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Terms : Hide Images
9112127565immovablesynarthrotic0
9112127566slightly movableamphiarthrotic1
9112127567freely movablediarthrotic2
9112127568Syndemosesligament that can be twisted amphiathrotic3
9112127569suturesbetween flat bones synarthrotic4
9112127570gomophosiscone shaped bony process meets bony socket, synarthrotic5
9112127571sunchondroseshyaline or costal cartilage6
9112127572symphysisbroad flat disk of fibrocartilage7
9112127573Ball & Socketmovement in all planes (hip and shoulder)8
9112127574condyloidcondyle of one bone fits into cavity of another (metacarpals into phalanges)9
9112127575gliding/planarback and forth motion (wrist & ankle)10
9112127576hingeconvex surface of one bone articulates with concave surface of another (elbow)11
9112127577pivothead side to side12
9112127578saddlebetween bones that fit together (carpals & metacarpals)13
9112127579purpose of articular cartilagereduce friction14
9112127580function of periosteumcovers for protection & nourishment15
9112127581medullary cavityyellow marrow16
9112127582Endosteumlines the narrow cavity17
9112127583hemopoiesistakes place in red marrow of spongy bone18
9112127584osteocytemaintain matrix help repair damaged bone19
9112127585osteoblastssecrete new matrix becomes osteicytes20
9112127586Osteoprogenitorproduce osteoblasts repair fractures21
9112127587Osteoclastsremove/recycle matrix by dissolving with acids22
9112127588compact boneHard, dense bone tissue that is beneath the outer membrane of a bone23
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Unit 8 Vocabulary AP Flashcards

Terms : Hide Images
6013495800acquiescev. to give in to or consent to without protest and without enthusiasm0
6013501769altercationn. an angry argument1
6013501770assailv. to attack violently; to assault; to attack with arguments, words or questions syn. contentious2
6015970033beleaguerv. to besiege or surround with troops; to beset; to harass3
6015975221bruntn. the main shock or force of a blow or attack; the heaviest part of an accusation or attack4
6015981035deprecatev. to express strong disapproval of something; to plead against; to belittle5
6015997974palliatev. to ease without curing; to alleviate; to make (a crime or offense) appear less serious; to lessen the intensity of something6
6016010958phalanxn. a formation of massed soldiers; a closely united group7
6016038770predecessorn. a person who precedes another in an office or position8
6016040750redressn. a correction; a reparation; a relief v. to set something right or to remedy9
6016051025bulwarkn. a wall of earth used for defense; a person or thing that gives support or protection10
6016055532carnagen. slaughter; the bloody killing of a great many people, as in war11
6016062160coalitionn. an alliance, usually of nations, political parties, or factions; a temporary union12
6016069411exodusn. a departure, usually of a great number of people13
6016071471heinousadj. abominable; grossly wicked and hateful; vile14
6016074617holocaustn. great or total destruction of life or property, especially by fire15
6016085209insidiousadj. sly; treacherous; working in a hidden but dangerous way16
6016087399invidiousadj. likely to cause ill will or envy; hateful17
6016097101martyrn. one who is persecuted, tortured, or killed for refusing to renounce religious principles; one who sacrifices for the sake of a belief or cause v. to torture or put to death for refusing to deny a belief or faith18
6016108596waivev. to relinquish, usually a claim, right, or privilege; to defer or delay19
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Subjonctif AP Flashcards

Subjonctif--oui ou non?! (indicatif = no subjunctive)
Put "subj" if you would use subjonctif, and "indicatif" if you would not.

