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AP US History Period 4 (1800-1848)-Mahan Flashcards

5624241981	Democratic-Republicans	Political party created in the 1790's; led by Thomas Jefferson; favored limited government and state rights; supported primarily by the "common man"	0
5624241984	Era of Good Feelings	Term used to describe the time period after the 2nd Party System in the United States after the Federalist Party fell from the national stage, leaving only the Democratic Party; associated with the presidency of James Monroe	1
5624241985	Democrats	Political party that brought Andrew Jackson into office in 1829; part of the 2nd Party System of the United States; supported Jeffersonian ideas of limited government and individualism; drew its support from the "common Man"	2
5624241986	Whig Party	Political Party created in 1834 as a coalition of anti-Jackson political leaders and dedicated to internal improvements funded by the national government	3
5624241987	Andrew Jackson	Leader of the Democrats who became the seventh president of the US (1829-1837); known for his opposition to the 2nd Bank of the US, the Indian Removal Act, and opposition to nullification	4
5624241988	Henry Clay	Leader of the Whig Party who proposed an "American System" to make the United States economically self-sufficient, mostly through protective tariffs; worked to keep the Union together through political compromise	5
5624241989	Nullification Crisis (1832-1833)	After South Carolina declared the federal tariff null and void, President Jackson obtained a Force Bill to use military actions against South Carolina; ended with a compromise to lower tariffs over an extended time; overall significance was the challenge of states to ignore federal law (later on with laws regarding slavery).	6
5624241991	John Marshall	Appointed to the Supreme Court by John Adams in 1801; served as a chief justice until 1835; legal decisions gave the Supreme Court more power, strengthened the federal government, and supported protection of private property.	7
5624241993	Judicial Review	The power of the Supreme Court to review the constitutionality of laws passed by Congress	8
5624241994	Market Economy	Economic system based on the unregulated buying and selling of goods and services; prices are determined by the forces of supply and demand	9
5624241995	Embargo Act (1807)	Passed by President Jefferson in order to pressure Britain and France to stop impressment and support the American rights to free trade with the other; a government-order ban on international trade; went into effect in 1808 and closed down virtually all U.S. trade with foreign nations; led to steep depression in the economy	10
5624241997	Second Bank of the United States (1816)	Privately owned bank that operated as both a commercial and fiscal agent for the US government; established in 1816 under a charter that was supposed to last 20 years; Andrew Jackson was critical of the bank and its potential for corruption; ended when Jackson vetoed the extension of its charter and won reelection in the process	11
5624241999	Tariff of Abominations 1828	Tariff with such high rates that it set off tension between northerners and southerners over tariff issues (called the Nullification Crisis)	12
5624242002	Second Great Awakening	An upsurge in religious activity that began around 1800 and was characterized by emotional revival meetings; led to several reform movements (temperance, abolition) designed to perfect society with religious morals	13
5624242007	Utopian Communities	Idealistic reform movement based on the belief that a perfect society could be created on Earth; significant Utopian experiments were established at New Harmony, Indiana, Book Farm, Massachusetts and the Oneida Community in New York; usually such attempts were short-lived	14
5624242012	Transcendentalism	Philosophical and literary movement that believed God existed within human being and nature; believed intuition was the highest source of knowledge; advocated for introspection by surrounding oneself with nature	15
5624242017	John Deere	Invented the steel plow in 1837, which revolutionized farming; the steel plow broke up soil without the soil getting stuck to the plow	16
5624242018	Lowell System	Method of factory management that evolved in the textile mills of Lowell, MA	17
5624242021	Mason-Dixon Line	Boundary between PA and MD that marked the division between free and slave states before the Civil War	18
5624242022	Cult of Domesticity	The belief that a woman's proper role in life was found in domestic pursuits (raising children, taking care of the house); strongly believed by many throughout the 19th century	19
5624242023	Louisiana Purchase (1803)	U.S. purchased the Louisiana Territory from France for $15 million, doubling the size of the U.S. and giving the U.S. full control of the Mississippi River	20
5624242024	Lewis and Clark expedition (1804-1806)	Expedition to explore the Louisiana Territory led by Meriwether Lewis and William Clark	21
5624242025	War Hawks	Members of Congress from the West and South elected in 1810 who wanted war with Britain in the hopes of annexing new territory and ending British trade with the Indians of the Northwest	22
5624242026	War of 1812	1812-1815, War between the U.S. and Great Britain caused primarily by the perceived British violation of American neutral rights on the high seas (impressment); ended with an agreement of "status quo ante" (a return to how things were before the war)	23
5624242027	Adams-Onis Treaty (1819)	Treaty between the U.S. and Spain that ceded Florida to the U.S	24
5624242028	Monroe Doctrine (1823)	President Monroe's unilateral declaration that the Americas would be closed to further European colonization and that the U.S. would not allow European interference in the affairs of the Western Hemisphere; in return the U.S. pledged to stay out of European conflicts and affairs; significant foreign policy state that lasted through most of the 19th century	25
5624242030	Manifest Destiny	Popular belief amongst early-19th century Americans that the U.S. was destined to expand across the North American continent, that this belief was obvious, and that God willed it to take place	26
5624242032	Indian Removal Act (1830)	Law that provided for the removal of all Indian tribes east of the Mississippi and the purchase of Indian lands for white resettlement	27
5624242034	Trail of Tears (1838)	Forced march of the Cherokee people from Georgia to Indian Territory in the winter; a large percentage of Cherokee died on the journey	28
5624242035	American Anti-Slavery Society	Abolitionist society founded by William Lloyd Garrison - included Frederick Douglass as a significant leader of the society	29
5624242036	Romanticism	An artistic and intellectual movement characterized by its emphasis on emotion and individualism as well as glorification of all the past and nature, preferring the medieval rather than the classical	30
5624242037	The American System	Consisted of three mutually reinforcing parts: (1) a tariff to protect and promote American industry; (2) a national bank to foster commerce; (3) federal subsidies for roads, canals, and other "internal improvements" to develop profitable markets for agriculture; supported heavily by Henry Clay	31
5624242038	Missouri Compromise (1820)	Admitted Missouri as a slave state and Maine as a free state, maintaining the balance between slave and free states in representation in the federal government; established a geographic line that would determine whether new states (made from the western territories) would be added to the union as slave or free states	32
5624242039	Spoils System	Public offices given as a reward for political support. Most iconically used by Andrew Jackson after his first election, which then became a precedent for future federal leaders.	33
5624242040	Marbury v. Madison (1803, Marshall)	The Court established its role as the arbiter of the constitutionality of federal laws, the principle is known as judicial review.	34
5624242041	McCulloch v. Maryland (1819, Marshall)	The Court ruled that states cannot tax the federal government, i.e. the Bank of the United States; the phrase "the power to tax is the power to destroy"; confirmed the constitutionality of the Bank of the United States.	35
5624242044	interchangeable parts	Parts that were identical and which could be substituted for one another; developed by Eli Whitney for the manufacturing of muskets; became a hallmark of the American factory system	36
5624242046	tariff	A tax imposed on imported goods and services. Tariffs are used to restrict trade, as they increase the price of imported goods and services, making them more expensive to consumers.	37
5624242047	sectionalist	Person devoted to the cause of a particular section of the country (usually North or South), as opposed to the nation as a whole	38
5624242048	embargo	A government order prohibiting commerce in or out of a port	39
5624242049	nationalism	A strong devotion to the nation as the central political entity, often in a narrow or aggressive fashion; usually involves feelings of superiority over other nations or ideaologies	40
5624242050	internal improvements	The basic public works, such as roads and canals, that create the structure for economic development.	41
5624242070	temperance	Moderation, or sometimes total abstinence, as regards drinking alcohol.	42
5624242071	nativist	One who advocates favoring native-born citizens over aliens or immigrants.	43
5624242072	factory	An establishment for the manufacturing of goods, including buildings and substantial machinery.	44
5624242077	capitalist	An individual or group who uses private property to produce goods for profit in an open market.	45
5624242080	transient	Referring to a person without a fixed or long-term home or job; a migrant.	46
5624242081	polygamy	The practice or condition of having two or more spouses at one time.	47

