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Snow-Day AP Language Literary Terms, AP Language terms Flashcards

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8543806873Cumulative (Loose) Sentencebegins with a main clause that is followed by phrases and/or clauses that modify the main clause. These phrases or clauses add information to the main or independent clause.0
8543806874Periodic Sentencea sentence that, by leaving the completion of its main clause to the end, produces an effect of suspense.1
8543806875Litotes/Understatementa figure of speech in which a negative statement is used to affirm a positive statement.2
8543806876Warrantexpresses the assumption necessarily shared by the speaker and the audience.3
8543806877Ethosan appeal to ethics and it is a means of convincing someone of the character or credibility of the persuader.4
8543806878Pathosan appeal to emotion, and is a way of convincing an audience of an argument by creating an emotional response.5
8543806879Logosan appeal to logic, and is a way of persuading an audience by reason.6
8543806880Concessionan acknowledgement that an opposing argument may be true or reasonable.7
8543806881SyllogismA logical structure that uses the major premise and minor premise to reach a necessary conclusion.8
8543806882Major premisecontains the term that is the predicate of the conclusion.9
8543806883Minor premisecontains the term that is the subject of the conclusion.10
8543806884Inductiona logical process wherein you reason from particulars to universal, using specific cases in order to draw a conclusion, which is also called a generalization.11
8543806885Deductiona logical process wherein you reach a conclusion by starting with a general principle or universal truth (a major premise).12
8543806886Equivocationa fallacy of argument in which a lie is given the appearance of truth, or in which the truth is misrepresented in deceptive language.13
8543806887Refutationa denial of the validity of an opposing argument.14
8543806888Dictiona speaker's choice of words. Analysis of diction looks at these choices and what they add to the speaker's message.15
8543806889Similea figure of speech used to explain or clarify an idea by comparing it explicitly to something else, using words like, as, or as though.16
8543806890Metaphorfigure of speech that compares two unlike things without using like or as.17
8543806891Anaphorathe intentional repetition of beginning clauses in order to create an artistic effect.18
8543806892Rhetoricit is the art of finding ways of persuading an audience.19
8543806893Rhetorical Trianglespeaker-subject-audience20
8543806894Allusionbrief reference to a person, event, or place (real or fictitious) to to a work of art.21
8543806895Hyperboledeliberate exaggeration used for emphasis or to produce a comic or ironic effect; an overstatement to make a point.22
8543806896Personificationattribution of a lifelike quality to an inanimate object or an idea.23
8543806897Asyndetonomission of conjunctions between coordinate phrases, clauses, or words.24
8543806898Polysyndetonthe deliberate use of multiple conjunctions between coordinate phrases, clauses or words.25
8543806899Parallelismsimilarity of structure in a pair or series of related words, phrases, or clauses.26
8543806900Antithesisopposition, or contrast or ideas or words in a parallel construction.27
8543806901Enumerationto mention separately as if in counting; name one by one; specify, as in list28
8543806902Rhetorical QuestionFigure of speech in the form of a question posed for the rhetorical effect rather than for the purpose of getting an answer. Ex.) Are you stupid?29
8543806903Chiasmusthe reversal in the order of words in two otherwise parallel phrases. Ex.) He went to the country, the country went to him.30
8543806904RebuttalIn the Toulon model, a rebuttal gives voice to possible objections.31
8543806905Fallacy of Argumenta flaw in the structure of an argument that renders its conclusion invalid or suspect.32
8543806906Bandwagon Appeala fallacy of argument in which a course of action is recommended on the grounds that everyone else is following it.33
8543806907Begging the Questiona fallacy of argument in which a claim is based on the very grounds that are in doubt or dispute.34
8543806908Anecdotea brief story used to illustrate a point or claim.35
8543806909Modes of DisclosureExposition- illustrates a point Narration- tells a story Description- creates a sensory image Argumentation- takes a position on an issue and defends it.36
8543806910Examplea specific event, person, or detail of an idea cited and/or developed to support or illustrate a thesis or topic.37
8543806911Contrast/ Comparisona method of presenting similarities and differences between or among at least two persons, places, things, ideas, etc. may be organized by: Subject by subject Point by point Combination38
8543806912Cause and Effectestablishes a relationship: B is the result of A.39
8543806913Classificationseparates items into major categories and details the characteristics of each group is placed within the category.40
8543806914Processsimply "how to" do something is done. It can have one of two purposes. It can either give instructions or inform the reader about how something is done.41
8543806915Definitionidentifies the class to which a specific term belongs and those characteristics which make it different from all the other items in that class.42
8543806916Narrationis nothing more than storytelling. There is a beginning, a middle, and an end.43
8543806917Descriptionwriting that appeals to the senses. It can be objective, which is scientific or clinical, or it can be impressionistic, which tries to involve the reader's emotions or feelings.44
8543806918Dogmatism`a fallacy of argument in which a claim is supported on the grounds that it's the only conclusion acceptable within a given community.45
