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AP Language Tone List #3 Flashcards

5224072601	acrimonious	angry and bitter	0
5224074364	apprehensive	uneasy or fearful about something that might happen	1
5224074365	bristling	taking on an aggressive attitude or appearance	2
5224076492	contemptuous	showing or expressing contempt or disdain; scornful	3
5224078600	cowering	shrinking away or crouching from something in fear	4
5224080484	cynical	believing that people are motivated by self-interest; distrustful of human sincerity or integrity	5
5224082131	despondent	feeling or showing extreme discouragement, dejection, or depression; having lost all hope	6
5224083745	deterministic	believing in predestination; accepting that social or psychological phenomena are caused by preceding events or natural laws	7
5224088656	irascible	marked by hot temper and easily provoked anger	8
5224090104	maudlin	weakly and effusively sentimental	9
5224093566	petulant	insolent or rude in speech or behavior; displaying capricious ill humor; peevish	10
5224095300	rapturous	being carried away by overwhelming emotion; feeling ecstasy or intense passion	11
5224097655	self-deprecating	modest about or critical of oneself, especially humorously so	12
5224100181	upbraiding	criticizing severely; finding fault with; reproaching severely; scolding vehemently	13
5224101531	whimsical	playfully quaint or fanciful, especially in an appealing and amusing way	14

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AP Language Rhetoric and Argument 1-25 Flashcards

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7195111348	rhetoric	The art of using language effectively and persuasively	0
7195111349	rhetorical strategy	the organizational structure(s) of a piece; examples include cause & effect, compare & contrast, process analysis, chronological, etc	1
7195111350	rhetorical techniques	how the author chooses to develop the piece through tone, diction, syntax, organization, and point of view	2
7195111351	rhetorical devices	the tools and mechanisms a writer employs; four main categories are addition, subtraction, substitution, transposition	3
7195111352	modes of discourse	narration, description, argument, exposition	4
7195111353	genre	a major category or type of literature; most believe there are three categories (others will sub-divide further)	5
7195111354	poetry	also known as verse; one of the three major genres of literature	6
7195111355	prose	the ordinary form of spoken or written language, one of the three major genres of literature, does not have a regular rhythmic pattern	7
7195111356	drama	A work of literature designed to be performed in front of an audience, one of the three major genres of literature	8
7195111357	style	the mode of expression in language; the characteristic manner of expression of an author. Many elements contribute to it; most notably, diction and syntax.	9
7195111358	voice	the writer's distinctive use of language in a story	10
7195111359	speaker	the person or voice who narrates	11
7195111360	occasion	An aspect of context; the time & place as well as the cause or reason for writing/speaking	12
7195111361	audience	the intended listener or reader	13
7195111362	purpose	the reason behind the text (inform, entertain, argue, etc)	14
7195111363	subject	main idea and topic (or both) of a text	15
7195111364	tone	the attitude a speaker or writer takes towards the subject of their writing; conveyed through connotation, figurative language, sound devices, etc	16
7195111365	attitude	the writer's position regarding the subject of their writing; this is revealed through tone	17
7195111366	atmosphere/mood	the emotive response elicited in the reader	18
7195111367	Aristotle's appeals	three ways to gain the audience's support of one's ideas: logos, ethos, pathos	19
7195111368	logos	an appeal to logic	20
7195111369	pathos	an appeal to emotions	21
7195111370	ethos	an appeal to author's credibility	22
7195111371	denotation	the strict, literal, dictionary definition of a word or phrase devoid of emotion, attitude or color	23
7195111372	connotation	the implications of a word or phrase as well as its exact meaning	24

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AP Psychology: Memory, Cognition and Language Flashcards

