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AP Psychology AP Review Flashcards

9740489594	psychology	the study of behavior and mental processes	0
9740489595	psychology's biggest question	Which is more important in determining behavior, nature or nurture?	1
9740489596	psychology's three levels of analysis	biopsychosocial approach (looks at the biological, psychological, and social-cultural approaches together)	2
9740489597	biological approach	genetics, close-relatives, body functions	3
9740489598	evolutionary approach	species - helped with survival (ancestors)	4
9740489599	psychodynamic approach	(Freud) subconscious, repressed feelings, unfulfilled wishes	5
9740489600	behavioral approach	learning (classical and operant) observed	6
9740489601	cognitive approach	thinking affects behavior	7
9740489602	humanistic approach	becoming a better human (behavior, acceptance)	8
9740489603	social-cultural approach	cultural, family, environment	9
9740489605	types of research methods	descriptive, correlational, and experimental	10
9740489607	case study	studies one person in depth may not be typical of population	11
9740489608	survey	studies lots of people not in depth	12
9740489609	naturalistic observation	observe + write facts without interference	13
9740489610	correlational method	shows relation, but not cause/effect scatterplots show research	14
9740489611	correlation coefficient	+ 1.0 (both increase) 0 (no correlation - 1.0 (one increases, other decreases)	15
9740489612	experimental method	does show cause and effect	16
9740489613	population	type of people who are going to be used in experiment	17
9740489614	sample	actual people who will be used (randomness reduces bias)	18
9740489615	random assignment	chance selection between experimental and control groups	19
9740489616	control group	not receiving experimental treatment receives placebo	20
9740489617	experimental group	receiving treatment/drug	21
9740489618	independent variable	drug/procedure/treatment	22
9740489619	dependent variable	outcome of using the drug/treatment	23
9740489620	confounding variable	can affect dependent variable beyond experiment's control	24
9740489621	scientific method	theory hypothesis operational definition revision	25
9740489622	theory	general idea being tested	26
9740489623	hypothesis	measurable/specific	27
9740489624	operational definition	procedures that explain components	28
9740489630	central tendency	single score that represents the whole	29
9740489631	bell curve	(natural curve)	30
9740489632	ethics of testing on animals	need to be treated humanly basically similar to humans	31
9740489633	ethics of testing on humans	consent debriefing no unnecessary discomfort/pain confidentiality	32
9740489634	sensory neurons	travel from sensory receptors to brain	33
9740489635	motor neurons	travel from brain to "motor" workings	34
9740489636	interneurons	(in brain and spinal cord) connecting motor and sensory neurons	35
9740489637	dendrites	receive messages from other neurons	36
9740489828	neuron		37
9740489638	myelin sheath	protects the axon	38
9740489639	axon	where charges travel from cell body to axon terminal	39
9740489640	neurotransmitters	chemical messengers	40
9740489641	reuptake	extra neurotransmitters are taken back	41
9740489644	central nervous system	brain and spinal cord	42
9740489645	peripheral nervous system	somatic nervous system autonomic nervous system	43
9740489646	somatic nervous system	voluntary movements	44
9740489647	autonomic nervous system	involuntary movements (sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems)	45
9740489648	sympathetic nervous system	arousing	46
9740489649	parasympathetic nervous system	calming	47
9740489650	neural networks	more connections form with greater use others fall away if not used	48
9740489651	spinal cord	expressway of information bypasses brain when reflexes involved	49
9740489652	endocrine system	slow uses hormones in the blood system	50
9740489653	master gland	pituitary gland	51
9740489654	brainstem	extension of the spinal cord responsible for automatic survival	52
9740489655	reticular formation (if stimulated)	sleeping subject wakes up	53
9740489656	reticular formation (if damaged)	coma	54
9740489657	brainstem (if severed)	still move (without purpose)	55
9740489658	thalamus	sensory switchboard (does not process smell)	56
9740489659	hypothalamus	basic behaviors (hunger, thirst, sex, blood chemistry)	57
9740489660	cerebellum	nonverbal memory, judge time, balance emotions, coordinate movements	58
9740489661	cerebellum (if damaged)	difficulty walking and coordinating	59
9740489662	amygdala	aggression, fear, and memory associated with these emotions	60
9740489663	amygdala (if lesioned)	subject is mellow	61
9740489664	amygdala (if stimulated)	aggressive	62
9740489665	hippocampus	process new memory	63
9740489666	cerebrum	two large hemispheres perceiving, thinking, and processing	64
9740489667	cerebral cortex	only in higher life forms	65
9740489668	association areas	integrate and interpret information	66
9740489669	glial cells	provide nutrients to myelin sheath marks intelligence higher proportion of glial cells to neurons	67
9740489670	frontal lobe	judgement, personality, processing (Phineas Gage accident)	68
9740489671	parietal lobe	math and spatial reasoning	69
9740489672	temporal lobe	audition and recognizing faces	70
9740489673	occipital lobe	vision	71
9740489674	corpus callosum	split in the brain to stop hyper-communication (eliminate epileptic seizures)	72
9740489675	Wernicke's area	interprets auditory and hearing	73
9740489676	Broca's area	speaking words	74
9740489677	plasticity	ability to adapt if damaged	75
9740489678	sensation	what our senses tell us	76
9740489680	perception	what our brain tells us to do with that information	77
9740489682	inattentional blindness	fail to "gorilla" because attention is elsewhere	78
9740489683	cocktail party effect	even with tons of stimuli, we are able to pick out our name, etc.	79
9740489685	choice blindness	when defending the choice we make, we fail to notice choice was changed	80
9740489686	absolute threshold	minimum stimulation needed in order to notice 50% of the time	81
9740489687	signal detection theory	we notice what is more important to us (rather hear a baby crying)	82
9740489688	JND (just noticeable difference)	(Weber's law) difference between different stimuli noticed in proportion	83
9740489689	sensory adaptation	tired of noticing (Brain says, "Been there, done that. Next?"	84
9740489690	rods	night time	85
9740489691	cones	color	86
9740489692	parallel processing	notice color, form, depth, movement, etc.	87
9740489693	Young-Helmholtz trichromatic theory	3 corresponding color receptors (RGB)	88
9740489694	Hering's opponent-process theory	after image in opposite colors (RG, YB, WB)	89
9740489696	frequency we hear most	human voice	90
9740489697	Helmoltz (hearing)	we hear different pitches in different places in basilar membrane (high pitches)	91
9740489698	frequency theory	impulse frequency (low pitches)	92
9740489699	Helmholtz + frequency theory	middle pitches	93
9740489700	Skin feels what?	warmth, cold, pressure, pain	94
9740489701	gate-control theory	small fibers - pain large fibers - other senses	95
9740489703	smell	close to memory section (not in thalamus)	96
9740489704	grouping	Gestalt make sense of pieces create a whole	97
9740489705	grouping groups	proximity similarity continuity connectedness closure	98
9740489706	make assumptions of placement	higher - farther smaller - farther blocking - closer, in front	99
9740489707	perception =	mood + motivation	100
9740489708	consciousness	awareness of ourselves and the environment	101
9740489709	circadian rhythm	daily biological clock and regular cycle (sleep and awake)	102
9740489710	circadian rhythm pattern	- activated by light - light sensitive retinal proteins signal brains SCN (suprachiasmatic nucleus) - pineal gland decreases melatonin	103
9740489711	What messes with circadian rhythm?	artificial light	104