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Schellhase AP US History Period 4 Flashcards

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6583694801	Federalist	political party created in the 1790s led by Alexander Hamilton, favored a stronger national government - Supported primarily by the bankers and moneyed interests	0
6583694802	Democratic-Republicans	Political party created in the 1790's - led by Thomas Jefferson - favored limited government and state rights - supported primarily by the "Common man"	1
6583694803	Election of 1800	aka Revolution of 1800- election that led to a peaceful transfer of power from the Federalist party to the Democratic Republican Party	2
6583694804	Hartford Convention, 1814	meeting of Federalists during the War of 1812 in which anti-war Federalist threatened to secede from the Union - generally viewed by some as treasonous and the Federalist Part began to die out	3
6583694805	Era of Good Feelings	the decline of the Federalist Party and the end of the war of 1812 gave rise to a time of political cooperation - associated with the presidency of James Monroe	4
6583694806	Democrats	political party that brought Andrew Jackson into office in 1829 - supported Jeffersonian ideas of limited government, drawing its support from the "common Man"	5
6583694807	Whig Party	Political Party created in 1834 as a coalition of anti-Jackson political leaders and dedicated to internal improvements funded by the national government	6
6583694808	Andrew Jackson	Leader of the Democrats who became the seventh president of the US (1829-1837), known for his opposition to the 2nd Bank of the US, the Indian Removal Act, and opposition to nullification	7
6583694809	Henry Clay	Leader of the Whig Party who proposed an "American System" to make the United States economically self-sufficient - worked to keep the Union together through political compromise	8
6583694810	South Carolina Nullification Crisis, 1832-1833	After South Carolina declared the federal tariff null and void, President Jackson obtained a Force Bill to use military actions against South Carolina - ended with a compromise to lower tariffs over an extended time	9
6583694811	John C. Calhoun	South Carolina political leader who defended slavery as a positive good and advocated the doctrine of nullification, a policy in which state could nullify federal law	10
6583694812	Midnight Judges	Federalist judges appointed by John Adams between the time he lost the election of 1800 and the time he left office in March 1801	11
6583694813	John Marshall	Appointed to the Supreme Court by John Adams in 1801- served as a chief justice until 1835 - legal decisions gave the Supreme Court more power, strengthened the federal government, and protecting private property	12
6583694814	Cotton Belt	southern region in US where most of the cotton is grown/deep - south area that stretched from South Carolina to Georgia to the new states in the southwest frontier - had the highest concentration of slaves	13
6583694815	Marbury v. Madison 1803	Supreme Court that declared a section of Judiciary Act of 1789 unconstitutional and established the principle of judicial review	14
6583694816	Judicial Review	The power of the Supreme Court to review the constitutionality of laws passed by Congress	15
6583694817	McCulloch v. Maryland 1819	Supreme Court decision that upheld the constitutionality of the BUS - Maryland did not have the right to tax the federal bank and John Marshall wrote, "The power to tax is the power to destroy."	16
6583694818	Gibbons v. Ogden 1824	Supreme Court decision stating that the authority of Congress is absolute in matters of interstate commerce	17
6583694819	Market Economy	Economic system based on the unregulated buying and selling of goods and services - Prices are determined by the forces of supply and demand	18
6583694820	Embargo Act 1807	in order to pressure Britain and France to aspect neutral trading rights, Jefferson issued a government-order ban on international trade - went into effect in 1808 and closed down virtually all U.S. trade with Foreign nations	19
6583694821	American System 1815	Henry Clay's proposal to make the U.S. Economically self-sufficient - called for protective tariffs, internal improvements at federal expense, the creation of a second Bank of the United States	20
6583694822	Panic of 1819	Financial panic that began when the Second Bank of the US tightened credit and recalled government loans after the price of cotton dropped	21
6583694823	Debates over the tariff and internal improvements	Northerners generally favored higher tariffs and internal improvements at federal expense while Southerners generally opposed higher tariffs and internal improvements at federal expense	22
6583694824	Second Bank of the United States 1816	Privately owned bank that operated as both a commercial and fiscal agent for the US government - established in 1816 under a charter that was supposed to last 20 years	23
6583694825	Tariff of 1816	first protective tariff in US history - designed primarily to help America's textile industry	24
6583694826	Tariff of Abominations 1828	tariff with such high rates that it set off tension between northerners and southerners over tariff issues	25
6583694827	Panic of 1837	Economic collapse caused primarily by President Jackson's destruction of the Second Bank of the United States	26
6583694829	Slave Codes	Laws that established the status of slaves denying them basic rights and classifying them as the property of slaveholders	27
6583694830	Second Great Awakening	an upsurge in religious activity that began around 1800 and was characterized by emotional revival meetings - led to several reform movements designed to make a life better in this world	28
6583694831	Charles Finney	Presbyterian minister who is credited and is known as the "Father of modern Revivalism" - advocated the abolition of slavery and equal education for women and African Americans	29
6583694832	Seneca Falls Convention 1848	the first convention in America for women right's held in NY	30