Memory, Cognition, and Language

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9118598267	Information Processing System of Memory	-encoding -storage -retrieval -computer analogy	0
9118598268	encoding	forming a memory code	1
9118598269	storage	maintaining encoded memories over time	2
9118598270	retrieval	recovering info from memory stores	3
9118598271	computer analogy	Information Processing System of Memory - human information processing may be similar to the sequence of steps of and operations in a computer program - similar to the flow of information from input to output when a computer processes information	4
9118598272	Three-Stage Model/Theory of Memory (Atkinson and Shiffrin)	1. sensory memory -iconic -echoic 2. short term/working memory (maintenance rehearsal) 3. long term memory	5
9118598273	sensory memory	a split second holding tank for incoming sensory information (all the information your senses are processing right now is held in sensory memory for a very short period of time - less than a second)	6
9118598274	iconic memory	a split second perfect photograph of a scene (1/4 to 1/2 second)	7
9118598275	echoic memory	an equally perfect brief (2-4 second) memory for sounds	8
9118598276	short-term memory (working memory)	-around 20 seconds -capacity: 7 (+ or - 2) (chunking improves capacity) -encoded memory -we encode what we think is important to us (selective attention)	9
9118598277	long-term memory	-permanent storage (duration) -no limit (capacity) -potential lifetime -Episodic Memory -Semantic Memory -Procedural Memory -Classical Conditioned Responses	10
9118598278	Automatic Processing	-space -place -time of day	11
9118598279	Effortful Processing (elaborative rehearsal)	-rehearsal -spacing -context, connections, and meaning -self-reference -mnemonics -chunking -visual imagery	12
9118598280	rehearsal	-a way to retain information (repeat it) -e.g. when you look up a phone number and repeat it to yourself on the way to the phone, you are rehearsing the information	13
9118598281	spacing	the tendency for distributed study or practice to yield better long-term retention than is achieved through cramming -daily reading and review	14
9118598282	context, connections, and meaning	thinking about the context, connections, and meaning of something you are trying to remember can help you to retain that information	15
9118598283	self-reference	the tendency to better remember information relevant to ourselves; makes new information personally relevant by relating it to existing information	16
9118598284	mnemonics	-mnemonic devices -e.g. "My Very Educated Mother Just Served Us Nachos" to remember the planets or "RICE" for injuries	17
9118598285	chunking	a way to expand short term memory capacity -e.g. remember grocery list items into groups	18
9118598286	visual imagery	process of forming mental pictures of objects or ideas; can be used to help retain information -class example: the half of the class that thought about the image of the sentence remembered the information better -method of Loci	19
9118598287	Levels of Processing Theory	an alternate way to think about memory that states memories are not short term or long term, but rather deeply processed (elaborately) or shallowly processed (maintenance) -visual encoding -acoustic encoding -semantic encoding	20
9118598288	visual encoding	encoding of picture images	21
9118598289	acoustic encoding	encoding of sound, especially the sound of words	22
9118598290	semantic encoding	encoding of meaning, including the meaning of words	23
9118598291	Types of long term memories	explicit memories (declarative) - hippocampus -semantic -episodic implicit memories (non-declarative) - cerebellum -procedural -classically conditioned or emotional responses	24
9118598292	Semantic memory	-general knowledge of the world -stored as facts, meanings, or categories rather than sequentially -e.g. "what is the difference between the terms effect and affect?" -"I know that..."	25
9118598293	Episodic memory	-memories of specific events, stored in sequential series of events -e.g. remembering the last time you went on vacation -"I remember when..."	26
9118598294	Procedural memory	-memories of skills and how to perform them -memories are sequential but might be very complicated to describe in words -e.g. how to throw a curveball	27
9118598295	Alzheimer's	loses explicit memories (semantic and episodic) and can't form new ones either	28
9118598296	Clive Wearing	man with anterograde amnesia and retrograde amnesia-has short term memory, but not able to process it to long term memory. Memory problem caused by infection of the brain which created alot of damage, completely destroyed his hypocampus, uses diary to remind him of what he did/thought, can still play piano perfectly though(procedural memory good, cerebellum unaffected)	29
9118598297	Memory construction	-associative model/semantic network model of memory --memory consists of mental clusters of interconnected information -spreading activation	30
9118598298	spreading activation	activating one memory triggers the activation of related memories	31
9118598299	misinformation effect	incorporating misleading information into one's memory of an event	32
9118598300	imagination inflation	completely false memories may be confabulated through imagination alone	33
9118598301	flashbulb memories	a clear memory of an emotionally significant moment or event, may be distorted -class example: when Mrs. Mathers met her future husband for the first time	34
9118598302	eidetic imagery	a form of memory, often called photographic memory, which consists of especially vivid visual recollections of material	35
9118598303	Ebbinghaus Forgetting Curve	retention quickly drops after time, then levels out	36
9118598304	Retrieval and Recognition	-the last step in any memory model -getting information out of memory so we can use it	37
9118598305	retrieval failure	Stored information cannot be accessed, which leads to forgetting.	38
9118598306	motivated forgetting	unknowingly revising history	39
9118598307	recognition	the process of matching a current event or fact with one already in memory -"have i smelled this before?"	40
9118598308	Repression	the basic defense mechanism that banishes from consciousness, anxiety- arousing thoughts, feelings and memories. Failure in retrieval.	41
9118598309	Source Amnesia	Attributing to the wrong source and even we have experienced, heard about, or imagined	42
9118598310	recall	retrieving a memory with an external cue -"what does my perfume smell like?"	43
9118598311	Serial Position Effect	-seen when recall of a list is affected by the order of items in a list -items in the middle are most often forgotten -made up of: primary effect and recency effect	44
9118598312	primary effect	predicts that we are more likely to recall items presented at the beginning of a list	45
9118598313	recency effect	our ability to recall the items at the end of a list	46
9118598314	retroactive interference	-backward acting -when new information makes it harder to recall something you learned earlier -"if you study your psychology at 3:00 and your sociology at 6:00, you might have trouble recalling the psychology information on a test the next day	47
9118598315	proactive interference	-forward acting -when something you learned earlier disrupts your recall of something you experience later -"if a researcher reads you a list of items in a certain order, then rereads them differently and asks you to list them the new order, the old list proactively interferes with recall of the new list"	48
9118598316	Encoding Specificity Principle	the idea that a retrieval cue can serve as an effective reminder when it helps re-create the specific way in which information was initially encoded -state dependent memory -mood congruent memory -context effects	49
9118598317	state dependent memory	refers to the phenomenon of recalling events encoded while in particular states of consciousness -if you suddenly remember an appointment while you are drowsy and about to go to sleep, you will need to write it down. very possible will you not remember it again until you are drowsy and in that same state of consciousness	50
9118598318	mood congruent memory	the greater likelihood of recalling an item when our mood matched the mood we were in when the event happened -we are likely to recall happy events when we are happy and recall negative events when we are feeling pessimistic	51
9118598319	context effects	memory is aided by being in the physical location where encoding took place	52
9118598320	tip of the tongue experience	you know that you know it but you can't access the memory	53
9118598321	Long-term potentiation and consolidation	-strengthening of a neural pathway as a result of repeated simulation - leads to consolidation -changes in the number of synapses as dendrites branch out as memories become fixed and stable	54
9118598322	brain structures	-hippocampus: consolidation of new memories (explicit) -amygdala: emotional memories -cerebellum: procedural memories, classical conditioned -cerebral cortex: semantic, episodic, and procedural	55
9118598323	memory trace - engram	a change in the brain that stores a memory	56
9118598324	concepts	-similar to the schemata -we each have cognitive rules we apply to stimuli from our environment that allow us to categorize and think about the objects, people, and ideas we encounter -our concept of mom is different than our concept of dad, which is different from our concept of a soccer game -base concepts on prototypes	57
9118598325	prototypes	what we think is the most typical example of a particular concept	58
9118598326	divergent thinking	thinking that searches for multiple possible answers to a question -more closely associated with creativity	59
9118598327	convergent thinking	thinking pointed toward one solution	60
9118598328	problem solving methods	-algorithms -heuristics	61
9118598329	trial and error	the process of experimenting with various methods of doing something until one finds the most successful	62
9118598330	algorithms	a rule that guarantees the right solution by using a formula or other fool proof method -if you are trying to guess a computer password and you know it is a combination of only two letters, you could use an algorithm and guess pairs of letters combination until you hit the right one (if the combination is 5 letters, it gets harder and possibly impractical)	63
9118598331	heuristics in problem solving	-"rule of thumb" - a rule that is generally, but not always, true that we can use to make a judgement in a situation -if you are trying to guess that same password, you might begin by guessing actual 5 letter words rather than random combinations of letters - the password might be a meaningless combination of letters but you know that passwords are most often actual words	64
9118598332	incubation and insight	sudden awareness after period of incubation	65
9118598333	fixation	the inability to see a problem from a new perspective, by employing a different mental set	66
9118598334	mental set	the tendency to fall into established thought patterns	67
9118598335	functional fixedness	the inability to see a new use for an object	68
9118598336	making decisions and forming judgements	-confirmation bias -belief perseverance -overconfidence -framing -representative heuristic -availability heuristic	69
9118598337	confirmation bias	we tend to look for evidence that confirms our beliefs and ignore evidence that contradicts what we think is true	70
9118598338	belief perseverance	refers to our tendency to maintain a belief even after the evidence we used to form the belief is contradicted	71
9118598339	overconfidence	our tendency to overestimate how accurate our judgements are	72
9118598340	framing	the way a problem is presented -presentation can drastically change the way we view a problem or an issue	73
9118598341	representative heuristic	judging a situation based on how similar the aspects are to prototypes the person holds in his or her mind -e.g. a person might judge a young person more likely to commit suicide because of a prototype of the depressed adolescent when, in fact, suicide rates are not higher in younger populations	74
9118598342	availability heuristic	judging a situation based on examples of similar situations that come to mind initially -this heuristic might lead to incorrect conclusions due to variability in personal experience -e.g. a person may judge his or her neighborhood to be more dangerous that others in the city simply because that person is more familiar with violence in his or her neighborhood than in other neighborhoods	75
9118598343	Storage Decay	Even after encoding something well, we may forget it later.	76
9118598344	Encoding Failure	When we cannot remember the info we processed	77
9118598345	properties of language	Symbolic representation of things, concepts, and ideas, can be words or gestures. Words are arbitary pairings between sounds, symbols and meaning.	78
9118598346	phonemes	Smallest speech unit that can be perceived - 100 sounds in human language	79
9118598347	morphemes	Smallest units of meaning includes root words, prefixes, suffixes ex: un friend ly Each part changes the menaing of the word	80
9118598348	syntax	System of rules that specify arrangement of words in sentences (noun and verb phrases)	81
9118598349	semantics	Set of rules used to derive meaning from morphemes, words and sentences (adding 'ed' to laugh makes it past tense).	82
9118598350	language development	-Babbling -One-word -Two-word -Telegraphic speech	83
9118598351	babbling	Begins at about 4 months . The infant spontaneously utters various sounds at first unrelated to the household language	84
9118598352	one-word	Age 1-2 a child speaks mostly in single words	85
9118598353	two-word	Age 2 < a child speaks mostly two word sentences	86
9118598354	telegraphic speech	A child speaks like a telegram using mostly nouns and verbs ex: go car, give doll	87
9118598355	overgeneralization	overgeneralizing the 'ed' at the end of a word	88
9118598356	Lenenbergs' Critical Age Theory	-Critical period for language acquisition is approx. 2 to puberty -Post adolescent language is difficult because of lateralization (2 sides of brain develop specialized functions)	89
9118598357	Whorf-Sapir Linguistic Relativity Theory (linguistic determinism)	Language determines the way we think	90
9118598358	Nativist Theory	Humans have inborn or "native" propensity for language (Noam Chomsky)	91
9118598359	Language Acquisition Device (LAD)	Innate mechanism or process that facilitates the learning of language (just like to sit or walk- if allowed to develop normally)	92
9118598360	Behaviorist Theory of language development - Skinner: Operant Learning	We can explain language development with similar learning principles such as association, imitation and reinforcement	93