Terms : Hide Images
5144201856Il faut quesubj.0
5144201857je veux que...subj1
5144201858j'espère que...indicatif2
5144201859ça m'étonnerait que...subj.3
5144201860Il est certain que...indicatif4
5144201861Il n'est pas certain que...subj.5
5144201862Il est clair queindicatif6
5144201863il est douteux quesubj.7
5144201864Il est évident queindicatif8
5144201865il est impossible quesubj.9
5144201866il est possible quesubj.10
5144201867Il est sûr queindicatif11
5144201868Il n'est pas sûr quesubj.12
5144201869Il est vrai queindicatif13
5144201870Il n'est pas vrai quesubj.14
5144201871je doute quesubj.15
5144201872je crois queindicatif16
5144201873je ne crois pas quesubj.17
5144201874Il est probable queindicatif18
5144201875Il n'est pas probable quesubj.19
5144201876je pense queindicatif20
5144201877je ne pense pas quesubj.21
5144201878Il est important quesubj.22
5144201879il est nécessaire quesubj.23
5144201880il est bon quesubj.24
5144201881il est dommage quesubj.25
5144201882il arrive quesubj.26
5144201883il se peut quesubj.27
5144201884il est clair queindicatif28
5144201885il est juste quesubj.29
5144201886aussitôt queindicatif (as soon as)30
5144201887parce queindicatif31
5144201888pendant queindicatif (while/during)32
5144201889peut-être queindicatif33
5144201890bien quesubj. (although)34
5144201891sans quesubj. (without)35
5144201892je crois queindicatif36
5144201893je trouve queindicatif37
5144201894il semble quesubj.38
5144201895il me semble queindicatif39
5144201896je regrette quesubj.40
5144201897je suis heureux quesubj.41
5144201898serieux quesubj.42
5144201899pense queindicatif43
5144201900ne pense pas quesubj.44
5144201901espère quesubj.45
5144201902ne pas vouloir queindicatif46
5144201903il est certain queindicatif47
5144201904doute quesubj.48
5144201905ne doute pas queindicatif49
5144201906attendre quesubj.50
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Catcher in the Rye AP Vocab Flashcards

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5979158934ostracizedexclude someone from a group or society0
5979158935chiffoniertall chest of drawers, usually with a mirror on top1
5979158939qualmsan uneasy feeling of doubt, worry, or fear, especially about one's own conduct; a misgiving2
5979158949mufflera scarf or wrap worn around the neck or face for warmth3
5979158950rilemake (someone) annoyed or irritated4
5979158954unscrupuloushaving or showing no moral principles5
5979158956tiffpetty quarrel6
5979158964burlesquean absurd or comically exaggerated imitation of something, especially in a literary or dramatic work7
5979158967brassytastelessly showy or loud in appearance/manner8
5979158970sterlingexcellent/valuable9
5979158984spendthrifta person who spends money in an extravagant, irresponsible way10
5979158988bourgeoisof or characteristic of the middle class, typically with reference to its perceived materialistic values or conventional attitudes11
5979158993blaséunimpressed or indifferent to something because one has experienced or seen it so often before12
5979158998furloughleave of absence, especially that granted to a member of the armed services13
5979159008halitosisbad breath14
5979159021digressesleave the main subject temporarily in speech or writing15
5979159022pedagogicalthe function or work of a teacher; teaching16
5979159025stenographersomeone who types what people say17
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AP Chinese Conjunctions Flashcards

From: http://www.yellowbridge.com/chinese/partsearch.php?part=conj

Terms : Hide Images
4738349218本着běnzhe - based on0
4738349219并bìng - and; furthermore; (not) at all; simultaneously; also; together with; to combine; to join; to merge1
4738349220并且bìngqiě - and; besides; moreover; furthermore; in addition2
4738349221不但búdàn - not only3
4738349222不但...而且...búdàn ... érqiě ... - not only... but also...4
4738349223不但...也...bú dàn...yě ... - not only ...; but also ...5
4738349224不过búguò - only; merely; no more than; but; however; only6
4738349225不论búlùn - no matter (what, who, how, etc.); whether; or; regardless of7
4738349226不但如是bùdàn rúshì - nay; not only so8
4738349227不管bùguǎn - no matter (what, how); regardless of; no matter9
4738349228不仅bùjǐn - not the only one; not only; not just10
4738349229不然bùrán - not so; no; or else; otherwise; if not11
4738349230不如bùrú - not equal to; not as good as; inferior to; it would be better to12
4738349231不用说bùyòng shuō - naturally13
4738349232除非chúfēi - only if (..., or otherwise, ...); only when; only in the case that14