8543806919False Dilemma or Dichotomya fallacy of argument in which a complicated issue is misrepresented as offering only two possible alternatives, one of which is often made to seem vastly preferable to the other.46
8543806920False authoritya fallacy of argument in which a claim is based on the expertise of someone who lacks appropriate credentials.47
8543806921Faulty causalitya fallacy of argument making the unwarranted assumption that because one event follows another, the first event causes the second. Also called post hoc, ergo propter hoc, this forms the basis of many superstitions.48
8543806922Hasty generalizationa fallacy of argument in which an inference is drawn from insufficient data.49
8543806923Non sequitora fallacy of argument in which claims, reasons, or warrants fail to connect logically; one point doesn't follow from another.50
8543806924AllegoryThe device of using character and/or story elements symbolically to represent an abstraction in addition to the literal meaning. A story in which each aspect of the story has a symbolic meaning outside the tale itself.51
8543806925AlliterationThe repetition of sounds, especially initial consonant sounds in two or more neighboring words (as in "she sells sea shells").52
8543806926AllusionA direct or indirect reference to something which is presumably commonly known, such as an event, book, myth, place, or work of art.53
8543806927AmbiguityThe multiple meanings, either intentional or unintentional, of a word, phrase, sentence, or passage.54
8543806928AnalogyA similarity or comparison between two different things or the relationship between them.55
8543806929AntecedentThe word, phrase, or clause referred to by a pronoun.56
8543806930Antithesisthe opposition or contrast of ideas; the direct opposite.57
8543806931AphorismA terse statement of known authorship which expresses a general truth or a moral principle. (If the authorship is unknown, the statement is generally considered to be a folk proverb.)58
8543806932ApostropheA prayer like figure of speech that directly addresses an absent or imaginary person or a personified abstraction, such as liberty or love. It is an address to someone or something that cannot answer.59
8543806933AtmosphereThe emotional nod created by the entirety of a literary work, established partly by the setting and partly by the author's choice of objects that are described.60
8543806934Caricaturea verbal description, the purpose of which is to exaggerate or distort, for comic effect, a person's distinctive physical features or other characteristics.61
8543806935ClauseA grammatical unit that contains both a subject and a verb.62
8543806936Colloquial/ColloquialismThe use of slang or informalities in speech or writing.63
8543806937Literary ConceitA fanciful expression, usually in the form of an extended metaphor or surprising analogy between seemingly dissimilar objects; displays intellectual cleverness through unusual comparisons that make good sense64
8543806938ConnotationThe non-literal, associative meaning of a word; the implied, suggested meaning.65
8543806939DenotationThe strict, literal, dictionary definition of a word, devoid of any emotion, attitude, or color.66
8543806940DictionRelated to style, diction refers to the writer's word choices, especially with regard to their correctness, clearness, or effectiveness.67
8543806941DidacticFrom the Greek, didactic literally means "teaching."68
8543806942EuphemismFrom the Greek for "good speech," euphemisms are a more agreeable or less offensive substitute for a generally unpleasant word or concept - POLITICALLY CORRECT69
8543806943Extended MetaphorA metaphor developed at great length, occurring frequently in or throughout a work.70
8543806944Figurative LanguageWriting or speech that is not intended to carry literal meaning and is usually meant to be imaginative and vivid71
8543806945Figure of speechA device used to produce figurative language. Many compare dissimilar things. Figures of speech include apotrophe hyperbole irony metaphor oxymoron paradox personification simile syneddoche understatement72
8543806946GenreThe major category into which a literary work fits. The basic divisions of literature are prose, poetry, and drama.73
8543806947HomilyThis term literally means "sermon," but more informally, it can include any serious talk, speech, or lecture involving moral or spiritual advice.74
8543806948HyperboleA figure of speech using deliberate exaggeration or overstatement. (The literal Greek meaning is "overshoot.")75
8543806949ImageryThe sensory details or figurative language used to describe, arouse emotion, or represent abstractions.76
8543806950Inference/inferTo draw a reasonable conclusion from the information presented.77
8543806951Invectivean emotionally violent, verbal denunciation or attack using strong, abusive language.78
8543806952Irony/ironicThe contrast between what is stated explicitly and what is really meant, or the difference between what appears to be and what is actually true.79
8543806953Loose sentence/non-periodic sentenceA type of sentence in which the main idea (independent clause) comes first, followed by dependent grammatical units such as phrases and clauses.80
8543806954MetaphorA figure of speech using implied comparison of seemingly unlike things or the substitution of one for the other, suggesting some similarity.81
8543806955MetonymyA figure of speech in which the name of one object is substituted for that of another closely associated with it.82
8543806956MoodThe prevailing atmosphere or emotional aura of a work.83
8543806957NarrativeThe telling of a story or an account of an event or series of events.84
8543806958onomatopoeiaA figure of speech in which natural sounds are imitated in the sounds of words.85
8543806959OxymoronOxymoron is a figure of speech wherein the author groups apparently contradictory terms to suggest a paradox.86