6583694833	Elizabeth Cady Stanton	Advocate of women right's, including the right to vote -organized (with Lucretia Mott) the first women's rights convention at Seneca Falls, NY	31
6583694834	Dorothea Dix	Pioneer in the moment for special treatment for the mentally ill	32
6583694835	Horace Mann	Massachusetts educator who called for publicly funded education for all children	33
6583694836	Utopian Communities	Idealistic reform movement based on the belief that a perfect society could be created on Earth - Significant Utopian experiments were established at New Harmony, Indiana, Book Farm, Massachusetts and Oneida Community in New York	34
6583694837	American Colonization Society 1817	Organization established to end slavery gradually by helping individual slave owners liberate their slaves and then transport the freed slaves to Africa	35
6583694838	William Lloyd Garrison	Radical abolitionist in Massachusetts who published the liberator, an antislavery newspaper	36
6583694839	Sojourner Truth	Former Slave (freed in 1827) who became a leading abolitionist and feminist	37
6583694841	Hudson River School 1825-1875	The first native school of painting in the US - Attracting artists who were rebelling against neoclassicism - painted primarily landscapes	38
6583694842	Transcendentalism	Philosophical and literary movement that believed God existed within human being and nature - believed intuition was the highest source of knowledge	39
6583694843	Ralph Waldo Emerson	Philosopher, writer, and poet who became a central figure in American Transcendentalist	40
6583694844	Henry David Thoreau	Writer and naturalist - With Ralph Waldo Emerson, he became America's best known transcendentalist	41
6583694845	John James Audubon	Naturalist and painter who became well-known for his attempt to document all types of American birds	42
6583694846	Richard Allen	African American minister who established the first independent African American denomination in the US, the African Methodist Episcopalian Church	43
6583694847	Samuel Slater	known as the "Father of the American Industrial Revolution," - brought British textile technology to the United States	44
6583694848	John Deere	Invented the steel plow in 1837, which revolutionized farming - the steel plow broke up soil without the soil getting stuck to the plow	45
6583694849	Lowell system	method of factory management that evolved in the textile mills of Lowell, MA, - owned by the Boston Manufacturing Company and named in honor of the company's founder, Francis Lowell - first example of a planned automated factory	46
6583694850	Interchangeable parts	Parts that were identical and which could be substituted for one another - developed by Eli Whitney for the manufacturing of muskets	47
6583694851	Erie Canal 1817-1825	350 mile canal built by the state of NY that stretched from Buffalo to Albany, the canal revolutionized shipping in NY	48
6583694852	Turnpikes	A road in which tolls were collected at gates set up along the road	49
6583694853	National Road 1811	aka Cumberland Road- First significant road built in the US at the expense of the federal government - stretched from the Potomac River to the Ohio River	50
6583694854	Mason-Dixon Line	boundary between PA and MD that marked the division between free and slave states before the Civil War	51
6583694855	Cult of Domesticity	the belief that a woman's proper role in life was found in Domestic pursuits (raising children, taking care of the house)	52
6583694856	Destruction of the Second Bank of the United States 1833	President Jackson, who thought the Bank of the U.S. represented special interests at the expense of the common man, ordered federal deposits placed in state banks ("pet" banks) to deplete the funds of the national bank	53
6583694857	Louisiana Purchase 1803	U.S. purchased the Louisiana Territory from France for $15 million, doubling the size of the U.S. and giving the U.S. full control of the Mississippi River	54
6583694858	Lewis and Clark expedition 1804-1806	Expedition to explore the Louisiana Territory led by Meriwether Lewis and William Clark	55
6583694859	War Hawks	Members of Congress from the West and South elected in 1810 who wanted war with Britain in the hopes of annexing new territory and ending British trade with the Indians of the Northwest	56
6583694860	War of 1812	1812-1815, War between the U.S. and Great Britain caused primarily by the British violation of American neutral rights on the high seas. - ended with an agreement of "status quo ante" (a return to how things were before the war)	57
6583694861	Adams-Onis Treaty, 1819	Treaty between the U.S. and Spain that ceded Florida to the U.S	58
6583694862	Monroe Doctrine 1823	President Monroe's unilateral declaration that the Americas would be closed to further European colonization stated the U.S. would not allow European interference in the affairs of the Western Hemisphere	59
6583694864	Manifest Destiny	Belief that the U.S. was destined to expand across the North American continent	60
6583694865	Tecumseh	Shawnee leader who established an Indian confederacy that he hoped would be a barrier to white expansion - Defeated at the Battle of Tippecanoe in 1811 by U.S. forces led by General William Henry Harrison	61
6583694866	Indian Removal Act, 1830	Law that provided for the removal of all Indian tribes east of the Mississippi and the purchase of Indian lands for resettlement	62
6583694867	Worcester v. Georgia 1832	A Supreme Court ruling that declared a state did not have the power to enforce laws on lands that were not under state jurisdiction - John Marshall wrote that the state of Georgia did not have the power to remove Indians	63
6583694868	Trail of Tears 1838	Forced march of the Cherokee people from Georgia to Indian Territory in the winter	64
6583694869	Seminole Wars 1814-1819, 1835-1842	The Seminole of Florida opposed removal and resisted US troops	65
6583694870	Missouri Compromise 1820	Law proposed by Henry Clay admitting Missouri to the U.S. as a slave state and Maine as a free state	66
6583694871	American Anti-Slavery Society	Abolitionist society founded by William Lloyd Garrison - included Frederick Douglass as a significant leader of the society	67

