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AP lit Flashcards

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8359980411Assonancerepetition of a vowel sound or diphthong in non-rhyming words, the words must be close enough for the repetition of the sound to be noticeable. Ex; "You only have to let the soft animal of your body / love what it loves."0
8359990803Consonancerefers to repetitive sounds produced by consonants within a sentence or phrase. This repetition often takes place in quick succession, such as in "pitter, patter." Ex; She ate seven sandwiches on a sunny Sunday last year.1
8360001227Punjoke exploiting the different possible meanings of a word or the fact that there are words that sound alike but have different meanings Ex; I build this with my bear hands(its an actual bear).2
8360009983Paradoxa statement that contradicts itself and still seems true somehow. Ex; "Nobody goes to the restaurant because it's too crowded."3
8360022593Antithesismeans opposite and is used as a literary device to put two contrasting ideas together. This emphasizes the difference between the two ideas Ex: Snow White and the Wicked Witch in Snow White Dumbledore and Voldemort in Harry Potter by J. K. Rowling Aslan and White Witch in The Chronicles Of Narnia by C.S. Lewis4
8360031819Metonymy-a figure of speech that replaces the name of a thing with the name of something else with which it is closely associated Ex: The pen is mightier than the sword. (Pen refers to written words and sword to military force.) 2) Let me give you a hand. (Hand means help.)5
8360045921Understatementa figure of speech employed by writers or speakers to intentionally make a situation seem less important than it really is. Ex; you win 10 million dollars in a lottery. When you tell a news reporter "I am delighted", you are making an understatement.6
8360051890Oxymoronoccurs when two contradictory words are together in one phrase Ex; Sweet sorrow; Cold fire, silent Scream7
8360065369Allusiona figure of speech that refers to a well-known story, event, person, or object in order to make a comparison in the readers' minds. Ex; The rise in poverty will unlock the Pandora's box of crimes. - This is an allusion to one of Greek Mythology's origin myth, "Pandora's box".8
8360074987Ironyuse of words to convey a meaning that is the opposite of its literal meaning Ex; "How nice!" when I said I had to work all weekend.9
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AP Biology Cellular Respiration Flashcards

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5013804797metabolismThe totality of an organism's chemical reactions, consistiing of catabolic and anabolic pathways, which manage the material and energy resources of the organism.0
5013804798metabolic pathwayA series of chemical reactions that either builds a complex molecule or breaks down a complex molecule into simpler compounds.1
5013804799anabolic pathwayA series of chemical reactions that builds a complex molecule.2
5013804800catabolicA series of chemical reactions that breaks down a complex molecule.3
5013804801bioenergeticsThe overall flow and transformation of energy in an organism. Also, the study of how energy flows through organisms.4
5013804802energyThe capacity to cause change, especially to do work.5
5013804803kinetic energyThe energy associated with the relative motion of objects.6
5013804804thermal energyThe total amount of kinetic energy due to the random motion of atoms or molecules in a body of matter. This is energy in its most random form.7
5013804805potential energyThe energy that matter possesses as a result of its location or spacial arrangement (structure).8
5013804806chemical energyEnergy available in molecules for relase in a chemical reaction; a form of potential energy.9
5013804807thermodynamicsThe study of energy transformations that occur in a collection of matter.10
5013804808entropyA measure of disorder or randomness.11
50138048091st law of thermodynamicsThe principle of conservation of energy: energy can be transferred and transformed, but it cannot be created or destroyed.12
50138048102nd law of thermodynamicsThe principle stating that every energy transfer or transformation increases the entropy of the universe. Ordered forms of energy are at least partly converted to heat.13
5013804811free energyThe portion of a biological system's energy that can perform work when temperature and pressure are uniform throughout the system.14
5013804812exergonic reactionA spontaneous chemical reaction, in which there is a net release of free energy.15
5013804813endergonic reactionA non-spontaneous chemical reaction, in which free energy is absorbed from the surroundings.16
5013804814energy couplingIn cellular metabolism, the use of energy released from an exergonic reaction to drive an endergonic reaction.17
5013804815ATPAn adenine-containing nucleoside triphosphate that releases free energy when its phosphate bonds are hydrolyzed. The energy is used to drive endergonic reactions in cells.18
5013804816adenosine triphosphateWhat does ATP stand for?19
5013804817phosphorylatedReferring to a molecule that is covalently bonded to a phosphate group.20
5013804818enzymeA macromolecule serving as a catlyst, a chemical agent that changes the rate of a reaction without being consumed by the reaction.21
5013804819catalystA chemical agent that increases the rate of a reaction without being consumed by the reaction.22
5013804820activation energyThe amount of energy that reactants must absorb before a chemical reaction will start.23
5013804821substrateThe reactant on which an enzyme works.24
5013804822enzyme-substrate complexA temporary complex formed when an enzyme binds to its substrate molecule.25
5013804823induced fitInduced by entry of the substrate, the change in shape of the active site of an enzyme so that it bonds more snugly to the substrate.26
5013804824cofactorAny nonprotein molecule or ion that is required for the proper functioning of an enzyme. They can be permanently bound tot he active site or may bind loosely with the substrate during catalysis.27
5013804825coenzymeAn organic molecule serving as a cofactor. Most vitamins are these kinds of molecules.28