9740489712	The whole sleep cycle lasts how long?	90 minutes	105
9740489713	sleep stages	relaxed stage (alpha waves) stage 1 (early sleep) (hallucinations) stage 2 (sleep spindles - bursts of activity) (sleep talk) stage 3 (transition phase) (delta waves) stage 4 (delta waves) (sleepwalk/talk + wet the bed) stage 5 (REM) (sensory-rich dreams) (paradoxical sleep)	106
9740489714	purpose of sleep	1. recuperation - repair neurons and allow unused neural connections to wither 2. making memories 3. body growth (children sleep more)	107
9740489715	insomnia	can't sleep	108
9740489716	narcolepsy	fall asleep anywhere at anytime	109
9740489717	sleep apnea	stop breathing in sleep	110
9740489718	night terrors	prevalent in children	111
9740489719	sleepwalking/sleeptalking	hereditary - prevalent in children	112
9740489720	dreaming (3)	1. vivid bizarre intense sensory experiences 2. carry fear/survival issues - vestiges of ancestors' survival ideas 2. replay previous day's experiences/worries	113
9740489721	purpose of dreaming (5 THEORIES)	1. physiological function - develop/preserve neural pathways 2. Freud's wish-fulfillment (manifest/latent content) 3. activation synthesis - make sense of stimulation originating in brain 4. information processing 5. cognitive development - reflective of intelligence	114
9740489723	depressants	slows neural pathways	115
9740489724	alcohol	((depressant)) disrupts memory formation (REM) lowers inhibition expectancy effect	116
9740489725	barbituates (tranquilizers)	((depressant)) reduce anxiety	117
9740489726	opiates	((depressant)) pleasure reduce anxiety/pain	118
9740489727	stimulants	hypes neural processing	119
9740489728	methamphetamine	((stimulant)) heightens energy euphoria affects dopamine	120
9740489729	caffeine	((stimulant))	121
9740489730	nicotine	((stimulant)) CNS releases neurotransmitters calm anxiety reduce pain affects (nor)epinephrine and dopamine	122
9740489731	cocaine	((stimulant)) euphoria affects dopamine, serotonin, and norepinephrine	123
9740489732	hallucinogen	excites neural activity	124
9740489733	ecstasy	((hallucinogen)) reuptake is blocked affects dopamine and serotonin	125
9740489734	LSD	((hallucinogen)) affects sensory/emotional "trip" (+/-) affects serotonin	126
9740489735	marijuana	((hallucinogen)) amplify sensory experience disrupts memory formation	127
9740489736	learning	organism changing behavior due to experience (association of events)	128
9740489737	types of learning	classical operant observational	129
9740489738	famous classical psychologists	Pavlov and Watson	130
9740489739	famous operant psychologist	Skinner	131
9740489740	famous observational psychologists	Bandura	132
9740489741	classical conditioning	outside stimulus	133
9740489742	Pavlov's experiment	Step 1: US (food) -> UR (salivation) Step 2: NS (bell) -> US (food) -> UR (salivation) Later... CS (bell) -> CR (salivation)	134
9740489743	Watson's experiment	white rat was given to Little Albert Step 1: US (noise) -> UR (cry) Step 2: NS (rat) -> US (noise) -> UR (cry) Later... CS (rat) -> CR (cry)	135
9740489744	generalization	any small, white fluffy creature will make Albert cry now	136
9740489745	discriminate	any large, white fluffy creature won't make Albert cry	137
9740489746	extinction	stop "treating" with conditioned response	138
9740489747	spontaneous recovery	bring stimulus back after a while	139
9740489748	operant conditioning	control by organism	140
9740489749	Skinner's experiment	operant chamber / Skinner box (lead to shaping)	141
9740489750	shaping	get animal closer to doing what you want them to do	142
9740489751	reinforcers	want to continue behavior (positive reinforcement: give money to do laundry) (negative reinforcement: do to avoid nagging)	143
9740489752	punishments	want to stop behavior (positive reinforcement: smack) (negative reinforcement: take away phone)	144
9740489753	fixed ratio	happens a certain number of times (Starbucks punch card)	145
9740489754	variable ratio	happens an unpredictable number of times (winning the lottery)	146
9740489755	organism must do these (2 times)	fixed ratio and variable ratio	147
9740489756	fixed interval	happens at a certain time (mailman comes to the house at 10:00 AM)	148
9740489757	variable interval	happens at any time (receive texts from friends)	149
9740489758	these things happen regardless (2 times)	fixed interval and variable interval	150
9740489759	Which (fixed/variable) conditions better?	variable	151
9740489760	criticisms of Skinner	doesn't take into account intrinsic motivation	152
9740489761	intrinsic motivation	doing something for yourself, not the reward	153
9740489762	extrinsic motivation	doing something for reward	154
9740489763	Skinner's legacy	use it personally, at school, and at work	155
9740489764	famous observational experiment	Bandura's Bobo doll	156
9740489766	mirror neurons	"feel" what is observed happens in higher order animals	157
9740489767	Bobo doll experiment legacy	violent video games/movies desensitize us see good: do good see evil: do evil	158
9740489768	observational learning	biological behaviors work best	159
9740489769	habituation	get used to it -> stop reacting	160
9740489770	examples for observational learning	lectures and reading	161
9740489771	serotonin involved with memory	speeds the connection between neurons	162
9740489772	LTP	((long-term potentiation)) strengthens potential neural forming (associated with speed)	163
9740489773	CREB	protein that can switch genes on/off with memory and connection of memories	164
9740489774	glutamate involved with memory	neurotransmitter that enhances LTP	165
9740489775	glucose involved with memory	released during strong emotions ((signaling important event to be remembered))	166
9740489776	flashbulb memory	type of memory remembered because it was an important/quick moment	167
9740489777	amygdala (memory)	boosts activity of proteins in memory-forming areas to fight/flight	168
9740489778	cerebellum (memory)	forms and stores implicit memories ((classical conditioning))	169
9740489779	hippocampus (memory)	active during sleep (forming memories) ((information "moves" after 48 hours))	170
9740489780	memory	learning over time contains information that can be retrieved	171
9740489781	processing stages	encoding -> storage -> retrieval	172
9740489782	encoding	information going in	173
9740489783	storage	keeping information in	174
9740489784	retrieval	taking information out	175
9740489785	How long is sensory memory stored?	seconds	176
9740489786	How long is short-term memory stored?	less than a minute	177
9740489787	How many bits of information is stored in short-term memory?	7	178
9740489788	How many chunks of information is stored in short-term memory?	4	179
9740489789	How many seconds of words is stored in short-term memory?	2	180
9740489790	short term memory goes to ______________	working memory	181
9740489791	working memory	make a connection and process information to mean something	182
9740489792	working memory goes to _________________	long-term memory	183
9740489793	How much is stored in long-term memory?	LIMITLESS	184
9740489794	implicit memory	naturally do	185
9740489795	explicit memory	need to explain	186
9740489796	automatic processing	space, time, frequency, well-learned information	187
9740489797	effortful processing	processing that requires effort	188
9740489798	spacing effect	spread out learning over time	189
9740489799	serial position effect	primary/recency effect	190
9740489800	primary effect	remember the first things in a list	191
9740489801	recency effect	remember the last things in a list	192
9740489802	effortful processing (4 things)	1. recency effect 2. spacing effect 3. testing effect 4. serial position effect	193
9740489803	semantic encoding (1) meaning (2) how to	make meaning out of something --- chunk, hierarchy, or connect to you	194
9740489804	if we can't remember a memory...	1. change memory to suit us 2. fill in the blanks with logical story	195