8543806960ParadoxA statement that appears to be self-contradictory or opposed to common sense but upon closer inspection contains some degree of truth or validity.87
8543806961Parallelismthe use of successive verbal constructions in poetry or prose that correspond in grammatical structure, sound, meter, meaning, etc.88
8543806962ParodyA work that closely imitates the style or content of another with the specific aim of comic effect and/or ridicule.89
8543806963PedanticAn adjective that describes words, phrases, or general tone that is overly scholarly, academic, or bookish (language that might be described as "show-offy"; using big words for the sake of using big words).90
8543806964Periodic sentenceThe opposite of loose sentence, a sentence that presents its central meaning in a main clause at the end.91
8543806965PersonificationA figure of speech in which the author presents or describes concepts, animals, or inanimate objects by endowing them with human attributes or emotions.92
8543806966Point of viewIn literature, the perspective from which a story is told.93
8543806967Prosewritten or spoken language in its ordinary form, without metrical structure.94
8543806968RepetitionThe duplication, either exact or approximate, of any element of language, such as a sound, word, phrase, clause, sentence, or grammatical pattern.95
8543806969RhetoricFrom the Greek for "orator," this term describes the principles governing the art of writing effectively, eloquently, and persuasively.96
8543806970SarcasmInvolves bitter, caustic language that is meant to hurt or ridicule someone or something.97
8543806971SatireA work that targets human vices and follies or social institutions and conventions for reform or ridicule.98
8543806972Subordinate clauseLike all clauses, this word group contains both a subject and a verb (plus any accompanying phrases or modifiers), but unlike the independent clause, this clause cannot stand alone; it does not express a complete thought.99
8543806973SyllogismA deductive system of formal logic that presents two premises (the first one called "major" and the second called "minor") that inevitably lead to a sound conclusion.100
8543806974Symbol/symbolismGenerally, anything that represents itself and stands for something else.101
8543806975SyntaxThe way an author chooses to join words into phrases, clauses, and sentences.102
8543806976ThemeThe central idea or message of a work, the insight it offers into life.103
8543806977ThesisThe sentence or group of sentences that directly expresses the author's opinion, purpose, meaning, or position.104
8543806978ToneDescribes the author's attitude toward his material, the audience, or both.105
8543806979TransitionA word or phrase that links different ideas. Used especially, although not exclusively, in expository and argumentative writing, effectively signal a shift from one idea to another.106
8543806980Understatementthe ironic minimalizing of fact; presents something as less significant than it is.107
8543806981Witin modern usage, intellectually amusing language that surprises and delights.108
8543806982Slippery SlopeThis is the failure to provide evidence to support a claim that one event will lead to a catastrophic chain of events.109
8543806983straw manWhen a writer argues against a claim that nobody actually holds or is universally considered weak.110
8543806984EthosAn appeal to credibility. The writer is seeking to convince you that he or she has the background, history, skills, and/or expertise to speak on the issue.111
8543806985JuxtapositionMaking on idea more dramatic by placing it next to its opposite.112
8543806986LogosAn appeal to reason.113
8543806987PathosAn appeal to emotion.114
8543806988Rhetorical QuestionA question whose answer is assumed.115
8543806989SimileA critical figure of speech in an argument when what is unknown is compared to something that is known using the word "like," "as," or "than" in order to better perceive its importance.116
8543806990rhetorical appealthe persuasive devices by which a writer tries to sway an audience's attention and response to any given work. See logos, ethos, and pathos.117
8543806991descriptive detailWhen an essay uses this phrase, look for the writer's sensory description.118
8543806992devicesThe figures of speech, syntax, diction, and other stylistic elements that collectively produce a particular artistic effect.119
8543806993narrative devicesThis term describes the tools of the storyteller (also used in nonfiction), such as ordering events so that they build to a climactic moment or withholding information until a crucial or appropriate moment when revealing it creates a desired effect. On the essay portion of the exam, this term may also apply to biographical and autobiographical writing.120
8543806994narrative techniquesThe style of telling the "story," even if the passage is nonfiction. Concentrate on the order of events and on their detail in evaluating a writer's technique.121
8543806995Ad hominem argumentAn argument attacking an individual's character rather than his or her position on an issue122
8543806996AnaphoraFigure of repetition that occurs when the first word or set of words in one sentence, clause, or phrase is/are repeated at or very near the beginning of successive sentences, clauses, or phrases; repetition of the initial words over successive phrases or clauses123
8543806997AnecdoteA brief story that illustrates or makes a point124
8543806998Appeal to authorityA fallacy in which a speaker or writer seeks to persuade not by giving evidence but by appealing to the respect people have for a famous person or institution.125
8543806999Argumentationone of the four forms of discourse which uses logic, ethics, and emotional appeals (logos, ethos, pathos) to develop an effective means to convince the reader to think or act in a certain way.126