5013804826competitive inhibitorA substance that reduces the activity of an enzyme by entering the active site in place of the substrate whose structure it mimics.29
5013804827non-competitive inhibitorA substance that reduces the activity of an enzyme by binding to a location remote from the active site, changing the enzyme's shape so that the active site no longer functions effectively.30
5013804828allosteric regulationThe binding of a regulatory molecule to a protein at one site that affects the function of the protein at a different site.31
5013804829cooperativityA kind of allosteric regulation whereby a shape change in one subunit of a protein caused by substrate binding is transmitted to all the others, facilitating binding of the subsequent substrate molecules.32
5013804830feedback inhibitionA method of metabolic control in which the end product of a metabolic pathway acts as an inhibitor of an enzyme within that pathway.33
5013804831fermentationA catabolic process that makes a limited amount of ATP from glucose without an electron transport chain and that produces a characteristic end product, such as ethyl alcohol or lactic acid.34
5013804832aerobic respirationA catabolic pathway that consumes oxygen and organic molecules, producing ATP. This is the most efficient catabolic pathway and is carried out in most eukaryotic cells and many prokaryotic organisms.35
5013804833cellular respirationThe catabolic pathways of aerobic and anaerobic respiration, which break down organic molecules for the production of ATP.36
5013804834redox reactionsA chemical reaction involving the complete or partial transfer of one or more electrons from one reactant to another; short for oxidation-reduction reaction.37
5013804835oxidationThe loss of electrons from a substance involved in a redox reaction.38
5013804836reductionThe addition of electrons to a substance involved in a redox reaction.39
5013804837reducing agentA electron donor in a redox reaction.40
5013804838oxidizing agentThe electron acceptor in a redox reaction.41
5013804839electron transport chainA sequence of electron carrier molecules (membrane proteins) that shuttle electrons during the redox reactions that release energy used to make ATP.42
5013804840NAD+Nictinamide adenine dinucleotide, a coenzyme that can accept an electron and act as an electron carrier in the electron transport chain.43
5013804841NADP+Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate, an electron acceptor that temporarily stores energized electrons produced during the light reactions.44
5013804842nictinamide adenine dinucleotideWhat does NAD stand for?45
5013804843nictinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphateWhat does NADP stand for?46
5013804844glycolysisThe splitting of glucose into pyruvate. This occurs in almost all living cells, serving as the starting point for fermentation or cellular respiration.47
5013804845citric acid cycleA chemical cycle involving eight steps that completes the metabolic breakdown of glucose molecules begun in glycolysis by oxidizing pyruvate to carbon dioxide. it occurs within hte mitochondrion in eukaryotic cells and in the cytosol of prokaryotes. This is the second major stage in cellular respiration.48
5013804846oxidative phosphorylationThe production of ATP using energy derived from the redox reactions of an electron transport chain. The third major stage of cellular respiration.49
5013804847substrate-level phosphorylationThe formation of ATP by an enzyme directly transferring a phosphate group to ADP from an intermediate substrate in catabolism.50
5013804848acetyl CoAThe entry compound for the citric acid cycle in cellular respiration, formed from a fragment of pyruvate attached to a coenzyme.51
5013804849cytochromeAn iron-containing protein that is a component of electron transport chains in the mitochondria and chloroplasts of eukaryotic cells and the plasma membranes of prokaryotic cells.52
5013804850ATP synthaseA complex of several membrane proteins that provide a port through which proteins diffuse. This complex functions in chemiosmosis with adjacent electron transport chains, using the energy of a hydrogen ion (proton) concentration gradient to make ATP. They are found in the inner mitochondrial membrane of eukaryotic cells and in the plasma membrane of prokaryotes.53
5013804851chemiosmosisAn energy-coupling mechanism that uses energy stored in the form of a hydrogen ion gradient across a membrane to drive cellular work, such as the synthesis of ATP. Most ATP synthesis in cells occurs by chemiosmosis.54
5013804852proton-motive forceThe potential energy stored in the form of an electrochemical gradient, generated byt he pumping of hydrogen ions across a biological membrane during chemiosmosis.55
5013804853alcohol fermentationGlycolysis followed by the conversion of pyruvate to carbon dioxide and ethyl alcohol.56
5013804854lactic acid fermentationGlycolysis followed by the conversion of pyruvate to lactate, with no release of carbon dioxide.57
5013804855obligate aerobeAn organism that requires oxygen for celular respiration and cannot live without it.58
5013804856obligate anaerobeAn organism that only carries out fermentation or anaerobic respiration. Such organisms cannot use oxygen and in fact may be poisoned by it.59
5013804857facultative anaerobeAn organism that makes ATP by aerobic respiration if oxygen is present, but that switches to anaerobic respiration or fermentation if oxygen is not present.60
5013804858beta oxidationA metabolic sequence that breaks fatty acids down to two-carbon fragments that enter the citric acid cycle as acetyl CoA.61
5013804859anaerobic respirationThe use of inorganic molecules other than oxygen to accept electrons at the "downhill" end of electron transport chains.62
5013804860ethanolC2H5OH, or alcohol which is made in prokaryotic cells during glycolysis to recycle NADH.63
5013804861lactic acidThis is produced in muscle cells from the reduction of pyruvate (under anaerobic conditions) to regenerate NAD+ so that glycolysis can continue.64
5013804862oxaloacetic acidThis four-carbon compound combines with acetyl CoA in the Krebs cycle to produce citric acid.65
5013804863citric acidThis 6 carbon compound is formed in the Krebs Cycle as an intermediate product in the metabolism of carbohydrates.66