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Logical Fallacies AP English Language Flashcards

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8027332965	Ad Hominem	Directed against a person rather than the position they are maintaining: "you're wrong because you're a jerk."	0
8027332966	Argument from Authority	The argument tends to agree with assumptions because someone in a position of power said it or agreed with it: "they must know what they're talking about because they have a PhD"; watch out for argument from authority with celebrities, specifically.	1
8027332967	Appeal to Ignorance	Based on the assumption that if it has not been proved, it is true: "I can't prove there isn't a Lockness monster, so there must be one."	2
8027332969	Hasty Generalization	A faulty conclusion is reached because of inadequate evidence: "smoking isn't bad for you; my great aunt smoked a pack a day and lived to 90."	3
8027332974	Straw Man	Occurs when a speaker chooses a deliberately poor or oversimplified example in order to ridicule and refute an idea: "Politician X wants to put men on Mars. Politician Y ridicules him by accusing him of putting "little green men in outer space."	4
8027332976	Red Herring	Attempts to shift the attention away from an important topic of discussion to another topic that has nothing to do with the original discussion.	5
8027332978	Bandwagon Appeal	When evidence boils down to "everybody's doing it, so it must be a good thing to do."	6
8027332980	Either/or or False Dilemma	The speaker presents two extreme options as the only possible choices: "Either we agree to higher taxes, or our grandchildren will be in extreme debt for the rest of their lives."	7
8027332981	Faulty Analogy	An analogy that compares two incomparable things: "we put animals who are in irreversible pain out of their misery, so we should do the same for humans."	8
8027488708	Post Hoc Ergo Propter Hoc	Latin for "after which therefore because of which," meaning it is incorrect to always claim that something is a cause just because it happened earlier: "Thanks, Obama."	9

