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AP Chemistry Flashcards

8434186646	atomic number	number of electrons/protons in the atom	0
8434186647	molar mass	average mass of a single atom measured in amus; also the average mass for one mole of the atom in grams	1
8434186648	periods	horizontal rows	2
8434186649	groups	vertical rows	3
8434186650	alkali metals	G1 elements	4
8434186651	alkaline earth metals	G2 elements	5
8434186652	transition metals	G3 through G12	6
8434186653	halogens	G17	7
8434186654	noble gases	G18	8
8434186655	lanthanides and actinides	rare earth elements; inner transition metals	9
8434186656	proton	positively charged particle in the nucleus; # of which determines the properties of an element	10
8434186657	neutron	neutral particles in the nucleus of an atom	11
8434186658	electron	small, negatively charged particle surrounding an atom in orbitals	12
8434186659	mass number	sum of protons and neutrons	13
8434186660	isotope	element with a different number of neutrons	14
8434186661	mass spectrometry	mass of various isotopic elements to create a mass spectrum graph	15
8434186662	mole	unit used to represent large numbers of small particles such as atoms, molecules, electrons, or ions	16
8434186663	avogadros number	6.022 E23	17
8434186664	ideal gas law	pv=nrt	18
8434186665	? L/mol	22.4 L	19
8434186666	percent composition	percent by mass of each element that makes up a compound; mass part/mass whole	20
8434186667	empirical formula	simplest ratio of the molecules making up a compound	21
8434186668	molecular formula	actual formula for a substance	22
8434186669	aufbau principle	e- are placed in orbitals, subshells, and shells in order of increasing energy	23
8434186670	quantized	e- can only exist at specific energy levels separated by specific intervals	24
8434186671	pauli exclusion principle	two electrons who share an orbital cannot have the same spin (must be clockwise and counterclockwise); magnetic moment	25
8434186672	hunds rule	when an electron is added to a subshell it will always occupy an empty orbital if one is available	26
8434186673	coulombs law	the amount of energy that an electron has depends on its distance from the nucleus of an atom; e=k(q1*q20)/r	27
8434186674	quantum theory	electromagnetic energy is quantized; for a given frequency of light or radiation, all possible energies are multiples of a certain unit (a quantum)	28
8434186675	quantum energy equation	e=hv	29
8434186676	bohr model	each energy level is represented by a row in the periodic table	30
8434186677	electromagnetic radiation	the form in which atoms absorb energy	31
8434186678	when electron drops to a lower energy level	then electromagnetic radiation is released (energy)	32
8434186679	frequency and wavelength are	inversely proportional; c=hv	33
8434186680	ionization energy	amount of energy necessary to remove electrons from an atom (electromagnetic energy exceeds binding energy)	34
8434186681	unit for binding energy	kj/mol or Mj/mol	35
8434186682	kinetic energy	energy of motion	36
8434186683	photoelectron spectra (pes)	charted amounts of ionizations energies for electrons ejected from a nucleus; can be used to identify elements	37
8434186684	ion	an atom which has either gained or lost electrons	38
8434186685	anion	particle with more electrons than protons; negatively charged	39
8434186686	cation	particle with less electrons than protons; positively charged	40
8434186687	dalton	modern atomic theory; elements combined in different ratios; are never created nor destroyed in chemical reactions	41
8434186688	mendeleev & meyer	independent proposals of early periodic tables	42
8434186689	thomsons experiment	cathode ray tube; deflection of charges that concluded atoms are composed of positive and negative particles	43
8434186690	plum pudding model		44
8434186691	millikans experiment	calculated charge on an electron by examining the behavior of charged oil drops in an electric field	45
8434186692	rutherfords experiment	fired alpha particles at gold foil and observed how they scattered; concluded that all of the positive charge was concentrated in the center and that an atom is mostly empty space	46
8434186693	heisenberg uncertainty principle	it is impossible to know both the position and momentum of an electron at a particular instant; means electron orbitals do NOT represent specific orbits	47
8434186694	shielding electrons	electrons between a valence electron and the nucleus that decreases the attraction between the nucleus and the valence electron	48
8434186695	stable atoms have	... completed shells	49
8434186696	metalloids		50
8434186697	atomic radius	approximate distance from the nucleus of an atom to its valence electrons	51
8434186698	periodic trend: left to right	periodic trend: atomic radius decreases; protons are added to the nucleus so valence electrons are more strongly attracted ionization energy increases (protons are added to the nucleus)	52
8434186699	periodic trend: down a group	periodic trend: atomic radius increases; shells of electrons are added which shield the more distant shells and valence e- get farther away ionization energy decreases (shells of e- added, each inner shell shields more and reduces the pull on valence e- so they are easier to remove)	53
8434186700	periodic trend: cations	periodic trend: ... are smaller than atoms; e- is removed and a shell is lost and electron-electron repulsions are reduced	54
8434186701	periodic trend: anions	periodic trend: ... are larger than atoms; e- is added, electron-electron repulsions increase and valence electrons move farther apart	55