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AP US History Chapter 27 Flashcards

AMSCO United States History 2015 Edition, Chapter 27 The Eisenhower Years, 1952-1960

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5769773962	elections of 1952, 1956	In these two presidential elections Dwight Eisenhower and Richard Nixon defeated Adlai Stevenson quite easily. (p. 580-581)	0
5769773963	Dwight Eisenhower	The United States general who supervised the invasion of Normandy and the defeat of Nazi Germany. In the election of 1952 he became the the 34th President of the United States. (p. 579)	1
5769773964	Adlai Stevenson	An Illinois governor and the Democratic presidential nominee in 1952 and 1956. He lost both elections to Dwight Eisenhower and Richard Nixon. (p. 580)	2
5769773965	Richard Nixon	He was vice president under Dwight Eisenhower. In 19868, he would become the 37th President of the United States, but in 1974 he resigned in disgrace after the Watergate scandal. (p. 580)	3
5769773966	modern Republicanism	President Eisenhower's term for his balanced and moderate approach to governing. Claiming he was liberal toward people but conservative about spending money. He helped balance the federal budget and lowered taxes without destroying existing social programs. (p. 580)	4
5769773967	Dept. of Health, Education and Welfare (HEW)	In 1953, President Eisenhower consolidated welfare programs under this new department, run by Oveta Culp Hobby, the first woman in a Republican cabinet. (p. 580)	5
5769773968	soil-bank program	President Eisenhower created this program as a way to reduce farm production, thereby increasing farm income. (p. 580)	6
5769773969	Highway Act; interstate highway system	The most permanent legacy of the Eisenhower administration was this act passed in 1956. It created 42,000 miles of highway linking every major city in the nation. (p. 580)	7
5769773970	John Foster Dulles	In the Eisenhower administration, he was the Secretary of State that pursued a policy of pushing the USSR and China to the brink of war. However, Eisenhower prevented him from carrying his ideas the extreme. (p. 581)	8
5769773971	brinksmanship	The principle of pushing Communist nations to the brink of war, thinking they would back down because of American nuclear superiority. (p. 581)	9
5769773972	massive retaliation	This was Eisenhower's policy, it advocated the full use of American nuclear weapons to counteract even a Soviet ground attack in Europe. (p. 582)	10
5769773973	decolonization	After World War II, dozens of European colonies in Asia and Africa became independent countries. (p. 582)	11
5769773974	India, Pakistan, Indonesia	From 1947 to 1949, these three countries gained their independence. (p. 582)	12
5769773975	Third World	Term applied to a group of developing countries that often lacked stable political and economic institutions. Their need for foreign aid often made them pawns of the United States and the Soviet Union during the Cold War. (p. 582)	13
5769773976	CIA, covert action	Undercover intervention in foreign government by the CIA during Eisenhower's presidency. (p. 582)	14
5769773977	Iranian overthrow	In 1953, the CIA helped overthrow this government and established a monarch ruler with close ties to the U.S. He provided favorable oil prices and purchased American military arms. (p. 582)	15
5769773978	Korean armistice	In July 1953, China and North Korea agreed to an armistice that would divide Korea into North Korea and South Korea near the 38th parallel. (p. 583)	16
5769773979	Indochina	In the early 1950s, France was fighting to retake control of their colony in southeastern Asia. The French were defeated in 1954 and they agreed to give up Indochina, which was divided into the nations of Cambodia, Laos, and Vietnam. (p. 583)	17
5769773980	Ho Chi Minh	The North Vietnam Communist dictator who fought the French until 1954, and South Vietnam until 1975. (p. 583)	18
5769773981	Geneva Conference	A 1954 conference between many countries that agreed to end hostilities and restore peace in French Indochina and Vietnam. (p. 583)	19
5769773982	division of Vietnam	By the terms of the Geneva Convention, Vietnam would be temporarily divided at the 17 parallel until a general election could be held. A prolonged war (1954-1975) occurred between the Communist armies of North Vietnam who were supported by the Chinese and the non-communist armies of South Vietnam who were supported by the United States. (p. 583)	20
5769773983	domino theory	The political theory that if one nation comes under Communist control then neighboring nations will also fall to Communist control. (p. 583)	21
5769773984	Southeast Asia Treaty Organization	In 1954, an international organization for collective defend and block further Communist gains is Southeast Asia. (p. 583)	22
5769773985	State of Israel	In 1948, after a civil war in the British mandate territory of Palestine left the land divided between the Israelis and the Palestinians, this nation was founded. The United Nations oversaw the process and many neighboring countries fought against the creating of this Jewish state. (p. 584)	23
5769773986	Arab nationalism	Arab nationalist General Gamal Nasser of Egypt, asked the United States for funds to build the Aswan Dam on the Nile River. (p. 584)	24
5769773987	Suez Canal Crisis	In July 1956, Egypt sized the British and French owned Suez Canal. Britain and France carried out a surprise attack and retook the canal. The United States sponsored a U.N. resolution condemning the invasion of Egypt. Eventually Britain and France withdrew their troops. (p. 584)	25
5769773988	Eisenhower Doctrine	This 1957 doctrine, pledged United States economic and military aid to any Middle Eastern country threatened by Communism. (p. 584)	26
5769773989	Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC)	In 1960, Saudi Arabia, Kuwait, Iraq, Iran, and Venezuela formed this organization of oil-producing nations. (p. 584)	27
5769773990	atoms for peace	In 1953, President Eisenhower's proposal to the U.N. to slow down the arms race. (p. 585)	28
5769773991	spirit of Geneva	The 1955 meeting in Geneva, which produced the first thaw in the Cold War. (p. 585)	29
5769773992	open-skies	The Soviets rejected this proposal for open aerial photography of eachothers territory in order to eliminate surprise nuclear attacks. (p. 585)	30
5769773993	Nikita Khrushchev	The ruler of the USSR from 1958-1964. He reduced government control of Soviet citizens and sought peaceful coexistence with the West. (p. 585)	31
5769773994	peaceful coexistence	In early 1956, Soviet leader Nikita Khrushchev, gave a speech in which he denounced the crimes of Joseph Stalin and supported "peaceful coexistence" with the West. (p. 585)	32
5769773995	Hungarian revolt	In October 1956, Hungary actually succeeded in overthrowing a government backed by Moscow. The Soviets sent in tanks to crush the freedom fighters and restore control over Hungary. The United States took no action in the crisis and gave de facto recognition of the Soviet sphere of influence in Eastern Europe. (p. 586)	33