5013804864glucoseThis sugar is manufactured during photosynthesis and is the main source of energy for plants and animals. It is metabolized during cellular respiration.67
5013804865pyruvic acidThis three-carbon compound is produced during glycolysis and is needed for both the aerobic and anaerobic pathways of cellular respiration that follow glycolysis.68
5013804866carbon dioxideThis gas is a reactant of photosynthesis and a waste product of cellular respiration.69
5013804867mitochondrionThis organelle in eukaryotic cells serves as the site of cellular respiration.70
5013804868matrixIn a mitochondrion, this is the surface area of the organelle that is exposed to fluids where cellular respiration takes place.71
5013804869cristaAn infolding of the inner membrane of a mitochondrion that houses electron transport chains and molecules of the enzyme catalyzing the synthesis of ATP.72
5013804870FADThis is a compound that acts as a hydrogen acceptor in dehydrogenation reactions.73
5013804871flavin adenine dinucleotideWhat does FAD stand for?74
5013804872FADH2This is produced in the Krebs cycle and is a reduced form of FAD, it is an electron carrier capable of creating 2 ATP from releasing its electrons to the electron transport chain.75
5013804873flavin adenine dinucleotude reducedWhat does FADH2 stand for?76
5013804874AMPThis is a molecule that can be converted into ATP through the addition of two phosphate; what ATP becomes when it loses two phosphate.77
5013804875adenosine monophosphateWhat does AMP stand for?78
5013804876ADPThis is the molecule that ATP becomes when it gives up one of its three phosphate groups.79
5013804877adenosine diphosphateWhat does ADP stand for?80
5013804878respirometerThis is a machine that can be used to calculate the respiration rate of a reaction.81
5013804879substrate-levelcyclic electron pathway; glycolisis; occurs in cytosol. High energy substrate transfers a phosphate group to ADP, forming ATP82
5013804880phosphofructokinaseThe enzyme that catalyzes the phosphorylation of fructose-6-phosphate to form fructose-1-6-bisphosphate in the third step of glycolysis. This is the main regulatory step of glycolysis. PFK is feedback-inhibited by ATP.83
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AP Biology Bacteria Flashcards Flashcards

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4962134145Prokaryotes-DNA but no envelope (chromosomes in nucleoid) -no specialized organelles -unicellular -have cell walls and cell membranes -microscopic -bacteria and archaebacteria -have much less DNA than eukaryotes -short generation time--evolve quickly0
4962405882Fibriaallow prokaryotes to stick to host cell or other individuals in a colony1
4962410874Pilusused in conjugation to connect two bacterial cells2
4962413874Taxismovement either towards or away from a stimulus3
4962420692Flagellumallow bacterial cells to move; consists of motor and hook4
4962422300Endosporecreated in harsh conditions -contains the DNA from a bacterial cell (only the important stuff) -can sit dormant for a while before it gets activated again and becomes a full cell5
4962436839Binary Fissionthe process by which prokaryotes asexually reproduce 1. DNA is replicated 2. Cell split in half 3. 2 daughter cells are produced (identical to parent cell)6
4962453839Genetic Recombinationthe combining of DNA from two sources -genetic variation comes this ((mutations)) -is NOT cell reproduction like binary fission -prokaryotic DNA is brought together through transformation, transduction and conjugation7
4962461765Transformationwhen a prokaryotic cell takes up and incorporates foreign DNA from the surrounding environment8
4962466377Transductionthe movement of genes between bacteria cells through bacteriophages -bacteriophage delivers bacteria's DNA and the ending recombinant DNA is original bacteria's DNA + ending bacteria's DNA 1. Virus inserts its DNA into original bacterial cell--viral and bacterial DNA will mix 2. Lytic or lysogenic cycle will take place--with lytic cycle, new viruses with bacterial DNA will exit original bacterial cell 3. New virus injects the V/B DNA into ending bacterial cell 4. That ending bacterial cell will have original bacterial cell's DNA (plus some viral DNA)9
4962521856Conjugationthe process by which genetic material is transferred between prokaryotic cells -donor cell attaches to recipient by a pilus, pulls it closer and transfers DNA10
4962543329F-Factora piece of DNA necessary for the production of a pilus -can come in two forms: in the plasmid or in the chromosomal DNA11
4962547907F-Factor in Plasmid-cells w/ f plasmid function as donors during conjugation -f factor is transferable during conjugation--both cells end up f positive -the recipient has its own chromosomal DNA plus the donor's plasmid -F POSITIVE12
4962558576F-Factor in Chromosomes-cells w/ f factor built into chromosomes act as donors during conjugation -the recipient becomes a recombinant bacterium with chromosomal from itself and the donor -F NEGATIVE but Hfr POSITIVE13
4962595312R Plasmidcarries genes for antibiotic resistance -resistance is always on the plasmid -r plasmid can be passed onto other cells through reproduction -antibiotics kill sensitive bacteria but cannot kill bacteria with specific R plasmids -fraction of bacteria with genes for resistance increases in a population exposed to antibiotics14
4962643931Bacteria-most common shapes: spheres, rods and spirals -shape and whether gram-positive or negative determines what kind of bacteria it is -reproduce through binary fission15
4962656563Capsuleprotects bacterial cell and helps the cell attach to other cells and surfaces -polysaccharide or protein layer -not in all bacterial cells -why they are so hard to kill16
4962666912Cell Wallprotects the cell and gives it the shape -made of peptidoglycan -on the outer side of cell17
4962672301Peptidoglycanwhat makes up bacterial cell walls; network of sugar polymers cross-linked by polypeptides -amino acids and carbohydrates18
4962677963Cell Membraneregulates the types of molecules that move into and out of the cell -on inner side of cell19
4962679908Cytoplasmcontains bacterial DNA, ribosomes20
4962682253Plasmidcarries genes that are transferred through genetic recombination; circular loop of DNA -not located in nucleoid region21
