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AP psych: Developmental psychology Flashcards

5285067933	Behavior genetics	The study of the relative power and limits of genetic and environmental influences on behavior	0
5285067935	environment	Every nongenetic influence, from prenatal nutrition to the people and things around us	1
5285067937	chromosomes	Threadlike structures made of DNA molecules that contain the genes	2
5285067939	DNA	A complex molecule containing the genetic information that makes up the chromosomes	3
5285067941	genes	The biochemical units of heredity that make up the chromosomes	4
5285067944	genome	The complete instructions for making an organism	5
5285067947	Identical twins	Twins who develop from a single fertilized egg that splits in two	6
5285067950	Fraternal twins	Twins who develop from separate fertilized eggs	7
5285067953	temperament	A person's characteristic emotional reactivity and intensity	8
5285067955	heritability	proportion of variation among individuals that we can attribute to genes	9
5285067959	interaction	Occurs when the effect of one factor depends on another factor	10
5285067961	Molecular genetics	Subfield of biology that studies the molecular structure and function of genes	11
5285067963	Evolutionary psychology	Study of the evolution of behavior and the mind using natural selection	12
5285067965	Natural selection	Principle that among range of inherited trait variations, those that lead to increased reproduction and survival will most likely be passed on to succeeding generations	13
5285067967	mutation	Random error in gene replication that leads to a change	14
5285067969	gender	Biologically and socially influenced characteristics by which people define male and female	15
5285067971	culture	The enduring behaviors, ideas, attitudes, values, and traditions shared by a group of people and transmitted from one generation to the next	16
5285067973	norm	An understood rule for accepted and expected behavior	17
5285067976	Personal space	The buffer zone we like to maintain around our bodies	18
5285067978	individualism	Giving priority to one's own goals over group goals and defining one's identity in terms of personal attributes rather than group identifications	19
5285067980	collectivism	Giving priority to the goals of one's group which often one's extended family or work group	20
5285067984	aggression	Physical or verbal behavior intended to hurt someone	21
5285067986	X chromosome	Sex chromosome found in both men and women	22
5285067989	Y chromosome	Sex chromosome found only in males	23
5285067993	testosterone	Most important of the male sex hormones	24
5285067995	role	Set of expectations about a social position	25
5285067999	Gender role	Set of expected behaviors for males and for females	26
5285068001	Gender identity	One's sense of being male or female	27
5285068003	Gender typing	Acquisition of a traditional masculine or feminine role	28
5285068005	Social learning theory	The theory that we learn social behavior by observing and imitating and by being rewarded or punished	29
5285166417	zygotes	The fertilized egg Enters a 2 week period of rapid cell division and develops into an embryo	30
5285166418	embryo	The developing human organism from about 2 weeks after fertilization through the 2nd month	31
5285166422	fetus	Developing human organism from 9 weeks after conception to birth	32
5285166424	teratogens	Agents, such as chemicals and viruses, that can reach the embryo or fetus during prenatal development and cause harm	33
5285166426	Fetal alcohol syndrome	Physical and cognitive abnormalities in children caused by a pregnant woman's heavy drinking	34
5285166428	Rooting reflex	Baby's tendency, when touched on the cheek, to turn toward the touch, open the mouth, and search for the nipple	35
5285166430	maturation	Biological growth process that enable orderly changes in behavior	36
5285166432	schemas	A concept or framework that organizes and interprets information	37
5285166434	assimilate	Interpreting one's new experience in terms of one's existing schemas	38
5285166436	accommodate	Adapting one's current understandings to incorporate new information	39
5285166438	cognition	All the mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, remembering, and communicating	40
5285166440	Sensorimotor stage	The stage during which infants know the world mostly in terms of their sensory impressions and motor activities in Piaget's theory from birth to about 2 years	41
5285166444	Preoperational stage	The stage during which a child learns to use language but does not yet comprehend the mental operations of concrete logic in Piaget's theory from about 2 to 6 or 7 years old	42
5285166446	conservation	The principle that properties such as mass, volume, and number remain the same despite changes in the forms of object	43
5285166451	Theory of mind	People's ideas about their own and others' mental states	44
5285166454	Concrete operational stage	The stage of cognitive development during which children gain the mental operations that enable them to think logically about concrete events in Piaget's theory from 6 to 11	45
5285166456	Formal operational stage	The stage of cognitive development during which people begin to think logically about abstract concepts in Piaget's theory beginning at the age of 12	46
5285166458	Stranger anxiety	Fear of strangers that infants commonly display, beginning by about 8 months	47
5285166460	attachment	Emotional tie with another person, shown in young children by their seeking closeness to the caregiver and showing distress on separation	48
5285166462	Critical period	Optimal period shortly after birth when an organism's exposure to certain stimuli or experiences produces proper development	49
5285166464	imprinting	Process by which certain animals form attachments during a critical period very early in life	50
5285166466	Basic trust	According to Erik Erikson, a sense that the world is predictable and trustworthy, said to be formed during infancy by appropriate experiences with responsive caregivers	51
5285166468	self-concept	A sense of one's identity and personal worth	52
5285166470	adolescence	Transition period from childhood to adulthood, extending from puberty to independence	53
5285166472	puberty	Period of sexual maturation where a person becomes capable of reproducing	54
5285166474	Primary sex characteristics	Body structures that make sexual reproduction possible	55
5285166476	Secondary sex characteristics	Nonreproductive sexual characteristics	56
5285166478	menarche	First menstrual period	57
5285166479	Trust vs. mistrust	Erikerison's stage: Infancy (to 1) If needs are dependably met, infants develop a sense of basic trust	58
5285166484	Autonomy vs. shame/doubt	Erikerison's stage: Toddlerhood (1-2) Toddlers learn to exercise will and do things for themselves, or they doubt their abilities	59
5285166487	Initiative vs. guilt	Erikerison's stage: Preschooler (3-5) Preschoolers learn to initiate tasks and carry out plans, or they feel guilty about efforts to be independent	60
5285166490	industry vs. inferiority	Erikerison's stage: Elementary (6-puberty) Children learn the pleasure of applying themselves to tasks, or they feel inferior	61
5285166493	Identity vs. role confusion	Erikerison's stage: Adolescence (teens-20s) Teenagers work at refining a sense of self by testing roles and then integrating them to form a single identity, or they become confused about who they are	62
5285166496	Intimacy vs. isolation	Erikerison's stage: Young adult (20s-40s) Young adults struggle to form close relationships and to gain the capacity for intimate love, or they feel socially isolated	63
5285166499	Generativity vs. stagnation	Erikerison's stage: Middle adulthood (40s-60s) In middle age, people discover a sense of contributing to the world, usually through family and work, or they may feel a lack of purpose	64
5285166502	Integrity vs. despair	Erikerison's stage: Late adulthood (60s+) When reflecting on his/her life, the older adult may feel a sense of satisfaction or failure	65
5285241306	identity	One's sense of self Adolescent's task is to solidify a sense of self by testing and integrating various roles	66
5285241309	intimacy	The ability to form close, loving relationships Primary development task in late adolescence and early adulthood	67
5285241312	menopause	Time of natural cessation of menstruation	68
5285241314	Alzheimer's disease	Progressive and irreversible brain disorder characterized by gradual deterioration of memory, reasoning, language, and physical functioning	69
5285241316	Cross-sectional studies	Study where people of different ages are compared with one another	70
5285241318	Longitudinal study	Research where same people are restudied and retested over a long period	71
5285241320	Crystallized intelligence	One's accumulated knowledge and verbal skills Tend to increase with age	72
5285241323	Fluid intelligence	One's ability to reason speedily and abstractly Tends to decrease during late adult	73
5285241326	Social clock	Culturally preferred timing of social events such as marriage, parenthood, and retirement	74
5285241328	Empty-nest syndrome	A feeling of distress focusing on a loss of purpose and relationship	75
5285262451	nature versus nutrutre	extent to which heredity and the environment each influences behavior	76
5285266734	continuity versus discontinuity	whether development is gradual, cumulative change from conception to death or a sequence of distinct stages	77
5285271574	stability versus change	whether or not personality traits present during infancy endure throughout the life span	78
5285289379	cohort-sequential study	cross-sectional groups are assessed at least two times over a span of months or years, rather than just once	79
5285299734	prenatal development	begins with fertilizations or conception, and ends with birth	80
5285323007	neonates	newborn babies	81
5285328367	sucking	automatic response of drawing in anything at the mouth	82
5285330658	swallowing	contraction of throat muscles that enables food to pass into the esophagus	83
5285334222	grasping reflex	when the infant closes his or her fingers tightly around an object put in his or her hand	84
5285338140	startle reflex	also called moro which a loud noise or sudden drop causes the neonate to automatically arch his/her limbs out, and quickly retract them	85
5285343662	habituation	decreasing responsiveness with repeated presentation of the same stimulus	86
5285355528	schema	mental representations that organize and categorize information processed by our brain	87
5285367587	object permanence	that objects continue to exist even when out of signt	88
5285377012	preoperational stage	language develops with the ability to think (2-7)	89
5285380596	egocentric	seeing the world from his or her own point of view	90
5285383473	animism	that all things living just like him or her	91
5285385615	artificalism	all objects are made by people	92
5285413618	internalization	absorbing information from a specified social enviornmental context	93
5285418870	zone of proximal development	range between the level at which a child can solve a problem working alone with difficulty and the level at which a child can solve a problem with the assistance of adults or more-skilled children	94
5285437512	preconventional	stage where they do the right thing to avoid punishment or to further their self-interests	95
5285446339	conventional	stage where they follow rules to live up to the expectations of others or to maintain the law and order and do their duty	96
5285452352	postconventional	stage where they evidence a social contract orientation that promotes the society's welfare or evidence an ethical principle orientation that promotes justice and avoids self- condemnation	97
5285459015	social development	influence of others on the development of a person	98
5285465025	self-awareness	consciousness of oneself as a person	99
5285467361	social referenceing	observing the behavior of others in social situations to obtain information or guidance	100
5285471789	authoritarian parents	set up strict rules, expect children to follow them, and punish wrongdoing	101
5285475713	authoritative parents	set limits but explain the reasons for rules with their children and make exceptions when appropriate	102
5285479316	permissive parents	tend not to set firm guidelines if they set any at all. more responsive than demanding	103
5285484074	uninvolved parents	few demands, show low responsiveness and communicate little with their children	104
5285494825	biological persepective	difference between the sexes to heredity	105
5285496749	evolutionary perspective	perscpective that focuses on our behavioral tendencies to prepare us to survive and reproduce	106
5285500194	psychoanalytic persepctive	the perspective that focuses on how young girls learn to act feminine from their mothers, and young boys learn to act masculine from their fathers	107
5285503816	cognitive perspective	children actively engage in making meaning out of information they learn about gender	108
5285507834	gender role stereotypes	broad categories that reflect our impressions and beliefs about males and females	109
5285511141	androgyny	presence of desirable masculine and feminine characteristics in the same individual	110
5285514812	stereotype threat	anxiety that influences members of a group concerned that their performance will confirm a negative sterotype	111