8434186702	ionization energy magnitudes	subsequent energies are larger because the e-e repulsion decreases and the remaining valence e- are closer to the nucleus; once a shell is empty the energy required to remove an e- from a full shell is significantly greater than previous energies	56
8434186703	electronegativity	how strongly the nucleus of an atom attracts the electrons of other atoms in a bond	57
8434186704	factors that affect electronegativity	smaller atom; greater EN closer the element is to having a full energy level; higher EN	58
8434186705	EN trends	left to right; EN increases down a group; EN decreases	59
8434186706	bonding	transfer or sharing of electrons	60
8434186707	ionic solid	compound held together by electrostatic attractions that are in a lattice structure; weak conductors (e- are localized around a single atom); no IMFs	61
8434186708	ionic bond	bond between metal and nonmetal; electrons are NOT shared: the cation gives an e- up to the anion	62
8434186709	properties of ionic solids	are solid at room temperature; high melting and boiling points	63
8434186710	2 factors that affect melting points in ionic substances	primary factor: charge on the ions (greater charges, greater Coulombic attraction) secondary factor: smaller atoms (greater Coulombic attraction)	64
8434186711	salts have __________ bonding	ionic bonding	65
8434186712	metallic bonding	bond between two metals; sea of electrons that make metals such good conductors; delocalized structure allows for malleability and ductility	66
8434186713	interstitial alloy	metal atoms with vastly different radii combine; ex. steel	67
8434186714	substitutional alloy	metal atoms with similar radii combine; ex. brass	68
8434186715	covalent bonds	bond in which two atoms share electrons; each atom counts the e- as a part of its valence shell	69
8434186716	single bonds	one sigma bond, one e- pair; longest bond, least energy	70
8434186717	double bonds	one sigma bond, one pi bond; two e- pairs	71
8434186718	triple bonds	one sigma bond, two pi bonds; 3 e- pairs; shortest bond, most energy	72
8434186719	network covalent bonds	lattice of covalent bonds; network solid (acts similar to one molecule); very hard, high melting/boiling points; poor conductors	73
8434186720	the common network solids	SiO2,	74
8434186721	doping	the addition of an impurity to an existing lattice	75
8434186722	p-doping	create a hole (positively charged) that draws electrons through the substance (add a substance with one LESS valence e-) i.e. si + al	76
8434186723	n-doping	add a substance with one MORE valence e- which leaves a free e- to travel freely i.e. si + p	77
8434186724	polarity	exists when a molecule has a clustering of negative charge on one side due to unequal sharing of electrons (e- are pulled to the more electronegative side); creates dipoles in molecules	78
8434186725	dipole moment	the measurement of the polarity of a molecule; the unit of measurement is a debye (D)	79
8434186726	more polar molecule....	.... larger dipole moment	80
8434186727	intermolecular forces (IMFs)	forces that exist between molecules in a covalently bonded substance; not bonds	81
8434186728	dipole-dipole forces	the positive end of one polar molecule is attracted to the negative end of another molecule; relatively weak attraction force	82
8434186729	hydrogen bonding	strong IMF between two moelcules; F, O, N; have higher melting and boiling points than molecules with other IMFs	83
8434186730	london dispersion forces	IMFs that occur between all molecules; occur because of the random motions of electrons on atoms within molecules to create instantaneous polarities; molecules with more e- will have greater _________________ forces	84
8434186731	substances with only london dispersion forces usually...	... are gases at room temp, and boil/melt at extremely low temps	85
8434186732	melting & boiling points of a covalent substance is almost always _____________ than that of ionic substances	lower	86
8434186733	vapor pressure	the pressure exerted by a vapor over a liquid	87
8434186734	vaporization	the process by which molecules with enough KE inside a liquid break the surface of the liquid and transition into the gaseous phase; no outside energy is needed i.e. no heating	88
8434186735	vapor pressure is primarily dependent on	dependent on IMFs	89
8434186736	resonance structures	structures that occur when it is possible to draw two or more valid lewis electron dot diagrams that have the same number of electron pairs for a molecule or ion	90
8434186737	formal charge	used to find which structure is most likely to occur; valence - assigned	91
8434186738	assigned e-	lone pairs of e- count as two and bonds count as one	92
8434186739	valence shell electron-pair repulsion model (VSEPR)	model used to predict molecular geometry based on the principle that electrons repel each other and therefore are as far apart as possible in a structure	93
8434186740	hybrid orbitals	orbitals that have the properties to explain the geometry of bonds between atoms	94
8434186741	linear geometry	sp hybridization 0 lone pairs ex. BeCl2 & CO2	95
8434186742	trigonal planar geometry	sp2 hybridization bond angles 120 0 lone pairs: trigonal planar (three bonds) 1 lone pair: bent (two bonds)	96
8434186743	tetrahedral geometry	4 e- pairs, sp3 hybridization angles 109.5 0 lone pairs: tetrahedral (four bonds) [CH4, NH4+, ClO4-, SO4 2-, PO4 3-] 1 lone pair: trigonal pyramidal (3 bonds) [NH3, PCl3, SO3 2-] 2 lone pairs: bent (2 bonds) [H2O, OF2, NH2-]	97
8434186744	trigonal bipyramidal geometry	5 e- pairs, sp4 hybridization 0 lone pairs: trigonal bipyramidal (5 bonds) [PCl5, PF5] 1 lone pair: seesaw (4 bonds) [SF4, IF4+] 2 lone pairs: t-shaped (3 bonds) [ClF3, ICl3] 3 lone pairs: linear (2 bonds) [XeF2, I3-]	98