4962699503Gram-Positive Bacteriahave simpler walls with a large amount of peptidoglycan -peptidoglycan is outside layer22
4962706617Gram-Negative Bacteriahave less peptidoglycan and an outer membrane that can be toxic -2 phospholipid bilayers with peptidoglycan layer in the middle (harder to reach--more likely to be antibiotic resistant)23
4962712680Phototrophderives energy from light24
4962714399Chemotrophderives energy from chemicals25
4962714400Autotrophrequire carbon dioxide as a carbon source26
4962717391Heterotrophrequire an organic nutrient to make organic compounds27
4962720034Pathologystudy of disease -pathogens are bacteria or viruses that cause disease28
4962722530Exotoxinsgram-positive based ex. tetanus29
4962724595Endotoxinsgram-negative; lipid and carbohydrates based ex. E. coli30
4962729672Antibioticsdrugs that combat bacteria31
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AP GOV Flashcards

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6720635923direct democracytype of government characterized by citizens attending a town meeting and voting on issues raised, with the majority prevailing0
6720643156Elite class theorya group theory that revolves around an economic strata of society controlling the policy agenda1
6720654103governmentthose institutions that create public policy2
6720662283hyper pluralismis a group theory characterized by many interest groups vying for control resulting in a government that is tied up in gridlock3
6720670354linkage institutionthe means by which individuals can express preferences regarding the development of public policy4
6720677374loos constructiona liberal interpretation of the constitution5
6720678771pluralisma group theory that involves different groups all vying for control of the policy agenda. no single group emerges, forcing the groups to compromise6
6720689045policy agendaagenda that results from the interaction of linkage institutions7
6720697961political partya group of people joined together by common philosophies and common approaches with the aim of getting candidates elected in order to develop and implement public policy. it is characterized by an organization that is responsible to the electorate and has a role in gov8
6720715935politicswho gets what, when, how, why9
6720717143public policythe final actions taken by the gov in promotional, regulatory, or distributive form10
6720724205representative democracyform of gov that relies not he consent of the people and is often called a republican gov11
6720731649strict constructionistsindividuals who believe in a conservative interpretation of the constitution12
6720737200unitary system of govtyper of gov that centralizes all the powers of gov into one central authority13
6720740714anti-federalistsled by thomas jefferson on of the first political parties urging the rejection of the constitution. its members were framers and represented the interest of the common people14
6720748944articles of confederationthe first adopted written constitution of the newly independent untied states. because of its weakness, the period of time it governed became known as the critical period15
6720766823connecticut compromiseoffered at the constitutional convention at philadelphia it was adopted by the delegates and created a bicameral legislature where one house is represented by population and the other house is represented by states16
6720787218consent of the governeda derivative of the doctrine of natural rights; a philosophy, later adopted by jefferson when he drafted the declaration of independence, that puts the authority of the gov in the peoples hands17
6720803271constitutionprovides the basic framework of gov. it is the supreme law of the land18
6720808420declaration of independencecontinued 3 parts, 1 intro including ideas such as natural rights as related to life liberty and property 2 grievances against the king, 3 declaration of independence19
6720825995democratic republicansled by thomas jefferson, they were characterized as the party of the "common man" the believed in a more limited role of the central gov20
6720833530federalist papersseries of articles urging the adoption of the constitution. agreed for a 3 branch gov with distinctive power21
6720845759federalist partyheaded by alexander hamilton, made up of the upper class, supported a strong national gov22
6720863032limited govderived from the doctrine of natural rights, it was adopted by jefferson and restricts the power of gov especially in the area of protecting the rights of the people23
6720883519natural rightspart of lockes philosophy; rights that are god given such as life liberty and property24
6720899983new jersey planoffered at the constitutional convention at philadelphia, it urged the delegates to create a legislature based on equal representation by the states25
6720910165second treatise of civil govwritten by john locke, it contains the bllueprint principles found in the declaration of independence26
6720915305shays rebelliona failed attempt by daniel shay, a farmer who lost his property, to revolt against the state gov27
67209214763/5 compromiseoffered at the constitutional convention of philadelphia, it was adopted by the delegates and counted every five slaves as 3 people for representation and tax purposes28
6720927770unalienable rightsright such as life liberty and the pursuit of happiness, which are derived from the doctrine of natural rights29
6720939453virginia planoffered at the constitutional convention at philedelphia, it urged the delegates to create a legislature based on the population of each state30
6720952322bicameral2 house legislature31
6720959831checks and balancesprotects the balance of power between 3 branches of gov32
6720963744elastic clausefound in article 1 section 8 of the constitution, it gives congress the power to make "all laws necessary and proper" to carry out the other defined powers of the congress33
6720983416electoral collegenumber of electors is based off of population of state, candidate with the majority of votes is elected to office34
6721004454enumerated powersdelegate powers to congress including the power to collect taxes, pay debts, provide for the common defense and general welfare, coin money,declare war35