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ap Flashcards

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7724676885	hutteries differ from amish	accept modern technology	0
7724683309	example of cultural landscape	adobe ruins	1
7724686065	folk culture	conceived as small, incorporating a homogenous population, typically rural and cohesive in cultural traits	2
7724713975	material culture	the group of people includes the things they construct	3
7724722834	relocation	folk culture is spread through	4
7724730511	ethnic neighborhood is best described	a voluntary urban community where people of similar origin reside	5
7724733469	major cities to	small hierarchical	6
7724736353	assimilate	to incorporate and absorb its surrounding environment	7
7724739579	little Sweden	neolocalism	8
7724747747	bison hunting	rural local culturals	9
7724752658	whaling	makah of ws	10
7724761894	urban local cultures brooklyn, new york	ethnic neighborhoods	11
7724770172	other ethnic groups	puerto ricans mexican immigrants	12
7724779503	retteroization	globalized pop culture	13
7724782964	video games	local extreme sports	14
7724786454	visible imprint	cultural landscape	15
7724794675	eastern europe was communist and purposely built taller than churches	700 ft buildings are built because	16
7724825724	placelessness	e ralph	17
7724828673	central chimney	new england style	18
7724831605	ranch style	fred	19
7724834135	hours	how fast can pop culture spread	20
7724839098	dopamine	chemical sent to brain	21
7724846796	hierarchical diffusion	cloth is from paris to new york	22
7724855130	diffusion of pop culture	universal appeal to blue jeans	23
7724859177	under 80 yrs	how old is trick or treat	24
7724859178	devils night	night before halloween	25
7724862274	burga	banned in european countries	26
7724865413	cnn	not an external threat	27
7724868790	folk music	isnt made for sales	28
7724870810	tv	what is the most important mechanism for the diffusion of professional sports	29
7724875904	cultural landscape	the imprint of people on land	30
7724885356	this is hierarchical diffusion	dave mattews established a hearth	31
7724986236	large heterogeneous groups	in contrast to folk culture, popular culture is typical of	32
7724994133	to reinvigorate the local culture	why did the makah reinstate the whale hunt	33
7725008409	functional region	the preference for a particular football, baseball, basketball team is	34
7725027048	irish pub company and guinness brewing company	created 5 models of pubs and export them around the world	35

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AP Spanish Essay expressions Flashcards

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5965457094	En la sociedad en que vivimos	In the society in which we live	0
5965457095	En el mundo de hoy	In today's world	1
5965457096	Hoy en día	Nowadays	2
5965457097	En la primera fuente	In the first source	3
5965457098	Según el primer autor	According to the first author	4
5965457099	El informe pone énfasis en	The report emphasizes	5
5965457100	El primer artículo se trata de	The first article is about/deals with	6
5965457101	Para empezar/Para comenzar	To begin	7
5965457102	Quiere decir	It means	8
5965457103	Primero, segundo, tercero	Firstly, secondly, thirdly, etc...	9
5965457104	Entonces	Then	10
5965457105	Conviene señalar	It is useful to point out	11
5965457106	Es decir / o sea	That is to say	12
5965457107	En ambos	In both	13
5965457108	Si uno piensa en	If one thinks about	14
5965457109	Hablando de	Speaking of	15
5965457110	Lo importante es que	What is important is that	16
5965457111	Hay que tener en cuenta	One must keep in mind	17
5965457112	También	Also, likewise	18
5965457113	Además	Furthermore, besides	19
5965457114	Por fin	Finally	20
5965457115	Por eso	Therefore	21
5965457116	Por ejemplo	For example	22
5965457117	Especialmente	Particularly	23
5965457118	De hecho	As a matter of fact	24
5965457119	A causa de + sustantivo	Because of + noun	25
5965457120	Así que	So that	26
5965457121	Por esa razón	For that reason, therefore	27
5965457122	Aunque	Although, even though	28
5965457123	Sin embargo	However, nonetheless	29
5965457124	Evidentemente	Evidently	30
5965457125	Naturalmente	Naturally, certainly	31
5965457126	Después de todo	After all	32
5965457127	En conclusión	In conclusion	33
5965457128	Para concluir	To conclude	34
5965457129	muestra que	shows that	35
5965457130	indica que	indicates that	36
5965457131	fevela que	reveals that	37
5965457132	sugiere que	suggests that	38
5965457133	aumenta	makes bigger	39
5965457134	disminuye	diminishes (makes smaller)	40
5965457135	En primer/ segundo lugar	firstly/ secondly	41
5965457136	Debemos considerar las ventajas y desventajas	we have to weigh the pros and cons	42
5965457137	Desde mi punto de vista	from my point of view	43
5965457138	A mi parecer	in my view	44
5965457139	Yo diría que	i would say that	45
5965457140	Es necesario precisar que	it is necessary to specify that	46
5965457141	Se debe resaltar que	one must point out that	47
5965457142	Por consiguiente	consecuently	48
5965457143	Desafortunadamente	unfortunately	49
5965457144	En cambio	whereas	50
5965457145	Por otro lado	on the other hand	51
5965457146	Podemos concluir que	we can conclude that	52
5965457147	Habiendo considerado todos los aspectos	all things considered	53
5965457148	Brevemente	in short	54