5769773996	Warsaw Pact	This 1945 agreement formed formed an alliance of the Eastern European countries including the USSR, Albania, Bulgaria, Czechoslovakia, East Germany, Hungary, Poland, and Romania. (p. 586)	34
5769773997	Sputnik	In 1957, the Soviet Union shocked the United States by launching the first space satellites into orbit around the earth. Fears of nuclear war were intensified since the missiles that launched the satellites could also deliver nuclear warheads anywhere in the world within minutes. (p. 586)	35
5769773998	NDEA, NASA	In 1958, Congress created the National Defense and Education Act (NDEA) and the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA). (p. 586)	36
5769773999	U-2 incident	In 1960, the Soviet military used a guided missile to shoot down an American U-2 spy plane over Soviet territory, revealing a formerly secret American tactic of the Cold War. (p. 586)	37
5769774000	Cuba, Fidel Castro	A bearded socialist leader who overthrew a dictator in 1959 and established a Marxist socialist state in Cuba, only 90 miles from the United States. He nationalized American-owned businesses and the U.S. cut off trade with the country. (p. 587)	38
5769774001	military-industrial complex	In his farewell address, President Eisenhower warned the nation to "guard against the acquisition of unwarranted influence... by the military-industrial complex". (p. 587)	39
5769774002	Jackie Robinson	The first African American player in major league baseball. His actions helped to bring about other opportunities for African Americans. (p. 588)	40
5769774003	causes of movement	The origins of the 1950s civil rights movement was the migration of African Americans to the North where they gained more political power. As the United States battled the Soviets for the hearts and minds of people around the world, it was clear that racial discrimination in the U.S. was a wrong that needed to be corrected. (p. 588)	41
5769774004	NAACP	The National Association for the Advancement of Colored People tried to protect the constitutional right of African Americans. (p. 588)	42
5769774005	desegregation	The action of incorporating a racial or religious group into a community. (p. 588)	43
5769774006	Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka	In May 1954, the Supreme Court agreed with Thurgood Marshal and ruled that "separate facilities are inherently unequal" and unconstitutional, and that school segregation should end immediately. (p. 588)	44
5769774007	Earl Warren	Chief Justice of the Supreme Court, who presided over the Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka case, which overturned Plessy v. Ferguson. (p. 588)	45
5769774008	Southern Manifesto	After the Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka Supreme Court decision, 101 members of Congress signed this manifesto condemning the Supreme Court for a "clear abuse of judicial power". (p. 588)	46
5769774009	Little Rock Crisis	In 1957, Governor Faubus used the Arkansas National Guard to prevent nine black students from entering Little Rock Central High School. President Eisenhower sent federal troops to ensure the black students could attend class. (p. 589)	47
5769774010	Rosa Parks	In 1955, in Montgomery, Alabama, a middle aged black woman refused to give up her seat on a bus, which led to her arrest for violating segregation laws. This triggered an African American protest of boycotting the city buses. (p. 589)	48
5769774011	Montgomery bus boycott	Rosa Park sparked a massive Afican American protest of the Montgomery, Alabama buses. (p. 589)	49
5769774012	Martin Luther King Jr.	The minister of a Baptist church in Montgomery, Alabama, and a civil rights leader. (p. 589)	50
5769774013	Civil Rights acts of 1957, 1960	The first civil rights laws since Reconstruction, they formed the Civil Rights Commission and provided some protection for the voting rights of blacks. (p. 590)	51
5769774014	Civil Rights Commission	Created by civil rights laws of 1957 and 1960. (p. 590)	52
5769774015	Southern Christian Leadership Conference	In 1957, Martin Luther King Jr. organized ministers and churches to create this civil rights organization. (p. 590)	53
5769774016	nonviolent protest	To call attention to the injustice of segregated facilities students would deliberately invite arrest by sitting in restricted areas. (p. 590)	54
5769774017	sit-in movement	In February 1960, African American college students in Greensboro, North Carolina created this protest after they were refused service at a segregated Woolworth's lunch counter. (p. 590)	55
5769774018	Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee	In 1960, an organization that called attention to the sit-in movement. (p. 590)	56
5769774019	immigration issues	In the 1950s, Congress dropped the bans on Chinese and other Asian immigrants and eliminated race as barrier to naturalization. (p. 590)	57
5769774020	Operation Wetback	In the early 1950s, this program forced an estimated 3.8 million people to return to Mexico. (p. 590)	58
5769774021	homogeneity	A description of American 1950s culture. (p. 590)	59
5769774022	popular culture	In the 1950s, white suburbanites conformed to societal norms. (p. 590)	60
5769774023	paperbacks	This innovation in books, started in the 1950s, and led to the sales of a million copies per day by 1960. (p. 591)	61
5769774024	television	A curiosity in the late 1940s, by 1961 there were 55 million of these devices in America. (p. 591)	62
5769774025	rock and roll	Teenagers loved this popular music which was available as inexpensive records during the 1950s. (p. 591)	63
5769774026	consumer culture	In the 1950s, consensus and conformity were hallmarks of the American culture. Television, advertising, and the middle-class move to the suburbs, contributed to this culture. (p. 590)	64
5769774027	fast food	There was a proliferation of these restaurants in the 1950s. (p. 591)	65
5769774028	credit cards	A new method of payment in the 1950s. (p. 591)	66
5769774029	conglomerates	In the 1950s, large businesses with diversified holdings began to dominate industries such as food processing, hotels, transportation, insurance, and banking. (p. 591)	67
5769774030	social critics	In the 1950s, conformity was valued. William Whyte documented the loss of individuality in his book, "The Organization Man" (p. 591)	68
5769774031	The Lonely Crowd	In 1958, this book by Harvard sociologist David Riesman criticised the replacement of inner direct individuals with other directed conformists. (p. 592)	69
5769774032	The Affluent Society	In 1958, economist by John Kenneth Galbraith wrote this book about the failure of wealthy American to address the need for increased social spending for the common good. (p. 592)	70
5769774033	The Catcher in the Rye	A 1950s book by J. D. Salinger, it provided a classic commentary on phoniness as viewed by a troubled teenager. (p. 592)	71
5769774034	Catch-22	A 1950s book by Joseph Heller that satirized the stupidity of the military and war. (p. 592)	72
5769774035	beatniks	A group of rebellious writer and intellectuals led by Jack Kerouac and Allen Ginsberg. They advocated spontaneity, use of drugs, and rebellion against societal standards. (p. 592)	73

