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AP Human Language Families Flashcards

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9742123474Indo-European number of Native Speakers and Languages2 billion and 4300
9742135595Romance Group (Latin Based)Portuguese, Italian, Romanian, French, Spanish1
9742149560GermanicEnglish, Dutch, German, Flemish, Norwegian, Swedish (indo-european)2
9742152053SlavicRussian, Polish, Czech, Serbian, Croatian (indo-european)3
9742162922Indo-AryanHindi, Urdu, Bengali, Punjabi (indo-european)4
9742174789Indo-IranianFarsi (Persian) (indo-european)5
9742176760CelticWelsh, Irish, Scottish, Cornish (mostly extinct) (indo-european)6
9742180564Greek(indo-european)7
9742194220Sino-Tibetan: Number of speakers, number of languages, spatial extent1.2 Billion, 400, East Asia, SE Asia8
9742204891Sino-Tibetan languagesmandarin (most spoken native language in the world), Cantonese, Wu, Burmese9
9742217009Niger-Congo number of: native speakers, languages, spatial extent360 million, 1500, Sub-Saharan Africa10
9742224703BantuSwahili (Niger-Congo)11
9742237118Afro-Asiatic number of: native speakers, languages, spatial extent350 million, 350, North Africa and SW Asia keeping in mind the diffusion of Islam12
9742246170Arabic(Afro-Asiatic)13
9742255323Austronesian number of: native speaker, languages, extent310 million, 1300, Oceana14
9742260651Austronesian languagesTagalog, Javanese, Malay (Indonesian)15
9742269191Austro-Asiatic number of native speakers, languages, and spatial extent120 million, 120, SE Asia (Vietnam and Cambodia)16
9742277161Austro-AsiaticVietnamese17
9742281410Altaic Number of: native speakers, languages, and spatial extent450 million, 100,18
9742301192AtlaicTurkey, Central Asia, Mongolia, Japan AND Korea is considered an independent language19
9742309655Uralic number of: speakers, languages, and spatial extent30 million, 40, AND Hungary, Finland, Estonia20
9742319671UralicHungarian, Finnish, Estonian21
9742328378Amerindian: native speaker, language number, spatial extentunknown, unknown South America- Andes, Amazon North America- Native American Reservations, Alaska, Northern Canada22
9742341027AmerindianQuechua-language of the Inca in present day Peru23
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AP Language & Composition: Vocabulary #3 Flashcards

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8751997375Abet (v)to encourage or support by aid or approval, usually in wrongdoing0
8751997376Affinity (n)a natural liking for or attraction to a person, thing, idea,1
8751997377Aloof (adj)cool; detached; distant; standoffish; snobbish; haughty; disdainful2
8751997378Animosity (n)a feeling of strong dislike, ill will, or enmity that tends to display itself in action3
8751997379Censorious (adj)severely critical; faultfinding; carping4
8751997380Convocation (n)a group of people gather in answer to a summons; an assembly5
8751997381Depreciation (n)decrease in value due to wear and tear, decay, decline, in price, etc.6
8751997382Dogged (adj)persistent in effort; stubbornly tenacious7
8751997383Fatalistic (adj)the acceptance of all things and events as inevitable; submission to fate8
8751997384Frenetic (adj)frantic(- desperate or wild with excitement, passion, fear, pain, etc.); frenzied9
8751997385Hackneyed (adj)made commonplace or trite; stale; banal10
8751997386Ineffable (adj)incapable of being expressed or described in words; inexpressible11
8751997387Infallible (adj)unfailing in effectiveness or operation; certain12
8751997388Introspective (adj)the act or process of looking into oneself13
8751997389Jingoistic (adj)the spirit, policy, or practice of jingoes; a person who professes his or her patriotism loudly and excessively, favoring vigilant preparedness for war and an aggressive foreign policy; bellicose chauvinism14
8751997390Labyrinthine (adj)complicated; tortuous15
8751997391Nefarious (adj)extremely wicked or villainous; iniquitous16
8751997392Ostentatious (adj)characterized by or given to pretentious or conspicuous show in an attempt to impress others17
8751997393Parochial (adj)very limited or narrow in scope or outlook; provincial 2. of, relating to or financially supported by one or more church parishes18
8751997394Paucity (n)smallness of quantity; scarcity; scantiness19
8751997395Pervasive (adj)spread throughout20