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AP Chemistry Flashcards

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8434166256	What concept includes allotropes?	An element exhibits allotropy when it can exist as two or more distinct chemical structures. For example: the three allotropes of carbon-graphite, diamond, and C60 (buckminsterfullerene). Not all elements have allotropes.	0
8434166257	What is an amorphous substance?	Amorphous means without structure. Amorphous substances have no long-range crystal structure. Glass is an example of an amorphous substance.	1
8434166258	Amphoteric and amphiprotic substances have the same underlying concept. Explain.	Substance that can both donate and accept protons are amphiprotic. Example: H2PO4-. Substances that can react as both an acid and a base are amphoteric. Example: Al2O3.	2
8434166259	What is the concept behind the atomic number?	The atomic number is the number that specifies the position of an element in the periodic table. It is also a number representing the number of protons in the nucleus of an atom. The atomic number defines the identity of an element. The basic idea is that each element must fall in some sort of order. Medeleev originally based the order on atomic masses. It was later found that the order should be based on the number of protons in the nucleus of an element.	3
8434166260	What is the concept behind a chemical compound?	Chemists envision a chemical compound as a substance that has a fixed ratio (by either mass or atoms) of two or more different atoms. Chemical compounds have definite physical properties that can be used to identify the compound. Chemical compounds also have characteristic chemical properties that indicate what reactions they participate in and what reactions they do not.	4
8434166261	Describe nuclear charge and the concept of effective nuclear charge.	Nuclear charge is the number of positive charges in the nucleus. This is the same as the number of protons in the nucleus (Z) and is also the atomic number. The concept of effective nuclear charge is that inner (core) electrons shield outer electrons from the nuclear charge. The outer electrons are attracted by a nuclear charge that is approximately equal to the number of valence electrons. The atomic radius decreases from left to right across the periodic table because the effective nuclear charge increases as the number of valence electrons increases. The increase in effective nuclear charge increases the attractive force on the valence electrons, resulting in a smaller atom.	5
8434166262	What is the Pauli Exclusion Principle?	The Pauli Exclusion Principle requires that no two electrons in an atom may have the same set of four quantum numbers: n, l, ml, and ms. This also means that no two electrons with the same wave equations can coexist. Another interpretation is that now two electrons can occupy exactly the same space at the same time.	6
8434166263	Define alkali metals.	Alkali metals are the elements in the first group (column) of the periodic table (1A or 1.). All: have ns1 electrons as valence electrons, are extremely reactive elements, have low ionization energies, have low electronegativities, are metals that form 1+ ions.	7
8434166264	Define alkaline earth metals.	Alkaline earth metals are the elements in the second group (column) of the periodic table. All: have ns2 electrons for valence electrons, are very reactive elements, are very reactive elements, are metals that form 2+ ions.	8
8434166265	Define electron, neutron, and proton.	An electron occupies space outside the nucleus. (Mass = 0, charge = 1-, symbol is e-). A neutron is an uncharged particle in the nucleus. (Symbol is 1n, mass = 1). A proton is a positively charged particle in the nucleus. (Symbol is 1p, mass = 1, charge = 1+) (Number of protons defines the identity of an atom.)	9
8434166266	What are the subatomic constituents of the atom?	The subatomic constituents of the atom are protons and neutrons in the nucleus and electrons around the nucleus. The atomic number Z = # of protons. The mass number A = # protons +# of neutrons.	10
8434166267	Define and describe the four quantum numbers.	The principle quantum number, n, indicates the shell (or principal energy level) of the atom in which an electron resides and is rough measure of the distance from the nucleus. n can have any value from 1 to infinity. The azimuthal quantum number, l, specifies the sublevel (or orbital) that an electron is located in. This number may be any number from zero up to n-1. This number specifies the shape of an atomic orbital. The magnetic quantum number, m1, indicates the orientation of a sublevel in space. The value of the m1 quantum number can be any number from -l to zero to +l. The spin quantum number, m3, indicates the spin of the electron. An electron is not actually spinning but it is a useful way of visualizing this property. Acceptable values for spin are +1/2 and -1/2. Each electron possesses four quantum numbers. Each electron in an atom must have a set of four quantum numbers different from all other electrons in that atom.	11
8434166268	Define Bohr atom.	The Bohr atom is the model of the atom developed by Niels Bohr. This model viewed electrons circling the nucleus like a miniature solar system. Each orbit had a definite energy and electrons moving from one orbit to another and either absorbed or emitted the energy difference between the orbits. This theory replicated the Rydberg Constant to less that +/-0.5%.	12
8434166269	Define electron configuration.	Electron configuration is a listing of the electrons within an atom based upon the sublevels that are filled and the relative energies of these sublevel. The electron configuration for silicon is 1s22s22p63s23p2. It is also the sequence in which the sublevel fills can be read, row by row, from the periodic table.	13
8434166270	Define element.	Element is the term given to any one of the 118 distinct particles of known atoms. Each has distinct chemical and physical properties. Elements are organized on the basis of atomic numbers in the periodic table.	14
8434166271	Define halogen.	Halogens are the elements in the next to last group of the periodic table (Group VIIA or 17). They are reactive elements with an ns2, np5, valence electron structure. Halogens commonly form salts (halide is another name for salt) with metals. Halogens generally have high electronegativities. Fluorine has the highest electronegativity in the periodic table. In simple compounds, halogens tend to form only one bond. However, halogens form multiple bonds with oxygen and other halogens.	15
8434166272	Define noble gas.	Noble gases are in the last group of the periodic table (Group VIIIA or 18). They are unusually unreactive with an octet of valence electrons ns2np6. Helium was first found in the sun's spectrum. Xenon was the first noble gas that was made into a compound.	16
8434166273	Define transition elements and inner transition elements.	Transition elements are sometimes called d-block elements because the last electrons added to form the element are electrons occupying d orbitals. They occupy the 10 groups in the center of the periodic table. They often form colored ionic compounds. They often have multiple possible oxidation states. They often form polyatomic anions. Inner transition elements have electrons occupying f orbitals as the last electrons added to their electron configuration. They occupy the 14 groups that are often placed outside the periodic table. They contain many of the radioactive and manmade elements.	17
8434166274	Describe where on the periodic table metals, nonmetals, and metalloids are found. Describe their properties.	Metals are found on the lower left of the periodic table, nonmetals on the upper right of the table, and metalloids are on either side of a staircase line that starts between boron and aluminum, aluminum to silicon, and then to the bottom of the table. Metals typically have a silvery luster (except gold and copper), conduct electricity easily, and are malleable and ductile. Nonmetals have none of the properties that metals have. Metalloids have properties in between metals and nonmetals. They are semiconductors of electricity.	18
8434166275	Describe the three states of matter.	A solid retains both volume and shape and molecules are relatively rigid in a crystal lattice. A liquid retains volume but not shape, molecules move freely in close contact, and strong attractive forces are present. A gas assumes the volume and shape of a container, molecules are almost totally independent of each other, there is little in the way of attractive forces, and it is highly compressable.	19
8434166276	Define proton.	A proton is one of the three particles that make up the atom along with an electron and a neutron. The proton has a positive charge, equal in magnitude (but with the opposite sign) to the charge of the electron. The number of protons is equal to the atomic number of an element. Protons, along with neutrons, are located in the nucleus and make up the bulk of an atom's mass.	20
8434166277	Define weight and mass.	Weight is the force developed due to the gravitational attraction of two masses toward each other. The weight of an object changes as the gravitational acceleration changes. Mass is the amount of material in a sample. Mass does not change with the acceleration of gravity. weight = force = mass x acceleration of gravity.	21
8434166278	Define chemical formula and give an example.	A chemical formula is the representation of chemical substances using their chemical symbols and appropriate subscripts for the number of atoms. A simple formula is CA(NO3)2. This formula indicates a compound with one calcium atom, two nitrogen atoms, and six oxygen atoms.	22
8434166279	The frequency of a photon is __________________ to its wavelength. a. directly proportional b. inversely proportional c. not related If a or b is chosen, write the appropriate equation.	Frequency is inversely proportional to wavelength, as shown in the equation: wavelength x frequency	23