4738349233除了...以外chúle ... yǐwài - besides, apart from (... also...), in addition to, except (for)15
4738349234此外cǐwài - besides; in addition; moreover; furthermore16
4738349235从而cóng'ér - thus; thereby17
4738349236但dàn - but; yet; however; only; merely; still18
4738349237但是dànshì - but; however19
4738349238到dào - to (a place); until (a time); up to; to go; to arrive20
4738349239得以déyǐ - so that one can21
4738349240而ér - and; as well as; but (not); yet (not); (shows causal relation); (shows change of state); (shows contrast)22
4738349241而且érqiě - not only... but also....; ...as well as...; moreover; in addition; furthermore23
4738349242凡fán - ordinary; every; all; whatever; worldly24
4738349243凡是fánshì - whatever; every; all25
4738349244反而fǎn'ér - instead; contrary (to expectations)26
4738349245反之fǎnzhī - on the other hand; conversely27
4738349246否则fǒuzé - if not; otherwise; else; or else28
4738349247跟gēn - to follow; to go with; heel; with; and29
4738349248故gù - happening; instance; reason; cause; therefore; deceased; old30
4738349249固然gùrán - admittedly; it's true that31
4738349250还不如háibùrú - could as well32
4738349251还是háishì - or; still; nevertheless33
4738349252还有háiyǒu - also, in addition34
4738349253和hé - and; together with; with; peace; harmony; union35
4738349254何况hékuàng - much less; let alone36
4738349255话说回来huàshuōhuílái - on the contrary37
4738349256或huò - maybe; perhaps; might; possibly; or38
4738349257或是huòshì - either X or Y39
4738349258或者huòzhě - or; possibly; maybe; perhaps40
4738349259基本上jīběn shang - basically; on the whole41
4738349260及jí - to reach; and42
4738349261即使jíshǐ - even if; even though43
4738349262既jì - already; since; both... (and...)44
4738349263既然jìrán - since; as; this being the case45
4738349264既然...就jìrán ... jiù - given the fact that ...46
4738349265既...又...jì ... yòu ... - both ... and ...47
4738349266加上jiāshàng - to put in; to add; plus; to add on; to add into48
4738349267加以jiāyǐ - in addition; [before a verb] handle, deal with49
4738349268假如jiǎrú - if50
4738349269假若jiǎruò - if; supposing; in case51
4738349270假设jiǎshè - suppose if52
4738349271假使jiǎshǐ - suppose; given53
4738349272尽管jǐn'guǎn - despite; although; even though; in spite of; feel free to; not hesitate to54
4738349273进而jìn'ér - and then (what follows next)55
4738349274就是jiùshì - (emphasizes that something is precisely or exactly what is stated); precisely; exactly; even; if; just like; in the same way as56
4738349275就是说jiùshì shuō - in other words; that is57
4738349276就算jiùsuàn - given that58
4738349277据说jùshuō - it is said that; reportedly59
4738349278据悉jùxī - according to reports; it is reported (that)60
4738349279可见kějiàn - it can clearly be seen (that this is the case); it is (thus) clear; clear; visible61
4738349280可是kěshì - but; however62
4738349281可想而知kěxiǎng ér zhī - it is obvious that63
4738349282况且kuàngqiě - moreover; besides; in addition64
4738349283老实说lǎoshí shuō - honestly speaking; truly65
4738349284连lián - (surname); even; as; join; to link; successively66
4738349285另外lìngwài - additional; in addition; besides; separate; other; moreover; furthermore67
4738349286免得miǎnde - so as not to; so as to avoid68
4738349287那nà - that; those69
4738349288那么nàme - like that; in that way; or so; so; so very much; about; in that case70
4738349289宁可nìngkě - it is the lesser of two evils to71
4738349290宁肯nìngkěn - would rather72
4738349291其次qícì - next; secondly73
4738349292且qiě - further; moreover74
4738349293然而rán'ér - however; yet; but75
4738349294如rú - as (if); such as76
4738349295如果rúguǒ - if; in case; in the event that77
4738349296如果说rúguǒ shuō - if we say78
4738349297若ruò - to seem; like; as; if79
4738349298甚至shènzhì - even; so much so that80
4738349299省得shěngde - (so as to) save81
4738349300俗话说sú huàshuō - according to the saying82
4738349301虽然suīrán - although; even though83
4738349302虽说suīshuō - though; although84
4738349303所以suǒyǐ - therefore; as a result; so85
4738349304倘若tǎngruò - provided86
4738349305万一wànyī - just in case; if by any chance; contingency87
4738349306为了wèile - in order to; for the purpose of; so as to88
4738349307无论wúlùn - no matter what, how; regardless of whether89
4738349308无论如何wúlùn rúhé - anyhow; anyway; whatever90
4738349309显而易见xiǎn ér yì jiàn - obviously; clearly; it's clear to see91
4738349310想不到xiǎng bùdào - unexpectedly92
4738349311要不是yào búshì - if it were not for; but for93
4738349312要不yàobù - otherwise; or; or else94
4738349313要不然yào bùrán - otherwise; or else; or95
4738349314要么yàome - either X or Y (used when given a choice between two things)96