9740489805	misinformation effect	not correct information	196
9740489806	imagination inflation	imagine or visualize something that isn't real	197
9740489807	source amnesia	what is the truth? (is it a dream, story, memory, etc.?)	198
9740489808	priming	association (setting you up)	199
9740489809	context	environment helps with memory	200
9740489810	state-dependency	you may remember something if you go back to the state you were in (go back to high)	201
9740489811	mood-congruency	emotion will bring back similar emotional memories	202
9740489812	forgetting curve	forget after 5 days forget after 5 years	203
9740489813	the forgetting curve was created by	Ebbinghaus	204
9740489814	proactive interference	old information interferes with the new	205
9740489815	retroactive interference	new information interferes with the old	206
9740489816	children can't remember before age __	3	207
9740489817	Loftus	connected to abuse cases/childhood	208
9740489818	prototypes	generalize	209
9740489819	problem-solving (4)	trial + error algorithms heuristic (representative + availability) insight - "AHA!"	210
9740489820	against problem-solving	fixation	211
9740489821	mental set	what has worked in the past	212
9740489823	Chomsky (nature or nurture?)	"born with language" (nature)	213
9740489824	Skinner (nature or nurture?)	language is learned (nurture)	214
9740489825	grammar is _________	universal	215
9740489826	phonemes	smallest sound unit	216
9740489827	morphemes	smallest meaning unit	217

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AP Psychology - Sensation Flashcards

Advanced Placement Psychology
Enterprise High School, Redding, CA
All terms from Myers Psychology for AP (BFW Worth, 2011)

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8749689880	sensation	the process by which our sensory receptors and nervous system receive and represent stimulus energies from our environment.	0
8749689881	perception	the process of organizing and interpreting sensory information, enabling us to recognize meaningful objects and events.	1
8749689882	bottom-up processing	analysis that begins with the sensory receptors and works up to the brain's integration of sensory information.	2
8749689883	top-down processing	information processing guided by higher-level mental processes, as when we construct perceptions drawing on our experience and expectations.	3
8749689884	selective attention	the focusing of conscious awareness on a particular stimulus.	4
8749689885	inattentional blindness	failing to see visible objects when our attention is directed elsewhere.	5
8749689886	change blindness	failing to notice changes in the environment.	6
8749689887	absolute threshold	the minimum stimulation needed to detect a particular stimulus 50 percent of the time.	7
8749689888	signal detection theory	a theory predicting how and when we detect the presence of a faint stimulus (signal) amid background stimulation (noise). Assumes there is no single absolute threshold and that detection depends partly on a person's experience, expectations, motivation, and alertness.	8
8749689889	difference threshold	the minimum difference between two stimuli required for detection 50 percent of the time. Also called the just noticeable difference (jnd).	9
8749689890	Weber's law	the principle that, to be perceived as different, two stimuli must differ by a constant percentage (rather than a constant amount).	10
8749689891	sensory adaptation	diminished sensitivity as a consequence of constant stimulation.	11
8749689892	transduction	conversion of one form of energy into another. In sensation, the transforming of stimulus energies, such as sights, sounds, and smells, into neural impulses our brains can interpret.	12
8749689893	pupil	the adjustable opening in the center of the eye through which light enters.	13
8749689894	iris	a ring of muscle tissue that forms the colored portion of the eye around the pupil and controls the size of the pupil opening.	14
8749689895	lens	the transparent structure behind the pupil that changes shape to help focus images on the retina.	15
8749689896	retina	the light-sensitive inner surface of the eye, containing the receptor rods and cones plus layers of neurons that begin the processing of visual information.	16
8749689897	rods	retinal receptors that detect black, white, and gray; necessary for peripheral and twilight vision, when cones don't respond.	17
8749689898	cones	retinal receptor cells that are concentrated near the center of the retina and that function in daylight or in well-lit conditions. These detect fine detail and give rise to color sensations.	18
8749689899	optic nerve	the nerve that carries neural impulses from the eye to the brain.	19
8749689900	blind spot	the point at which the optic nerve leaves the eye and no receptor cells are located there.	20
8749689901	fovea	the central focal point in the retina, around which the eye's cones cluster.	21
8749689904	Young-Helmholtz trichromatic (three-color) theory	the theory that the retina contains three different color receptors—one most sensitive to red, one to green, one to blue—which, when stimulated in combination, can produce the perception of any color.	22
8749689905	opponent-process theory	the theory that opposing retinal processes (red-green, yellow-blue, white-black) enable color vision. For example, some cells are stimulated by green and inhibited by red; others are stimulated by red and inhibited by green.	23
8749689906	frequency	the number of complete wavelengths that pass a point in a given time (for example, per second).	24
8749689907	pitch	a tone's experienced highness or lowness; depends on frequency.	25
8749689908	middle ear	the chamber between the eardrum and cochlea containing three tiny bones (hammer, anvil, and stirrup) that concentrate the vibrations of the eardrum on the cochlea's oval window.	26
8749689909	cochlea	a coiled, bony, fluid-filled tube in the inner ear through which sound waves trigger nerve impulses	27
8749689910	inner ear	the innermost part of the ear, containing the cochlea, semicircular canals, and vestibular sacs.	28
8749689911	place theory	in hearing, the theory that links the pitch we hear with the place where the cochlea's membrane is stimulated.	29
8749689912	frequency theory	in hearing, the theory that the rate of nerve impulses traveling up the auditory nerve matches the frequency of a tone, thus enabling us to sense its pitch.	30
8749689913	kinesthesis	the system for sensing the position and movement of individual body parts.	31
8749689914	vestibular sense	the sense of body movement and position, including the sense of balance.	32
8749689915	gate-control theory	the theory that the spinal cord contains a neurological "gate" that blocks pain signals or allows them to pass on to the brain. The "gate" is opened by the activity of pain signals traveling up small nerve fibers and is closed by activity in larger fibers or by information coming from the brain.	33
8749689916	sensory interaction	the principle that one sense may influence another, as when the smell of food influences its taste.	34

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Ap Flashcards

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6142984549	Condemnation	A statement a very strong disapproval	0
6142984550	Fraud	A person who pretends to be who he or she is not	1
6142984551	Pallor	Deficiency of color in face due to sickness	2
6142984552	Perplexed	Unable to understand something clearly	3
6142984553	Indignant	Feeling or showing anger because of something unfair	4
6142984554	Avidly	Very eager	5
6142984555	Sarcastical	Expressing, mocking	6
6142984556	Base	Having low moral standards	7
6142984557	Tainted	Hurt/damage good condition of something	8
6142984558	Ineptly	Lacking skill or ability	9
6142984559	Calamity	And event that causes great form or suffering	10
6142984560	Blasphemy	Act of insulting or lack of reference for God	11
6142984561	Menacingly	Threatening	12