8543807000AssonanceRepetition of a vowel sound within two or more words in close proximity127
8543807001AsyndetonA series of words separated by commas (with no conjunction).128
8543807002toneA speaker's, author's, or character's disposition toward or opinion of a subject.129
8543807003audienceOne's listener or readership; those to whom a speech or piece of writing is addressed.130
8543807004Balanced sentenceA sentence in which words, phrases, or clauses are set off against each other to emphasize a contrast131
8543807005Begging the questionOften called circular reasoning, __ occurs when the believability of the evidence depends on the believability of the claim.132
8543807006understatement"I have to have this operation. It isn't very serious. I have this tiny little tumor on the brain." Holden Caulfield, Catcher in the Rye133
8543807007parallelism"My fellow Americans, ask not what your country can do for you, ask what you can do for your country." John F. Kennedy134
8543807008allusionThe rise in poverty will unlock the Pandora's box of crimes.135
8543807009hyperbole"I'll love you, dear, I'll love you/Till China and Africa meet,/And the river jumps over the mountain"136
8543807010aphorism"Having nothing, nothing can he lose."137
8543807011metonymy"Friends, Romans, countrymen, lend me your ears." Shakespeare's Julius Caesar, Act I138
8543807012invective"I cannot but conclude the bulk of your natives to be the most pernicious race of little odious vermin that nature ever suffered to crawl upon the surface of the earth." Jonathan Swift Gulliver's Travels139
8543807013antithesis"To err is human; to forgive divine." Alexander Pope "An Essay on Criticism"140
8543807014euphemism"I am one, sir, that comes to tell you your daughter and the Moor are now making the beast with two backs." William Shakespeare Othello141
8543807015periodic sentenceIn spite of heavy snow and cold temperatures, the game continued.142
8543807016paradox"Whatever you do will be insignificant, but it is very important that you do it." -Gandhi143
8543807017alliteration"His soul swooned slowly as he heard the snow falling faintly through the universe and faintly falling, like the descent of their last end, upon all the living and the dead."144
8543807018chiasmus"he heard the snow falling faintly through the universe and faintly falling"145
8543807019oxymoron"Yet I should kill thee with much cherishing. / Good night, good night! Parting is such sweet sorrow, / That I shall say good night till it be morrow."146
8543807020personification"Pearl Button swung on the little gate in front of the House of Boxes. It was the early afternoon of a sunshiny day with little winds playing hide-and-seek in it."147
8543807021onomatopoeia"He saw nothing and heard nothing but he could feel his heart pounding and then he heard the clack on stone and the leaping, dropping clicks of a small rock falling."148
8543807022inverted syntax"Patience you must have, my young padawan."149
8543807023spatial description"In my pantry, coffee, tea powder, and sugar have been kept in the top shelf. Flour, canned food, and dry pasta are on the second shelf."150
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AP Language: Last Minute Review Flashcards

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9942219893rhetoricAristotle defined this term as "the faculty of observing in any given case the available means of persuasion." In other words, it is the art of finding ways of persuading an audience.0
9942219894speakerThe person or group who creates the text. This might mean a politician who delivers a speech, a commentator who writes an article, an artist who draws a political cartoon, or a company that commissions an advertisement.1
9942219895subjectThe topic of a text. What the text is about.2
9942219896occassionThe time and place a speech is given or a piece of writing.3
9942219897audienceThe listener, viewer, or reader of a text. Most texts are likely to have multiple audiences.4
9942219898purposeThe goal the speaker wants to achieve.5
9942219899styleThe choices in diction, tone, and syntax that a writer makes. Style may be conscious or unconscious.6
9942219900logosGreek for "embodied thought." Speakers appeal to logos, or reason, by offering clear, rational ideas and using specific details, examples, facts, statistics, or expert testimony to back them up.7
9942219901ethosGreek for "character." Speakers appeal to ethos to demonstrate that they are credible and trustworthy to speak on a given topic. Ethos is established by both who you are and what you say.8
9942219902rhetorical appealsRhetorical techniques used to persuade an audience by emphasizing what they find most important or compelling. The three major appeals are to ethos (character), logos (reason), and pathos (emotion).9
9942219903pathosGreek for "suffering" or "experience." Speakers appeal to pathos to emotionally motivate their audience. More specific appeals to pathos might play on the audience's values, desires, and hopes, on one hand, or fears and prejudices, on the other.10
9942219904toneA speaker's attitude toward a subject as conveyed by the speaker's stylistic and rhetorical choices.11
9942282021Aphorisma brief, cleverly worded statement that makes a wise observation about life; a pithy truth.12
9942292314Colloquialisman expression that is usually only accepted in informal situations and certain locations; slang.13
9942310611syntaxthe grammatical relationship of words to each other14
9942347800imagerylanguage that appeals to the senses15
9942383138Argumentclaim and evidence16
9942385246Rhetorical AnalysisThe systematic breakdown of an argument17
9942409419Argument EssayAn organized response using claim and evidence18
9942568688Intellectual CapitalMy thoughts and experiences used to navigate academic situations19
9942682528SynthesisA blended argument based on what "they say."20