8434166280	Define a hydrate and give and example.	A hydrate is a substance that contains a fixed number of water molecules. The water molecules are written separately from the formula itself and connected to it with a dot in the center of the line between the chemical formula and the water molecules. For example, cobalt(II) chloride hexahydrate is CoCl2*6H2O.	24
8434166281	Define Hund's Rule	Hund's Rule states that all orbitals in a sublevel must fill with one electron before a second electron of opposite spin can be added to any orbital in that sublevel.	25
8434166282	Define ion.	An ion is an element that has lost or gained one or more electrons. A cation has lost one or more electrons. An anion has gained one or more electrons. A polyatomic ion is a group of elements bound together covalently that also carries a charge.	26
8434166283	Define isotope.	An isotope is an atom with a specific number of neutrons in addition to the protons and electrons defined by the atomic number. A given element may have several isotopes, each of which has a different number neutrons while having the same number of electrons and protons. For example: C-12, C-13, and C-14. Each has 6 electrons and 6 protons; however, they have 6,7, and 8 neutrons, respectively.	27
8434166284	Define malleable.	Malleable is a property of metals. Malleable means that the substance can be hammered into new shapes.	28
8434166285	Define metal.	A metal is a substance with characteristic properties of high electrical conductivity, malleability, and a metallic-silver or yellow luster. A metal can also be described as the nucleus and core electrons in a "sea of valence electrons."	29
8434166286	Define metallic crystal.	Metalli0c crystals form from the metals in the periodic table. These crystals are malleable, ductile, and conduct electricity. Chemists view metallic crystals as a lattice of nuclei and core electrons in a "sea" of mobile valence electrons.	30
8434166287	Define metalloid.	A metalloid is an element that has properties of both metals and nonmetals. They are useful as semiconductors. Examples are silicon and germanium, which are used for transistors and integrated circuits.	31
8434166288	Define nucleus.	The nucleus is the center of the atom that contains the protons and neutrons. It comprises an extremely small fraction of the atom's volume. The nucleus is extremely dense while the rest of the atom is primarily empty space.	32
8434166289	Define noble gases.	Noble gases are the elements in the last group in periodic table (Group VIIIA or 18). They are unusually stable elements and all, except He, have ns2, np6 valence electrons. The noble gases include: helium He, neon Ne, argon Ar, krypton Kr, xenon Xe, radon Rn.	33
8434166290	Define periodic table, period, and group.	The arrangement of the elements in an orderly fashion that shows the relationships of their electronic, chemical, and physical characteristics is the modern periodic table. Each row in the table is called a period. Each column in the table is called a group (and sometimes family).	34
8434166291	What is the formula for sodium chloride? What are the symbols for the ions that make up this compound?	The formula for sodium chloride is NaCl. The ions that make up this compound are Na+ and Cl-.	35
8434166292	What is the formula for lithium bromide? What are the symbols for the ions that make up this compound?	The formula for lithium bromide is LiBr. The ions that make up this compound are Li+ and Br-.	36
8434166293	What is the formula for strontium iodide? What are the symbols for the ions that make up this compound?	The formula for strontium iodide is SrI2. The ions that make up this compound are Sr2+ and I-.	37
8434166294	What is the formula for aluminum fluoride? What are the symbols for the ions that make up this compound?	The formula for aluminum fluoride is AlF3. The ions that make up this compound are Al3+ and F-.	38
8434166295	What is the formula for sodium oxide? What are the symbols for the ions that make up this compound?	The formula for sodium oxide is Na2O. The ions that make up this compound are Na+ and O2-.	39
8434166296	What is the formula for magnesium phosphide? What are the symbols for the ions that make up this compound?	The formula for magnesium phosphide is Mg3P2. The ions that make up this compound are Mg2+ and P3-.	40
8434166297	What is the formula for rubidium perbromate? What are the symbols for the ions that make up this compound? What is the oxidation number of the nonoxygen element in the polyatomic ion?	The formula for rubidium perbromate is RbBrO4. The ions that make up this compound are Rb+ and BrO4-. The oxidation number of Br is +7.	41
8434166298	What is the formula for calcium bromate? What are the symbols for the ions that make up this compound? What is the oxidation number of the nonoxygen element in the polyatomic ion?	The formula for calcium bromate is Ca(BrO3)2. The ions that make up this compound are Ca2+ and BrO3-. The oxidation number of Br is +5.	42
8434166299	What is the formula for lithium bromite? What are the symbols for the ions that make up this compound? What is the oxidation number of the nonoxygen element in the polyatomic ion?	The formula for lithium bromite is LiBrO2. The ions that make up this compound are Li+ and BrO2-. The oxidation number of Br is +3.	43
8434166300	What is the formula for sodium hypobromite? What are the symbols for the ions that make up this compound? What is the oxidation number of the nonoxygen element in the polyatomic ion?	The formula for sodium hypobromite is NaBrO. The ions that make up this compound are Na+ and BrO-. The oxidation number of Br is +1.	44
8434166301	What is the formula for calcium chlorate? What are the symbols for the ions that make up this compound? What is the oxidation number of the nonoxygen element in the polyatomic ion?	The formula for calcium chlorate is Ca(ClO3)2. The ions that make up this compound are Ca2+ and ClO3-. The oxidation number of Cl is +5.	45
8434166302	What is the formula for titanium(II) chlorite? What are the symbols for the ions that make up this compound? What is the oxidation number of the nonoxygen element in the polyatomic ion?	The formula for titanium(II) chlorite is Ti(ClO2)2. The ions that make up this compound are Ti2+ and ClO2-. The oxidation number of Cl is +3.	46
8434166303	What is the formula fro sodium hypochlorite? What are the symbols for the ions that make up this compound? What is the oxidation number of the nonoxygen element in the polyatomic ion?	The formula for sodium hypochlorite is NaClO. The ions that make up this compound are Na+ and ClO-. The oxidation number of Cl is +1.	47
8434166304	What is the formula for zinc sulfate? What are the symbols for the ions that make up this compound? What is the oxidation number of the nonoxygen element in the polyatomic ion?	The formula for zinc sulfate is ZnSO4. The ions that make up this compound are Zn2+ and SO4 2-. The oxidation number of S is +6.	48
8434166305	What is the formula for ammonium sulfite? What are the symbols for the ions that make up this compound? What is the oxidation number of the nonoxygen element in the polyatomic ion?	The formula for ammonium sulfite is (NH4)2SO3. The ions that make up this compound are NH4+ and SO3 2-. The oxidation number of S is +4.	49
8434166306	What is the formula for aluminum hydrogen sulfate or aluminum bisulfate? What are the symbols for the ions that make up this compound? What is the oxidation number of the nonoxygen element in the polyatomic ion?	The formula fro aluminum hydrogen sulfate is Al(HSO4)3. The ions that make up this compound are Al3+ and HSO4-. The oxidation number of S is +6. The HSO4- ion is often called the bisulfate ion.	50
8434166307	What is the formula for calcium hydrogen sulfite? What are the symbols for the ions that make up this compound? What is the oxidation number of the nonoxygen element in the polyatomic ion?	The formula for calcium hydrogen sulfite is Ca(HSO3)2. The ions that make up this compound are Ca2+ and HSO3-. The oxidation number of S is +4.	51
8434166308	What is the formula for chromium(III) phosphate? What are the symbols for the ions that make up this compound? What is the oxidation number of the nonoxygen element in the polyatomic ion?	The formula for chromium(III) phosphate is CrPO4. The ions that make up this compound are Cr3+ and PO4 3-. The oxidation number of P is +5.	52
8434166309	What is the formula for potassium dihydrogen phosphate? What are the symbols for the ions that make up this compound?	The formula for potassium dihydrogen phosphate is KH2PO4. The ions that make up this compound are K+ and H2PO4-.	53
8434166310	What is the formula for sodium hydrogen phosphate? What are the symbols for the ions that make up this compound? What is the oxidation number of the nonoxygen element in the polyatomic ion?	The formula for sodium hydrogen phosphate is Na2HPO4. The ions that make up this compound are Na+ and HPO4 2-. At times, the HPO4 2- ion is called monohydrogen phosphate. The oxidation number of P is +5.	54
8434166311	What is the formula for lithium carbonate? What are the symbols for the ions that make up this compound? What is the oxidation number of the nonoxygen element in the polyatomic ion?	The formula for lithium carbonate is Li2CO3. The ions that make up this compound are Li+ and CO3 2-. The oxidation number of C is +4.	55
8434166312	What is the formula for nickel(II) hydrogen carbonate or nickel(II) bicarbonate? What are the symbols for the ions that make up this compound?	The formula for nickel(II) hydrogen carbonate is Ni(HCO3)2. The ions that make up this compound are Ni2+ and HCO3-. The HCO3- ion is also called bicarbonate.	56
8434166313	What is the formula for iron(III) nitrate? What are the symbols for the ions that make up this compound? What is the oxidation number of the nonoxygen element in the polyatomic ion?	The formula for iron(III) nitrate is Fe(NO3)3. The ions that make up this compound are Fe3+ and NO3-. The oxidation number of N is +5.	57
8434166314	What is the formula for sodium nitrite? What are the symbols for the ions that make up this compound? What is the oxidation number of the nonoxygen element in the polyatomic ion?	The formula for sodium nitrite is NaNO2. The ions that make up this compound are Na+ and NO2-. The oxidation number of N is +3.	58