6142984562	Lechery	Inordinate indulgence in sexual activity	13
6142984563	Providence	Divine guidance or care	14

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AP Psychology AP Review Flashcards

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9748047713	psychology	the study of behavior and mental processes	0
9748047714	psychology's biggest question	Which is more important in determining behavior, nature or nurture?	1
9748047715	psychology's three levels of analysis	biopsychosocial approach (looks at the biological, psychological, and social-cultural approaches together)	2
9748047716	biological approach	genetics, close-relatives, body functions	3
9748047717	evolutionary approach	species - helped with survival (ancestors)	4
9748047718	psychodynamic approach	(Freud) subconscious, repressed feelings, unfulfilled wishes	5
9748047719	behavioral approach	learning (classical and operant) observed	6
9748047720	cognitive approach	thinking affects behavior	7
9748047721	humanistic approach	becoming a better human (behavior, acceptance)	8
9748047722	social-cultural approach	cultural, family, environment	9
9748047723	two reasons of why experiments are important	hindsight bias + overconfidence	10
9748047724	types of research methods	descriptive, correlational, and experimental	11
9748047725	descriptive methods	case study survey naturalistic observation (DON'T SHOW CAUSE/EFFECT)	12
9748047726	case study	studies one person in depth may not be typical of population	13
9748047727	survey	studies lots of people not in depth	14
9748047728	naturalistic observation	observe + write facts without interference	15
9748047729	correlational method	shows relation, but not cause/effect scatterplots show research	16
9748047730	correlation coefficient	+ 1.0 (both increase) 0 (no correlation - 1.0 (one increases, other decreases)	17
9748047731	experimental method	does show cause and effect	18
9748047732	population	type of people who are going to be used in experiment	19
9748047733	sample	actual people who will be used (randomness reduces bias)	20
9748047734	random assignment	chance selection between experimental and control groups	21
9748047735	control group	not receiving experimental treatment receives placebo	22
9748047736	experimental group	receiving treatment/drug	23
9748047737	independent variable	drug/procedure/treatment	24
9748047738	dependent variable	outcome of using the drug/treatment	25
9748047739	confounding variable	can affect dependent variable beyond experiment's control	26
9748047740	scientific method	theory hypothesis operational definition revision	27
9748047741	theory	general idea being tested	28
9748047742	hypothesis	measurable/specific	29
9748047743	operational definition	procedures that explain components	30
9748047744	mode	appears the most	31
9748047745	mean	average	32
9748047746	median	middle	33
9748047747	range	highest - lowest	34
9748047748	standard deviation	how scores vary around the mean	35
9748047749	central tendency	single score that represents the whole	36
9748047750	bell curve	(natural curve)	37
9748047751	ethics of testing on animals	need to be treated humanly basically similar to humans	38
9748047752	ethics of testing on humans	consent debriefing no unnecessary discomfort/pain confidentiality	39
9748047753	sensory neurons	travel from sensory receptors to brain	40
9748047754	motor neurons	travel from brain to "motor" workings	41
9748047755	interneurons	(in brain and spinal cord) connecting motor and sensory neurons	42
9748047947	neuron		43
9748047756	dendrites	receive messages from other neurons	44
9748047757	myelin sheath	protects the axon	45
9748047758	axon	where charges travel from cell body to axon terminal	46
9748047759	neurotransmitters	chemical messengers	47
9748047760	reuptake	extra neurotransmitters are taken back	48
9748047761	excitatory charge	"Let's do it!"	49
9748047762	inhibitory charge	"Let's not do it!"	50
9748047763	central nervous system	brain and spinal cord	51
9748047764	peripheral nervous system	somatic nervous system autonomic nervous system	52
9748047765	somatic nervous system	voluntary movements	53
9748047766	autonomic nervous system	involuntary movements (sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems)	54
9748047767	sympathetic nervous system	arousing	55
9748047768	parasympathetic nervous system	calming	56
9748047769	neural networks	more connections form with greater use others fall away if not used	57
9748047770	spinal cord	expressway of information bypasses brain when reflexes involved	58
9748047771	endocrine system	slow uses hormones in the blood system	59
9748047772	master gland	pituitary gland	60
9748047773	brainstem	extension of the spinal cord responsible for automatic survival	61
9748047774	reticular formation (if stimulated)	sleeping subject wakes up	62
9748047775	reticular formation (if damaged)	coma	63
9748047776	brainstem (if severed)	still move (without purpose)	64
9748047777	thalamus	sensory switchboard (does not process smell)	65
9748047778	hypothalamus	basic behaviors (hunger, thirst, sex, blood chemistry)	66
9748047779	cerebellum	nonverbal memory, judge time, balance emotions, coordinate movements	67
9748047780	cerebellum (if damaged)	difficulty walking and coordinating	68
9748047781	amygdala	aggression, fear, and memory associated with these emotions	69
9748047782	amygdala (if lesioned)	subject is mellow	70
9748047783	amygdala (if stimulated)	aggressive	71
9748047784	hippocampus	process new memory	72
9748047785	cerebrum	two large hemispheres perceiving, thinking, and processing	73
9748047786	cerebral cortex	only in higher life forms	74
9748047787	association areas	integrate and interpret information	75
9748047788	glial cells	provide nutrients to myelin sheath marks intelligence higher proportion of glial cells to neurons	76
9748047789	frontal lobe	judgement, personality, processing (Phineas Gage accident)	77
9748047790	parietal lobe	math and spatial reasoning	78
9748047791	temporal lobe	audition and recognizing faces	79
9748047792	occipital lobe	vision	80
9748047793	corpus callosum	split in the brain to stop hyper-communication (eliminate epileptic seizures)	81
9748047794	Wernicke's area	interprets auditory and hearing	82
9748047795	Broca's area	speaking words	83
9748047796	plasticity	ability to adapt if damaged	84
9748047797	sensation	what our senses tell us	85
9748047798	bottom-up processing	senses to brain	86
9748047799	perception	what our brain tells us to do with that information	87
9748047800	top-down processing	brain to senses	88
9748047801	inattentional blindness	fail to "gorilla" because attention is elsewhere	89
9748047802	cocktail party effect	even with tons of stimuli, we are able to pick out our name, etc.	90
9748047803	change blindness	giving directions and person is changed and we don't notice	91
9748047804	choice blindness	when defending the choice we make, we fail to notice choice was changed	92
9748047805	absolute threshold	minimum stimulation needed in order to notice 50% of the time	93
9748047806	signal detection theory	we notice what is more important to us (rather hear a baby crying)	94
9748047807	JND (just noticeable difference)	(Weber's law) difference between different stimuli noticed in proportion	95
9748047808	sensory adaptation	tired of noticing (Brain says, "Been there, done that. Next?"	96
9748047809	rods	night time	97
9748047810	cones	color	98
9748047811	parallel processing	notice color, form, depth, movement, etc.	99
9748047812	Young-Helmholtz trichromatic theory	3 corresponding color receptors (RGB)	100
9748047813	Hering's opponent-process theory	after image in opposite colors (RG, YB, WB)	101
9748047814	trichromatic + opponent-process	Young-Helmholtz -> color stimuli Hering -> en route to cortex	102
9748047815	frequency we hear most	human voice	103
9748047816	Helmoltz (hearing)	we hear different pitches in different places in basilar membrane (high pitches)	104
9748047817	frequency theory	impulse frequency (low pitches)	105