8434186745	octahedral geometry	6 e- pairs, sp5 hybridization 0 lone pairs: octahedral (6 bonds) [SF6] 1 lone pair: square pyramidal (5 bonds) [BrF5, IF5] 2 lone pairs: square planar (4 bonds) [XeF4]	99
8434186746	kinetic molecular theory	the theory that all matter is composed of particles (atoms and molecules) moving constantly in random directions	100
8434186747	KE=0.5mv^2	average kinetic energy of a single gas molecule (ideal gas)	101
8434186748	ideal gas	(gas) high temperature, low pressure, no attractive forces, in constant motion without losing energy	102
8434186749	maxwell-boltzmann diagrams	shows the range of velocities for molecules of a gas	103
8434186750	effusion	the rate at which a gas will escape from a container through microscopic holes in the surface of the container	104
8434186751	factors that affect rate of effusion	speed of gas molecules (so ________ increases with higher temperature and lower mass)	105
8434186752	combined gas law	(P1V1)/T1=(P2V2)/T2	106
8434186753	boyles law	if temperature is constant: as pressure increases, volume decreases as volume increases, pressure decreases	107
8434186754	charles law	if pressure is constant: as temp increases, volume increases	108
8434186755	if volume is constant:	as pressure increases, temperature increases	109
8434186756	daltons law	the total pressure of a mixture of gases is just the sum of all the partial pressures of the individual gases in the mixture	110
8434186757	partial pressure	the pressure of each gas in a mixture; is directly proportional to the number of moles of gas in the mixture Pa = (Ptotal) (moles of A/total moles)	111
8434186758	molarity	the concentration of a solution in terms of moles of solution/volume (L)	112
8434186759	mole fraction	moles of substance/total moles in solution	113
8434186760	solute	substance being dissolved	114
8434186761	solvent	a liquid substance capable of dissolving other substances	115
8434186762	dissociation	when ionic substances break up into ions into solution	116
8434186763	electrolytes	free ions in solution that conduct electricity	117
8434186764	paper chromatography	the separation of a mixture by passing it through a medium in which the components of the solution move at different rates	118
8434186765	retention factor	stronger the attraction between the solute and the solvent front is, the larger the Rf value will be	119
8434186766	column chromatography	a column is packed with stationary substance, then the solution to be separated (analyte) is injected into the column where it adheres to the stationary phase, then the eluent solution is injected into the column. as the eluent solution passes through the stationary phase the analyte molecules will be attracted to it with varying degrees of strength based on polarity	120
8434186767	distillation	the process that separates the substances in a solution based on their boiling points	121
8434186768	salt	an ionic compound made from the neutralization of an acid with a base	122
8434186769	synthesis reaction	when elements or simple compounds are combined to form a single, more complex compound	123
8434186770	decomposition reaction	a reaction where a single compound os split into two or more elements or simple compounds, usually in the presence of heat; opposite of a synthesis	124
8434186771	acid-base reaction	a reaction when an acid reacts with a base to form water and a salt	125
8434186772	oxidation-reduction reaction	a reaction that results in the change of the oxidation states of some participating species	126
8434186773	hydrocarbon combustion	hydrocarbon + oxygen --> carbon dioxide + water a substance is ignited (usually a hydrocarbon) and it reacts with oxygen in the atmosphere; products are always CO2 and H2O	127
8434186774	precipitation reaction	a reaction in which an insoluble substance (salt) forms and separates from the solution	128
8434186775	net ionic equation	an equation for a reaction in solution showing only those particles that are directly involved in the chemical change	129
8434186776	limiting reactant	the substance that controls the quantity of product that can form in a chemical reaction; moles of each reactant divided by moles used in reaction	130
8434186777	hydrocarbon	an organic compound composed only of carbon and hydrogen	131
8434186778	law of conservation of mass	matter can be neither created nor destroyed during a chemical reaction	132
8434186779	gravimetric analysis	a type of quantitative analysis in which the amount of a species in a material is determined by converting the species to a precipitate that can be isolated completely and weighed	133
8434186780	when bonds are formed	...energy is released	134
8434186781	when bonds are broken	...energy is absorbed	135
8434186782	exothermic	products have stronger bonds than the reactants; heat is released, - ΔH	136
8434186783	endothermic	reactants have stronger bonds than the products; heat is absorbed, + ΔH	137
8434186784	activation energy	the minimum amount of energy required to start a chemical reaction	138
8434186785	catalyst	substance that speeds up a reaction by reducing the activation energy required by the reaction; provides an alternate reaction pathway; no effect on equilibrium conditions	139
8434186786	oxidation number: H	+1	140
8434186787	oxidation number: alkali metals	+1	141
8434186788	oxidation number: alkaline earth metals	+2	142
8434186789	oxidation number: oxygen	-2	143
8434186790	oxidation number: halogens	-1	144
8434186791	hydroxide	OH-	145
8434186792	nitrate	NO3-	146