6721015950ex post facto lawslaws that take effect after the act takes place congress is prohibited form enacting this type of legislation36
6721056795executive privilegethe ability of the president to protect personal material37
6721065274federalismthe overall division of power between the federal gov and state gov, as defined in the 10th amendment of the constituiton. powers not delegated by the constitution are given to the respective states38
6721077712full faith and creditmutual respect and legality of laws, public records, and judicial decisions made by states39
6721082431judicial reviewderived from marbury v madison, it gives the supreme court the power to interpret the constitution and specifically acts of congress, the presidents and the states40
6721090568preambleintro to constitution, outline the goals of the document41
6721098137privileges and immunitiesthe guaranties that the rights of a citizen in one state will be respected by other states. also is a clause in the 14th amendment that protects citizens from abuses by a state42
6721110762reserved power amendmentfound in the 10th amendment, it gives states powers not delegated to the national gov43
6721119560separation of powerslegislative, executive, and judicial with all unique and distinct powers44
6721123548supremacy clauseclause that states the constitution and the laws of the US shall be the supreme law of the and45
6721151393unwritten constitutiontraditions, precedent, and practice incorporated into our form of gov that added the elasticity and viability46
6721164008block grantsfederal aide given to states with few strings attached47
6721166208categorical grantsinclude project and formula grants aim at assisting the states in areas such as health income security and education48
6721171682competitive federalismstressed downsizing of the federal gov and more reliance on revenue sharing and grants49
6721177026cooperative federalismfederal governments becoming more intrusive in what were traditionally state powers50
6721182081creative federalism"great society programs" placed major responsibility on federally funded programs51
6721186576dual federalismfederal governments powers were defined as delegated and the state governments powers were reserved52
6721191326fiscal federalismfunding is appropriated by the federal gov to the states with specific conditions attached. the legislation can be in the form of mandates53
6721196026funded mandatesthose regulations passed by congress or issued by regulatory agencies to the states with federal funds to support them54
6721204869layer cake federalismnational gov exercising its power independently from states55
6721208356marble cake federalismfederal government becoming more intrusive in what was traditionally states' powers56
6721213874unfunded mandateregulations passed by congress or issued by regulatory agencies to states without federal funds to support them57
6721224156bill of rightsbasic civil liberties in america58
6721225318civil libertiesrights protected under the bill of rights59
6721232238cruel and unusual punishmentfound in the 8th amendment, prohibits federal gov from imposing excessive penalties for crimes committed60
6721237136double jeopardycannot tried twice for the same crime61
6721248530establishment clauseseparation between church and state, allows people to practice religion without gov interference62
6721252943exclusionary clausepolice can only obtain evidence that can be had through a legitimate search warrant63
6721266528Gitlow v new yorkincorporated the first amendment to a state case for the first time64
6721274462indictmentformal list of charges mad e by a grand jury and guaranteed in the fifth amendment65
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Review ap Flashcards

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10114456301Ural mountainsA mountain range that is on both sides of russia boundary0
10114457221Boyarsnoble land owning class that stood at top of the social pyramid1
10114459797MongolsPeople from central Asia who had tight control over the city-states and kingdoms that made up of Russia2
10114463763Pale of settlementCreated by catherine. Restricted district that Jews in Russia were required to live in3
10114465953pogramsVicious anti-Jewish attacks that were supported by the government in Russia4
10114467831Gunpowder EmpiresOttoman, safavid, mughal: Empires5
10114471588SikhismMonotheistic religion that developed from Hinduism which was founded in the 15th century6
10114472754Taj mahalMagnificent architecture accomplish built by Shah Johan which was a tomb for his wife in mughal india7
10114477799Congress of berlinMeant to recognize the balkans after the brief Russo Turkish war8
10114481471Muiji EraUnder this rule Japan ended its self imposed isolation and began the industrialication process9
10114485223kuomintangChinese nationalist party that rules in china in the 20th century formed by sun yay sen10
10114489106Boxer rebellionA violent antiforeigner campaign that occurred from 1889 to 199111
10114493552commodore matthew pemyAmerican who pressured Japan in the form of a naval squad in 1853. Japan opened itself to Western technology but avoided influence12
10114495540James WattCreator of the steam engine in 176513
10114496368Eli WhitneyBest known for developing the cotton gin in 1798 but also create a system of interchangeable parts14
10114498773Tenementapartment building that held working families often owned by factory owners often located in the slims15
10114504981Karl MarxA German scholar and writer who disliked capitalism and develop ideas which influences communism. Father of communism.16
10114507305Laissez-fairephilosophy Popular in the late 19th century which opposed nearly all government regulations that limited business a doctrine opposing government interference17
10114514104sepoysIndian soldiers under British or other European orders18
10114515171Leopold the 2ndThe 2nd king of the Belgians known for the founding and exploitation of the Congo free state as a private venture19
10114519300Gavrillo PrincipA serbian Nationalist who was a part of the black hand. Who assassinated archduke francis ferdinand20
10114525798treaty of brest-litovsksigned with Germany which ended russias involvement in the war21