9748047818	Helmholtz + frequency theory	middle pitches	106
9748047819	Skin feels what?	warmth, cold, pressure, pain	107
9748047820	gate-control theory	small fibers - pain large fibers - other senses	108
9748047821	memory of pain	peaks and ends	109
9748047822	smell	close to memory section (not in thalamus)	110
9748047823	grouping	Gestalt make sense of pieces create a whole	111
9748047824	grouping groups	proximity similarity continuity connectedness closure	112
9748047825	make assumptions of placement	higher - farther smaller - farther blocking - closer, in front	113
9748047826	perception =	mood + motivation	114
9748047827	consciousness	awareness of ourselves and the environment	115
9748047828	circadian rhythm	daily biological clock and regular cycle (sleep and awake)	116
9748047829	circadian rhythm pattern	- activated by light - light sensitive retinal proteins signal brains SCN (suprachiasmatic nucleus) - pineal gland decreases melatonin	117
9748047830	What messes with circadian rhythm?	artificial light	118
9748047831	The whole sleep cycle lasts how long?	90 minutes	119
9748047832	sleep stages	relaxed stage (alpha waves) stage 1 (early sleep) (hallucinations) stage 2 (sleep spindles - bursts of activity) (sleep talk) stage 3 (transition phase) (delta waves) stage 4 (delta waves) (sleepwalk/talk + wet the bed) stage 5 (REM) (sensory-rich dreams) (paradoxical sleep)	120
9748047833	purpose of sleep	1. recuperation - repair neurons and allow unused neural connections to wither 2. making memories 3. body growth (children sleep more)	121
9748047834	insomnia	can't sleep	122
9748047835	narcolepsy	fall asleep anywhere at anytime	123
9748047836	sleep apnea	stop breathing in sleep	124
9748047837	night terrors	prevalent in children	125
9748047838	sleepwalking/sleeptalking	hereditary - prevalent in children	126
9748047839	dreaming (3)	1. vivid bizarre intense sensory experiences 2. carry fear/survival issues - vestiges of ancestors' survival ideas 2. replay previous day's experiences/worries	127
9748047840	purpose of dreaming (5 THEORIES)	1. physiological function - develop/preserve neural pathways 2. Freud's wish-fulfillment (manifest/latent content) 3. activation synthesis - make sense of stimulation originating in brain 4. information processing 5. cognitive development - reflective of intelligence	128
9748047841	1. Can hypnosis bring you back in time? 2. Can hypnosis make you do things you wouldn't normally do? 3. Can it alleviate pain? 4. What state are you in during hypnosis? 5. Who is more susceptible?	1. cannot take you back in time 2. cannot make you do things you won't do 3. can alleviate pain 4. fully conscious ((IMAGINATIVE PEOPLE MORE SUSCEPTIBLE))	129
9748047842	depressants	slows neural pathways	130
9748047843	alcohol	((depressant)) disrupts memory formation (REM) lowers inhibition expectancy effect	131
9748047844	barbituates (tranquilizers)	((depressant)) reduce anxiety	132
9748047845	opiates	((depressant)) pleasure reduce anxiety/pain	133
9748047846	stimulants	hypes neural processing	134
9748047847	methamphetamine	((stimulant)) heightens energy euphoria affects dopamine	135
9748047848	caffeine	((stimulant))	136
9748047849	nicotine	((stimulant)) CNS releases neurotransmitters calm anxiety reduce pain affects (nor)epinephrine and dopamine	137
9748047850	cocaine	((stimulant)) euphoria affects dopamine, serotonin, and norepinephrine	138
9748047851	hallucinogen	excites neural activity	139
9748047852	ecstasy	((hallucinogen)) reuptake is blocked affects dopamine and serotonin	140
9748047853	LSD	((hallucinogen)) affects sensory/emotional "trip" (+/-) affects serotonin	141
9748047854	marijuana	((hallucinogen)) amplify sensory experience disrupts memory formation	142
9748047855	learning	organism changing behavior due to experience (association of events)	143
9748047856	types of learning	classical operant observational	144
9748047857	famous classical psychologists	Pavlov and Watson	145
9748047858	famous operant psychologist	Skinner	146
9748047859	famous observational psychologists	Bandura	147
9748047860	classical conditioning	outside stimulus	148
9748047861	Pavlov's experiment	Step 1: US (food) -> UR (salivation) Step 2: NS (bell) -> US (food) -> UR (salivation) Later... CS (bell) -> CR (salivation)	149
9748047862	Watson's experiment	white rat was given to Little Albert Step 1: US (noise) -> UR (cry) Step 2: NS (rat) -> US (noise) -> UR (cry) Later... CS (rat) -> CR (cry)	150
9748047863	generalization	any small, white fluffy creature will make Albert cry now	151
9748047864	discriminate	any large, white fluffy creature won't make Albert cry	152
9748047865	extinction	stop "treating" with conditioned response	153
9748047866	spontaneous recovery	bring stimulus back after a while	154
9748047867	operant conditioning	control by organism	155
9748047868	Skinner's experiment	operant chamber / Skinner box (lead to shaping)	156
9748047869	shaping	get animal closer to doing what you want them to do	157
9748047870	reinforcers	want to continue behavior (positive reinforcement: give money to do laundry) (negative reinforcement: do to avoid nagging)	158
9748047871	punishments	want to stop behavior (positive reinforcement: smack) (negative reinforcement: take away phone)	159
9748047872	fixed ratio	happens a certain number of times (Starbucks punch card)	160
9748047873	variable ratio	happens an unpredictable number of times (winning the lottery)	161
9748047874	organism must do these (2 times)	fixed ratio and variable ratio	162
9748047875	fixed interval	happens at a certain time (mailman comes to the house at 10:00 AM)	163
9748047876	variable interval	happens at any time (receive texts from friends)	164
9748047877	these things happen regardless (2 times)	fixed interval and variable interval	165
9748047878	Which (fixed/variable) conditions better?	variable	166
9748047879	criticisms of Skinner	doesn't take into account intrinsic motivation	167
9748047880	intrinsic motivation	doing something for yourself, not the reward	168
9748047881	extrinsic motivation	doing something for reward	169
9748047882	Skinner's legacy	use it personally, at school, and at work	170
9748047883	famous observational experiment	Bandura's Bobo doll	171
9748047884	famous observational psychologist	Bandura	172
9748047885	mirror neurons	"feel" what is observed happens in higher order animals	173
9748047886	Bobo doll experiment legacy	violent video games/movies desensitize us see good: do good see evil: do evil	174
9748047887	observational learning	biological behaviors work best	175
9748047888	habituation	get used to it -> stop reacting	176
9748047889	examples for observational learning	lectures and reading	177
9748047890	serotonin involved with memory	speeds the connection between neurons	178
9748047891	LTP	((long-term potentiation)) strengthens potential neural forming (associated with speed)	179
9748047892	CREB	protein that can switch genes on/off with memory and connection of memories	180
9748047893	glutamate involved with memory	neurotransmitter that enhances LTP	181
9748047894	glucose involved with memory	released during strong emotions ((signaling important event to be remembered))	182
9748047895	flashbulb memory	type of memory remembered because it was an important/quick moment	183
9748047896	amygdala (memory)	boosts activity of proteins in memory-forming areas to fight/flight	184
9748047897	cerebellum (memory)	forms and stores implicit memories ((classical conditioning))	185
9748047898	hippocampus (memory)	active during sleep (forming memories) ((information "moves" after 48 hours))	186
9748047899	memory	learning over time contains information that can be retrieved	187
9748047900	processing stages	encoding -> storage -> retrieval	188
9748047901	encoding	information going in	189
9748047902	storage	keeping information in	190
9748047903	retrieval	taking information out	191
9748047904	How long is sensory memory stored?	seconds	192