8434166315	What is the formula for potassium permanganate? What are the symbols for the ions that make up this compound? What is the oxidation number of the nonoxygen element in the polyatomic ion?	The formula for potassium permanganate is KMnO4. The ions that make up this compound are K+ and MnO4-. The oxidation number of Mn is +7.	59
8434166316	What is the formula for potassium dichromate? What are the symbols for the ions that make up this compound? What is the oxidation number of the nonoxygen element in the polyatomic ion?	The formula for potassium dichromate is K2Cr2O7. The ions that make up this compound are K+ and Cr2O7 2-. The oxidation number of Cr is +6.	60
8434166317	What is the formula for sodium chromate? What are the symbols for the ions that make up this compound? What is the oxidation number of the nonoxygen element in the polyatomic ion?	The formula for sodium chromate is Na2CrO4. The ions that make up this compound are Na+ and CrO4 2-. The oxidation number of Cr is +6.	61
8434166318	What is the formula for sodium oxalate? What are the symbols for the ions that make up this compound?	The formula for sodium oxalate is Na2C2O4. The ions that make up this compound are Na+ and C2O4 2-.	62
8434166319	What is the formula for calcium carbonate (limestone)? What are the symbols for the ions that make up this compound?	The formula for calcium carbonate is CaCO3. The ions that make up this compound are Ca2+ and CO3 2-.	63
8434166320	What is the formula for calcium oxide (lime)? What are the symbols for the ions that make up this compound?	The formula for calcium oxide is CaO. The ions that make up this compound are Ca2+ and O2-.	64
8434166321	What is the formula for calcium sulfate (plaster of Paris)? What are the symbols for the ions that make up this compound?	The formula for calcium sulfate is CaSO4. The ions that make up this compound are Ca2+ and SO4 2-.	65
8434166322	What is the formula for ammonium nitrate (fertilizer)? What are the symbols for the ions that make up this compound?	The formula for ammonium nitrate is NH4NO3. The ions that make up this compound are NH4 + and NO3 -.	66
8434166323	What is the formula for sodium nitrite (food preservative)? What are the symbols for the ions that make up this compound?	The formula for sodium nitrite is NaNO2. The ions that make up this compound are Na+ and NO2-.	67
8434166324	What is the formula for silver chloride? What are the symbols for the ions that make up this compound?	The formula for silver chloride is AgCl. The ions that make up this compound are Ag+ and Cl-.	68
8434166325	What is the formula for silver chromate? What are the symbols for the ions that make up this compound?	The formula for silver chromate is Ag2CrO4. The ions that make up this compound are Ag+ and CrO4 2-.	69
8434166326	What is the formula for calcium nitride? What are the symbols for the ions that make up this compound?	The formula for calcium nitride is Ca3N2. The ions that make up this compound are Ca2+ and N3-.	70
8434166327	What is the formula for aluminum sulfate? What are the symbols for the ions that make up this compound?	The formula for aluminum sulfate is Al2(SO4)3. The ions that make up this compound are Al3+ and SO4 2-.	71
8434166328	What is the formula for chromium(III) sulfite? What are the symbols for the ions that make up this compound?	The formula for chromium(III) sulfite is Cr2(SO3)3. The ions that make up this compound are Cr3+ and SO3 2-.	72
8434166329	What is the formula for magnesium hydroxide? What are the symbols for the ions that make up this compound?	The formula for magnesium hydroxide is Mg(OH)2. The ions that make up this compound are Mg2+ and OH-.	73
8434166330	What is the formula for gold(III) phosphate? What are the symbols for the ions that make up this compound?	The formula for gold(III) phosphate is AuPO4. The ions that make up this compound are Au 3+ and PO4 3-.	74
8434166331	What is the formula for copper sulfate pentahydrate? What are the symbols for the ions that make up this compound?	The formula for copper sulfate pentahydrate is CuSO4 * 5H2O. The ions that make up this compound are Cu 2+ and SO4 2-.	75
8434166332	What is the formula for calcium chloride dehydrate? What are the symbols for the ions that make up this compound?	The formula for calcium chloride dehydrate is CaCl2 * 2H2O. The ions that make up this compound are Ca+ and Cl-.	76
8434166333	What is the formula for magnesium chloride hexahydrate? What are the symbols for the ions that make up this compound?	The formula for magnesium chloride hexahydrate is MgCl2 * 6H2O. The ions that make up this compound are Mg2+ and Cl-.	77
8434166334	What is the formula for barium hydroxide octahydrate? What are the symbols for the ions that make up this compound?	The formula for barium hydroxide octahydrate is Ba(OH)2 * 8H2O. The ions that make up this compound are Ba 2+ and OH-.	78
8434166335	What is the formula for aluminum nitrate nonahydrate? What are the symbols for the ions that make up this compound?	The formula for aluminum nitrate nonahydrate is Al(NO3)3 * 9H2O. The ions that make up this compound are Al3+ and NO3 -.	79
8434166336	What is the formula for tungsten(VI) oxide? What are the symbols for the ions that make up this compound?	The formula for tungsten(VI) oxide is WO3. The ions that make up this compound are W 6+ and O 2-.	80
8434166337	What is the formula for lead(IV) phosphate? What are the symbols for the ions that make up this compound?	The formula for lead(IV) phosphate is Pb3(PO4)4. The ions that make up this compound are Pb4+ and PO4 3-.	81
8434166338	What is the formula for mercury(I) iodide? What are the symbols for the ions that make up this compound?	The formula for mercury(I) iodide is Hg2I2. The ions that make up this compound are Hg2 2+ and I-.	82
8434166339	What is the formula for tin(II) carbonate? What are the symbols for the ions that make up this compound?	The formula for tin(II) carbonate is SnCO3. The ions that make up this compound are Sn2+ and CO3 2-.	83
8434166340	What is the formula for cobalt(III) chloride? What are the symbols for the ions that make up this compound?	The formula for cobalt(III) chloride is CoCl3. The ions that make up this compound are Co3+ and Cl-.	84
8434166341	What is the formula for lead(II) acetate? What are the symbols for the ions that make up this compound?	The formula for lead(II) acetate is Pb(C2H3O2)2. The ions that make up this compound are Pb2+ and C2H3O2 -.	85
8434166342	What is the formula for ammonium sulfate? What are the symbols for the ions that make up this compound? What is the oxidation number of the nitrogen in the ammonium ion?	The formula for ammonium sulfate is (NH4)2SO4. The ions that make up this compound are NH4 + and SO4 2-. The oxidation number of N is -3.	86
8434166343	Write the name for the formula: SO3 2- Write the formula for the name: carbon dioxide.	Sulfite ion CO2	87
8434166344	Write the name for the formula: NI3 Write the formula for the name: carbon monoxide	nitrogen triiodide CO	88
8434166345	Write the name for the formula: XeF4 Write the formula for the name: sulfur trioxide	xenon tetrafluoride SO3	89
8434166346	Write the name for the formula: SiO2 Write the formula for the name: Sulfur dioxide	silicone dioxide SO2	90
8434166347	Write the name for the formula: O3 Write the formula for the name: nitrogen dioxide	ozone NO2	91
8434166348	Write the name for the formula: H2O2 Write the formula for the name: nitrogen monoxide	hydrogen peroxide NO	92
8434166349	Write the name for the formula: P4O10 Write the formula for the name: dinitrogen pentoxide	tetraphosphorous decaoxide N2O5	93
8434166350	Write the name for the formula: AsF3 Write the formula for the name: phosphorous pentafluoride	arsenic trifluoride PF5	94
8434166351	Write the name for the formula: N2O4 Write the formula for the name: Sulfur hexachloride	dinitrogen tetroxide SCl6	95
8434166352	Write the name for the formula: CS2 Write the formula for the name: boron trifluoride	carbon disulfide BF3	96
8434166353	Write the name for the formula: SiC Write the formula for the name: carbon tetrachloride	silicon carbide CCl4	97
8434166354	Write the name for the formula: H2S(g) Write the formula for the name: antimony trichloride	hydrogen sulfide SbCl3	98
8434166355	Write the name for the formula: BeCl2 Write the formula for the name: arsenic trioxide	beryllium dichloride AsO3	99
8434166356	Write the name for the formula: SeCl4 Write the formula for the name: diphosphorous pentaoxide	selenium tetrachloride P2O5	100
8434166357	Write the names for these elements: Na K Fe	Write the symbols for these elements: sodium potassium iron	101
8434166358	Write the names for these elements: Pb Hg Sn	Write the symbols for these elements: lead mercury tin	102
8434166359	Write the names for these elements: Au Ag Cu	Write the symbols for these elements: gold silver copper	103
8434166360	Write the names for these elements: Sb W	Write the symbols for these elements: antimony tungsten	104
8434166361	What is the formula for dinitrogen pentoxide? Write the equation when it is dissolved in water What is the oxidation number of nitrogen in this compound?	N2O5 N2O5 + H2O ---> 2HNO3 (5 oxygen)(-2) + (2 nitrogen) (x) = 0 x = +5 is the oxidation number of each nitrogen.	105
8434166362	What is the formula for sulfur trioxide? Write the equation when it is dissolved in water. What compound is formed? Is the acid weak or strong.	SO3 SO3(aq) + H2O ---> H2SO4(aq) Sulfuric acid Strong acid	106
8434166363	What is the formula for carbon dioxide? Write the chemical equation when it is dissolved in water. Is carbon dioxide a polar or nonpolar molecule?	CO2 (g) CO2(g) + H2O <-----> H2CO3 (aq) O----C-----O the molecule is linear and nonpolar.	107
8434166364	What is the formula for hydrochloric acid? Is it strong or weak and where is it found? What is the ionization reaction?	HCl(aq) Strong acid Also, stomach acid and used for cleaning cement HCl(aq) ----> H+(aq) + Cl-(aq)	108