9942746717zeugmaa figure of speech in which a word applies to two others in different senses (e.g., John and his license expired last week ) or to two others of which it semantically suits only one (e.g., with weeping eyes and hearts ).21
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AP Human Geography: Language Flashcards

Language

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8160368660DialectA regional variation of a language distinguished by vocabulary, spelling, and pronunciation, particular to a specific region or social group.0
8160368663IsoglossA geographic boundary line delimiting the area in which a given linguistic feature occurs.1
8160368668Language FamilyA collection of languages related to each other through a common ancestor long before recorded history. The trunk of the language tree, from which language branches come from.2
8160368669Indo European language familyLargest language family that includes English and most other languages in the Western Hemisphere. Also used in South and Southwest Asia. Includes the Germanic branch, Indo-Iranian branch, Balto-Slavic branch, and Romance branch.3
8160368671Lingua FrancaA Language mutually understood and commonly used in trade by people who have different native languages (currently English worldwide).4
8160368673MonolingualA country in which only one language is spoken (i.e. Japan, Korea)5
8160368675MultilingualA country in which more than one language is in use (India, Nigeria, Belgium, Switzerland)6
8160368676Official LanguageThe language adopted for use by the government for the conduct of business and publication of documents, a language that is given special legal status.7
8160368678Pidgin LanguageA Form of speech that adopts a simplified grammar and limited vocabulary of a lingua franca, used for communications among speakers of two different languages.8
8160368679Standard LanguageThe specific form of a language used for official government business, education, and mass communications.9
8160368680ToponymThe name of a place, often reflecting that place's history and culture.10
8160368682CreoleA language that results from the mixing of a colonizer's language with the indigenous language of the people being dominated. Developed out of an earlier pidgin stage.11
8160368689Romance BranchA language branch of the Indo-European Language Family. This branch includes languages that evolved from Latin (the language of the Romans). The 5 main languages include: Spanish, Portuguese, French, Italian, and Romanian.12
8160368700conquest theoryProposed by Marija Gimbutas, this theory argues the Proto-Indo-European language diffused by military conquest as nomadic herders on horseback (Kurgans) invaded west from the Asian Steppe ( border between Russia and Kazakhstan) around 4300 B.C in search of grasslands.13
8160368701Renfrew TheoryProposed by Colin renfrew, this theory argues the Proto-Indo-European language diffused by way of agriculktural practices from Anatolia (Turkey) in 6300 BC.14
8160368703Language DivergenceWhen a lack of spatial interaction (isolation) among speakers of a language breaks the language into dialects and then new languages.15
8160368704Language ConvergenceWhen peoples with different languages have consistent spatial interaction and their languages collapse into one (i.e. pidgin and creole).16
8160368705Backward ReconstructionWhen linguists track sound shifts and the hardening of consonants backward to reveal an "original" language.17
8164139772mutual intelligibilityrelationship between languages or dialects in which speakers of different but related varieties can readily understand each other18
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AP Language and Composition Tone Flashcards

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5751922545Abstractideas or concepts (no physical reference)0
5751925038attitude (emotion)feeling toward a particular thing or person; state of mind1
5751928145coherencecongruity; consistence; state of logical order, clarity or structure2
5751929927concreteidentifies things perceive through the senses3
5751931155detailitems or parts that make up a larger picture or story4
5751932718dictionauthor's word choice5
5751934014digressionstraying from the main topic; to go aside often done intentionally in order to provide an example or reveal a related idea6
5751936710imagerythe sensory details of a work; the figurative language of a work7
5751938401ironya figure of speech in which intent and actual meaning differ8
5751940330phrasingFlow of language, pauses junctures and stops; sense of movement9
5751942124perspectivethe angle or direction an author uses to write about a certain subject10
5751943500purposethe reason an author decides to write about a certain topic11
5751944887Registerpart of a range; level of diction12
5751946085satireLiterary works in which irony and derision are used to expose wickedness of folly13
5751947495stylethe writer's voice as revealed through rhetorical strategies14
5751950300syntaxthe structure of sentences; the arrangement of words in a sentence15
5751953159tonethe manner in which an author expresses his or her attitude. The intonation of the voice that expresses meaning16
5751957435structurethe arrangement of material within a work; the relationship of the parts of the work to the whole; logical division of a work17
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AP Psychology - THINKING & LANGUAGE Flashcards

Thinking Problem Solving Creativity and Language

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8887049452cognitionall the mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, remembering, and communicating.0
8887049453Concepta mental grouping of similar objects, events, ideas, or people1
8887049454Prototypea standard or typical example (Is that a computer screen that BENDS?!)2