8751997396Pharisaism (n)rigid observance of external forms of religion or conduct without genuine piety; hypocrisy21
8751997398Preternatural (adj)out of the ordinary course of nature; exceptional or abnormal22
8751997399Rambunctious (adj)difficult to control or handle; wildly boisterous23
8751997400Rote (adj)routine; a fixed, habitual, or mechanical course of procedure24
8751997401Rustic (adj)simple, artless, or unsophisticated25
8751997402Sanctimonious (adj)making a hypocritical show of religious devotion, piety, righteousness, etc.26
8751997403Sustenance (n)means of sustaining(- to support, hold, or bear up from below; bear the weight of, as a structure.) life; nourishment27
8751997404Vacuous (adj)expressing or characterized by a lack of ideas or intelligence; inane; stupid28
8751997405Venal (adj)willing to sell or accept influence, especially in return for a bribe; mercenary29
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Vocab 1-3 Review: AP Language: Semester 1 Flashcards

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5023799644ostentatiousdisplaying wealth0
5023803825anecdoteshort account of an event1
5023806025surreptitioussecret, stealthy2
5023808233hedonistpleasure seeker3
5023810503convergencejoining of parts4
5023812866asylumsanctuary5
5023812867benevolentfriendly, helpful6
5023814994venerablerespectable due to age7
5023818365censureto criticize harshly8
5023818366amicableagreeable9
5023823364submissivemeek; easily yielding to authority10
5023826097antagonistopponent11
5023826098clairvoyantable to see the future12
5023828893emulatefollow an example13
5023828894longevitylong life14
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AP English Language Vocabulary 1 Flashcards

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7247360824factiousadj. causing disagreement synonyms: alienated, belligerent, contending antonyms: agreeing, cooperating, cooperative0
7247368835ignobleadj. dishonorable; shameful synonyms: abject, base, baseborn antonyms: dignified, grand, high1
7247368836boorn. rude or impolite person synonyms: barbarian, bear, boob antonyms: gentleman, charmer, enthusiast2
7247370188aegisn. shield; protection synonyms: auspices, patronage, sponsorship antonyms: ----------3
7247372325perspicacityn. keenness of judgement synonyms: acumen, discernment, discrimination antonyms: ----------4
7247374132ferventadj. eager; earnest synonyms: ardent, devout, earnest antonyms: apathetic, calm, cold5
7247374133rectifyv. to correct; make right synonyms: amend, fix, improve antonyms: corrupt, harm, hurt6
7247374134enervatev. to weaken synonyms: debilitate, devitalize, disable antonyms: aid, assist, energize7
7247375551besiegev. to overwhelm; to surround and attack synonyms: beleaguer, beset, blockage antonyms: let go, leave alone8
7247375552ephemeraladj. lasting only a brief time; short lived synonyms: fleeting, short-lived, transitory antonyms: enduring, lasting, lengthy9
7247375553altruismn. a concern for others; generosity synonyms: benevolence, humanitarianism, kindness antonyms: meanness10
7247377109carrionn. decaying flesh synonyms: body, corpse, remains11
7247377110eroticadj. pertaining to sexual love synonyms: amorous, bawdy, carnal antonyms: chaste, clean, decent12
7247377111amorphousadj. shapeless, formless, vague synonyms: nebulous, vague, baggy antonyms: definite, distinct, distinctive13
7247379240opulentadj. rich, luxurious; wealthy synonyms: deluxe, extravagant, lavish antonyms: economical, poor, small14
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AP Language Vocabulary Unit 6 Flashcards

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8919035964Anomalous(adj.) Abnormal, irregular, departing form the usual. Synonyms: Exceptional, Atypical, Unusual, Aberrant Antonyms: Normal, Regular, Customary, Typical, Ordinary0
8919035965Aspersion(n) A damaging or derogatory statement; the act of slandering or defaming. Synonyms: Innuendo, Calumny, Denigration Antonyms: Endorsement, Testimonial, Praise1
8919035966Bizarre(adj.) Extremely strange, unusual, atypical. Synonyms: Grotesque, Fantastic, Outlandish Antonyms: Normal, Typical, Ordinary, Expected2
8919035967Brusque(adj.) Abrupt, blunt, with no formalities. Synonyms: Curt, Tactless, Ungracious, Gruff, Rough Antonyms: Gracious, Tactful, Courteous, Diplomatic3
8919035968Cajole(v.) To coax, persuade through flattery or artifice; to deceive with soothing thoughts or false promises. Synonyms: Wheedle, Inveigle, Soft-Soap, Sweet-Talk Antonyms: Coerce, Force, Strong-Arm4