1011452619414 pointsA document that outlined Woodrow Wilson's princin22
10114529375Armenian GenocideA mass killing of Christian Armenians after uprising against the ottoman empire. Around 1 million Armenians died23
10114534117Mao Tsc-tungLed the Chinese Communist Party who was inspired by the Communist Revolution in Russia. Long march24
10114553988Francisco FrancoLeader of the nationalist and dictator of Spain for decades25
10114557672John Maynard keynesBritish economist who rejected the laissez- faire ideas. He believed that government action could improve the economy. Said government should use deficit spending26
10114565892Neville chamberlainPrime minister who gave Miller everything he wanted27
10114568543Kristallnacht1983 nights of the broken glass where Jewish property was destroyed on a grand scale28
10114571149Erwin RommelGerman general that controlled lots of north Africa known as desert fox29
10114572357winston churchillPrime minister of Great Britain during World War II who opposed appeasement30
10114573616Ho Chi minhCommunist leader of North vietnam Who used guerilla warfare To fight anti-Communist american funded attacks31
10114576674ContainmentUS foreign policy adopted by Truman in late 1940s which tried to stop communism by creating alliances to help weaken countries to resist Soviet advances32
10114580653Marshall planplan to rebuild Europe after World War II33
10114583344DétentThe steady relaxation between the US and the USSR34
10114586007Cultural revolutionan upraising in China led by red guards with the goal of establishing a society of peasants and workers were equal35
10114591055Domino theoryThe idea that if a nation falls under communist control, nearby communist control will also fall36
10114592705Great leap forwardChina second five-year plan under the leadership of moa Which airred to speed up economic development while developing a completely socialist society37
10114595213Pol PotLeader of Cambodia who is responsible of 2 million deaths of his own people38
10114596553anwar sadatsigned the camp David Accord's which made Egypt The first Arab nation to recognize Israel39
10114602514Gamal Abdel NasserArab leaders who set out to modernize Egypt to end the western domination who nationalized the suez canal which led to wars against the state40
10114606541KashmirWars have been fought for this mountain range between India and Pakistan41
10114607582Khmer RogueA group of communist rebels who seized power in Cambodia in 197542
10114609060Balfour DeclarationBritish documents that promise Jesus land in Palestine43
10114611836Camp David AccordsA peace treaty between Israel and Egypt where Egypt agree to recognize Israel44
10114613197Asian tigersTaiwan India Japan China and South Korea45
10114615314Ethnic cleansingExtermination of people or nation happened in Bosnia46
10114616497Jonás salkDoctor Who invented polio vaccine in 195347
10114617092RwandaWhere the mutus killed tutsis : genocide48
10114622358Tianamen squareA protest against communist government because the people wanted democratic rights. Tanks Rolled in China49
10114624918ApartheidSouth Africa his system to separate whites and blacks50
10114632513Shariah LawIslamic law which became part of the Islamic tradition which deals with all aspects of life51
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8393829838fibermuscle cell0
8393829839Epimysiumconnective tissue wrapping the entire muscle1
8393829840Perimysiumconnective tissue wrapping the fascicle2
8393829841Endomysiumconnective tissue wrapping the muscle fiber3
8393829842fasciclebundle of muscle fibers4
8393829843fibersbundle of myofibrils5
8393829844myofibrilbundle of myofilaments6
8393829845myofilaments consist ofactin and myosin7
8393829846myofilamentsmallest structure8
8393829847sarcolemmaplasma membrane of muscle cell9
8393829848Sarcoplasmcytoplasm of muscle cell10
8393829849sarcoplasmic reticulumholds calcium ion11
8393829850sarcomerecontractile unit of muscle cell12
8393829851AcetylcholineA neurotransmitter that enables muscle contraction13
8393829852synaptic vesiclesholds acetylcholine until its released14
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AP Vocab: Unit 13 Flashcards

definitions, S/A, sentences

Terms : Hide Images
9526891940abet(v.) to encourage, assist, aid, support (especially in something wrong or unworthy) *ANTONYMS:* hamper, hinder, impede he was not guilty of murder but was guilty of aiding and abetting others0
9526891941aver(v.) to affirm, declare confidently *SYNONYMS:* assert, asseverate, avouch *ANTONYMS:* deny, disavow, repudiate, disclaim During the interrogation, the suspect did nothing but aver his innocence.1
9526891942blatant(adj.) noisy in a coarse, offensive way; obvious or conspicuous, especially in an unfavorable sense *SYNONYMS:* flagrant, glaring, egregious, disagreeably loud *ANTONYMS:* inconsequential, trifling, piddling, petty She saw straight through her unfaithful husband's blatant lies2
9526891943broach(v.) to bring up or begin to talk about (a subject); to announce, introduce; to break the surface of the water; to pierce (a keg, cask) to draw off liquid (n.) a spit for roasting; a tool for tapping casks Candace was afraid to broach the subject of divorce to her abusive husband.3
9526891944buttress(v.) to support, prop up, strengthen (n.) a supporting structure *SYNONYMS:* (v.) bolster, reinforce, shore-up *ANTONYMS:* (v.) undermine, weaken, impair Because someone had designed the walls without a proper buttress, the whole building collapsed within a year after it was built.4
9526891945carousal(n.) noisy revelry or merrymaking (often with a suggestion of heavy drinking) *SYNONYMS:* drinking bout, drunken revel, binge Let's head over to Jim's for carousal and camaraderie.5
9526891946collate(v.) to compare critically in order to note differences, similarities, etc.; to arrange in order for some scientific purpose *SYNONYMS:* sort out, cross-check, rearrange Does our boss want us to collate these documents by company name or by order number?6
9526891947connoisseur(n.) an expert; one who is well qualified to pass critical judgments, especially in one of the fine arts *SYNONYMS:* authority, savant, pundit *ANTONYMS:* ignoramus, philistine, yahoo The wine connoisseur swirled the chardonnay in her glass and made note of the crisp taste.7