4738349315要么...要么...yàome ... yàome ... - if it's not A, it's B; either...or...97
4738349316要是...就...yàoshì ... jiù ... - if...then...98
4738349317要是yàoshi - if99
4738349318一般而言yībān ér yán - generally speaking100
4738349319一旦yīdàn - in case (something happens); once (something becomes true, then101
4738349320一方面yī fāngmiàn - one aspect is102
4738349321以yǐ - to use; according to; so as to; in order to; by; with; because; Israel (abbrev.)103
4738349322以便yǐbiàn - so that; so as to; in order to104
4738349323以及yǐjí - as well as; too; and105
4738349324以免yǐmiǎn - in order to avoid; so as not to106
4738349325以至yǐzhì - down to; up to107
4738349326以致yǐzhì - to such an extent as to; with the result that108
4738349327以至于yǐ zhìyú - down to; up to; to the extent that...109
4738349328亦yì - also110
4738349329一般来说yìbān láishuō - generally speaking111
4738349330因此yīncǐ - that is why; for that reason; therefore; for this reason112
4738349331因而yīn'ér - therefore; as a result; thus; and as a result,113
4738349332因为yīnwèi - because; owing to; on account of114
4738349333由于yóuyú - due to; as a result of; thanks to; because of; owing to115
4738349334又yòu - (once) again; also; both116
4738349335于是yúshì - thereupon; as a result; consequently; thus; hence117
4738349336与yǔ - and; to give; together with118
4738349337与其yǔqí - rather119
4738349338越来越yuèláiyuè - more and more120
4738349339再说zàishuō - what's more; besides121
4738349340这样子zhè yàngzi - in this way122
4738349341只是zhǐshì - merely; simply; only; but123
4738349342只要zhǐyào - if only; so long as124
4738349343只有zhǐyǒu - only125
4738349344至zhì - arrive; most; to; until126
4738349345至于zhìyú - go so far as to; as for; as to127
4738349346总而言之zǒng ér yán zhī - in short; in a word; in brief128
4738349347总之zǒngzhī - in a word; in short; in brief129
4738349348纵使zòngshǐ - although130
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AP Flashcards

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7126969208kontemporaryocontemporarius0
7126969209kontemporaryong isyukontemporaryo at isyu1
7126969210con-kasama sa2
7126969211tempus at tempor-panahon3
7126969212kapanahonkasalukuyang panahon o malapit na nakaraan4
7126969213kontemporaryong isyumahalagang usaping umiiral sa kasalukuyan o kaya ay umiral sa malapit na nakaraan5
71269692146
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AP Psychology Therapy Flashcards

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9538218582Insight Therapiesa type of psychotherapy in which the therapist helps their patient understand how their feelings, beliefs, actions, and events from the past are influencing their current mindset.0
9538218583Behavioral TherapiesA type of psychotherapy that focuses on changing or reducing the occurrence of some maladaptive behavior1
9538218584Bio-medical TherapiesUse a prescribed medication or medical procedure that acts directly on the patient's nervous system2
9538218585Eclectic ApproachThe type treatment used will depend on the client's problems3
9538218586Psychoanalytic TherapyAssumption: Problems stem from unconscious conflicts that usually date back to childhood experiences Aim: help patients gain insight into unconscious conflicts Evaluation: old, outdated, and lacks empirical evidence People: Freud4
9538218587Free AssociationPatient lays on couch freely exposes thoughts, feelings, and mental images going on in their mind Therapist must encourage the flow of associations to provide clues to what the unconscious is hiding5
9538218588Dream AnalysisPatient describes the "manifest content" of the dream Therapist uncovers the "latent content" of the dream6
9538218589TransferenceThe patient projects or transfers unresolved conflicts and feelings onto the therapist (Could be love or hatred of a parent) Therapist helps patients gain insight by reliving painful past relationships7
9538218590Psychodynamic TherapySimilarity to Psychoanalysis because they try to enhance self-insight by focusing on "unconscious forces" that and childhood experiences Differs from Psychoanalysis because they talk face to face and don't meet as much8
9538218591Humanistic TherapiesAssumption: Problems stem from obstacles that block personal growth and potential Aim: Focus on the present time (here and now) Evaluation: Unstructured, vague and subjective leaving it with little empirical proof People: Rogers9
9538218592Client Centered TherapyRefer to people as "clients" and not patients Non-directive Approach where therapist listens without judgment and refrains from directing the client10