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AP Language Vocab Flashcards

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7198142870	incredulity	the state of being unwilling or unable to believe something, disbelief	0
7198147303	epoch	period of time	1
7204116496	ubiquity	the state of being everywhere all the time	2
7204117983	mimicry	imitation or copying, especially of expression and gesture	3
7204118714	perambulate	wander through	4
7204119328	maddeningly	Infuriating or expasperated, annoyingly	5
7222341107	duplicitous	Deliberately deceptive in behavior or speech	6
7222341728	laypersons	(n) person not a member of specific profession (laymen's terms)	7
7222343535	euphemism	An indirect, less offensive way of saying something that is considered unpleasant	8
7222344479	metonymy	substituting the name of one object for another object closely associated with it	9
7222346584	litotes	a type of understatement in which an idea is expressed by negating its opposite	10
7222347386	synecdoche	A figure of speech in which a part is substituted for the whole.	11
7268017045	anaphora	the repetition of a word or phrase at the beginning of successive clauses example: "I remember the time I broke my arm. I remember my mother's face. I remember the way my father felt."	12
7268020312	anadiplosis	repetition of the last word of one clause at the beginning of the next clause example: "I'm in AP Lang. AP Lang is the reason for my near mental breakdown."	13
7268022439	polysyndeton	the use, for rhetorical effect, of more conjunctions than is necessary or natural the effect is a rambling or overwhelmed effect example: lists; "I have to wake up and shower and get fressed and leave for school"	14
7268024092	asyndeton	consists of omitting conjunctions between words, phrases, or clauses effect to make list seem endless example: "I came, I saw, I conquered"	15
7268027009	epanalepsis	Figure of emphasis beginning and ending a phrase or clause with the same word or words. example: "Nothing is worse than doing nothing."	16
7268032846	parallelism	repeating a grammatical structure example: "My face is washed, my hair is combed and my teeth are brushed"	17
7268035257	parenthesis	Word phrase or sentence inserted into the middle of another sentence; can use dashes, appositives, parenthesis	18
7268037673	anastrophe	the inversion of the usual order of words or clauses example: "Lazy, I am not" think of Yoda	19
7268039084	epistrophe	a stylistic device that can be defined as the repetition of phrases or words at the end of the clauses or sentences.	20
7315751685	26. exposition	provides important background information and introduces the characters beginning pf story (introducing events, settings, and personas)	21
7315766496	27. climax	the point of highest interest in a literary work, emohasizing the importance of an event or subject Greek word "ladder"	22
7315782261	28. denouement	outcome; unraveling of the plot of a play or work of literature the resolution to an issue, problem, series of event with closure and/or solution Greek word "untie"	23
7315794587	29. atmosphere	emotional response from the reader	24
7315800871	30. ideology	the set of ideas and beliefs of a group or political party	25
7315822294	31. homily	a sermon, or a moralistic lecture offering moral or religious correction	26
7315827596	32. irony	the use of words to convey a meaning that is the opposite of its literal meaning verbal: speaking in such a way as to imply the contrary to what one means	27
7315833773	41. allusion	a reference to a well-known person, place, event, literary work, or work of art	28
7324829911	surreptitiously	secretly	29
7324833032	elicit	to bring out	30
7324837798	bombastic	using inflated language, pompous	31
7324840490	obsequious	excessively submissive or overly attentive	32
7324845354	cumulative sentence	sentence that places the main idea at the beginning, and then builds upon it	33
7324849939	inverted sentence	the subject follows the verb	34
7324852028	periodic sentence	sentence whose main clause is withheld until the end	35
7582926683	9. example	A thing characteristic of its kind or illustrating a general rule	36
7582947432	10. compare/contrast	to draw similarities and/or differences between two subjects take unlike things, make similar take similar things, point out differences	37
7582958607	11. classification	the process of grouping things based on similarities	38
7582978333	47. juxtaposition	Placement of two things closely together to emphasize comparisons or contrasts	39
7822709343	37. ethos	how the author established credibility with an audience, established a set of values/beliefs that relate	40
7822734902	38. pathos	author appeals to emotionally motivate audience	41
7822749291	39. logos	author appeals to reason or logic by offering clear rational ideas with fact	42
7823002447	59. rhetorical question	a question asked merely for rhetorical effect and not requiring an answer	43
7823004839	60. parallelism	similarity of structure in a pair or series of related words, phrases, or clauses	44
7823008104	61. antithesis	a person or thing that is the direct opposite of someone or something else	45
7836027947	62. repitition	Saying or doing something over and over again for a specific effect (NOT TO "DRILL THE IDEA INTO THE READER'S HEAD").	46
7836032826	63. alliteration	Words close by to one another that begin with the same consonant sound to quicken the pace or establish rhythm or adopt a specific tone or appeal to a particular emotion. "Sally sells seashells by the seashore." "Let us go forth to lead the land we love." -- JFK	47
7836048388	64. onomatopoeia	Word imitating sound, usually to describe with sound imagery that shocks/startles the audience, or conveys the speaker's experience/authority with the subject matter.	48
7907525838	apologia	a formal written defense of one's opinions or conduct	49
7907529020	treatise	a methodically and thoroughly written discussion of a topic	50
7907531862	diatribe	abusive criticism	51
7907534260	homily	sermon; tedious moralizing lecture	52
7907536189	elegy	a sorrowful poem or speech	53
7907543038	metonymy	a figure of speech that substitutes a word with a different but closely associated word	54
7907546523	synechdoche	Uses a part to explain a whole or a whole to explain a part. ex. Lend me an ear.	55
7907560064	ubiquity	everywhere	56
7907567666	provincialism	a narrow, limited, and self-interested view of the world	57