8919035969Castigate(v.) To punish severely; to criticize severely. Synonyms: Chastise, Rebuke, Censure, Upbraid Antonyms: Reward, Honor, Praise, Laud5
8919035970Contrive(v.) To plan with ingenuity, invent; to bring about as the result of a scheme or plan. Synonyms: Think UP, Devise, Concoct, Fabricate6
8919035971Demagogue(n.) A leader who exploits popular prejudices and false claims and promises in order to gain power. Synonyms: Rabble-Rouser, Firebrand7
8919035972Disabuse(v.) To free from deception or error, set right in ideas or thinking. Synonyms: Undeceive, Enlighten, Set Straight Antonyms: Deceive, Delude, Pull wool over one's eyes.8
8919035973Ennui(n.) Weariness and dissatisfaction from lack of occupation or interest, boredom. Synonyms: Languor, World-Weariness, Listlessness Antonyms: Enthusiasm, Liveliness, excitement, intensity9
8919035974Fetter(n.) A chain or shackle placed on the feet (often used in plural). (v.) To chain or shackle; to render helpless or impotent. Synonyms: (n.) Bond, Restraint; (v.) Bind, Hamper Antonyms: (v.) Free, Liberate, Emancipate10
8919035975Heinous(adj.) Very wicked, offensive, hateful. Synonyms: Evil, Odious, Abominable, Outrageous Antonyms: Excellent, Wonderful, Splendid11
8919035976Immutable(adj.) Not subject to change, constant Synonyms: Unchangeable, Unalterable, Fixed, Invariable Antonyms: Changeable, Inconstant, Variable, Fickle12
8919035977Insurgent(n.) One who rebels or rises against authority. (adj.) Rising in revolt, refusing to accept authority; surging or rushing in or on. Synonyms: (adj.) Revolutionary, Rebellious, Mutinous Antonyms: (adj.) Loyalist, Loyal, Faithful13
8919035978Megalomania(n.) A delusion marked by a feeling of power, wealth, talent, etc., Far in excess of reality. Synonym: Delusions or Grandeur Antonyms: Humility, Modesty, Self-Abasement14
8919035979Sinecure(n.) A position requiring little or no work; an easy job. Synonyms: "No-Show" Job, Cushy Job, "Plum"15
8919035980Surreptitious(adj.) Stealthy, secret, intended to escape observation; made or accomplished by fraud. Synonyms: Furtive, Covert, Clandestine, Concealed Antonyms: Open, Frank, Aboveboard, Overt16
8919035981Transgress(v.) To go beyond a limit or boundary; to sin, violate a law. Synonyms: Overstep, Exceed, Trespass, Err Antonyms: Obey, Toe the Line17
8919035982Transmute(v.) To change from one nature, substance, or form to another. Synonyms: Transform, Convert, Translate, Metamorphose Antonyms: Maintain Unchanged, Preserve18
8919035983Vicarious(adj.) Performed, suffered, or otherwise experienced by one person in place of another. Synonyms: Surrogate, Substitute, Imagined, Secondhand Antonyms: Real, Actual, Firsthand.19
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AP Language: Tone Words Flashcards

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9942000358accusatorycharging of wrong doing0
9942000359acerbicbitter, sharp in taste or temper1
9942000360admiringregarding with approval or respect2
9942000361aggressiveassertive, vigorously active, quick to attack; hostile3
9942000362ambivalentUncertain; unable to decide, or wanting to do two contradictory things at once4
9942000363amusedpleasurably entertained5
9942000364animatedlively; spirited6
9942000365apatheticFeeling or showing little emotion; indifferent7
9942000366apologeticsorry; showing regret8
9942000367appreciativeexpressing or feeling thankfulness9
9942000368ardentEnthusiastic or passionate10
9942000369arroganthaughty, too convinced of one's own importance11
9942000370assertiveActing with confidence and force; sure of one's self12
9942000371belligerentHostile and aggressive13
9942000372benevolentKind14
9942000373bitterexhibiting strong animosity as a result of pain or grief15
9942000374callousEmotionally hardened, unfeeling16
9942000375candidImpartial and honest in speech17
9942000376celebratorycongratulatory, honoring18
9942000377compassionateFeeling or showing sympathy and concern for others.19
9942000378concernedfeeling or showing worry or solicitude20
9942000379conciliatoryAppeasing; soothing; showing willingness to reconcile21
9942000380condescendingpossessing an attitude of superiority, patronizing22
9942000381contemptuousFeeling hatred; scornful23
9942000382curiousinquisitive24
9942000383cynicalbelieving that people act only out of selfish motives; bitterly pessimistic25