9748047905	How long is short-term memory stored?	less than a minute	193
9748047906	How many bits of information is stored in short-term memory?	7	194
9748047907	How many chunks of information is stored in short-term memory?	4	195
9748047908	How many seconds of words is stored in short-term memory?	2	196
9748047909	short term memory goes to ______________	working memory	197
9748047910	working memory	make a connection and process information to mean something	198
9748047911	working memory goes to _________________	long-term memory	199
9748047912	How much is stored in long-term memory?	LIMITLESS	200
9748047913	implicit memory	naturally do	201
9748047914	explicit memory	need to explain	202
9748047915	automatic processing	space, time, frequency, well-learned information	203
9748047916	effortful processing	processing that requires effort	204
9748047917	spacing effect	spread out learning over time	205
9748047918	serial position effect	primary/recency effect	206
9748047919	primary effect	remember the first things in a list	207
9748047920	recency effect	remember the last things in a list	208
9748047921	effortful processing (4 things)	1. recency effect 2. spacing effect 3. testing effect 4. serial position effect	209
9748047922	semantic encoding (1) meaning (2) how to	make meaning out of something --- chunk, hierarchy, or connect to you	210
9748047923	if we can't remember a memory...	1. change memory to suit us 2. fill in the blanks with logical story	211
9748047924	misinformation effect	not correct information	212
9748047925	imagination inflation	imagine or visualize something that isn't real	213
9748047926	source amnesia	what is the truth? (is it a dream, story, memory, etc.?)	214
9748047927	priming	association (setting you up)	215
9748047928	context	environment helps with memory	216
9748047929	state-dependency	you may remember something if you go back to the state you were in (go back to high)	217
9748047930	mood-congruency	emotion will bring back similar emotional memories	218
9748047931	forgetting curve	forget after 5 days forget after 5 years	219
9748047932	the forgetting curve was created by	Ebbinghaus	220
9748047933	proactive interference	old information interferes with the new	221
9748047934	retroactive interference	new information interferes with the old	222
9748047935	children can't remember before age __	3	223
9748047936	Loftus	connected to abuse cases/childhood	224
9748047937	prototypes	generalize	225
9748047938	problem-solving (4)	trial + error algorithms heuristic (representative + availability) insight - "AHA!"	226
9748047939	against problem-solving	fixation	227
9748047940	mental set	what has worked in the past	228
9748047941	functional fixedness	only way to do this is with this	229
9748047942	Chomsky (nature or nurture?)	"born with language" (nature)	230
9748047943	Skinner (nature or nurture?)	language is learned (nurture)	231
9748047944	grammar is _________	universal	232
9748047945	phonemes	smallest sound unit	233
9748047946	morphemes	smallest meaning unit	234

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AP Psychology AP Review Flashcards

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9752689717	psychology	the study of behavior and mental processes	0
9752689718	psychology's biggest question	Which is more important in determining behavior, nature or nurture?	1
9752689719	psychology's three levels of analysis	biopsychosocial approach (looks at the biological, psychological, and social-cultural approaches together)	2
9752689720	biological approach	genetics, close-relatives, body functions	3
9752689721	evolutionary approach	species - helped with survival (ancestors)	4
9752689722	psychodynamic approach	(Freud) subconscious, repressed feelings, unfulfilled wishes	5
9752689723	behavioral approach	learning (classical and operant) observed	6
9752689724	cognitive approach	thinking affects behavior	7
9752689725	humanistic approach	becoming a better human (behavior, acceptance)	8
9752689726	social-cultural approach	cultural, family, environment	9
9752689727	two reasons of why experiments are important	hindsight bias + overconfidence	10
9752689728	types of research methods	descriptive, correlational, and experimental	11
9752689729	descriptive methods	case study survey naturalistic observation (DON'T SHOW CAUSE/EFFECT)	12
9752689730	case study	studies one person in depth may not be typical of population	13
9752689731	survey	studies lots of people not in depth	14
9752689732	naturalistic observation	observe + write facts without interference	15
9752689733	correlational method	shows relation, but not cause/effect scatterplots show research	16
9752689734	correlation coefficient	+ 1.0 (both increase) 0 (no correlation - 1.0 (one increases, other decreases)	17
9752689735	experimental method	does show cause and effect	18
9752689736	population	type of people who are going to be used in experiment	19
9752689737	sample	actual people who will be used (randomness reduces bias)	20
9752689738	random assignment	chance selection between experimental and control groups	21
9752689739	control group	not receiving experimental treatment receives placebo	22
9752689740	experimental group	receiving treatment/drug	23
9752689741	independent variable	drug/procedure/treatment	24
9752689742	dependent variable	outcome of using the drug/treatment	25
9752689743	confounding variable	can affect dependent variable beyond experiment's control	26
9752689744	scientific method	theory hypothesis operational definition revision	27
9752689745	theory	general idea being tested	28
9752689746	hypothesis	measurable/specific	29
9752689747	operational definition	procedures that explain components	30
9752689748	mode	appears the most	31
9752689749	mean	average	32
9752689750	median	middle	33
9752689751	range	highest - lowest	34
9752689752	standard deviation	how scores vary around the mean	35
9752689753	central tendency	single score that represents the whole	36
9752689754	bell curve	(natural curve)	37
9752689755	ethics of testing on animals	need to be treated humanly basically similar to humans	38
9752689756	ethics of testing on humans	consent debriefing no unnecessary discomfort/pain confidentiality	39
9752689757	sensory neurons	travel from sensory receptors to brain	40
9752689758	motor neurons	travel from brain to "motor" workings	41
9752689759	interneurons	(in brain and spinal cord) connecting motor and sensory neurons	42
9752689951	neuron		43
9752689760	dendrites	receive messages from other neurons	44
9752689761	myelin sheath	protects the axon	45
9752689762	axon	where charges travel from cell body to axon terminal	46
9752689763	neurotransmitters	chemical messengers	47
9752689764	reuptake	extra neurotransmitters are taken back	48
9752689765	excitatory charge	"Let's do it!"	49
9752689766	inhibitory charge	"Let's not do it!"	50
9752689767	central nervous system	brain and spinal cord	51
9752689768	peripheral nervous system	somatic nervous system autonomic nervous system	52
9752689769	somatic nervous system	voluntary movements	53
9752689770	autonomic nervous system	involuntary movements (sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems)	54
9752689771	sympathetic nervous system	arousing	55
9752689772	parasympathetic nervous system	calming	56
9752689773	neural networks	more connections form with greater use others fall away if not used	57
9752689774	spinal cord	expressway of information bypasses brain when reflexes involved	58
9752689775	endocrine system	slow uses hormones in the blood system	59
9752689776	master gland	pituitary gland	60
9752689777	brainstem	extension of the spinal cord responsible for automatic survival	61
9752689778	reticular formation (if stimulated)	sleeping subject wakes up	62
9752689779	reticular formation (if damaged)	coma	63
9752689780	brainstem (if severed)	still move (without purpose)	64
9752689781	thalamus	sensory switchboard (does not process smell)	65
9752689782	hypothalamus	basic behaviors (hunger, thirst, sex, blood chemistry)	66