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7425055517	Place	A portion of space avaible or desighnated for of being used by someone	0
7425055518	Model	a system or thing used as an example to follow or imitate.	1
7425055519	Isoline Map	A thematic map with lines that connect points of equal value.	2
7425055520	Toponym	A plane name especially one derived from a tropgraphic feature	3
7425055521	remote sensing	A scanning of the eath by satelite or high flying aircraft in order to obain info. about it.	4
7425055522	Relative distance	A measuse of the social cultured and economic relatedness or connectmity between two places	5
7425055523	Possibilism	Culture geography is the theory that the enviroment sets certain constaints or limitabtions but culture is otherwise determined by social conditions	6
7425055524	physiological density	Real pop. density is # of people per unit area or arable land	7
7425055525	Statistical Map	A special type of map in which the varition in quantity of a fador such as rainfall pop. or crops in geograpic area	8
7425055526	Spatial Interaction	The moverment of people goods and ideas within and across geographic space.	9
7425055527	Peters map projection	Attemps to reflect accurately the relative surface areas of landmass	10
7425055528	thematic map	a map that shows a particular theme, or topic such. As the average disturibution or rainfall in a area	11
7425055529	Natural landscape	The physical landscape or environment that has not been affected by human activities.	12
7425055530	Mercador map projection	A cylindrical map projection	13
7425055531	Mental map	a person's point-of-view perception of their area of interaction.	14
7425055532	linear pattern	a pattern that is along straight lines, like rivers, streets, on railroad tracks	15
7425055533	large scale map	A small area but it shows it in greats	16
7425055534	Hierarchical Diffusion	Spread of an idea though physical movement from one place to another	17
7425055535	sequent occupance	The notion that successive societies leave their culture imprints on a place each contributation to the cumulative cultural landscape	18
7425055536	Scale	Scale of a map to the ratio of a distance on the map to the cornesponing distanceb on the ground	19
7425055537	Site	The relative location or a place decribed by local relief landforms other cultural or physical characteristics	20
7425055538	relocation diffusion	the spread of an idea through physical movement of people from one place to another	21
7425055539	random pattern	a pattern that has no regular distortion that can be seen	22
7425055540	Projection	The system used to transfer locations from Earth's surface to a flat map.	23
7425055541	Time zones	a range of longitudes where a common standard time is used	24
7425055542	Time space compression/ conver gence	Phenomemon that alters the qualites of and relationship between space and time	25
7425055543	Stimulus diffusion	spread of an underlying principle even though a specific characteristic is rejected	26
7425055544	Space	The physical gap or interval between two objects	27
7425055545	small scale map	Map scale ratio of units on the map to units the earth is quite small	28
7425055546	situation	the relative location of a place in relation to the physical and cultural charactists or the surrounding area and the connections and interdependencies within that system	29
7425055547	Robinson map projection	Shows entire world at once	30