8434186793	acetate	C2H3O2-	147
8434186794	cyanide	CN-	148
8434186795	permanganate	MnO4-	149
8434186796	carbonate	CO3 2-	150
8434186797	sulfate	SO4 2-	151
8434186798	dichromate	Cr2O7 2-	152
8434186799	phosphate	PO4 3-	153
8434186800	ammonium	NH4+	154
8434186801	half-reactions	the two parts of an oxidation-reduction reaction, one representing oxidation, the other reduction	155
8434186802	titration	the slow addition of a solution at a known concentration to another solution in order to determine the concentration of the unknown solution; color change is often used as an end point	156
8434186803	galvanic (voltaic) cell	a favored redox reaction in a cell is used to generate an electric current	157
8434186804	current	unit: amperes (amps); the flow of electrons from one place to another	158
8434186805	anode	where oxidation takes place	159
8434186806	cathode	where reduction takes place	160
8434186807	electrolyctic cell	an outside source id used to force an unfavored redox rxn to take place	161
8434186808	purpose of a salt bridge	maintains electrical neutrality in the cell	162
8434186809	favored redox reaction	+E	163
8434186810	unfavored redox reaction	-E	164
8434186811	elecroplating	a process that uses electric current to reduce dissolved metal cations so that they form a thin metal coating on an electrode	165
8434186812	rate law	an expression relating the rate of a reaction to the concentration of the reactants	166
8434186813	first order rate law	y= ln[a] subscript (t) m= -k x= time b= ln[a] subscript (0)	167
8434186814	half-life	the amount of time it takes for half of a sample to disappear; t1/2=0.693/k	168
8434186815	second order rate law	[a] sub. (t) = concentration of reactant A at time (t) [a] sub. (0) = initial conc. of A k = rate constant t = time elapsed	169
8434186816	zero order rate laws	rate does not depend on the concentration of the reactants at all therefore rate is always the same at a given temperature; rate=k	170
8434186817	collision theory	theory that collisions occur because reactants are constantly moving around and colliding with one another	171
8434186818	effective collisions	collisions in which the conditions of the collision theory are met (and therefore the reaction occurs)	172
8434186819	ineffective collisions	collisions in which the conditions of the collision theory are not met (and therefore reaction does not occur)	173
8434186820	spectrophotometer	an instrument that measures the proportions of light of different wavelengths absorbed and transmitted by a pigment solution	174
8434186821	beer's law	A=abc A=absorbance a=molar absorptivity b=path length; the distance the light is traveling through the solution c=concentration of the solution	175
8434186822	rate-determining step	the slowest step in a reaction mechanism that determines the overall rate of the reaction	176
8434186823	elementary steps	a series of simple reactions that represent the progress of the overall reaction at the molecular level	177
8434186824	work	force exerted on an object that causes it to move	178
8434186825	first law of thermodynamics	the energy of the universe is constant	179
8434186826	second law of thermodynamics	if a process is favored in one direction, then it cannot be favored in the reverse reaction; and an increase in entropy promotes favored reactions	180
8434186827	entropy	ΔS; a measure of the randomness or disorder of the system	181
8434186828	enthalpy	ΔH; heat of a system at constant pressure	182
8434186829	Gibbs free-energy	ΔG; a measure of whether or not a process will proceed without the input of outside energy ∆G=∆H-T∆S (T in degrees Kelvin) when ΔG=0, the reaction is at equilibrium	183
8434186830	state functions	functions that depend only on the change between the initial and final states of a system and therefore independent of the reaction pathway (catalyst has no effect) ΔS, ΔH, ΔG	184
8434186831	standard state conditions	all gases are 1 atm all liquids are pure all solids are pure all solutions are 1 molar the energy of formation of an element in its normal state is defined as zero the temperature used is 25C or 273K	185
8434186832	ΔH°f (heat of formation)	the change in energy that takes place when one mole of a compound is formed from its pure components under STP	186
8434186833	STP	standard temp. and pressure	187
8434186834	bond energy	the energy required to break a bond; endothermic process (add energy)	188
8434186835	hess's law	if a reaction can be described by a series of steps, then ΔH for the overall reaction is the sum of the ΔH values for all the steps	189
8434186836	rules of hess's law	1. if you flip the equation, flip the sign on ΔH 2. if you multiply or divide an equation by a #, multiply ΔH by the same # 3. if several equations in summation create a new equation, you can also add the ΔH values of those component equations to get the ΔH value for the new equation	190
8434186837	enthalpy of solution	the amount of energy released or absorbed as heat when a specific amount of solute dissolves in a solvent	191
8434186838	solid to liquid	melting	192
8434186839	liquid to solid	freezing	193
8434186840	liquid to gas	vaporization	194
8434186841	gas to liquid	condensation	195
8434186842	solid to gas	sublimation	196
8434186843	gas to solid	deposition	197
8434186844	heat of fusion	the energy that must be absorbed by a solid to melt it	198
8434186845	heat of vaporization	the energy that must be put into a liquid to turn it into a gas	199
8434186846	phase diagram (water)		200
8434186847	calorimetry	the measurement of heat changes during chemical reactions	201
8434186848	specific heat	the amount of heat required to the temperature of one gram of a substance by one degree celsius	202