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AP HUG vocabulary language Flashcards

Language vocab

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8693670739	Accent	A distinctive mode of pronunciation of a language, especially one associated with a particular nation, locality, or social class.	0
8693670740	Dialect	A particular form of a language that is particular to a specific region or social group.	1
8693670741	Esperanto	An artificial language devised in 1887 as an international medium of communication, based on roots from the chief European languages.	2
8693670742	Extinct Language	An extinct language is a language that no longer has any speakers, or that is no longer in current use.	3
8693670743	Ideogram	A written character symbolizing the idea of a thing without indicating the sounds used to say it. An Example: 6 (six)	4
8693670744	Isogloss	A geographic boundary line delimiting the area in which a given linguistic feature occurs.	5
8693670745	Isolated Language	a natural language with no demonstrable genealogical (or "genetic") relationship with other languages; that is, one that has not been demonstrated to descend from an ancestor common with any other language. i.e A language family with only one language.	6
8693670746	Language Branch	A Subsection of a Language Family. i.e The Romance "-------" of the Indo-European language family.	7
8693670747	Language	The method of human communication, either spoken or written, consisting of the use of words in a structured and conventional way.	8
8693670748	Language Group	A Collection of languages within a branch that share a common origin in the relatively recent past and display relatively few differences in grammar and vocabulary.	9
8693670749	Language Family	A collection of languages related to each other through a common ancestor long before recorded history	10
8693670750	Indo European language family	Largest language family that includes English and most other languages in the Western Hemisphere. Also used in South and Southwest Asia.	11
8693670751	Sino-Tibetan Language Family	2nd largest language family. Includes Madarin, Thai, Cantonese and Burmese	12
8693670752	Lingua Franca	A Language mutually understood and commonly used in trade by people who have different native languages	13
8693670753	Literary Tradition	A Language that is written as well as spoken	14
8693670754	Monolingual	The condition of being able to speak only a single language	15
8693670755	Bilingual	The ability to speak two languages	16
8693670756	Multilingual	The ability to speak multiple languages	17
8693670757	Official Language	The language adopted for use by the government for the conduct of business and publication of documents.	18
8693670758	Orthography	The conventional spelling system of a language.	19
8693670759	Pidgin Language	A Form of speech that adopts a simplified grammar and limited vocabulary of a lingua franca, used for communications among speakers of two different languages.	20
8693670760	Standard Language	The form of a language used for official government business, education, and mass communications.	21
8693670761	Toponym	a place name or a word derived from the name of a place	22
8693670762	Trade Language	A language, especially a pidgin, used by speakers of different native languages for communication in commercial trade.	23
8693670763	Vernacular	Using a language or dialect native to a region or country rather than a literary, cultured, or foreign language. It is usually the language of the common people.	24
8693670764	Creole	a mother tongue formed from the contact of two languages through an earlier pidgin stage	25
8693670765	Denglish	The term is used in all German-speaking countries to refer to the increasingly strong influx of macaronic (slang) English or pseudo-English vocabulary into German.	26
8693670766	Franglais	a form of French using many words and idioms borrowed from English.	27
8693670767	Ebonics	American black English regarded as a language in its own right rather than as a dialect of standard English	28
8693670768	Spanglish	a hybrid language combining words and idioms from both Spanish and English, especially Spanish speech that uses many English words and expressions.	29

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AP Language Literary Phrases (Purple) Flashcards

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8949994892	epigraph	is a phrase, quotation, or poem that is set at the beginning of a document or book (remember Fitzgerald's epigraph at the beginning of Gatsby)	0
8950005597	epitaph	a short text honoring a deceased person, often inscribed on a tombstone	1
8975874778	persona	a charcter assumed by an author in a written work	2
8975883020	cliche	an overused phrase, expression, or element of a work	3
9060173995	anachronism	a chronological misplacing of persons, events, objects, or customs in regard to each other	4
9060184501	Antihero or antiheroine	a protagonist who lacks the attributes that make a heroic figure, as nobility of mind and spirit, a life or attitude marked by action or purpose, and the like	5
9201978386	polysyndeton	repetition of conjunctions in close succession (as in we have ships and men and money)	6
9201985028	asyndeton	omission of the conjunctions that ordinarily join coordinate words or clauses (as in "I came, I saw, I conquered")	7
9227210411	invective	Abusive language: discourse that casts blame on somebody or something	8
9227225503	paean	A song or expression of joy or praise	9
9262778583	anaphora	a form of parallel structure in which there is repetition of a word or expression at the beginning of successive phrases, clauses, or sentences ex) "we cannot dedicate - we cannot consecrate - we cannot hallow - this ground" Abraham Lincoln	10
9287849230	euphony	Agreeable sound, especially in the phonetic quality of words ex) The majesty euphony of Milton's poetry	11
9287855714	cacophony	A harsh, discordant mixture of sounds ex) A cacophony of deafening alarm bells"; a cacophony of architectural styles	12
9321742370	claim	the overall thesis the writer will argue for	13
9321744900	Warrant	Explanation of why or how the data supports the claim, the underlying assumption that connects your data to your claim	14
9349737115	zeugma	(also known as syllepsis) the use of a word to modify or govern two or more words usually in such a manner that it applies to each in a different sense (as in "opened the door and her heart to the homeless boy")	15

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AP Spanish Language and Culture Flashcards