9538218593Unconditional Positive RegardImportant element of client centered therapy developed by Carl Rogers Blanket acceptance and support of a person regardless of what ether person says or does.11
9538218594Active Listeninginvolves echoing, restating and seeking clarification of what the client says and does, and acknowledging feelings12
9538218595Empathyrecognizing the clients feelings and reflecting it back to the client13
9538218596Behavioral Therapies (aka Behavior Modification)Assumption: Problems stem from destructive behaviors Aim: Use learning principles to replace problem behaviors with constructive behaviors Evaluation: Effective but minimizes emotions People: Wolpe, Cover-Jones14
9538218597CounterconditioningUsing classical conditioning principles to create a new conditioned stimulus Includes exposure and aversive therapies15
9538218598Systematic DesensitizationThree Step Process: (1) learn progressive relaxation, (2) build an "anxiety hierarchy", (3) combine steps 1 and 216
9538218599FloodingA behavioral technique used to treat phobias in which the client is presented with the feared stimulus until the associated anxiety disappears.17
9538218600Bell and Pad TreatmentA behavior therapy technique used to treat nighttime bedwetting by conditioning arousal from sleep in response to bodily signals of a full bladder18
9538218601Aversive Conditioninguse of something unpleasant, or a punishment, to stop an unwanted behavior19
9538218602Token EconomyA system whereby participants earn generalized conditioned reinforcers (e.g., tokens, chips, points) as an immediate consequence for specific behaviors; participants accumulate tokens and exchange them for items and activities from a menu of backup reinforcers.20
9538218603Cognitive TherapiesAssumption:Faulty thoughts, such as negative self-talk and irrational beliefs, cause psychological problems Aims: change the faulty thoughts and replace with better ones Evaluation: Effective but minimizes emotions People: Ellis & Beck21
9538218604Rational Emotive therapy (RET) or Rational Emotive Behavioral Therapy (REBT)Albert Ellis's cognitive therapy to eliminate emotional problems through the rational examination of irrational beliefs.22
9538218605Negative Cognitive BiasAaron Beck found depressed people consistently distort their experiences in a negative cognitive way23
9538218606Cognitive Behavioral Therpaya popular integrative therapy that combines cognitive therapy with behavior therapy24
9538218607Group TherapyA group of 3-10 people meet to discuss similar problems, role play new behaviors, and receive instant feedback Evaluation: Effective (financially & psychologically) and people realize they are not alone in their problems25
9538218608Family TherapyViews an individual's unwanted behaviors as influenced by, or directed at, other family members hopes to identify unhealthy patterns and create new healthy rules & interactions Couples counseling is very similar26
9538218609Placebo EffectDefined: you believe it works due to the power of the mind Clients' and therapists' believe the treatment will work and therefore it does27
9538218610Regression towards the meanDefined: the tendency for unusual events (including emotions) to return to their average state Example: When things hit bottom, going to a therapist is more likely to be followed by improvement than by further descent.28
9538218611Meta Analysisa procedure for statistically combining the results of many different research studies29
9538218612Effective TherapiesNo one therapy has been shown to be best in all cases but some therapies are better suited for particular disorders Most _________ __________ are when the problem is clear cut30
9538218613Evidence Based Practiceinvolves clinical decision making that integrates the best available research with clinical expertise and patient characteristics and preferences. In short, available therapies are rigorously evaluated and then applied by clinicians who are mindful of their skills and of each patient's unique situation.31
9538218614Shared Elements of TherapyHope, New perspective, and an empathetic, caring relationship32
9538218615EMDRtherapist waves a finger in front of the eyes of the client to unlock and reprocess previously frozen traumatic memories33
9538218616Light Exposure Therapya client is exposed to daily doses of light that mimics outdoor light used to fight against seasonal affective disorder (SAD)34