9942000384defensiveProtecting oneself from something.26
9942000385defiantBoldly resistant or challenging27
9942000386demeaningcausing someone to lose their dignity and the respect of others; degrading28
9942000387derisiveexpressing contempt or ridicule; mocking29
9942000388detachedImpartial, disinterested; unconcerned, distant, aloof30
9942000389dignifiedworthy of respect31
9942000390dishearteningdiscouraging32
9942000391disparagingdisapproving; belittle33
9942000392docileEasy to teach or manage; obedient34
9942000393dogmaticdictatorial in one's opinions; stubborn35
9942000394earnestSerious and sincere36
9942000395egotisticalexcessively self-centered; conceited37
9942000396empatheticidentification with and understanding of another's situation, feelings, and motives38
9942000397enthusiasticzealous39
9942000398evasivenot frank; trying to hide the truth; eluding; evading; V. evade: avoid (a duty or responsibility) or escape from by deceit40
9942000399facetioushumorous, not meant seriously; sarcastic41
9942000400flippantLacking in seriousness; disrespectful, saucy42
9942000401forcefulVehement; compelling43
9942000402formalfollowing rules or customs, often in an exact and proper way44
9942000403frankhonest45
9942000404grima facial expression of fear, disapproval, or pain46
9942000405humblemodest47
9942000406humorousfacetious; funny48
9942000407impartialunbiased, fair49
9942000408inaneFoolish50
9942000409incensedangered at something unjust or wrong51
9942000410incredulousDisbelieving, skeptical52
9942000411indignantFeeling or showing anger or annoyance at what is perceived as unfair treatment53
9942000412intimatemarked by close acquaintance54
9942000413ironicsatiric; unexpected55
9942000414irreverentdisrespectful56
9942000415jadedWorn out; wearied57
9942000416judgmentalcritical; disapproving58
9942000417laudatoryexpressing praise59
9942000418macabrehorrible; grim60
9942000419maliciousIntended to hurt or harm61
9942000420mockingin an insincere or pretending manner62
9942000421mourningthe act of showing sorrow or grief63
9942000422naivelacking sophistication or experience64
9942000423narcissisticConceited; having excessive self-love or admiration65
9942000424nostalgiclonging for the past66
9942000425objectiveFactual, related to reality or physical objects; not influenced by emotions, unbiased67
9942000426obsequiousOverly submissive and eager to please68
9942000427optimisticHopeful, cheerful69
9942000428outragedangered at something unjust or wrong70
9942000429outspokencandid71
9942000430patronizingCondescending, having a superior manner, treating as an inferior72
9942000431pensiveThoughtful73
9942000432pessimistica tendency to stress the negative or unfavorable.74
9942000433philosophicalcalm and wise; reasonable Interested in the study of basic truths of existence and reality75
9942000434pragmaticPractical76
9942000435pretentiousdone for show, striving to make a big impression; claiming merit or position unjustifiably; making demands on one's skill or abilities, ambitious77
9942000436resentfulangry due to a feeling of being treated unfairly78
9942000437resignedaccepting one's fate; unresisting; patiently submissive79
9942000438reverentdeeply respectful80
9942000439righteousmorally justified81
9942000440satiricalcriticizing through ridicule82
9942000441sarcasticcaustic; ironic83
9942000442scathingbitterly severe, withering; causing great harm84
9942000443scornfulcontemptuous; disdainful85
9942000444sentimentalA term that describes characters' excessive emotional response to experience.86
9942000445sincereearnest87
9942000446skepticalDoubtful88
9942000447solemnserious89
9942000448subjectiveExisting in the mind or relating to one's own thoughts, opinions, emotions, etc.; personal, individual, based on feelings90
9942000449submissivedocile; meek91
9942000450sulkingsad, pouting, usually silent92
9942000451sympatheticCompassionate93
9942000452thoughtfulpensive; reflective94
9942000453tolerentopen-minded, accepting of others95
9942000454unassumingmodest96
9942000455urgentcompelling immediate action; pressing; persistent; importunate; Ex. urgent in his demands97
9942000456vindictiveRevengeful98
9942000457wittyClever or amusing99
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AP Language Literary Terms (February) Flashcards

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8902428036tropesartful diction like metaphor, simile, personification, hyperbole0