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7425021802	The Qanat System	Form of irrigation that transports water from below ground to the surface in arid land. Created by Persian Empire (Middle East): Prevents evaporation	0
7425028147	Improved Wells and Pumps (Shaduf)	Irrigation toll to draw water from ground; created in Middle east: Also helps lift water using less labor. You have more water to use to grow a surplus.	1
7425161695	Dhow Ship	Ships that used lateen sails to navigate the Indian ocean: Could carry heavier products (they had more room because less people rowed)	2
7425174340	Lateen Sail	Triangular sail- were able to move- used to navigate ships instead of oars. Mediterranean ships used oars, not lateen sails: Help navigate monsoon winds on Indian Ocean Routes.	3
7425187774	Yokes	Developed in China, Removes pressure of iron plow from animal's windpipe: Made farming and traveling more productive	4
7425192945	Saddles	Camel and horse saddles. Camel and Saddles introduced to North Africa by 1st century BCE - helps connect all parts of Africa: Allow riders to be more comfortable, travel longer distances.	5
7425200474	Stirrups	Created in Northern Afghanistan. Provided greater stability for those horses: Granted a better advantage in battle along the Silk Roads.	6

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7955700930	Iron plow	jethro Tull	0
7955705119	Animal breeding	Robert bakewell	1
7955711977	Draining methods	Cornelius vermuyder	2
7955715983	Peasant rebellions	Pugachavs	3
7955723445	Rich items for cheap	Josiah wedgewood	4
7955726937	Water frame	Richard Arkwright	5
7955729962	Spinning Jenny	James hargraves	6
7955734103	Steam engine	Thomas newgrave James watt	7
7955743271	Polish nobility	Sziacta	8

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8602297695	All of the following are true about the Napoleonic Era (1799-1814) except	D. Despite the fact that all the other European great powers, England, Prussia, Austria and Russia were allied against him from 1799 onwards, Napoleon managed to defeat them until 1812	0
8602297696	The only country which remained continually at war with France from 1792 to 1814, except for about a year of peace in 1802-03, was	B. Great Britain	1
8602297697	The main accomplishment of the First Coalition against Napoleon was	B. the extermination of the Polish state	2
8602297698	Why did the peace of 1802-03 between France and the rest of Europe turn to war?	B. Napoleon gave it no chance, using the peace to aggressively advance his interests in Italy, Germany and Haiti	3
8602297699	A major reason that the Third Coalition against Napoleon failed to defeat him was	B. Prussia refused to join until too late	4
8602297700	The Third Coalition dissolved when	C. Napoleon defeated all his enemies in decisive battles at Austerlitz, Jena and Auerstadt and Friedland	5
8602297701	Napoleon dissolved the Holy Roman Empire and replaced it with	C. The Confederation of the Rhine	6
8602297702	Napoleon was determined to subdue the British, using his political control of Europe to	B. destroy British trade with Europe	7
8602297703	By the end of 1809, the Habsburg empire had done all of the following except	B. disintegrated into civil war after its fourth defeat by Napoleon	8
8602297704	In 1806 Napoleon established the "Continental System", which was	C. an attempt to ruin Britain economically by forbidding the importation of British goods into continental Europe	9
8602297705	In general, Napoleonic domination included all of the following except	D. the careful crafting reform legislation to fit local conditions	10
8602297706	In his empire, Napoleon supported "constitutions" and considered himself "enlightened" because he	D. wanted government to be rationally constitutional and believed in the rule of law	11
8602297707	In his Grand Empire, Napoleon's policy toward religion included all of the following except	D. toleration to all religions except the Jews	12
8602297708	In order to unify his European empire, Napoleon	D. all of the above	13
8602297709	The reforms of the Napoleonic system had last appeal in	D. Germany	14
8602297710	Territorially, Napoleon's influence reached its peak in 1811, when he dominated the entire European mainland except	A. the Balkans	15
8602297711	Napoleon resorted to all of the following measures to enforce the Continental System except	B. the creation of a common European tariff union	16
8602297712	The product Europeans were least able to replace once the Continental System went into force was	D. Sugar	17
8602297713	War broke out between the U.S. and Britain in 1812 because	B. France offered to remove her restrictions on neutral trade while Britain refused	18
8602297714	The Continental System failed because	D. all of the above	19
8602297715	By far the most momentous popular, anti-French movement during the Napoleonic era took place in	A. Spain	20
8602297716	The great nationalist thinker Herder	B. championed a German culture arising from the life of the common people	21
8602297717	Napoleon invaded Russia in 1812 because	B. It withdrew from the Continental System	22
8602297718	In reaction to its humiliating defeat by France, Prussia	D. abolished serfdom, but still subjected the peasants to forced labor on the landlord's fields	23
8602297719	Viscount Castlereagh was able to construct the Quadruple Alliance of 1814, thus ensuring the defeat of Napoleon, by	A. promising large British subsidies to the allies	24
8602297720	The first Treaty of Paris (May 30, 1814), which made peace with a defeated France	D. imposed no indemnity or reparations on France	25
8602297721	In order to prevent future French aggression, the Congress of Vienna	B. gave Prussia the Left Bank of the Rhine and Austria Milan and Venice	26
8602297722	The second Treaty of Paris (1815), imposed on France after Napoleon's defeat at Waterloo	B. imposed an army of occupation of France	27
8602297723	Alexander II's Holy Alliance was signed by all the countries of Europe except	D. Austria, Britain and France	28
8602297724	The Holy Alliance claimed to uphold Christian principles of charity and peace, but for many it can signify an alliance	B. against liberty and progress	29
8602297725	At the Congress of Vienna, one Britain's chief concerns was to	A. prevent Russian domination of the Continent	30
8602297726	As a result of the peace settlement of 1814-15, France	C. was returned to its 1648, pre-Louis XIV borders	31
8602297727	After the defeat of Napoleon and the 1815 peace treaties of Paris and Vienna, the most powerful country in the world was no doubt	C. Britain	32