9538218617PsychopharmacologyAssumption: biological causes exists for the disorders or behaviors Aims: provide the right medication Evaluation: helpful but medicine cannot solve all problems35
9538218618Anti-Anxiety DrugsHow it works: treats anxiety by increasing the level of GABA and therefore depress the activity in the central nervous system Popular Drugs: Xanax, and Valium Negative Side Effects: addictive and only reduces symptoms in the short term36
9538218619Typical Anti-Psychotic DrugsHow it works: treat schizophrenic hallucinations and paranoia by reducing dopamine activity Popular Drugs: Thorazine Negative Side Effects: tardive dyskinesia37
9538218620Atypical Anti-Psychotic DrugsHow it works: treat all schizophrenic symptoms by blocking dopamine & serotonin Popular Drugs: Abilify Negative Side Effects: less harmful than typical ones38
9538218621Mood Stabilizing DrugsHow it works: used to treat bipolar disorder by stabilizing Glutamate levels in order to stabilize current and future moods Popular Drugs: Lithium & Depakote Negative Side Effects: small difference between appropriate and toxic dosage level39
9538218622Electroconvulsive Therapy (ECT)a biomedical therapy for severely depressed patients in which a brief electric current is sent through the brain of an anesthetized patient40
9538218623repetitive Trans-cranial Magnetic Stimulation (rTMS)performed on wide-awake patients where magnetic energy penetrates only to the brain's surface does not have the side effects of ECT41
9538218624BioPsychoSocial Approach to Treating DisordersUsing aerobic exercise, adequate sleep, light exposure, social connection, anti-rumination, and nutritional supplements to fight and prevent psychological problems42
9538218625Preventing Mental Health Issues1. Build Resilience: an ability to cope with stress and recover from adversity. 2. Build a loving, nuturing environment43
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AP Flashcards

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8580112564Quote #1War is Peace. Freedom is Slavery. Ignorance is Strength.0
8580119612Quote #2Doublethink means the power of holding two contradictory beliefs in one's mind simultaneously, and accepting both of them.1
8580123260Quote #3To die hating them, that was freedom.2
8580126479Quote #4We do not merely destroy our enemies, we change them.3
8580128618Quote #5He loved Big Brother.4
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ap Flashcards

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9086501289Agribusinessagriculture conducted on commercial principles, especially using advanced technology.0
9086501290agriculturethe practice of cultivating the land or raising stock1
9086501291cereal graina grass yielding grain for food2
9086501292chaffhusks of grain separated from the seed by threshing3
9086501293combinea machine that reaps, threshes, and cleans grain while moving over a field4
9086501294Commercial AgricultureAgriculture undertaken primarily to generate products for sale off the farm.5
9086501295cropGrain or fruit gathered from a field as a harvest during a particular season.6
9086501296crop rotationthe system of growing a different crop in a field each year to preserve the fertility of the land7
9086501297Desertification​degradation of land especially in seminars areas primarily because of human actions like excessive planting8
9086501298double croppingharvesting twice a year from the same field9
9086501299grainseed of a cereal grass10
9086501300green revolutionrapid diffusion of new agricultural technology11
9086501301horticulturethe growing of fruits, vegetables, and flowers12
9086501302hullthe outer covering of a seed13
9086501303intensive subsistence agriculturea form in which farmers must expend a large amount of effort to produce the maximum yield of land14
9086501304milkshedthe area surrounding a city from which milk is supplied15
9086501305paddyMalay word for wet rice, commonly but incorrectly used to describe a sawah.16
9086501306pastoral nomadismA form of subsistence agriculture based on herding domesticated animals.17
9086501307pastureGrass or other plants grown for feeding grazing animals, as well as land used for grazing.18
9086501308plantationa large farm in tropical areas that specializes in the production of one of two crops for sale to a MCD19
9086501309Prime Agricultural LandThe most productive farmland.20
9086501310RanchingA form of commercial agriculture in which livestock graze over an extensive area.21
9086501311ReaperA machine that cuts grain standing in the field.22