8434186849	heating/cooling curves	curves that display what happens to the temperature of a substance as heat is added	203
8434186850	spontaneous	thermodynamically favored; -ΔG	204
8434186851	nonspontaneous	thermodynamically unfavored; +ΔG	205
8434186852	at low temperature	enthalpy is dominant; ΔH	206
8434186853	at high temperature	entropy is dominant; ΔS	207
8434186854	voltage vs favorability	a redox reaction is favored if voltage is (+)	208
8434186855	hydration energy	the energy required to break hydrogen bonds	209
8434186856	law of mass action	the rate of a chemical reaction is proportional to the product of the concentrations of the reactants	210
8434186857	a solution is at equilibrium when	the rate of the forward reaction is equal to the rate of the reverse reaction	211
8434186858	large k eq value	products are favored at equilibrium	212
8434186859	small k eq value	reactants are favored at equilibrium	213
8434186860	le chateliers principle	states that if a stress is applied to a system at equilibrium, the system shifts in the direction that relieves that stress	214
8434186861	reaction quotient	Q	215
8434186862	Q > K	precipitate forms; reaction shifts left	216
8434186863	Q < K	precipitate does not form; reaction shifts right	217
8434186864	Q = K	the reaction is at equilibrium; voltage in a voltaic cell reaches zero	218
8434186865	common ion effect	a decrease in the solubility of an ionic compound caused by the addition of a common ion	219
8434186866	Arrhenius acids	a substance that ionizes in water and produces hydrogen ions	220
8434186867	Arrhenius bases	a substance that ionizes in water and produces hydroxide ions	221
8434186868	Brønsted-Lowry acids	a substance that is capable of donating a proton	222
8434186869	Brønsted-Lowry bases	a substance that is capable of accepting a proton	223
8434186870	pH	-log [H+]	224
8434186871	pOH	-log [OH-]	225
8434186872	pKa	-log [Ka]	226
8434186873	pKb	-log [Kb]	227
8434186874	amphoteric	a substance that can act as both an acid and a base; ex. H2O	228
8434186875	strong acids	dissociate completely in water; reaction goes to completion and never reaches equilibrium	229
8434186876	weak acid	most of the acid molecules remain in solution and very few dissociate	230
8434186877	percent dissociation	the ratio of the amount of a substance that is dissociated at equilibrium to the initial concentration of the substance in a solution, multiplied by 100	231
8434186878	oxoacids	acids that contain oxygen; the more oxygens, the stronger the acid	232
8434186879	polyprotic acids	acids that can donate more than one H+	233
8434186880	Kw	1.0x10^-14	234
8434186881	henderson hasselbach	pH = pKa + log([A-]/[HA])	235
8434186882	buffers	weak acids or bases that can react with strong acids or bases to prevent sharp, sudden changes in pH	236

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AP Vocab Week 3 Flashcards

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5652227504	Antagonist	The character who opposes the interest of the protagonist. EX: In the Lord of the Rings, Tolkien creates Lord Sauron as the antagonist to Frodo	0
5652261648	Apologist	A person or character who makes a case for some controversial, even contentious. EX: In Romeo and Juliet, by William Shakespeare, Romeo makes a case for marring Juliet, despite the controversy over the issue.	1
5652308760	Confirmation	In ancient Roman orator, the part of a speech in which the speaker or writer could offer proof or demonstration of the central idea. EX: In Julius Caesar's speech, the confirmation was scattered throughout.	2
5652367814	Conflict	The struggle of characters with themselves, with others, or with the world around them. EX: In the grapes of wrath, migrants conflict with property owners.	3
5652409755	Connotation	The implied meaning of a word, in contrast to its directly expressed "dictionary meaning." EX: Home literally means one's house, but implies feelings or family and security.	4
5652440554	Ellipsis	The omission of words, the meaning of which is provided by the overall context of a passage. EX: "Medical thinking... stressed air as the communicator of disease, ignoring sanitation or visible carries"	5
5652471722	Epithet	A word of phrase adding a characteristic to a person's name. EX: Alexander the Great	6
5652483574	Flashback	A part of the plot that moves back in time and then returns to the present. EX: In Oedipus Rex, both Oedipus and Locaste recall previous events.	7
5652518263	Genre	A piece or writing classified by type. EX: Science Fiction	8
5652530638	Irony	Writing or speaking that implies the contrary of what is actually written or spoken. EX: "Of course i believe you, Joe said sacastically. EX 2: " I cant describe to you how surprised i was to find out i loved her...I even hoped for a while that she'd throw me over"	9
5652593658	Parallelism	A set of similary structured words, phrases, or clauses.	10

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AP Spanish Literature Terms Flashcards

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9428916295	vanguardismo	refers to people or works that are experimental or innovative, particularly in regard to art , the culture , the politics , philosophy and literature.	0
9428916296	surrealismo	an artistic movement emerged in France from Dadaism , in the early 1920s , around the personality of the poet André Breton.	1
9428916297	postmodernismo	Post-postmodernism is a term applied to a wide range of developments in critical theory , philosophy , architecture , art , the literature and culture emerging from and reacting to the postmodernism . Another recent similar term is metamodernism.	2