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Chapter 12 AP BIO Flashcards

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7650950105	chromatin	the entire complex of DNA and proteins that is the building material of chromosomes	0
7650956616	somatic cell	non reproductive cell	1
7650958321	gametes	reproductive cells	2
7650963552	sister chromatids	chromosomes have 2 duplicated copies	3
7650971726	centromere	region containing specific DNA sequences where the chromatid is attached most closely to its sister chromatid. attachment is mediated by proteins bound to the centromeric DNA sequences and gives the condensed, duplicated chromosome a narrow "waste"	4
7651142876	mitosis	division of the genetic material in the nucleus	5
7651144966	cytokinesis	division of the cytoplasm	6
7651158543	cell cycle phases	mitotic, interphase 1, s phase, interphase 2	7
7651161673	mitotic M phase	includes both mitosis and cytokinesis - shortest. alternates with interphase. divides	8
7651207688	interphase	90% of cell cycle. grows and copies chromosomes in preparation for cell division	9
7651211494	G1 phase	first gap. grows.	10
7651211540	S phase	synthesis .chromosomes duplicated. continues to grow.	11
7651213666	G2	second gap. completes preparation for cell division.	12
7651263909	M phase	divides.	13
7651269770	mitotic spindle	begins to form in the cytoplasm during prophase. consists of fibers made of microtubules and associated proteins	14
7651300457	centrosome	sub cellular region containing material that functions throughout the cell cycle to organize the cell's microtubules. microtubule organizing center	15

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8560196397	Emigration	Migration from a location	0
8560196398	Anti-Semitic	Prejudice and discrimination against Jewish people	1
8560196399	Anguish	agonizing physical or mental pain	2
8560196400	Billet	board and lodging for troops	3
8560196401	Jubilant	ecstatic; delighted; rejoicing	4
8560196402	Ghetto	a part of a city, especially a slum area, occupied by a minority group or groups.	5
8560196403	hostile	(adj.) unfriendly; unfavorable; warlike, aggressive	6
8560196404	Apparatus	equipment designed to serve a specific function	7
8560196405	Declusion		8
8560196406	Antechamber		9
8560196407	Relic		10
8560196408	Molten		11
8560196409	Phylactery		12
8560196410	Oppresive		13
8560196411	surreptitiously		14
8560196412	Hysteria		15
8560196413	Deportation		16
8560196414	Farce		17
8560196415	Partisan		18
8560196416	Loot		19

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AP GOVERNMENT Flashcards

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7264797830	democracy	a means of selecting policy makers and of orgaznizing government so that policy represents and responds to the public's preferences	0
7264800680	elite and class theory	argues that society is divided along class lines and that an upperclass elite rules on the basis of its wealth	1
7264805064	government	instituions that make public policy for a society	2
7264806466	gross domestic policy (GDP)	the total value of all goods and services produced annually by the United States	3
7264808775	hyper pluralism	argues that too many strong influential groups cripple the government's ability to make coherent policy by dividing government and its authority	4
7264813746	Linkage institutions	instituitions such as parties, elections, interest groups, and the media, which provide a linkage between the preferences of citizens and the government's policy agenda.	5
7264817669	majority rule	weighing the desires of the majority in choosing among policy alternatives	6
7264818617	minority rights	protecting the rights and freedoms of the minority in choosing among policy alternatives	7
7264820367	pluralist theory	argues that there are many centers of influence in which groups compete with one another for control over public policy through bargaining and compromise	8
7264823370	policy agenda	the list of subjects or problems to which people inside and outside government are paying serious attention at any given time	9
7264826694	policy gridlock	where each interest uses its influence to thwart policies it opposes so that no coalitions forms a majority to establish policy	10
7264828630	policymaking institutions	institutions such as Congress, the presidency, and the courts established by the Constitution to make policy	11
7264831717	policymaking system	institutions of government designed to respond to each other and to the priorities of the poeple by governmental action	12
7264834740	political issue	this arises when people disagree about a problem or about public policy choices made to combat a problem	13
7264838679	political participation	the ways in which people get involved in politics	14
7264839333	politics	determines whom we select as our government leaders and what policies they pursue; in other words, who gets what, when, and how	15
7264841494	public goods	things that everyone can share	16
7264842541	public policy	a choice that government makes in response to some issue on its agenda	17
7264844250	representation	the relationship between the leaders and the followers	18
7264845902	single-issue groups	groups so concerned with one matter that their members cast their votes on the basis of that issue only	19

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