9086501312Ridge Tillagesystem of planting crops on ridge tops to reduce farm production costs; promotes soil conservation23
9086501313sawaha flooded field for growing rice24
9086501314shifting cultivationclearing forests to plant fields for a few years and then abandoning them25
9086501315slash and burn agriculturea farming technique in which trees are cut down and burned to clear and fertilize the land26
9086501316spring wheatwheat planted in the spring and harvested in the late summer27
9086501317subsistence agriculturelevel of farming in which a person raises only enough food to feed his or her family28
9086501318sustainable agricultureLong-term productive farming methods that are environmentally safe.29
9086501319swiddena patch of land cleared for planting through slashing and burning30
9086501320threshto beat out grain from stalks by trampling it31
9086501321transhumanceThe seasonal migration of livestock between mountains and lowland pastures.32
9086501322truck farmingcommercial gardening and fruit farming33
9086501323wet riceRice planted on dryland in a nursery, then moved to a deliberately flooded field to promote growth.34
9086501324winnowto remove chaff by allowing it to be blown away by the wind35
9086501325winter wheatwheat planted in the autumn and harvested in the early summer36
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8600829425Niccolo MachiavelliWrote The Prince. Compared to Chandragupta Maurya's political advisor Kautilya's writings in Arthasastra.0
8600830970The PrinceOne must act as a lion and a fox, the end justifies the means. Political realism - Political theory that asserts political power as the end goal of political struggle - might makes right1
8600921777Social ChangesManufacturing and trade increased in volume, Venetians, Hanseatic League, Social hierarchy changes2
8600927438Hanseatic LeagueCommercial and military alliance of north German towns3
8601038527Social Hierarchy ChangesFirst estate - clergy Second estate - nobles Third estate - peasants and city inhabitants4
8601044433First EstateClergy - fail in role to be spiritual guides5
8601047848Second EstateNobles - 2-3% pop - decline in wealth and land holding but maintain political power6
8601056408Third EstatePeasants and city inhabitants peasants - 85-90% pop support religious reform in hopes to better life7
8601699709City Inhabitantpatricians - wealthy capitalists petty burghers - shopkeepers/guildmasters propertyless workers and unemployed - 30-40% urban population - pitiful conditions led them to support radical religious reform8
8601777600Printing PressJohannes Gutenberg/ Gutenberg Bible/ 1456 Encouraged scholarly research Increased literacy lay reading Would aid the spread of the Reformation9
8601779916Christian HumanismReforming Christianity Humans can reason and improve Erasmus - reform program "Erasmus laid the egg that Luther hatched10
8603127209Corruption in the Catholic ChurchRenaissance popes, concerned with accumulation of wealth/power, veneration of relics, selling of indulgences, mystical movements11
8603149290Catholic doctrine for salvationfaith and good works12
8603154166Luther beliefs for salvationjustification by grace through faith alone13
8603166234October 31, 1517Martin Luther nailed his 95 theses on the door of the Wittenburg Church14
860316992895 thesesDenied the right of the Pope to grant indulgences, Salvation came through faith alone rather than deeds, Basis of the church was the bible not just pope Thousands of copies printed and spread throughout Europe15
86031833001520Luther gave up on reform and called for a reformed German Church and Translated Bible from Latin into German16
8603211393Edict of Worms 1521Luther was Excommunicated and put on trial. Luther Refused to recant, HRE Charles V17
8603241997Peasant War (1524-1525)Luther supports German Princes - 100,000 peasants die18
8603244383Peace of Augsburg 1555Gained support of the German princes against Holy Roman Empire led to the creation of it19
8603288890John Calvin (1509-1564)Shared some beliefs with Luther - justification, Constant struggle with evil/devil - Predestination20
8603295583Mary 1553-1558attempted to restore Catholicism (Bloody Mary for killing some 300 Protestants)21
8603299401AnabaptistRadical group of protestants who advocated that adults be baptized rather than infants Believed in complete separation of church and state Refused to hold political offices or bear arms Often viewed as dangerous and persecuted by both Catholics and Protestants22
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