8434166365	What is the formula for hydrogen bromide? What is the ionization reaction?	HBr(g) HBr(g) ----> H+(aq) + Br-(aq)	109
8434166366	What is the formula for hydrobromic acid? Is it a weak or strong acid? What is the ionization reaction?	HBr(aq) Strong acid HBr ----> H+(aq) + Br-(aq)	110
8434166367	What is the formula for sulfuric acid? Is it a weak or strong acid? What is the ionization reaction?	H2SO4 The first proton is a strong acid. H2SO4(aq) ----> H+(aq) + HSO4-(aq)	111
8434166368	What is the formula for sulfurous acid? What are the two Ka expressions?	H2SO3 Ka1 [H+][HSO3 -]/[H2SO3] or [H3O+][HSO3 -]/[H2SO3] Ka2 [H+]pSO3 2-]/[HSO3-] or [H3O+][SO3 2-]/[HSO3 -]	112
8434166369	What is the formula for nitric acid? Is it a weak or strong acid? Write the equation when nitric acid is dissolved in water.	HNO3 Strong acid HNO3 --> H+ +NO3 - or HNO3 + H2O --> H3O+ + NO3 -	113
8434166370	What is the formula for nitrous acid? What is the Ka equation?	HNO2 Ka= [H+][NO2 -]/[HNO2] or [H3O+][NO2-]/[HNO2]	114
8434166371	What is the formula fro phosphoric acid? What are the three ionization reactions?	H3PO4 H3PO4 <-----> H2 PO4 - + H + H2PO4 - <-----> HPO4 2- + H + HPO4 2- <-----> PO4 3- + H +	115
8434166372	What is the formula for hydrosulfuric acid? Write the reaction when the gas form, hydrogen sulfide, is dissolved in water.	H2S(aq) H2S(aq) + H2O <----> H3O +(aq) + HS - (aq)	116
8434166373	What is the formula for chloric acid? What is the Ka expression?	HClO3 Ka = [H+][ClO3 -]/[HClO3] or [H3O+][ClO3 -]/[HClO3]	117
8434166374	What is the formula for perchloric acid? Is this a weak or strong acid? Write the reaction when dissolved in water.	HClO4 strong acid HClO4 ----> H + + ClO4 - or HClO4 + H2O <----> H3O + + ClO4 -	118
8434166375	What is the formula for hydrofluoric acid? What is the Ka expression?		119
8434166376	What is the formula for hydrogen fluoride? Write the chemical equation when it is dissolved in water.		120
8434166377	What is the formula for ethanoic (acetic) acid? What is its household name? What is the functional group for acetic acid?		121
8434166378	What is the formula for methanoic (formic) acid? Write the Ka expression? What is formic acid known for?		122
8434166379	What is the formula for propanoic acid? Write the equation for the chemical reaction when it is dissolved in water.		123
8434166380	What is the formula for carbonic acid? What are the two ionization steps?		124
8434166381	What is the formula for hydrocyanic acid? Write the chemical equation when it is dissolved in water.		125
8434166382	What is the formula for hydrogen cyanide? Write the chemical equation when it is dissolved in water.		126
8434166383	What is the formula for ammonia? Write the chemical equation when it is dissolved in water? What is the Kb expression?		127
8434166384	What is the formula for methylamine? What is the methlammonium ion?		128
8434166385	What is the formula for ethylamine? Write the chemical equation when it is dissolved in water.		129
8434166386	What is the formula for propylamine? Write the formula of the conjugate acid or propylamine?		130
8434166387	What is the formula for dimethylamine? Write the ionization reaction for dimethylamine dissolved in water. What is the Kb expression?		131
8434166388	What is the formula for diethylamine? Write the chemical equation when it is dissolved in water. What is the Kb expression?		132
8434166389	What is the formula for dipropylamine? Write the chemical equation for the ionization of dipropylamine in water. What is the Kb expression?		133
8434166390	What is the formula for triethylamine? What is the chemical equation when it is dissolved in water? What is the conjugate acid of trithylamine?		134
8434166391	What is the formula for tripropylamine? What is the conjugate acid?		135
8434166392	What is the formula for trimethylamine? Write the chemical equation when it is dissolved in water.		136
8434166393	What is the formula for sodium hydroxide? Is it a weak or strong base? Write the chemical equation when it is dissolved in water. What is its common name?		137
8434166394	What is the formula for potassium hydroxide? Is it a weak or strong base? Write the chemical equation when it is dissolved in water.		138
8434166395	What is the formula for barium hydroxide? Is it a weak or strong base? Write the chemical equation when it is dissolved in water.		139
8434166396	What is the formula for sodium oxide? Write the chemical equation when it is dissolved in water. What class of compounds does it belong to?		140
8434166397	What is the formula for sulfur dioxide? Write the chemical equation when it is dissolved in water. Will this turn litmus red or blue?		141
8434166398	What is the formula for calcium hydroxide? Is it a weak or strong base? Write the chemical equation when it is dissolved in water. What is its common name?		142
8434166399	What is the formula for aluminum hydroxide? Write the chemical equation when it is dissolved in water.		143
8434166400	What is the formula for calcium oxide? Write the chemical equation when it is dissolved in water. Will this turn litmus red or blue?		144
8434166401	What is the complete electron configurations for the following? Also give the abbreviated configurations. Al Mn 2+		145
8434166402	What are the electron configurations for the following? Also give the abbreviated configurations. Mg Fe		146
8434166403	What is the complete electron configurations for the following? Also give the abbreviated configurations. S Sr 2+		147
8434166404	What is the complete electron configurations for the following? Also give the abbreviated configurations. Fe Fe 2+ Fe 3+		148
8434166405	How many protons, electrons, and neutrons are in the following atoms? carbon-14 uranium-235		149
8434166406	How many protons, electrons, and neutrons are in the following atoms? Fe-58 Ga-70		150
8434166407	How many protons, electrons, and neutrons are in the following atoms? S 2- - 32 Al 3+ -26		151
8434166408	How many protons, electrons, and neutrons are in the following atoms? 79Br - 207Bi 3+		152
8434166409	Indication whether the following are paramagnetic or diamagnetic. Give the orbital diagram of the valence electrons you use for this decision. Cd Mg Ni Si		153
8434166410	Indication whether the following are paramagnetic or diamagnetic. Give the orbital diagram used for your decision. Ar Se V Ca		154
8434166411	How many valence electrons do the following atoms have? Give the electron configuration of the valence electrons only. chlorine iodine selenium arsenic tin		155
8434166412	How many valence electrons do the following atoms have? Give the electron configuration of the valence electrons only. barium iron indium		156
8434166413	Draw the orbital diagrams for iron metal and the two of iron.		157
8434166414	Give the orbital diagrams for the tin atom and its two ions.		158
8434166415	Use orbital diagrams to illustrate how the carbon atom hybridizes to form the sp, sp2, and sp3 hybrid orbitals.		159
8434166416		What do these diagrams represent? What quantum number indicates the shape of an orbital, and what is its value for these orbitals? How many electrons do these orbitals hold? Where are these orbitals in the periodic table?	160
8434166417		What do these diagrams represent? What is the value of the quantum number for these orbitals? What type of node are present? How many electrons fill each of these orbitals? Where in the periodic table are these orbitals found?	161
8434166418		What do these diagrams represent? What do the letters represent?	162
8434166419	What is an atomic orbital?	The atomic orbital is the region in space, outside the nucleus, that has a high probability or containing an electron. Atomic orbitals have specific shapes and sizes as defined by quantum numbers.	163
8434166420	What is an atom?	The atom was named for the smallest indivisible particle in nature; however, discoveries in physics in the late 1800s showed this was not true. The atom is the fundamental particle defining one of the 118 elements.	164
8434166421	What theories or concepts are used to describe a base?	Arrhenius Theory: any compound which increases the hydroxide concentration of a solution. Bronsted Theory: a substance that is a proton acceptor. Lewis Theory: a base is an electron pair donor.	165
8434166422	What concept states that only a few three-dimensional basic structures exist for chemical molecules?	The shapes of chemical molecules may be linear, triangular planar, tetrahedral, trigonal bipyramidal, or octahedral. Additional shapes are derived from these basic structures. The basic shape may be deduced from the Lewis structure.	166
8434166423	What is bond order?		167
8434166424	What is a bonding electron pair and a nonbonding electron pair?		168
8434166425	State in your own words how you would use the periodic table to decide if two decide if two elements should form an ionic bond or a covalent bond.		169
8434166426	Discuss the concept of concentration.		170
8434166427	Describe the concept of a covalent bond.		171
8434166428	What is meant by a diagonal relationship?		172
8434166429	What is the concept of a dipole?		173
8434166430	Describe the concepts of electrolyte, weak electrolyte, and nonelectrolyte.		174
8434166431	Describe the concept of electron affinity. How do chemists use this concept?		175
8434166432	Explain electronegativity.		176
8434166433	What is the concept of escape energy?		177
8434166434	The atomic radii of three elements are listed below. Based on coulombic attractive forces, arrange the oxides of these elements in order from the highest lattice energy to the lowest lattice energy. Chromium 117 pm (forms Cr3+) Silver 144 pm (forms Ag+) Nickel 115 pm (forms Ni 2+)		178
8434166435	Describe the nature of functional group.		179
8434166436	Explain the concept of the hybrid orbital.		180
8434166437	Describe hydrogen bonding.		181
8434166438	Explain the concept of an ideal gas compared to a real gas.		182
8434166439	Describe the concept of instantaneous dipoles.		183
8434166440	What is the internuclear axis?		184
8434166441	Describe the differences between polar and nonpolar bonds and molecules.		185
8434166442	Describe the concept of pressure.		186