8902428037schemesartful syntax like parallel structure, juxtaposition, anitithesis1
8902428038inductive reasoningreasoning from a specific case or cases to a general rule2
8902428039deductive reasoningreasoning from the more general to the more specific3
8902428040ad hominempersonal attack; takes focus away from the issue4
8902428041either/or fallacyonly two alternatives are suggested when many more may be possible5
8902428042metonymyone word or phrase is substituted for another with which it is closely associated with ex) The pen is mightier than the sword (Pen stands for writing. Sword stands for fighting). The White House said today... (White House is president)6
8902428043synecdocheterm is used to refer to a whole thing or effect by a part of it7
8902428044red herringan irrelevant topic is presented in order to divert attention from the original issue8
8902428045false analogya statement that incorrectly tries to make connections between two dissimilar items9
8902428046slippery slopeexaggerating the likely consequences of an action ex) If we legalize marijuana, then people will want to legalize heroine and cocaine. If we legalized gay marriage, then we will soon want to legalize polygamy and beastiality10
8902428047hasty generalizationcoming to a conclusion based on little11
8902428048bandwagonjoining a cause because of its popularity12
8902428049circular reasoningan attempt to support a statement by simply repeating the statement in different or stronger terms13
8902428050strawmanan attack on a view similar to but not the same as the one your opponent holds- diversionary tactic14
8902428051post hoc or false clause(propter hoc) one event is said to be the cause of a later event simply because it occurred earlier15
8902428052Stacking the DeckIn this fallacy, the speaker ignores examples that disprove the point, and listing only those examples that support her case16
8902428053Appeal to a Lack of Evidence(Argumentum Ad Ignorantium, literally "arguement from language") Appealing to a lack of information to prove a point, or arguing that, since the opposition cannot disprove a claim, the opposite stance must be true ex) Ghosts must exist because no one has been able to prove that they do not exist17
8902428054Equivocation-Doublespeak-using words with more than one meaning (ambiguous) to confuse18
8902428055Appeal to Traditionsomething is better or correct simply because it is older and has always been done that way19
8902428056Poisoning the WellUnfavorable information (be it true or false) about someone is presented; therefore, any claims that person makes will be false20
8902428057Appeal to Pity(also called argumentum ad misericodiam) is a fallacy in which someone tries to win support for an argument or idea by exploiting his or her opponent's feelings of pity or guilt ex) You must have graded my exam incorrectly. I studied very hard for weeks specifically because I knew my career depended on getting a good grade. If you give me a failing grade I'm ruined.21
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AP Language term list #10 Flashcards

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8204369055SemanticsThe branch of linguistics that studies the meanings of words, their historical and psychological development, their connotations, and their relation to one another0
8204375910SynestesiaWhen one kind of sensory stimulus the subjective experience of another. Ex: The sight of the red ants makes you itchy. In literature, __________ refers to the practice of associating two or more different senses in te same image. Red Hot Chili Pepper's song title,"Taste the Pain" is an example1
8204381730AssertionsAssertions are opinions stated as facts—the basis of all arguments. Assertions are always arguable. Another word for an assertion that controls an argument is claim."America has long had a love affair with violence and guns"(x). Canada begins his book by claiming, or asserting that an important part of America's experience has been their love of violence and guns2
8204385515Speaker's Stancea "stance" is a position, where you stand on an issue. You might, for example, disagree with Bush's stance on Iraq and believe instead that we should withdraw our troops. That belief, then, would be your stance.3
8204389318Rebuttal / Refutationan opposing argument; a contradiction. To prove an argument wrong4