9526891948disconsolate(adj.) deeply unhappy or dejected; without hope, beyond consolation *SYNONYMS:* grief-stricken, inconsolable, comfortless *ANTONYMS:* cheerful, blithe, buoyant, jaunty Nicole was disconsolate after the breakup and refused to allow her friends to comfort her.8
9526891949encumber(v.) to weigh down or burden (with difficulties, cares, debt, etc.); to fill up, block up, hinder *SYNONYMS:* overload, saddle, hamper, clog *ANTONYMS:* unburden, unload, relieve The tax new plan will encumber many average Americans to the point where they cannot take yearly vacations.9
9526891950foment(v.) to promote trouble or rebellion; to apply warm liquids to, warm *SYNONYMS:* instigate, incite, stir up *ANTONYMS:* quell, quash, squelch, suppress If the dictator thinks you're trying to foment turmoil in order to start a rebellion, he'll have you executed on national television.10
9526891951grisly(adj.) frightful, horrible, ghastly *SYNONYMS:* gruesome, gory, hideous *ANTONYMS:* pleasant, delightful, attractive It takes the makeup artist several hours to apply the cosmetics that turn the actor into a grisly monster.11
9526891952herculean(adj.) (capital H) relating to Hercules; (lowercase h) characterized by great strength; very hard to do in the sense of requiring unusual strength *SYNONYMS:* mighty, powerful, arduous, onerous *ANTONYMS:* puny, Lilliputian, bantam It took herculean effort for the men to dig themselves out of the collapsed mine.12
9526891953impassive(adj.) showing no feeling or emotion; inanimate; motionless *SYNONYMS:* emotionless, stoical, unemotional, insensible *ANTONYMS:* emotional, passionate, excitable He kept his own features impassive but truthfully, her words pierced him to the core13
9526891954inauspicious(adj.) unfavorable, unlucky, suggesting bad luck for the future *SYNONYMS:* unpropitious, unpromising, untimely *ANTONYMS:* propitious, favorable it was an inauspicious beginning to the surgeon's career when he killed someone by making a very avoidable mistake14
9526891955incontrovertible(adj.) unquestionable, beyond dispute *SYNONYMS:* incontestable, indisputable, indubitable *ANTONYMS:* debatable, dubious, open to question Inconvertible evidence was used to finally put away the ruthless serial killer.15
9526891956nonplussed(adj.) puzzled, not knowing what to do, at a loss *SYNONYMS:* perplexed, baffled, stumped, flabbergasted *ANTONYMS:* poised, confident, assured The embarrassed foster child was nonplussed when his classmates asked about his parents.16
9526891957opportune(adj.) suitable or convenient for a particular purpose; occurring at an appropriate time *SYNONYMS:* timely, appropriate, felicitous *ANTONYMS:* untimely, inconvenient, inappropriate With all of the mobile applications being sold for millions of dollars, now is an opportune time to become a mobile developer.17
9526891960predilection(n) a liking, preference *SYNONYMS:* fondness *ANTONYMS:* dislike He has a predilection for shellfish, so it was no surprise when he ordered the shrimp Alfredo instead of the chicken Alfredo.18
9526891958prolific(adj.) abundantly productive; abundant, profuse *SYNONYMS:* fruitful, fecund, proliferous *ANTONYMS:* barren, unproductive, sterile, sparse before furniture making, mahogany was once prolific in the tropical forests19
9526891959rejoinder(n.) a reply to a reply, especially from the defendant in a legal suit *SYNONYMS:* answer, reply, response, riposte, retort After the he called her out, she tried to make some cutting rejoinder but none came to mind20
9526891961magniloquent(adj) expressed in lofty or high -flown language( often in the sense of being pompous or over-elaborate) *SYNONYMS:* boastful, bombastic *ANTONYMS:* terse The actor delivered a magniloquent monologue, peppered with metaphors and obscure words21
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AP MUSIC THEORY - HARMONY Flashcards

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6470816318Capital Roman numerals denotemajor triads.0
6470824987Lowercase Roman numerals denoteminor triads.1
6470827921A capital Roman numeral with a " + " indicatesan augmented triad.2
6470834436A lowercase Roman numeral with a " ° " indicatesa diminished triad.3
6470852233Arabic numerals or figured-bass symbols denote intervals above the bass andhence indirectly indicate chord inversion.4
6470856842Arabic numerals may indicate voice leading and/ornonharmonic tones.5
64708663166 indicatesa first inversion triad6
64708687386 4 indicatesa second inversion triad7
64708759917 indicatesa root-position seventh chord8
6470881619°7 indicatesa diminished (fully-diminished) seventh chord9
6470907286ø7 indicatesa half-diminished seventh chord10
64709124406 5 indicatesfirst inversion11
64709152644 3 indicatessecond inversion12
64709194844 2 indicatesthird inversion13
64709259338-7 indicatesmelodic movement from an octave to a seventh above the bass.14
64709296549-8, 7-6, 4-3 indicatea suspension and melodic resolution.15
6470933774An accidental before an Arabic numeral indicatesalteration of the interval involved.16
6470942116A numeral with a slash (e.g., a slashed 6 ) or a plus (e.g., 4+) indicatesthat the note creating the interval in question is raised a half step17
6470993113authentic cadenceV or vii° to I18
6470993114imperfect authentic cadence (AC)all ACs that are not PACs, with also vii° - I19
6470995355perfect authentic cadence (AC)V(7) to I (with tonic in soprano)20
6470999635conclusive cadencea cadence ending with the tonic triad; Includes authentic and plagal cadences.21
6471010710deceptive cadenceA chord progression where the dominant chord is followed by a chord other than the tonic chord usually the sixth chord or superdominant chord or submediant chord (V-VI), but sometimes something else; V to anything but I (usually vi)22
6471012664half cadenceA chord progression where the dominant chord is the final chord of the cadence and is preceded by the tonic chord in second inversion (6/4-V). It should be noted that this pattern produces two chords with the same bass note in both chords. The "I" represents the chord based on the first step of the scale (with the 6/4 indicating second inversion) and the "V" represents the chord based on the fifth step of the scale. In the tonality of "C" major, a half cadence would be the tonic in second inversion (I 6/4) C major chord (G C E) moving to the dominant (V) G major chord (G B D); ends in V23