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AP Psychology: Stress and Health Flashcards

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6682142824	behavioral medicine	an interdiciplinary field that integrates behavioral and medical knowledge and applies it to disease	0
6682142825	health psychology	a subfield of psychology that provides psychology's contribution to behavioral medicine. (finds out what attitudes and behaviors prevent illness	1
6682142826	stress	the PROCESS by which we preceive and respond to events that we appraise as threatening or challenging; how we cope with them;	2
6682142827	General Adaptation Syndrome (GAS)	Selye's concept of the body's adaptive response to stress in three stages: alarm, resistance, exhaustion.	3
6682142828	Coronary Heart Disease	clogging of vessels that nourish the heart muscle; leading cause of death in many developed countries; can be caused by hypertension, smoking, obesity, family history, hi-fat diet, physical inactivity, elevated cholesterol level and stress.	4
6682142829	Type A	Friedman and Rosenman's term for competitive, hard-driving, impatient, verbally aggressive and anger prone people.	5
6682142830	Type B	Friedman and Rosenmans's term for easy going, relaxed people.	6
6682142832	psychophysiological illness	"mind-body" illness; any stress related physical illness such as hypertension and headaches.	7
6682142833	cope	alleviating stress using emotional, cognitive or behavioral methods	8
6682142834	problem-focused coping	attempting to alleviate stress directly by changing the stressor or the way we interact with it. (used when we feel we have a sense of control over a situation)	9
6682142835	emotion-focused coping	alleviating stress by avoiding or ignoring a stressor and attending to emotional needs realted to one's stress reation.	10
6682142836	aerobic exercise	sustained exercies that increases heart and lung fitness; can alleviate depression and anxiety	11
6682142837	biofeedback	a system for electrically recording, amplifying and feeding back information regarding a subtle physiological state such as blood pressure or muscle tension; can help a person learn how to control a physiological response.	12
6682142840	stressor	something that causes stress	13
6682142841	stress reaction	physical and emotional response to a stressor	14
6682142842	stress response 1	sympathetic nervous system triggers release of epinephrine, and norepinephrine, increases heart rate, increased respiration, slows digestion, blood to skeletal muscles, releases glucose. (fight or flight)	15
6682142843	stress response 2	cerebral cortex demands (via hypothalamus & pituitary gland): adrenal glands secrete glucocorticoid-stress hormones like cortisol.	16
6682142844	alarm reaction	phase 1 of GAS; sudden activation sympathetic nervous system; mobilize resources.	17
6682142845	resistance	phase 2 of GAS; stress resistance remains because of continued sympathetic nervous system functions; cope with stressor	18
6682142846	exhaustion	phase 3 of GAS; reserves depleted; body cannot fight off stress any longer	19

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Email Reply AP Spanish Flashcards

