sentence.	63
8485630840	Participial Phrase	Contain a present participle, which is (verb+ing), a past participle, modifiers, or other associated words. They are separated from the rest of the sentence by commas. A participle phrases act as an adjective within a sentence.	64
8485630841	Exclamation		65
8485630842	Conjunction		66
8485630843	Appositive		67
8485630844	Imperative sentence		68
8485630845	Cumulative sentence		69
8485630846	Litotes	A figure of speech that employs an understatement by using double negatives or, in other words, a positive statement expressed by negating its opposite expressions. "The ice cream was not too bad."	70
8485630847	Hyperbole	A figure of speech that involves an exaggeration of ideas for the sake of emphasis.	71
8485630848	Symbolism		72
8485630849	Jargon	A literary term that is defined as the use of specific phrases and words in a particular situation, profession, or trade.	73
8485630850	Polemic		74
8485630851	Satire	A technique employed by writers to expose and criticize foolishness and corruption of an individual or a society by using humor, irony, exaggeration or ridicule.	75
8485630852	Tirade		76
8485630853	Concrete diction		77
8485630854	Allusive reflection		78
8485630855	Hyphen		79
8485630856	Dash		80
8485630857	Shift in pronoun		81
8485630858	Tone	An attitude of a writer toward a subject or an audience. Tone is generally conveyed through the choice of words, or the viewpoint of a writer on a particular subject.	82
8485630859	Data		83
8485630860	Inductive reasoning		84
8485630861	Deductive reasoning		85
8485630862	Caricature	A device used in descriptive writing and visual arts, in which particular aspects of a subject are exaggerated, to create a silly or comic effect.	86
8485630863	Clause		87
8485630864	Literary conceit	A figure of speech in which two vastly different objects are likened together with the help of similes or metaphors. They have a surprising or shocking effect on the readers because they are novel comparisons unlike the conventional comparisons made in similes and metaphors.	88
8485630865	Didactic	The idea that different forms of art and literature ought to convey information and instructions along with pleasure and entertainment.	89
8485630866	Pedantic	Writing or writer concerned with precision, formalism, accuracy, and minute details in order to make an arrogant and ostentatious show of learning.	90
8485630867	Connotation		91
8485630868	Denotation		92
8485630869	Euphemism	Polite, indirect expressions which replace words and phrases considered harsh and impolite or which suggest something unpleasant.	93
8485630870	Genre		94
8485630871	Homily	A sermon or speech that a religious person or priest delivers before a group of people to offer them moral correction.	95
8485630872	Chiasmus	A rhetorical device in which two or more clauses are balanced against each other by the reversal of their structures in order to produce an artistic effect. "Never let a Fool Kiss You or a Kiss Fool You."	96
8485766771	Exemplum	A rhetorical device that is defined as a short tale, narrative, or anecdote used in literary pieces and speeches to explain a doctrine, or emphasize a moral point.	97
8524344486	Anthimeria	One part of speech, usually a verb, that substitutes for another, usually a noun.	98
8524365365	Anadiplosis	A repetition of the last word of one clause at the beginning of the following clause. "Mental preparation leads to training; training builds tone and coordination; tone and coordination produce athletic excellence."	99
8524383694	Trope	Any artful variation from the typical or expected way a word or idea is expressed.	100
8524385802	Scheme	Any artful variation from the typical arrangement of words in a sentence.	101

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AP Rubenstein Chapter 5 Language (additional set) Flashcards