6471017356phrygian half cadence24
6471019177inconclusive cadence25
6471023187triad26
6471023188augmented or + triad27
6471028867diminished or ° triad28
6471031531major or M triad29
6471031532minor or m triad30
6471042780seventh chords31
6471042781major seventh (MM; M7) ("major-major")32
6471050652dominant seventh (Mm7) (used for major-minor seventh chords exercising a dominant function)33
6471052417major-minor seventh (Mm7) (same quality as dominant seventh without denoting function)34
6471057483minor seventh (m7; mm) ("minor-minor"35
6471059503half-diminished seventh (ø7; dm) ("diminished-minor")36
6471059504fully-diminished seventh (°7; dd) ("diminished-diminished")37
6471074999Scale degrees/diatonic chord names: tonic38
6471085155Scale degrees/diatonic chord names: supertonic39
6471088103Scale degrees/diatonic chord names: mediant40
6471094832Scale degrees/diatonic chord names: subdominant41
6471097313Scale degrees/diatonic chord names: dominant42
6471099416Scale degrees/diatonic chord names: submediant43
6471102123Scale degrees/diatonic chord names: subtonic44
6471102124Scale degrees/diatonic chord names: leading tone45
6471110510Functions: tonic function46
6471112222Functions:dominant function47
6471112223Functions: predominant function48
6471118249Circle of fifths49
6471118250Deceptive progression50
6471124959Harmonic rhythm51
6471126900Modulation52
6471131057common tone modulation53
6471133087phrase modulation54
6471137465pivot chord modulation55
6471143922Neighboring chord56
6471145887Rate of harmonic change57
6471149026Realize58
6471149027realization of a figured bass59
6471154262realization of a four-part Roman60
6471157953numeral progression61
6471159414Retrogression62
6471165595Secondary dominant63
6471166943Secondary leading tone chord64
6471166944Tonicization65
6471175080Nonharmonic Tones66
6472432633Anticipation67
6472435879Appoggiatura68
6472440889Embellishment69
6472446465Escape tone (échappeé)70
6472440890Neighboring tone71
6472458885auxiliary tone72
6472460772embellishing tone73
6472460773neighbor note74
6472465946double neighbor75
6472473268lower neighbor76
6472475799upper neighbor77
6472477866neighbor group78
6472481131cambiata79
6472483592changing tones80
6472483685changing notes81
6472491103Ornament82
6472497588Passing tone83
6472504659Passing tone, accented84
6472507300Passing tone, unaccented85
6472511125Pedal point86
6472511126Preparation87
6472517179Nonharmonic tones: Resolution88
6472524713Retardation89
6472527116Suspension90
6472527233rearticulated suspension91
6472529102suspension chain92
6472541018Spacing/Voicing/Position: Alto93
6472545568Spacing/Voicing/Position: Bass94
6472567068Spacing/Voicing/Position: Close position95
6472571657Spacing/Voicing/Position:Doubling96
6472571701Spacing/Voicing/Position: First inversion97
6472577150Spacing/Voicing/Position: Inversion, inversion of chords98
6472580005Spacing/Voicing/Position: Open position99
6472587703Spacing/Voicing/Position: Root100
6472596090Spacing/Voicing/Position: Root position101
6472599453Spacing/Voicing/Position: Second inversion102
6472602087Spacing/Voicing/Position: Soprano103
6472602122Spacing/Voicing/Position: Tenor104
6472604398Spacing/Voicing/Position: Third inversion105
6472612242Common tone106
6472616002Contrary motion107
6472619770Cross relation (false relation)108
6472621281Crossed voices (voice crossing)109
6472626513Direct fifths (hidden fifths)110
6472631244Direct octaves (hidden octaves)111
6472634864Oblique motion112
6472634865Overlapping voices113
6472637495Parallel motion114
6472644685Parallel intervals115
6472644686Parallel intervals: objectionable parallels116
6472654635Parallel intervals: parallel fifths117
6472656682Parallel intervals: parallel octaves118
6472656683Similar motion119
6472664987Tendency tone120
6472668845Unresolved leading tone121
6472670609Unresolved seventh122
6472670610Voice exchange123
6472678266Arpeggio124
6472680472arpeggiation125
6472680473Chromatic126
6472685972Common Practice Style127
6472689521Consonance128
6472689522Diatonic129
6472692403Dissonance130
6472699807Figured bass131
6472702032Flatted fifth132
6472705689Lead sheet133
6472707455Picardy third134
6472707456Resolution135
6472724292Interval136
6472782298Intervals: Compound interval137
6472787760Intervals: Half step (semitone)138
6472791143Intervals: Inversion, inversion of an interval139
6472793601Intervals: Numerical names (i.e., third, fifth, octave)140
6472800352Intervals: Tritone141
6472800353Intervals: Unison (prime)142
6472805468Intervals: Whole step (whole tone)143
6472807020Intervals: Perfect144
6472807021Intervals: Major145
6472809854Intervals: Minor146
6472809855Intervals: diminished147
6472811610Intervals: augmented148
6472821040Treatment of second inversion ( 6/4 ) triads: Arpeggiating 6/4a 6/4 created by arpeggiation of the triad in the bass149
6472870579Treatment of second inversion ( 6/4 ) triads: Cadential 6/4a I6/4 preceding the dominant, often at a cadence. Although it contains the notes of the tonic triad, it does not exercise a tonic function but rather serves as an embellishment of the dominant. It occurs in a metrically stronger position than the dominant, and the upper voices most often move by step to the tones of the dominant. May also be written as V6/4 ----5/3 , including the resolution of the cadential 6/4 to the dominant150
6472924294Treatment of second inversion ( 6/4 ) triads: Neighboring or pedal 64 (embellishing 6/4, auxiliary 6/4 )occurs when the third and fifth of a root position triad are embellished by their respective upper neighboring tones, while the bass is stationary, usually occurring on a weak beat151
6472935141Treatment of second inversion ( 6/4 ) triads: Passing 6/4harmonizes the second note of a three-note ascending or descending scale fragment in the bass; that is, it harmonizes a bass passing tone. The usual metric placement is on an unaccented beat and the motion of the upper voices is ordinarily by step152
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