9428916298	neoclasicismo	emerged in the eighteenth century to describe such negative movement aesthetic that came to be reflected in the arts , intellectual principles of the Enlightenment , since the mid- eighteenth century had been going on philosophy , and consequently had been transmitted to all areas of culture . However, coinciding with the decline of Napoleon Bonaparte , Neoclassicism was losing favor for the Romanticism .	3
9428916299	costumbrismo	the literary or pictorial interpretation of local everyday life, mannerisms, and customs, primarily in the Hispanic scene, and particularly in the 19th century.	4
9428916300	culteranismo	a stylistic movement of the Baroque period of Spanish history that is also commonly referred to as Gongorismo (after Luis de Góngora). It began in the late 16th century with the writing of Luis de Góngora and lasted through the 17th century.	5
9428916301	conceptismo	a literary movement of the Baroque period of Portuguese and Spanish literature. It began in the late 16th century and lasted through the 17th century. Conceptismo is characterized by a rapid rhythm, directness, simple vocabulary, witty metaphors, and wordplay.	6
9428916302	retruécano	Juegos de palabras; inversión de los términos de una cláusula o proposición en otra subsiguiente para que esta última choque con la anterior.	7
9428916303	sinestesia	Descripción de una sensación o imagen por medio de sensaciones percibidas por distintos órganos sensoriales, por ejemplo, vista y olfato.	8
9428916304	sinécdoque	Tipo de metáfora que usa una parte o cualidad de un objeto físico para representar todo el objeto.	9
9428916305	polisíndeton	Repetición de conjunciones para alargar la frase o hacer más `solemne la expresión.	10
9428916306	paradoja	Contraposición de dos conceptos contradictorios que expresan una verdad.	11
9428916307	metonimia	Un tipo de metáfora en la que la imagen se asocia con lo representado, pero no es parte de ello; la metonimia hace que el destinatario del mensaje haga la asociación.	12
9428916308	epíteto	Palabra o frase delante o después del nombre que sirve para caracterizar al personaje	13
9428916309	cacofonía	Uso de palabras que combinan sonidos desagradables, ásperos y cortantes.	14
9428916310	asíndeton	Omisión de conjunciones o palabras para suscitar viveza o energía.	15
9428916311	ironía dramática	Circunstancia en la que el lector o espectador sabe algo desconocido por un personaje y sabe o sospecha lo que ocurrirá antes de que lo sepa el personaje.	16
9428916312	silva	Poema no estrófico que combina versos de siete y once sílabas, entrelazados por rima consonante y versos libres.	17
9428916313	narrador fidedigno	Narrador digno de confianza, cuyo entendimiento de los personajes o las acciones del relato lo acredita para contar los hechos. Se ajusta a las normas que establece el autor implícito.	18
9428916314	leitmotiv	Repetición de una palabra, frase, situación o noción. Motivo recurrente en una obra.	19
9428916315	realismo mágico	Movimiento literario hispanoamericano surgido a mediados del siglo XX, caracterizado por la introducción de elementos fantásticos —sueños, superstición, mitos, magia— inmersos en una narrativa realista. Hay antecedentes importantes en los libros de caballería, como señalan algunos de los escritores de este movimiento.	20
9428916316	pícaro	Personaje de baja condición, astuto, ingenioso y de mal vivir que protagoniza la novela picaresca	21
9428916317	novela picaresca	Género literario narrativo en prosa de carácter pseudoautobiográfico muy característico de la literatura española. Nace como parodia de las novelas idealizadoras del Renacimiento y saca la sustancia moral, social y religiosa del contraste cotidiano entre dos estamentos, el de los nobles y el de los siervos. El protagonista, un pícaro de muy bajo rango social y descendiente de padres marginados o delincuentes, pretende mejorar su suerte y para ello recurre a la astucia y el engaño.	22
9428916318	naturalismo	Corriente literaria de mediados del siglo XIX que retrata al ser humano y su circunstancia con una objetividad científica. El ser humano carece de libre albedrío; su existencia está determinada por la herencia genética y el medio en el que vive. En cuanto a temas, abundan los asuntos fuertes y las bajas pasiones.	23
9428916319	modernismo	Movimiento literario hispanoamericano cuyo mayor exponente es Rubén Darío y que funde tres movimientos franceses: parnasianismo, simbolismo y romanticismo. Emplea una rica musicalidad verbal para expresar pasiones, visiones, ritmos y armonías internos.	24
9428916320	libro de caballerías	Género literario en prosa muy popular en España a mediados del siglo XVI, que celebra las hazañas de los caballeros andantes y contrapone a la fiereza guerrera un masoquismo amoroso inspirado en el amor cortés.	25
9428916321	Generación del 98	Grupo de novelistas, poetas, ensayistas y filósofos españoles, activos durante y después de la Guerra de Cuba (1898), que restauraron a España a una prominencia intelectual y literaria. Les era de gran importancia definir a España como una entidad cultural e histórica.	26
9428916322	Edad Media (medieval)	Período comprendido entre los siglos V y XV. En España se considera que la se cierra con la llegada de Colón a tierras americanas.	27
9428916323	boom	En la literatura hispanoamericana, un momento de gran auge de la creación de obras narrativas que inicia en 1940. La producción es muy variada y muchos de sus autores crearon best sellers internacionales y traducidos a múltiples idiomas. Una de las tendencias de esta literatura se corresponde con la denominada literatura del realismo mágico.	28