8204395618Doublespeaklanguage used to distort and manipulate rather than to communicate. "Not doing so well" instead of very sick or injured5
8204398132EthnocentricThe belief in the inherent superiority of one's own group and culture.6
8204400963Jargonrefers to a specialized language providing a shorthand method of quick communication between people in the same field. The basis of assessment for Schedule D Case I and II, other than commencement and cessation, is what is termed a previous year basis. (legal jargon)7
8204403903Lending CredenceIn arguing her point, a writer or speaker should always give the opponent some credit for his / her ideas.8
8204413277Epanalepsisnoun, rhetoric, a repetition of a word or a phrase with intervening words setting off the repetition, sometimes occurring with a phrase used both at the beginning and end of a sentence, as in Only the poor really know what it is to suffer; only the poor.9
8204424423ProcatalepsisProcatalepsis is a figure of speech which is also known as prebuttal or prolepsis in which the speaker or writer gives response to the objection of an opponent in his speech by repeating his objection. It could also be that he responds to his own objection in order to strengthen his argument by using counterarguments. Once the speakers bring attention to a possible rebuttal, they immediately refute or discredit it, for the fear that people may get confused. "I know what you're going to say...'That if they look at it properly they'll see that it wasn't our fault. But will they look at it properly? Of course they won't. You know what cats they are...", "I can think of no one objection that will possibly be raised against this proposal, unless it should be urged that the number of people will be thereby much lessened in the kingdom. This I freely own, and it was indeed the principal design in offering it to the world."10
8204427565MetabasisA transition or change from one subject to another. Consists of a brief statement of what has been said and what will follow. It might be called a linking, running, or transitional summary, whose function is to keep the discussion ordered and clear in its progress: ex. Now that I have made this catalogue of swindles and perversions, let me give another example of the kind of writing that they lead to. --George Orwell11
8204431926Scesis OnomatonFigure of repetition in which a set of two or more different words having the same (or very nearly the same) meaning occurs within the same sentence; a successive series of words or phrases whose meanings are generally equivalent. "America is all about opportunity. That's why my parents came to America more than 40 years ago. And that's why most of your parents came here generations ago in search of an opportunity, a chance, a fair shake.12
8204436892AporiaAn expression of insincere doubt. When the writer or speaker pretends, briefly, not to know a key piece of information or not to understand a key connection. After raising this doubt, the author will either respond to the doubt, or leave it open in a suggestive or "hinting" manner. When an aporia is phrased in the form of a question, it's called a rhetorical question. "You see, we believe that 'We're all in this together' is a far better philosophy than 'You're on your own.' So who's right?" We all know that he believes the Democratic philosophy is better, and he goes on to make his argument for that position. The aporia is a way of setting up the argument.13
8204441478Catachresisa figure of speech in which writers use mixed metaphors in an inappropriate way to create rhetorical effect. Often, it is used intentionally to create a unique expression. Catachresis is also known as an exaggerated comparison between two ideas or objects. "Tis deepest winter in Lord Timon's purse; that is, one may reach deep enough, and find little", "A man that studies revenge keeps his own wounds green...."14
8204448859Eponyma name of a legend or real person that writers associate with some other person, object, institution or thing. Simply, we can define it as a famous person whose name is given to someone else, such as Homer has derived the name of ancient epic "The Odyssey" from a major character, Odysseus. Saxophone was given the name of Sax, a surname of family from Belgium, which was skilled at making musical instruments.15
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