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9893880283	a causa de	because of	0
9893880284	actualmente	presently	1
9893880285	ahora mismo	right now	2
9893880286	al considerar	upon consideration of	3
9893880287	a mi perecer	in my opinion	4
9893880288	a pesar de todo	in spite of everything	5
9893880289	claro	of course	6
9893880290	como	since	7
9893880291	de ninguna manera	by no means	8
9893880292	do todos modos	at any rate	9
9893880293	en cuanto a	regarding	10
9893880294	en vista de que	considering that	11
9893880295	hace poco	a short while ago	12
9893880296	hasta la fecha	until now	13
9893880297	hay que tomar en cuenta que	one must realize that	14
9893880298	hoy día	nowadays	15
9893880299	lo esencial es	what is essential is	16
9893880300	lo que importa es	what matters is	17
9893880301	sin duda	without a doubt	18
9893880302	sobre todo	above all	19
9893880303	además (de)	in addition	20
9893880304	a la misma vez	at the same time	21
9893880305	asimismo	likewise	22
9893880306	con respecto a	with respect to	23
9893880307	conforme a	according to	24
9893880308	constar que	to make know that	25
9893880309	de ahora en adelante	from now on	26
9893880310	el hecho	in fact	27
9893880311	el caso es	the fact is	28
9893880312	el hecho de que	the fact that	29
9893880313	es decir que	that is to say	30
9893880314	específicamente	specifically	31
9893880315	igualmente	equally	32
9893880316	las razones por las que	the reasons for which	33
9893880317	mientras tantos	in the meantime	34
9893880318	mientras	meanwhile	35
9893880319	o sea	that is to say	36
9893880320	para continuar	to continue	37
9893880321	para ejemplificar	to exemplify	38
9893880322	para ilustrar	to illustrate	39
9893880323	por añadidura	besides	40
9893880324	por eso	therefore	41
9893880325	principalmente	firstly	42
9893880326	para emezar	to begin	43
9893880327	al principio	at the beginning	44
9893880328	a partir de	beginning with	45
9893880329	como punto de partida	as a starting point	46
9893880330	en primer lugar	in the first place	47
9893880331	al contrario de	in contrast to	48
9893880332	abmos	both	49
9893880333	a pesar de que	despite	50
9893880334	aunque	although	51
9893880335	como	given that	52
9893880336	de la misma manera	in the same way	53
9893880337	de lo contrario	otherwise	54
9893880338	de otro modo	on the other hand	55
9893880339	en vez de	instead of	56
9893880340	es cada vez más	it is increasingly...	57
9893880341	no obstante	nevertheless	58
9893880342	por la mayor parte	for the most part	59
9893880343	por motivo que	for the reason that	60
9893880344	por un lado	on one hand	61
9893880345	sin embargo	however	62
9893880346	sino	but	63
9893880347	sino que	but rather	64
9893880348	tanto mejor	even better	65
9893880349	Ante esto	In light of this	66
9893880350	Al parecer	Seemingly	67
9893880351	Al considerar	Upon consideration of	68
9893880352	Así que	Thus	69
9893880353	Como consecuencia	As a consequence	70
9893880354	Como resultado	As a result of	71
9893880355	Debido a	Because of	72
9893880356	De manera que	So that	73
9893880357	En todo caso	In any case	74
9893880358	Por consiguiente	Consequently	75
9893880359	Por ese motivo	For this reason	76
9893880360	Por lo tanto	Hence	77
9893880361	Puesto que	As	78
9893880362	Resulta a	It turns out that	79
9893880363	Se debe tomar en cuenta	One must take into account	80
9893880364	Sigue que	It follows that	81
9893880365	Ya que	Now that	82
9893880366	A fin de cuentas	In the end	83
9893880367	Al fin	At last	84
9893880368	Al fin y al cabo	When all is said and done	85
9893880369	Ante todo	First of all	86
9893880370	De lo anterior, se ve que	From the above, it is clear that	87
9893880371	De todas formas	Anyway	88
9893880372	De todo esto se deduce que	From the above, we can deduce that	89
9893880373	De todos modos	At any rate	90
9893880374	En breve	Briefly	91
9893880375	En definitiva	Definitely	92
9893880376	En fin	In short	93
9893880377	En resumen	In summary	94
9893880378	En resumidas cuentas	In short	95
9893880379	En todo caso	In any case	96
9893880380	Finalmente	Finally	97
9893880381	Lo esencial es	What is essential is	98
9893880382	Mejor dicho	Rather	99
9893880383	Para terminar	To end	100
9893880384	Por último	Lastly	101
9893880385	Por siguiente	Thus	102
9893880386	Cordialmente	Cordially	103
9893880387	Estimida/o	Dear (formal)	104
9893880388	Querida/querido	Dear (informal)	105

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AP Language 1-15 (no sentences) Flashcards