8887049455algorithma precise rule (or set of rules) specifying how to solve some problem3
8887049456Heuristica commonsense rule (or set of rules) intended to increase the probability of solving some problem4
8887049457InsightA cognitive form of learning involving the mental rearragnment or restructuring of the elements in a problem to achieve an understanding or the problem and arrive at a solution5
8887049458Creativitythe ability to produce novel and valuable ideas6
8887049459Confirmation biasa tendency to search for information that confirms one's preconceptions7
8887049460fixationthe inability to see a problem from a new perspective, by employing a different mental set8
8887049461Mental Seta tendency to approach a problem in a particular way, often a way that has been successful in the past9
8887049462Functional fixednessthe tendency to think of things only in terms of their usual functions; an impediment to problem solving (Is a shoe just a shoe?)10
8887049463Representative heuristicjudging the likelihood of things in terms of how well they seem to represent, or match, particular prototypes; may lead one to ignore other relevent information11
8887049464Availability heuristicestimating the likelihood of events based on their availability in memory; if instances come readily to mind, we presume such events are common12
8887049465Overconfidencetotal certainty or greater certainty than circumstances warrant13
8887049466Belief Perseveranceclinging to one's initial conceptions after the basis on which they were formed has been discredited14
8887049467Intuitioninstinctive knowing (without the use of rational processes)15
8887049468Framingthe way an issue is posed16
8887049469Languagespoken, written or signed words, and the ways we use them to communicate.17
8887049470Phoneme(linguistics) the smallest distinctive unit of sound18
8887049471Morphemesmallest meaningful language unit19
8887049472Grammara system of linguistic rules that enables communication20
8887049473Semanticsthe study of language meaning21
8887049474Syntaxthe rules for grammatical arrangement of words in sentences22
8887049475Babbling Stagebeginning at about 4 months, the stage of speech development in which the infant spontaneously utters various sounds at first unrelated to the household lanuage.23
8887049476One-word Stagethe stage in speech development, from about age 1 to 2, during which a child speaks mostly in single words24
8887049477Two-word stagebeginning about age 2, the stage in speech development during which a child speaks mostly two-word statements25
8887049478Telegraphic speechearly speech stage in which a child speaks like a telegram--'go car'--using mostly nouns and verbs and omitting 'auxiliary' words26
8887049479Linguistic determinismWhorf's hypothesis that language determines the way we think27
8887049480Noam ChomskyAmerican linguist whose theory of generative grammar argued that language and grammar are innate, that we have a language acquisition device built in.28
8887049481B.F Skinnerpioneer of operant conditioning who believed that language development is determined by our past history of rewards and punishments29
8887049482Benjamin WhorfLinguist who theorized the concept of "liguistic determinism" or how language impacts thought30
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AP Psychology: Thinking and Language Flashcards

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7804150182prototypea mental image or best example of a category0
7804150183algorithma methodical, logical rule or procedure that guarantees solving a particular problem1
7804150184heuristica simple thinking strategy that often allows us to make judgments and solve problems efficiently2
7804150185insighta sudden and often novel realization of the solution to a problems3
7804150186confirmation biasa tendency to search for information that confirms one's preconceptions4
7804150187fixationthe inability to see a problem from a new perspective; an impediment to problem solving5
7804150188functional fixednessthe tendency to think of things only in terms of their usual functions; an impediment to problem solving6
7804150189representative heuristicjudging the likelihood of things in terms of how well they seem to represent particular prototypes7
7804150190availability heuristicestimating the likelihood of events based on their availability in memory8
7804150191overconfidencethe tendency to be more confident than correct--to overestimate the accuracy of one's beliefs and judgments9
7804150192framingthe way an issue is posed10
7804150193belief perseverance phenomenonclinging to one's initial conceptions after the basis on which they were formed has been discredited11
7804150194language acquisition deviceChomsky- we are all born with a language acquisition device; a biological tendency to learn language12
7804150195linguistic determinismWhorf's hypothesis that language determines the way we think13
7804150196Phoneme vs. morphenePhonemes are the basic sounds (40 in English language) whereas morphemes are the smallest units of language14
7804150197Semantics vs. syntaxsyntax is the grammar of language whereas semantics are the meaning of the syntax used15
7804150198Mental Setframework for thinking about a problem. It can be shaped by habit or by desire16
7804150199Subordinate vs. Superordinate Conceptssuperordinate concepts are the most general way to classify something whereas subordinate are the most specific concepts17
7804150200Deep vs. Surface Structuredeep structure is s an abstract level of structural organization in which all the elements determining structural interpretation are represented whereas surface structure is the form of sentences resulted from modification/ transformation18
7804150201deep structurean abstract level of structural organization in which all the elements determining structural interpretation are represented19