9752689783	cerebellum	nonverbal memory, judge time, balance emotions, coordinate movements	67
9752689784	cerebellum (if damaged)	difficulty walking and coordinating	68
9752689785	amygdala	aggression, fear, and memory associated with these emotions	69
9752689786	amygdala (if lesioned)	subject is mellow	70
9752689787	amygdala (if stimulated)	aggressive	71
9752689788	hippocampus	process new memory	72
9752689789	cerebrum	two large hemispheres perceiving, thinking, and processing	73
9752689790	cerebral cortex	only in higher life forms	74
9752689791	association areas	integrate and interpret information	75
9752689792	glial cells	provide nutrients to myelin sheath marks intelligence higher proportion of glial cells to neurons	76
9752689793	frontal lobe	judgement, personality, processing (Phineas Gage accident)	77
9752689794	parietal lobe	math and spatial reasoning	78
9752689795	temporal lobe	audition and recognizing faces	79
9752689796	occipital lobe	vision	80
9752689797	corpus callosum	split in the brain to stop hyper-communication (eliminate epileptic seizures)	81
9752689798	Wernicke's area	interprets auditory and hearing	82
9752689799	Broca's area	speaking words	83
9752689800	plasticity	ability to adapt if damaged	84
9752689801	sensation	what our senses tell us	85
9752689802	bottom-up processing	senses to brain	86
9752689803	perception	what our brain tells us to do with that information	87
9752689804	top-down processing	brain to senses	88
9752689805	inattentional blindness	fail to "gorilla" because attention is elsewhere	89
9752689806	cocktail party effect	even with tons of stimuli, we are able to pick out our name, etc.	90
9752689807	change blindness	giving directions and person is changed and we don't notice	91
9752689808	choice blindness	when defending the choice we make, we fail to notice choice was changed	92
9752689809	absolute threshold	minimum stimulation needed in order to notice 50% of the time	93
9752689810	signal detection theory	we notice what is more important to us (rather hear a baby crying)	94
9752689811	JND (just noticeable difference)	(Weber's law) difference between different stimuli noticed in proportion	95
9752689812	sensory adaptation	tired of noticing (Brain says, "Been there, done that. Next?"	96
9752689813	rods	night time	97
9752689814	cones	color	98
9752689815	parallel processing	notice color, form, depth, movement, etc.	99
9752689816	Young-Helmholtz trichromatic theory	3 corresponding color receptors (RGB)	100
9752689817	Hering's opponent-process theory	after image in opposite colors (RG, YB, WB)	101
9752689818	trichromatic + opponent-process	Young-Helmholtz -> color stimuli Hering -> en route to cortex	102
9752689819	frequency we hear most	human voice	103
9752689820	Helmoltz (hearing)	we hear different pitches in different places in basilar membrane (high pitches)	104
9752689821	frequency theory	impulse frequency (low pitches)	105
9752689822	Helmholtz + frequency theory	middle pitches	106
9752689823	Skin feels what?	warmth, cold, pressure, pain	107
9752689824	gate-control theory	small fibers - pain large fibers - other senses	108
9752689825	memory of pain	peaks and ends	109
9752689826	smell	close to memory section (not in thalamus)	110
9752689827	grouping	Gestalt make sense of pieces create a whole	111
9752689828	grouping groups	proximity similarity continuity connectedness closure	112
9752689829	make assumptions of placement	higher - farther smaller - farther blocking - closer, in front	113
9752689830	perception =	mood + motivation	114
9752689831	consciousness	awareness of ourselves and the environment	115
9752689832	circadian rhythm	daily biological clock and regular cycle (sleep and awake)	116
9752689833	circadian rhythm pattern	- activated by light - light sensitive retinal proteins signal brains SCN (suprachiasmatic nucleus) - pineal gland decreases melatonin	117
9752689834	What messes with circadian rhythm?	artificial light	118
9752689835	The whole sleep cycle lasts how long?	90 minutes	119
9752689836	sleep stages	relaxed stage (alpha waves) stage 1 (early sleep) (hallucinations) stage 2 (sleep spindles - bursts of activity) (sleep talk) stage 3 (transition phase) (delta waves) stage 4 (delta waves) (sleepwalk/talk + wet the bed) stage 5 (REM) (sensory-rich dreams) (paradoxical sleep)	120
9752689837	purpose of sleep	1. recuperation - repair neurons and allow unused neural connections to wither 2. making memories 3. body growth (children sleep more)	121
9752689838	insomnia	can't sleep	122
9752689839	narcolepsy	fall asleep anywhere at anytime	123
9752689840	sleep apnea	stop breathing in sleep	124
9752689841	night terrors	prevalent in children	125
9752689842	sleepwalking/sleeptalking	hereditary - prevalent in children	126
9752689843	dreaming (3)	1. vivid bizarre intense sensory experiences 2. carry fear/survival issues - vestiges of ancestors' survival ideas 2. replay previous day's experiences/worries	127
9752689844	purpose of dreaming (5 THEORIES)	1. physiological function - develop/preserve neural pathways 2. Freud's wish-fulfillment (manifest/latent content) 3. activation synthesis - make sense of stimulation originating in brain 4. information processing 5. cognitive development - reflective of intelligence	128
9752689845	1. Can hypnosis bring you back in time? 2. Can hypnosis make you do things you wouldn't normally do? 3. Can it alleviate pain? 4. What state are you in during hypnosis? 5. Who is more susceptible?	1. cannot take you back in time 2. cannot make you do things you won't do 3. can alleviate pain 4. fully conscious ((IMAGINATIVE PEOPLE MORE SUSCEPTIBLE))	129
9752689846	depressants	slows neural pathways	130
9752689847	alcohol	((depressant)) disrupts memory formation (REM) lowers inhibition expectancy effect	131
9752689848	barbituates (tranquilizers)	((depressant)) reduce anxiety	132
9752689849	opiates	((depressant)) pleasure reduce anxiety/pain	133
9752689850	stimulants	hypes neural processing	134
9752689851	methamphetamine	((stimulant)) heightens energy euphoria affects dopamine	135
9752689852	caffeine	((stimulant))	136
9752689853	nicotine	((stimulant)) CNS releases neurotransmitters calm anxiety reduce pain affects (nor)epinephrine and dopamine	137
9752689854	cocaine	((stimulant)) euphoria affects dopamine, serotonin, and norepinephrine	138
9752689855	hallucinogen	excites neural activity	139
9752689856	ecstasy	((hallucinogen)) reuptake is blocked affects dopamine and serotonin	140
9752689857	LSD	((hallucinogen)) affects sensory/emotional "trip" (+/-) affects serotonin	141
9752689858	marijuana	((hallucinogen)) amplify sensory experience disrupts memory formation	142
9752689859	learning	organism changing behavior due to experience (association of events)	143
9752689860	types of learning	classical operant observational	144
9752689861	famous classical psychologists	Pavlov and Watson	145
9752689862	famous operant psychologist	Skinner	146
9752689863	famous observational psychologists	Bandura	147
9752689864	classical conditioning	outside stimulus	148
9752689865	Pavlov's experiment	Step 1: US (food) -> UR (salivation) Step 2: NS (bell) -> US (food) -> UR (salivation) Later... CS (bell) -> CR (salivation)	149
9752689866	Watson's experiment	white rat was given to Little Albert Step 1: US (noise) -> UR (cry) Step 2: NS (rat) -> US (noise) -> UR (cry) Later... CS (rat) -> CR (cry)	150
9752689867	generalization	any small, white fluffy creature will make Albert cry now	151
9752689868	discriminate	any large, white fluffy creature won't make Albert cry	152
9752689869	extinction	stop "treating" with conditioned response	153
9752689870	spontaneous recovery	bring stimulus back after a while	154
9752689871	operant conditioning	control by organism	155
9752689872	Skinner's experiment	operant chamber / Skinner box (lead to shaping)	156
9752689873	shaping	get animal closer to doing what you want them to do	157
9752689874	reinforcers	want to continue behavior (positive reinforcement: give money to do laundry) (negative reinforcement: do to avoid nagging)	158