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6652516299	Estimado	Hello (Formal greeting)	0
6652516300	He recibido su correo electrónico y le agradezco por mandarlo	I have received your email and thank you for sending it.	1
6652516301	He recibido su correo y le agradezco por responderme	I have received your email and thank you for responding to me.	2
6652516302	Le escribo a Ud en referencia a...	I am writing you in reference to...	3
6652516303	En respuesta a...	In response to...	4
6652516304	Para responder a este asunto...	To respond to this matter...	5
6652516305	Quisiera ser considerado como candidato posible	I would like to be considered as a possible candidate.	6
6652516306	Le escribo a Ud para pedir más información sobre...	I write to you to ask for more information about...	7
6652516307	Me complacería mucho si (+ Imperfect Subjunctive)	I would be most obliged if...	8
6652516308	Estaría muy agradecido si pudiera...	I would be very grateful if you could...	9
6652516309	Le agradecería enormemente si pudiera...	I would be enormously grateful if you could...	10
6652516310	Estoy muy agradecido por la oportunidad.	I am very thankful for this opportunity.	11
6652516311	Estoy interesado en... y quisiera saber...	I am very interested in... and would like to know...	12
6652516312	Estoy entusiasmado de participar en el programa	I am excited to participate in the program.	13
6652516313	Naturalmente, tengo algunas preguntas con respecto a...	Naturally, I have some questions with respect to...	14
6652516314	Le agradezco de antemano...	I thank you in advance...	15
6652516315	Si requiere información adicional no dude en contactarme	Should you need any further information, please do not hesitate to contact me	16
6652516316	No puedo esperar discutir esto con Ud.	I look forward to discussing this with you.	17
6652516317	No puedo esperar reunirme con Ud	I look forward to meeting with you.	18
6652516318	Le saluda atentamente,	Yours sincerely,	19
6652516319	Sin otro particular, le saluda atentamente,	Without further ado, yours sincerely,	20
6652516320	Cordialmente,	Cordially,	21
6652516321	Respetuosamente,	Respectfully yours,	22
6652516322	Se despide cordialmente,	Cordial goodbye	23

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AP Spanish Aesthetics and Beauty Flashcards

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5802393450	Lo bello	Everything beautiful	0
5802393451	El arte	Art	1
5802393452	El dibujo	Drawing	2
5802393453	La pintura	Painting	3
5802393454	La musíca	Music	4
5802393455	La literatura	Literature	5
5802393456	La poesía	Poetry	6
5802393457	La arquitectura	Architecture	7
5802393458	La escultura	Sculpture	8
5802393459	El baile	Dance	9
5802393460	El teatro	Theater	10
5802393461	Las joyas	Jewels	11
5802393462	La naturaleza	Nature	12
5802393463	Los fenómenos naturales	Natural phenomenon	13
5802393464	El espacio exterior	Outer space	14
5802393465	La forma del cuerpo	The body's form	15
5802393466	La amistad	Friendship	16
5802393467	El humor	Humor	17
5802393468	El romance	Romance	18
5802393469	Las experiencias	Experiences	19
5802393470	Lo difícil	Everything difficult	20
5802393471	Lo inesperado	Everything unexpected	21
5802393472	Lo desconocido	Everything unknown	22
5802393473	El cuerpo humano	The human body	23
5802393474	La actividad física	Physical activity	24
5802393475	Los descubrimientos	Discoveries	25
5802393476	La fe	Faith	26
5802393477	Lo cotidiano	the daily, the common	27
5802393478	Lo auténtico	Everything authentic	28
5802393479	La armonía	Harmony	29
5802393480	La justicia	Justice	30
5802393481	La creatividad	Creativity	31
5802393482	La honestidad	Honesty	32
5802393483	La libertad	Liberty	33
5802393484	La naturalidad	Natural	34
5802393485	La generosidad	Generosity	35
5802393486	La eficiencia	Efficiency	36
5802393487	La fluidez de movimiento	Fluid movement	37
5802393488	La simetría	Symmetry	38
5802393489	El equilibrio	Balance	39
5802393490	La simplicidad	Simplicity	40
5802393491	La paz	Peace	41
5802393492	La muerte	Death	42
5802393493	La amabilidad	Kindness	43
5802393494	El logro	the success	44
5802393495	El atletismo	Athletics	45
5802393496	La juventud	Youth	46
5802393497	El nacimiento	Birth	47
5802393498	La vejez	the old age	48
5802393499	La Gracia	the Grace	49
5802397472	el fracaso	the failure	50
5802398513	tener un gran éxito	to have a great success	51
5802398783	Tener muchos aficionados	to have many fans	52
5802398938	el sentimiento	the feeling	53
5802399069	el detalle	the detail	54
5802399221	más . . .que	more . . .than	55
5802399336	menos. . .que	less . . .than	56
5802399552	más de	more than (required for numbers)	57
5802399715	menos de	less than (required for numbers)	58
5802400219	El mejor objeto de todos	the best object of all	59
5802400565	la mejor obra de todas	the best work of all	60
5802400755	pintar	to paint	61
5802400756	la escultura	the sculputure	62
5802400911	esculpir	to sculpt	63
5802401185	dibujar	to draw	64
5802401348	embellecer	to beautify	65
5802401474	feo	ugly	66
5802401640	fuera de equilibrio	out of balance	67
5802401839	el estilo moderno	modern style	68
5802402142	crear	to create	69
5802402143	el ambiente	the environment	70

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AP Flashcards

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8745376584	hunter-gatherers	nomadic groups whose food supply depends on hunting animals and collecting plant foods	0
8745376585	River Valley Civilizations	The first civilizations mostly sprang up alongside the banks of major rivers.	1
8745376586	Hammurabi's Code	first written code/set of laws that all were expected to obey.	2
8745376587	Caste System	a social structure in which classes are determined by heredity	3
8745376588	Justinian's Code	code of law; created by Justinian	4
8745376589	Greek Politics	city-states	5
8745376590	Bureaucracy	A system of managing government through departments run by appointed officials	6
8745376591	footbinding	Process of wrapping young girls feet to stop growth, led to crppiling women for life	7
8745376592	European absolutism	the theory that the monarch is supreme snd can exercose full and complete power	8
8745376593	Mercantilism	belief in the benefits of profitable trading; commercialism.	9
8745376594	Treaty of Tordesillas	set the boundary established in 1493 to define Spanish and Portuguese possessions in the Americas.	10
8745376595	Battle of Lepanto	Turkish sea power was destroyed in 1571 by a league of Christian nations organized by the Pope	11

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AP French - Les Fruits Flashcards

Terms : Hide Images

5024274587	La pomme	Apple	0
5024274588	L'orange	Orange	1
5024274589	La pastèque	Watermelon	2
5024274590	La poire	Pear	3
5024274591	La pèche	Peach	4
5024274592	L'ananas	Pinapple	5
5024274593	La banane	Banana	6
5024274594	Le pamplemousse	Grapefruit	7
5024274595	Une Fraise	Strawberry	8
5024274596	Une framboise	Raspberry	9
5024274597	Le melon	Melon	10
5024274598	Un kiwi	Kiwi	11
5024274599	Les raisins	Grapes	12
5024274600	Une tomate	Tomato	13
5024274601	Un abricot	Apricot	14

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AP Gov Ch. 16 Flashcards

Terms : Hide Images

5736594944	AARP	0
5736599409	American Civil Liberties Union	1
5736607353	American- Israel Public Affairs Committee	2
5736613228	AFL-CIO	3
5736622107	Common Cause	4
5736623816	Congressional Hearing	5
5736626756	Electioneering	6
5736629765	Federalist #10	7
5736631582	Heritage Foudation	8
5736637365	Interest Group a.k.a. Lobbies	9
5736639480	Litigate	10
5736639481	Lobbyist	11
5736644971	League of United Latin American Citizens	12
5736644972	NAACP	13
5736649492	National Rifle Assosiation	14
5736654741	National Right to Life Committee	15
5736657776	National Organization for Women	16
5736660486	Policy Entrepeeur	17
5736660606	Sierra Club	18

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