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6572215380	dogmatic	expressing opinions forcefully, as if they were fact:	0
6572215381	hypocrisy	pretending to be what one is not or to believe what one does not; behavior that contradicts what one claims to believe or feel:	1
6572215382	orthodox	beliefs that conform to what is generally or traditionally accepted as right or true; not independent-minded:	2
6572215383	vindicate	to clear someone of blame or suspicion:	3
6572215384	disdain	a feeling of contempt for someone or something regarded as unworthy or inferior:	4
6572215385	cryptic	having a hidden or ambiguous meaning:	5
6572215386	flagrant	obviously offensive; so inconsistent with what is right or proper as to appear to be a flouting of law or morality:	6
6572215387	superfluous	exceeding what is sufficient or necessary: extra:	7
6572215388	auspicious	showing or suggesting that future success is likely:	8
6572215389	benevolent	well meaning and kindly:	9
6572215390	beguile	to charm or enchant someone, sometimes in a deceptive way.	10
6572215391	circumvent	to find a way around an obstacle, problem, difficulty (typically in a clever and surreptitious way).	11
6572215392	propaganda	information, especially of a biased or misleading nature, used to promote or publicize a particular political cause or point of view.	12
6572215393	expedient	a means of attaining an end, especially one that is convenient but considered improper or immoral.	13
6572215394	meticulous	showing great attention to detail; very careful and precise.	14
6572215395	euphemism	a mild or indirect word or expression substituted for one considered to be too harsh or blunt when referring to something unpleasant or embarrassing.	15
6572215396	schism	a split or division between strongly opposed sections or parties, caused by differences in opinion or belief.	16
6572215397	puritanical	practicing or affecting strict religious or moral behavior.	17
6572215398	nefarious	wicked or criminal (typically referring to an action or activity).	18
6572215399	penitent	feeling or showing sorrow and regret for having done wrong.	19
6572215400	assertion	a confident and forceful statement of fact or belief:	20
6572215401	biased	unfairly prejudiced for or against someone or something:	21
6572215402	convoluted	extremely complex and difficult to follow:	22
6572215403	integral	forming a necessary part of something;	23
6572215404	condescending	behaving as though you think you are better, more intelligent, or more important than other people:	24
6572215405	embellish	to make (a statement or story) more interesting or entertaining by adding extra details, especially ones that are not true:	25
6572215406	contemporary	occurring in the present or at the same time:	26
6572215407	transient	lasting only for a short time; impermanent (can refer to people, often homeless):	27
6572215408	proliferate	to increase rapidly in numbers:	28
6572215409	wary	feeling or showing caution about possible dangers or problems:	29
6572215410	ubiquitous	being or seeming to be everywhere at the same time; omnipresent.	30
6572215411	banal	so lacking in originality as to be obvious and boring:	31
6572215412	platitude	a remark or statement (especially of a moral nature) that has been used too often to be interesting or thoughtful:	32
6572215413	delude	to impose a misleading belief upon someone; to deceive; to fool:	33
6572215414	cliché	a phrase or opinion that is overused and demonstrates a lack of original thought:	34
6572215415	surreptitious	kept secret, especially because it would not be approved of:	35
6572215416	apathy	lack of interest, enthusiasm, or concern:	36
6572215417	inconsequential	not important or significant:	37
6572215418	tenuous	very weak, uncertain, insecure:	38
6572215419	malleable	able to be shaped, formed, controlled, influenced:	39
6572215420	eloquent	able to express your ideas and opinions well, especially in a way that influences people:	40
6572215421	lucid	expressed in a way that is clear and easy to understand:	41
6572215422	alienate	to do something that makes someone unfriendly or unwilling to support you:	42
6572215423	obscure	not well known and usually not very important; difficult to understand:	43
6572215424	listless	feeling tired and not interested in things:	44
6572215425	disparity	a great difference:	45
6572215426	ostentatious	characterized by vulgar or pretentious display; designed to impress or attract attention:	46
6572215427	pretentious	attempting to impress by faking greater importance, talent, culture, etc., than is actually possessed:	47
6572215428	astute	having or showing an ability to accurately assess situations or people and turn this to one's advantage:	48
6572215429	fabricate	to invent a story, piece of information etc. in order to deceive:	49
6572215430	subjective	(1) existing only in a person's mind. (2) influenced by personal feelings or opinions.	50
6572215431	objective	(1) existing independent of or external to the mind. (2) not influenced by personal feelings or opinions.	51
6572215432	tacit	understood or implied without being stated:	52
6572215433	infer	to deduce or conclude from evidence and reasoning rather than from explicit statements:	53
6572215434	wrought	beaten out or shaped by hammering:	54
6572215435	belie	to give a false appearance of something:	55
6572215436	benign	gentle; not harmful:	56
6572215437	quibble	to argue or raise objections about a trivial matter:	57
6572215438	syntax	word order (the arrangement of words and phrases to create well-formed sentences in a language):	58
6572215439	semantics	the meaning of a word, phrase, sentence, or text:	59
6572215440	juxtapose	to place side-by-side or close together for contrasting effect	60
6572215441	anecdote	a short and amusing or interesting story about a real incident or person:	61
6572215442	opinion	a view or judgment formed about something, not necessarily based on fact or knowledge:	62
6572215443	belief	something one accepts as true or real; a firmly held opinion or conviction:	63
6572215444	explicit	stated clearly and in detail, leaving no room for confusion or doubt:	64
6572215445	implicit	suggested but not plainly expressed:	65
6572215446	hyperbole	exaggerated statements or claims not meant to be taken literally:	66
6572215447	jargon	special words or expressions that are used by a particular profession or group and are difficult for others to understand:	67
6572215448	persona	the aspect of someone's character that is presented to or perceived by others:	68
6572215449	code-switching	the practice of alternating between two or more languages or varieties of language in conversation:	69
6572215450	discourse	written or spoken communication:	70
6572215451	rhetoric	(1) the art of persuasive speaking or writing: (2) language designed to have a persuasive effect, but often regarded as lacking in sincerity:	71
6572215452	modest	moderate (humble) in the estimation of one's abilities or achievements:	72
6572215453	prudent	exercising good judgment or common sense:	73
6572215454	context	the circumstances that form the setting for an event, statement, idea, text, etc.	74
6572215455	intuitive	based on what one feels to be true even without conscious reasoning; instinctive:	75
6572215456	counterintuitive	contrary to common-sense expectation (but often nevertheless true):	76
6572215457	plausible	seeming reasonable or probable:	77