9428916324	barroco	Movimiento cultural español (1580-1700) caracterizado por su complejidad y su extravagante ornamentación, cuyo propósito era asombrar e incitar introspección	29
9428916325	hipérbaton	Alteración del orden normal sintáctico de las palabras en una oración.	30
9428916326	apóstrofe	Recurso en que el hablante se dirige a personas presentes o ausentes, a seres animados o a objetos inanimados	31
9428916327	antítesis	Yuxtaposición de una palabra, frase o idea a otra de significación contraria	32
9428916328	anáfora	Repetición de palabras en una sucesión de versos o enunciados.	33
9428916329	teatro del absurdo	Obra dramática basada en una situación sin sentido, en la que los personajes se enfrentan a situaciones que muestran la insensatez de la vida en un mundo deshumanizado.	34
9428916330	soneto	Poema de procedencia italiana que consiste en catorce versos endecasílabos repartidos en dos cuartetos y dos tercetos; el esquema más común es ABBA ABBA CDC DCD; otro es ABBA ABBA CDE CDE	35

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APEs Flashcards

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4997762939	aquatic life zones	aquatic equivalents of biomes	0
4997765272	saltwater/ marine aquatic systems	oceans, coastal wetlands, coral reefs	1
4997766479	freshwater aquatic systems	lakes, rivers, streams, and inland wetlands	2
4997769256	phytoplankton	drifting plants, including many types of algae	3
4997770090	zooplankton	drifting animals, consist of many herbivores that feed on phytoplankton	4
4997773526	ultraplankton	smaller plankton, responsible for 70% of the primary productivity near the ocean surface	5
4997776946	nekton	strongly swimming consumers such as fish and whiles	6
4997777832	benthos	bottom dwellers such as oysters and crabs	7
4997779224	decomposers	mostly bacteria, breaking down organic compounds in the dead bodies of aquatic organisms	8
4997783859	turbidity	cloudiness caused by excessive algal growth resulting from nutrient overloads	9
4997786222	coastal zones	warm, nutrient rich, shallow water that extends from the high tide mark on land to the shallow edge of continental shelf	10
4997791974	estuaries	where rivers meet the sea	11
4997792734	coastal wetlands	coastal land areas covered with water all or part of they year	12
4997796458	intertidal zone	area of shoreline between low and high tides	13
4997799110	euphotic zone	brightly lit upper zone where drifting phytoplankton carry about 40 percent of the worlds photosynthetic activity	14

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AP PSYCH - LEARNING 2 Flashcards

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9433603449	Ivan Pavlov	discovery of classical conditioning (dogs)	0
9707371769	E.L. Thorndike	Instrumental learning (cats)	1
9707388146	John B. Watson and Rosalie Rayner	Aversive conditioning (Baby Albert)	2
9707438676	B. F. Skinner	positive / negative reinforcement; punishment and omission training (lots of animals, boxes with rewards or electric shocks)	3
9707489920	Albert Bandura	study of observational learning	4
9707563781	AP	PSYCH	5

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8945038553	Annexation	The action of annexing something especially territory	0
8945038554	Apartheid	A policy or system of segregation or discrimination on ground of race	1
8945038555	Balkanization	Divide into smaller mutually hostile states or groups	2
8945038556	City-State	A region controlled by a city and that has sovereignty	3
8945038557	Confederation	Association of sovereign states by a treaty or agreement; deals with issues such as defense, foreign affairs, trade, and a common currency	4
8945038558	Core	Countries that have high levels of development, a capacity at innovation and a congruence of trade flows	5
8945038559	Devolution	The process of declining from higher to a lower level of effective power or vitality or essential quality	6
8945038560	EEZ (Exclusive Economic Zone)	An area of coastal water and sea bed within s certain distance of a countries coastline	7
8945038561	Enclave	A portion of territory within or surrounded by a larger territory whose inhabitants are culturally or ethnically distinct	8
8945038562	Forward capital	A relocated capital city usually because of either economic or strategic reasons	9
8945038563	Iron Curtain	Symbolic, ideological, and physical boundary dividing Europe into two seperate areas	10
8945038564	Irredentism	The position that a state should be annexed because of ethnicity of prior historical possession	11
8945038565	Reappointionment	The process on how House of Representative seats are reassigned among states to reflect population changes	12
8945038566	Sovereignty	Government free from external control	13
8945038567	Territoriality	An aspect of human behavior and refers to the need to kay claim to the spaces we occupy and the things we oen	14
8950997676	Shatterbelt	A region caught between stronger colliding external cultural-political forces	15

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AP BIOLOGY Cell Organelles Flashcards

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4905500883	Nucleus	Houses DNA (BOTH)	0
4905514155	Nuclear Envelope	Porous outer structure of Nucleus. Controls what gets in and out of nucleus (BOTH)	1
4905532678	Nucleolus	Site of Ribosome synthesis. (BOTH)	2
4905539115	Cytoplasm	Cytoplasm Area from Plasma Membrane to the Nucleus filled with cytolsol - the jelly-like material organelles are suspended in. (BOTH)	3
4905550530	Plasma (Cell) Membrane	Semi-permeable outer structure of cell; controls what goes in/out of cell. (BOTH)	4