7804150202surface structurethe form of sentences resulted from modification/ transformation20
7804150203superordinate conceptsthe most general way to classify something21
7804150204subordinate conceptsthe most specific concepts22
7804150205syntaxthe grammar of language23
7804150206semanticsthe meaning of the syntax used24
7804150207Phonemesthe basic sounds (40 in English language) whereas25
7804150208morphemesthe smallest units of language26
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AP Language: Review Set 3 Flashcards

Terms : Hide Images
6470180182ArchaicLanguage that is outdated, no longer commonly used.0
6470180183BombasticLanguage that sounds arrogant, like you're trying to impress someone.1
6470180185CulturedEducated, polished, refined, sophisticated language.2
6470180186DetachedLanguage that is unemotional, distant.3
6470180187EsotericLanguage that has hidden meanings; private, secret, confidential.4
6470180188EuphemisticLanguage that is used to politely talk about something that is usually really offensive.5
6470180189HomespunLanguage that is plain, unsophisticated; the way an "Average Joe" would speak.6
6470180190IdiomaticUsing many idioms, which are sort of unusual expressions or sayings in a particular language (like "It's raining cats and dogs").7
6470180191InsipidLanguage that is dull and uninteresting.8
6470180193MoralisticLanguage that tries to teach morals or right/wrong; writing that preaches a sort of message about life.9
6470180194ObscureLanguage that has hidden meanings that are difficult to understand.10
6470180195ObtuseLanguage that lacks intelligence or significant meaning; dull writing.11
6470180196PedanticLanguage that is overly concerned with little details and sounding really academic; language in which a person is trying to show off.12
6470180197PretentiousWriting that exaggerates how smart a person is; when a person is trying to sound superior and brilliant.13
6470180198SensuousWriting that appeals to the senses, especially writing that creates a sexual or seductive mood/tone.14
6470180199TriteLanguage that is worn out, full of cliches; language that doesn't really say anything important.15
6470180200VulgarLanguage that is offensive.16
6470180201AmbiguousUnclear; could be interpreted more than one way.17
6470180202AmbivalentUndecided; having both positive and negative feelings towards something.18
6470180203AntagonisticExtremely unfriendly; almost verbally attacking another person.19
6470180204ApatheticShowing no emotion or concern.20
6470180205ApologeticSorry or regretful21
6470180206ApprehensiveFearful, uneasy, worried that something bad might happen.22
6470180207AudaciousReally bold or daring; shocking23
6470180208BelligerentEager to fight or argue24
6470180209BenevolentKind25
6470180210BluntInsensitive; saying something "like it is" without caring whether you offend someone.26
6470180211BriskQuick, energetic27
6470180212CandidTo be honest, open, outspoken.28
6470180213CelebratoryFull of desire to celebrate/party about something that is joyful.29
6470180214ClinicalUnemotional scientific30
6470180215CondescendingTo talk "down" to someone, like that person is beneath you or of less quality.31
6470180216ContemptuousTo be full of hatred towards someone.32
6470180217DiabolicalHaving the qualities of the devil33
6470180218DidacticTeaching, instructive34
6470180219EarnestFull of seriousness, effort, and focus35
6470180220FacetiousJoking around, usually at inappropriate times; being sarcastic.36
6470180221FancifulImaginary, unreal37
6470180222GhoulishGhost-like, but even more grotesque or monstrous.38
6470180223GiddyTo be light-headed or dizzy with joy.39
6470180225HaughtyArrogant; proud; looking down on people.40
6470180226ImpartialNot taking sides41
6470180227IrreverentDisrespectful; especially being disrespectful towards something that is holy.42
6470180228MournfulFull of sadness and grief.43
6470180229PatronizingTo talk down to someone; to treat a person almost if he/she is your child.44
6470180230PoignantSomething that "moves you" emotionally.45
6470180231SentimentalRemembering the past; placing special attachment on certain times, things.46
6470180232SkepticalTo be doubtful; to think something is probably not true.47
6470180233SolemnSerious, quiet, respectful.48
6470180234SomberSerious, dark, depressing.49
6470180235StridentHarsh, loud, irritating.50
6470180237UnderstatedTo lessen the importance of something.51
6470180238VexedTo be extremely bothered or irritated.52
6470180239WistfulTo fondly remember the past.53
6470180240ZealousTo be eager, passionate, almost obsessed.54
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AP Language Vocab Rapier Set Flashcards

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9117923841RapierQuick and incisive. A sharp-pointed sword used for thrusting.0
9117923842AcuitySharpness or keenness of thought, vision, or hearing.1
9117927537RuminateThink deeply about something.2
9117928341SycophantAttempting to win favor from influential people by flattery; A servile self-seeking flatterer.3
9117932357NuanceA subtle difference in or shade of meaning, expression, or sound.4
9117932358RecidivateTo return to a previous pattern of behavior; relapse; return; deteriorate; degenerate5
9117936673PotentateOne who has the power and position to rule over others. A monarch or ruler; despot; autocrat6
9117936674NascentRecently coming into existence and beginning to display signs of future potential. Not yet fully developed; emerging7
9117941892SurreptitiousKept secret, particularly because it would not be approved of.8
9117941893PeevishEasily irritated, particularly by unimportant things.9
9117944569MisogynousOf or characterized by a hatred of women; sexist10
9117944570LudditeA person opposed to increased industrialization or new technology, and is often someone who is incompetent when using new technology.11