6572215458	coherent	logically consistent:	78
6572215459	quantify	to find or calculate the quantity or amount of (something):	79
6572215460	relative	having a particular quality or value when compared with something else:	80
6572215461	absolute	complete, definite, true, or right, and not changing in any situation:	81
6572215462	comprehensive	including all or nearly all elements or aspects of something; complete:	82
6572215463	paradigm	(1) a set of assumptions, concepts, values, and practices that constitutes a way of viewing reality for the community that shares them (especially in an intellectual discipline): (2) an outstandingly clear or typical example or archetype:	83
6572215464	hierarchy	a system in which people or things are placed in a series of levels with different importance or status:	84
6572215465	anomaly	something that deviates from what is standard, normal, or expected:	85
6572215466	salient	most noticeable or important:	86
6572215467	constituent	being a part of a whole:	87
6572215468	pander	to do or provide what someone wants or demands (even though it is not proper, good, or reasonable):	88
6572215469	stigma	a mark of disgrace:	89
6572215470	impartial	treating all rivals or disputants equally:	90
6572215471	substantiate	to provide evidence to support or prove the truth of something:	91
6572215472	contempt	the feeling that a person or a thing is beneath consideration, worthless, or deserving scorn:	92
6572215473	impede	to interfere with or slow the progress of (someone or something):	93
6572215474	servile	very obedient and trying too hard to please someone:	94
6572215475	effusive	expressing feelings of gratitude, pleasure, or approval in an unrestrained or heartfelt manner:	95
6572215476	anachronism	something out of place in time or sequence:	96
6572215477	gesticulate	to move your arms and hands especially when speaking:	97
6572215478	conjecture	an opinion or idea formed without proof or sufficient evidence:	98
6572215479	enmity	mutual hatred or ill will:	99
6572215480	indolent	habitually lazy:	100
6572215481	quandary	a state of uncertainty or perplexity:	101
6572215482	didactic	designed or intended to teach people something—often used to describe someone or something that tries to teach something (such as proper or moral behavior) in a way that is annoying or unwanted:	102
6572215483	haughty	blatantly and disdainfully proud:	103
6572215484	insipid	lacking flavor or interest:	104
6572215485	egregious	obviously and exceptionally bad:	105
6572215486	pejorative	a word or phrase that has negative connotations or that is intended to disparage or belittle: "Using the word simple to describe someone could have pejorative connotations."	106
6572215487	equanimity	mental calmness, composure, and evenness of temper, especially in a difficult situation:	107
6572215488	vilify	to say or write very harsh and critical things about someone or something:	108
6572215489	notorious	famous or well known, typically for some bad quality or deed:	109
6572215490	obsolete	no longer in use or no longer useful:	110
6572215491	austere	stern or cold in appearance, manner, or attitude; having no comforts or luxuries:	111
6572215492	apprehension	anxiety or fear that something bad or unpleasant will happen:	112
6572215493	novel	new or unusual in an interesting way:	113
6572215494	prodigious	extraordinary in bulk, quantity, or degree:	114
6572215495	pragmatic	relating to matters of fact or practical affairs often to the exclusion of intellectual or artistic matters; practical (as opposed to idealistic):	115
6572215496	facile	(1) too simple; not showing enough thought or effort: (2) working, moving, or performing well and very easily:	116
6572215497	partisan	(1) a strong supporter of a party, cause, or person. (2) prejudiced in favor of a particular cause.	117
6572215498	polarize	to break up into opposing factions or groupings:	118
6572215499	obfuscate	to render obscure, unclear, or confusing (sometimes done on purpose to be evasive):	119
6572215500	substantive	having substance; having a firm basis in reality and therefore important, meaningful, or considerable:	120
6572215501	vacuous	empty; lacking ideas or intelligence:	121
6572215502	exponent	a person who believes in and promotes the truth or benefits of an idea or theory:	122
6572215503	wistful	full of yearning or desire tinged with melancholy:	123
6572215504	litmus test	a test in which a single factor (as an attitude, event, or fact) is decisive:	124
6572215505	arbitrary	based on random choice or personal whim, rather than any reason or system:	125
6572215506	flippant	not showing a serious or respectful attitude:	126
6572215507	premise	a statement or proposition from which another is inferred or follows as a conclusion:	127
6572215508	contentious	likely to cause disagreement or argument:	128
6572215509	expound	to explain by setting forth in careful and often elaborate detail:	129
6572215510	articulate	expressing oneself readily, clearly, or effectively:	130
6572215511	differentiate	recognize or ascertain what makes (someone or something) different; to make or become different:	131
6572215512	correlate	to have a mutual relationship or connection, in which one thing affects or depends on another:	132
6572215513	erroneous	wrong; incorrect; mistaken:	133
6572215514	amenable	open and responsive to suggestion; easily persuaded or controlled:	134
6572215515	post hoc	occurring or done after the event:	135
6572215516	dubious	giving rise to uncertainty; questionable; suspect:	136
6572215517	preface	to introduce or begin (a speech, remark, or event, etc.) by saying doing something:	137
6572215518	disenfranchise	deprived of power; marginalized:	138
6572215519	vicissitude	a fluctuation of state or condition:	139
6572215520	sanctimonious	hypocritically pious or devout:	140
6572215521	propriety	conformity to what is socially acceptable in conduct or speech; proper:	141
6572215522	scrutinize	examine or inspect closely and thoroughly:	142
6572215523	etymology	the origin of a word and the historical development of its meaning; the study of the origin of words:	143
6572215524	cohort	a group of people banded together or treated as a group:	144
6572215525	arbiter	a person who settles a dispute or has ultimate authority in a matter:	145
6572215526	mollify	to soothe or appease the anger or anxiety of someone:	146
6572215527	flout	to openly disregard (often with contempt or scorn):	147
6572215528	invoke	to cite or appeal to someone or something as an authority for an action or in support of an argument; to call on or summon; to give rise to:	148
6572215529	indict	to accuse or charge with a fault, offense, or serious crime:	149
6572215530	contingent	occurring or existing only if certain other circumstances are the case:	150
6572215531	vehement	showing strong feeling; forceful, passionate, or intense:	151
6572215532	holistic	relating to or concerned with wholes or with complete systems rather than parts:	152
6572215533	onus	a disagreeable necessity; the burden of proving something:	153
6572215534	moot	subject to debate and typically not admitting of a final decision (therefore often having little practical significance because the subject is too uncertain):	154
6572215535	caricature	a ludicrous, grotesque, or comically exaggerated representation of someone or something:	155
6572215536	propagate	to breed, spread, and promote widely (ideas, specimens, offspring, etc.):	156