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7976035592	Backward reconstruction	The technique used to track language back to its origin through comparing it to other similar languages.	0
7976035593	British Revised Pronunciation (BRP)	The dialect of England associated with upper class British people living in the London area, and now considered a standard dialect in the UK	1
7976035594	Conquest theory	theory of the diffusion of the Proto-Indo-European language into Europe through the speakers' overpowering of earlier inhabitants through warfare and technology	2
7976035595	Creole language	A language that results from the mixing of the colonizer's language with the indigenous language of the people being dominated	3
7976035596	Culture	the behaviors and beliefs characteristic of a particular social, ethnic, or age group	4
7976035597	Deep reconstruction	Technique using the vocabulary of an extinct language to re-create the language that preceded the extinct language.	5
7976035598	Dialect	a particular form of language that is peculiar to a specific region, or social group.	6
7976035599	Dialect chains	a set of contiguous dialects in which the dialects nearest to each other at any place in the chain are most closely related	7
7976035600	Dispersal hypothesis	Theory which holds that the Indo-European languages that arose from Porto-Indo-European were first carried eastward into Southwest Asia, next around the Caspian Sean and then across the Russian-Ukrainian plains and on into the Balkans.	8
7976035601	Ebonics	Dialect spoken by some African Americans	9
7976035602	Extinct language	A language that is no longer spoken or read in daily activities by anyone in the world.	10
7976035603	Franglais	A term used by the French for English words than have entered the French language; a combination of francais and anglais, the French words for "French" and "English", respectively.	11
7976035604	Germanic languages	Languages (English, German, Danish, Norwegian, and Swedish) that reflect the expansion of peoples out of Northern Europe to the west and south	12
7976035605	Global language	A language spoken internationally, which is learned by many people as a second language.	13
7976035606	Ideograms	The system of writing used in China and other East Asian countries in which each symbol represents an idea or a concept rather than a specific sounds, as is the case with letter in English.	14
7976035607	Isogloss	A boundary that separates regions in which different language usages predominate.	15
7976035608	Language	A system of communication, through the use of speech, a collection of sounds understood by a group of people to have the same meaning	16
7976035609	Language branch	When a language branches off from its origin and makes a new one.	17
7976035610	Language divergence	When a language breaks into dialects due to a lack of spatial interaction among speakers of a language, and continued isolation causes new languages to be formed	18
7976035611	Language family	collection of languages related through a common ancestor long before recorded history	19
7976035612	Language group	A group of languages within a branch that share a common origin in the relatively recent past and display relatively few differences in grammar and vocabulary	20
7976035613	Lingua franca	a language systematically used to make communication possible between people not sharing a mother tongue, in particular when it is a third language, distinct from both mother tongues.	21
7976035614	Literary tradition	A language that is written as well as spoken	22
7976035615	Monolingual states	Countries with only one official language	23
7976035616	Multilingual states	Countries in which more than one language is spoken	24
7976035617	Mutual intelligibility	The ability of two people to understand each other when speaking	25
7976035618	Official language	a language that is given a special legal status in a particular country, state, or other jurisdiction	26
7976035619	Pidgin language	A form of speech that adopts a simplified grammar and limited vocabulary of a lingua franca, used for communications among speakers of two different languages	27
7976035620	Place	A specific point on Earth distinguished by a particular character	28
7976035621	Proto-Indo-European	Linguistic hypothesis proposing the existence of an ancestral Indo-European language that is the hearth of ancient Latin, Greek and Sanskrit languages, which hearth would link modern languages from Scandinavia to North Africa and from North American through parts of Asia to Australia	29
7976035622	Renfew hypothesis	Theory developed by a British scholar wherein he proposed that three area in and near the first agricultural hearth, the Fertile Crescent, gave rise to three language families,	30
7976035623	Romance languages	The group of languages derived from Latin (French, Spanish, Italian, Romanian, Portuguese)	31
7976035624	Slavic languages	(Russian, Polish, Czech, Slovak, Ukranian, Slovenian, Serbo-Croatian, Bulgarian) developed as Slavic people migrated from a base in present-day Ukraine around 2000 years ago	32
7976035625	Sound shift	A gradual alteration or series of alterations in the pronunciation of a set of sounds, especially of vowels	33
7976035626	Spanglish	A combination of Spanish and English	34
7976035627	Standard language	The variant of a language that a country's political and intellectual elite seek to promote as the norm for use in schools, government, and is recognized by other states	35
7976035628	Toponym	The name given to a portion of Earth's surface	36
7976035629	Vulgar Latin	The Latin learned by people in provinces taken over by the Roman Empire; it wasn't the standard literary form but a spoken form of Latin	37

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AP Psychology - Language and Cognition Flashcards

Advanced Placement Psychology
Enterprise High School, Redding, CA
All terms from Myers Psychology for AP (BFW Worth, 2011)

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7823923862	cognition	all the mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, remembering, and communicating.	0
7823923863	concept	a mental grouping of similar objects, events, ideas, or people.	1
7823923864	prototype	a mental image or best example of a category.	2
7823923865	algorithm	a methodical, logical rule or procedure that guarantees solving a particular problem. Contrasts with the usually speedier—but also more error-prone—use of heuristics.	3
7823923866	heuristic	a simple thinking strategy that often allows us to make judgments and solve problems efficiently; usually speedier but also more error-prone than algorithms.	4
7823923867	insight	a sudden and often novel realization of the solution to a problem; it contrasts with strategy-based solutions.	5
7823923869	confirmation bias	a tendency to search for information that supports our preconceptions and to ignore or distort contradictory evidence.	6
7823923870	fixation	the inability to see a problem from a new perspective, by employing a different mental set.	7
7823923871	mental set	a tendency to approach a problem in one particular way, often a way that has been successful in the past.	8
7823923872	functional fixedness	the tendency to think of things only in terms of their usual functions; an impediment to problem solving.	9
7823923873	representativeness heuristic	judging the likelihood of things in terms of how well they seem to represent, or match, particular prototypes; may lead us to ignore other relevant information.	10
7823923874	availability heuristic	estimating the likelihood of events based on their availability in memory; if instances come readily to mind (perhaps because of their vividness), we presume such events are common.	11
7823923876	belief perseverance	clinging to one's initial conceptions after the basis on which they were formed has been discredited.	12
7823923878	framing	the way an issue is posed; how an issue is framed can significantly affect decisions and judgments.	13
7823923879	language	our spoken, written, or signed words and the ways we combine them to communicate meaning.	14
7823923880	phoneme	in language, the smallest distinctive sound unit.	15
7823923881	morpheme	in a language, the smallest unit that carries meaning; may be a word or a part of a word (such as a prefix).	16
7823923882	grammar	in a language, a system of rules that enables us to communicate with and understand others.	17
7823923883	semantics	the set of rules by which we derive meaning from morphemes, words, and sentences in a given language; also, the study of meaning.	18
7823923884	syntax	the rules for combining words into grammatically sensible sentences in a given language.	19
7823923885	babbling stage	babies spontaneously uttering a variety of words, such as ah-goo	20
7823923886	one-word stage	the stage in which children speak mainly in single words	21
7823923887	two-word stage	they start uttering two word sentences	22
7823923888	telegraphic speech	early speech stage in which a child speaks like a telegram—"go car"—using mostly nouns and verbs.	23