9117949316ConflateCombine two or more texts, ideas, etc. into one.12
9117954759MachinateEngage in plots and intrigues; scheming13
9117954760UtenableNot able to be maintained or defended against attack or objection; illogical; unsound14
9117958121EpiceneHaving characteristics of both sexes or no characteristics of either sex; of indeterminate sex.15
9117958122BoorishResembling or characteristic of a boor; rude and clumsy in behavior.16
9117960305PenitentFeeling or showing sorrow and regret for having done wrong; repentant; abject; atoning17
9117962578MellifluousSweet or musical; pleasant to hear.18
9117967009PeripateticTraveling from place to place, esp. working or based in various places for relatively short periods.19
9117967010CanardA false or unfounded rumor or story.20
9117971866PeckishIll-tempered; irritable21
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AP Language Vocabulary 126-150 Flashcards

Terms : Hide Images
8575614458girth(n.) circumference, size, bulk; band or girdle (v.) to encircle0
8575626521mettlecourage, fortitude; disposition, temperament1
8575632252supplicateto entreat; to petition humbly2
8575634373feint(n). a movement made to deceive an adversary; an assumed or feigned appearance (v). to simulate3
8575638494haplessunlucky, luckless, unfortunate4
8575656409fetidnoisome, malodorous, rank; injurious to health, noxious5
8575661527rank(1) growing with luxuriousness; (2) having an offensive odor6
8575666469solicitudeattitude of deep concern, solicitousness7
8575668375floridreddish, ruddy, rosy; flowery, ornate8
8575670916dolorousfull of or causing pain; grievous or mournful9
8575673042incontinentuncontrolled, lacking in moderation, unceasing or unrestrained; unable to control bodily functions10
8575674933concupiscencelust, sexual desire11
8575677039indigenousnative; innate, inherent12
8575679718profligateutterly immoral; recklessly prodigal or extravagant13
8575690954prodigalwastefully extravagant; profligate14
8575693390apexhighest point; vertex, summit15
8575695190nadirlowest point; point of greatest adversity or despair16
8575706838exhortto urge, advise or caution earnestly; to give urgent advice to17
8575708599schismaticof or pertaining to disunion; one who advocates schism or disunion18
8575710969chasma gorge, a gap, or a wide divergence of opinion19
8575710972unalloyedunadulterated, pure20
8575720213boon(n). blessing, benefit; a favor sought (adj.) jolly, jovial—" a boon companion"21
8575723371salutarywholesome, healthful22
8575725121pulverizeto reduce to dust or powder; to demolish23
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AP Language Rhetorical Modes and Logical fallacies- List #4 Flashcards

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7819378790Ad Hominem FallacyAn argumentative strategy that attacks the character or motive of a speaker or writer. http://www.nizkor.org/features/fallacies/ad-hominem.html0
7819378791Ad Populum/Bandwagon FallacyThese fallacies offer as support for an argument the fact that many people already support it. http://www.nizkor.org/features/fallacies/bandwagon.html1
7819378792allegoryA story in which each aspect of the story has a symbolic meaning outside the tale itself. The Crucible is an allegory of McCarthyism2
7819378793Begging the Question/Circular Reasoning FallacyThis fallacy occurs when you state your claim and then, usually after rewording it, you state it again as your reason. http://www.nizkor.org/features/fallacies/begging-the-question.html3
7819378794Cause/EffectThis rhetorical mode describes events and identifies or implies causal relationship to other events, people, etc.4
7819378795Compare/ContrastThis rhetorical mode describes similarities or differences between ideas, objects, places or events.5
7819378796DefinitionThis rhetorical mode introduces a subject then provides a classification of the subject. Description -- This rhetorical mode explains a topic, usually with considerable detail.6
7819378797DivisionThis rhetorical mode takes a subject and analyzes its parts.7
7819378798False Dilemma FallacyWhen only two solutions are provided for a problem, even though more than two solutions exist. http://www.nizkor.org/features/fallacies/false-dilemma.html8
7819378799Hasty Generalization FallacyA narrow conclusion based on just one or a few instances. http://www.nizkor.org/features/fallacies/hasty-generalization.html9
7819378800NarrationThis rhetorical mode tells a story, usually based on personal experience.10
7819378801PersuasiveThis rhetorical mode attempts to convince the reader to do or believe something by making a strong claim and providing evidence for it.11
7819378802Red HerringAn argument that distracts the reader by raising issues irrelevant to the case. It is like being given too many suspects in a murder mystery. http://www.nizkor.org/features/fallacies/red-herring.html12
7819378803Post hoc(false cause) causal relationship exists simply because one event follows another in time"I had a chicken sandwich last night and then I couldn't sleep. It must have been something in the chicken sandwich that kept me up!" http://www.nizkor.org/features/fallacies/post-hoc.html13
7819378804Slippery Slope FallacyA logical fallacy that is employed when a speaker attests that some event must clearly occur as a result of another event without showing any proof that the second event is caused by the first. "If you don't study, you will certainly fail your test, and then you will flunk out of school and become a homeless person." http://www.nizkor.org/features/fallacies/slippery-slope.html14
7819408881Logical fallaciescommon errors in reasoning that will undermine the logic of an argument. Fallacies can be either illegitimate arguments or irrelevant points, and are often identified because they lack evidence that supports their claim15
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