4905559053	Ribosome	Site of protein synthesis. (BOTH)	5
4905564915	Golgi Apparatus	-Synthesizes, Modifies, & Sorts cell products. Secretes products into vesicles for transport. -Produces Lysosomes -Flattened membrane sacs called cisternae (BOTH)	6
4905576747	Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum	-Covered in Ribosomes (aids protein synthesis) -Compartmentalizes Cell (produces membrane) -Mechanical Support for Cell -Intracellular Transport (BOTH)	7
4905580878	Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum	-Site of phospholipid synthesis. -packages enzymatic content of lysosomes, peroxisomes, and other secretory vesicles. (BOTH)	8
4905584848	Lysosome	-Digests Macromolecules using hydrolytic enzymes -controls programmed cell death (Apoptosis) (ANIMAL)	9
4905592045	Mitochondria	-Site of Cellular Respiration (ATP Production) -Double membrane with folds (cristae) to increase SA for max. cellular respiration capability. (BOTH)	10
4905598671	Peroxisome	Involved in metabolism; produces hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) which then gets converted into water & oxygen gas. (BOTH)	11
4905615840	Cytoskeleton	Maintains Cell Shape: Composed of microtubules & microfilaments (BOTH)	12
4905623310	Cell Wall	Outer structure of Plant cells; made of cellulose. Provides rigidity and support. (PLANT WALL)	13
4905628119	Chloroplast	Site of Photosynthesis (PLANT WALL)	14
4905635131	Plasmodesmata	Channels through cell walls that connect cytoplasms of adjacent plant cells (PLANT WALL)	15
4905643172	Vacuole	Storage Structure. Large Central Vacuole in Plants. In plants, enlargement = plant growth. (PLANT)	16
4905654317	Chromatin	Uncondensed genetic material inside the nucleus. (BOTH)	17
4905662776	Flagellum	Some animal cells; motility structure. (ANIMAL)	18
4905667945	Microvilli	Projections of Plasma Membrane; increase SA. (ANIMAL)	19
4905683312	Centrosome	Region where microtubules made; centrioles found here. (ANIMAL)	20
4905690887	Centrioles	Rod-like structures used in Cell Division of Animal Cells. (ANIMAL)	21
4905708280	Eukaryote	Larger cell. Holds DNA in Nucleus Many Organelles including an innermembrane system. EX: Plants & Animals & Yeast	22
4905710643	Prokaryote	Smaller cells. Do NOT have a nucleus to hold DNA Fewer Organelles EX: Bacteria	23
4905750099	Animal Cell	Has peroxisome	24
4905750100	Plant Cell	Has chloroplasts	25

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8695606356	allusion	an expression designed to call something to mind without mentioning it explicitly; an indirect or passing reference.	0
8695606893	antecedent	a thing or event that existed before or logically precedes another	1
8695612748	antithesis	a person or thing that is the direct opposite of someone or something else	2
8695614075	colloquialism	a word or phrase that is not formal or literary, typically one used in ordinary or familiar conversation.	3
8695615130	diction	the choice and use of words and phrases in speech or writing.	4
8695616765	hyperbole	exaggerated statements or claims not meant to be taken literally.	5
8695617892	imagery	visually descriptive or figurative language, especially in a literary work.	6
8695617894	irony	the expression of one's meaning by using language that normally signifies the opposite, typically for humorous or emphatic effect.	7
8695618667	metaphor	a figure of speech in which a word or phrase is applied to an object or action to which it is not literally applicable.	8
8695621473	paradox	a seemingly absurd or self-contradictory statement or proposition that when investigated or explained may prove to be well founded or true.	9
8695624018	parallelism	parts of the sentence are grammatically the same, or are similar in construction. It can be a word, a phrase, or an entire sentence repeated. King's famous 'I have a dream' repetition makes the speech compelling and rhythmic, as well as memorable.	10
8695625345	anaphora	repetition of a certain word or phrase at the beginning of successive lines of writing or speech. It can be used in novels and short stories, but it's most commonly seen in poetry, essays, and formal speeches.	11
8695628352	polysyndeton	conjunctions (e.g. and, but, or) are used repeatedly in quick succession, often with no commas, even when the conjunctions could be removed.	12
8695628813	asydenton	writing style where conjunctions are omitted in a series of words, phrases or clauses. It is used to shorten a sentence and focus on its meaning. For example, Julius Caesar leaving out the word "and" between the sentences "I came.	13
8695628814	paradoy	a humorous or satirical imitation of a serious piece of literature or writing	14
8695633919	personification	figurative language in which something that is not human is given human characteristics	15
8695633920	point of view	refers to who is telling a story, or who is narrating it. The narration of a story or novel can be told in three main ways: first person, second person, and third person.	16
8695634288	satire	a literary work holding up human vices and follies to ridicule or scorn. 2 : trenchant wit, irony, or sarcasm used to expose and discredit vice or folly.	17
8695640121	symbolism	A figure of speech where an object, person, or situation has another meaning other than its literal meaning. The actions of a character, word, action, or event that have a deeper meaning in the context of the whole story.	18
8695641376	understatement	employed by writers or speakers to intentionally make a situation seem less important than it really is.	19

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