9752689875	punishments	want to stop behavior (positive reinforcement: smack) (negative reinforcement: take away phone)	159
9752689876	fixed ratio	happens a certain number of times (Starbucks punch card)	160
9752689877	variable ratio	happens an unpredictable number of times (winning the lottery)	161
9752689878	organism must do these (2 times)	fixed ratio and variable ratio	162
9752689879	fixed interval	happens at a certain time (mailman comes to the house at 10:00 AM)	163
9752689880	variable interval	happens at any time (receive texts from friends)	164
9752689881	these things happen regardless (2 times)	fixed interval and variable interval	165
9752689882	Which (fixed/variable) conditions better?	variable	166
9752689883	criticisms of Skinner	doesn't take into account intrinsic motivation	167
9752689884	intrinsic motivation	doing something for yourself, not the reward	168
9752689885	extrinsic motivation	doing something for reward	169
9752689886	Skinner's legacy	use it personally, at school, and at work	170
9752689887	famous observational experiment	Bandura's Bobo doll	171
9752689888	famous observational psychologist	Bandura	172
9752689889	mirror neurons	"feel" what is observed happens in higher order animals	173
9752689890	Bobo doll experiment legacy	violent video games/movies desensitize us see good: do good see evil: do evil	174
9752689891	observational learning	biological behaviors work best	175
9752689892	habituation	get used to it -> stop reacting	176
9752689893	examples for observational learning	lectures and reading	177
9752689894	serotonin involved with memory	speeds the connection between neurons	178
9752689895	LTP	((long-term potentiation)) strengthens potential neural forming (associated with speed)	179
9752689896	CREB	protein that can switch genes on/off with memory and connection of memories	180
9752689897	glutamate involved with memory	neurotransmitter that enhances LTP	181
9752689898	glucose involved with memory	released during strong emotions ((signaling important event to be remembered))	182
9752689899	flashbulb memory	type of memory remembered because it was an important/quick moment	183
9752689900	amygdala (memory)	boosts activity of proteins in memory-forming areas to fight/flight	184
9752689901	cerebellum (memory)	forms and stores implicit memories ((classical conditioning))	185
9752689902	hippocampus (memory)	active during sleep (forming memories) ((information "moves" after 48 hours))	186
9752689903	memory	learning over time contains information that can be retrieved	187
9752689904	processing stages	encoding -> storage -> retrieval	188
9752689905	encoding	information going in	189
9752689906	storage	keeping information in	190
9752689907	retrieval	taking information out	191
9752689908	How long is sensory memory stored?	seconds	192
9752689909	How long is short-term memory stored?	less than a minute	193
9752689910	How many bits of information is stored in short-term memory?	7	194
9752689911	How many chunks of information is stored in short-term memory?	4	195
9752689912	How many seconds of words is stored in short-term memory?	2	196
9752689913	short term memory goes to ______________	working memory	197
9752689914	working memory	make a connection and process information to mean something	198
9752689915	working memory goes to _________________	long-term memory	199
9752689916	How much is stored in long-term memory?	LIMITLESS	200
9752689917	implicit memory	naturally do	201
9752689918	explicit memory	need to explain	202
9752689919	automatic processing	space, time, frequency, well-learned information	203
9752689920	effortful processing	processing that requires effort	204
9752689921	spacing effect	spread out learning over time	205
9752689922	serial position effect	primary/recency effect	206
9752689923	primary effect	remember the first things in a list	207
9752689924	recency effect	remember the last things in a list	208
9752689925	effortful processing (4 things)	1. recency effect 2. spacing effect 3. testing effect 4. serial position effect	209
9752689926	semantic encoding (1) meaning (2) how to	make meaning out of something --- chunk, hierarchy, or connect to you	210
9752689927	if we can't remember a memory...	1. change memory to suit us 2. fill in the blanks with logical story	211
9752689928	misinformation effect	not correct information	212
9752689929	imagination inflation	imagine or visualize something that isn't real	213
9752689930	source amnesia	what is the truth? (is it a dream, story, memory, etc.?)	214
9752689931	priming	association (setting you up)	215
9752689932	context	environment helps with memory	216
9752689933	state-dependency	you may remember something if you go back to the state you were in (go back to high)	217
9752689934	mood-congruency	emotion will bring back similar emotional memories	218
9752689935	forgetting curve	forget after 5 days forget after 5 years	219
9752689936	the forgetting curve was created by	Ebbinghaus	220
9752689937	proactive interference	old information interferes with the new	221
9752689938	retroactive interference	new information interferes with the old	222
9752689939	children can't remember before age __	3	223
9752689940	Loftus	connected to abuse cases/childhood	224
9752689941	prototypes	generalize	225
9752689942	problem-solving (4)	trial + error algorithms heuristic (representative + availability) insight - "AHA!"	226
9752689943	against problem-solving	fixation	227
9752689944	mental set	what has worked in the past	228
9752689945	functional fixedness	only way to do this is with this	229
9752689946	Chomsky (nature or nurture?)	"born with language" (nature)	230
9752689947	Skinner (nature or nurture?)	language is learned (nurture)	231
9752689948	grammar is _________	universal	232
9752689949	phonemes	smallest sound unit	233
9752689950	morphemes	smallest meaning unit	234

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AP Psychology AP Review Flashcards

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9759464066	psychology	the study of behavior and mental processes	0
9759464067	psychology's biggest question	Which is more important in determining behavior, nature or nurture?	1
9759464068	psychology's three levels of analysis	biopsychosocial approach (looks at the biological, psychological, and social-cultural approaches together)	2
9759464069	biological approach	genetics, close-relatives, body functions	3
9759464070	evolutionary approach	species - helped with survival (ancestors)	4
9759464071	psychodynamic approach	(Freud) subconscious, repressed feelings, unfulfilled wishes	5
9759464072	behavioral approach	learning (classical and operant) observed	6
9759464073	cognitive approach	thinking affects behavior	7
9759464074	humanistic approach	becoming a better human (behavior, acceptance)	8
9759464075	social-cultural approach	cultural, family, environment	9
9759464076	two reasons of why experiments are important	hindsight bias + overconfidence	10
9759464077	types of research methods	descriptive, correlational, and experimental	11
9759464078	descriptive methods	case study survey naturalistic observation (DON'T SHOW CAUSE/EFFECT)	12
9759464079	case study	studies one person in depth may not be typical of population	13
9759464080	survey	studies lots of people not in depth	14
9759464081	naturalistic observation	observe + write facts without interference	15
9759464082	correlational method	shows relation, but not cause/effect scatterplots show research	16
9759464083	correlation coefficient	+ 1.0 (both increase) 0 (no correlation - 1.0 (one increases, other decreases)	17
9759464084	experimental method	does show cause and effect	18
9759464085	population	type of people who are going to be used in experiment	19
9759464086	sample	actual people who will be used (randomness reduces bias)	20
9759464087	random assignment	chance selection between experimental and control groups	21
9759464088	control group	not receiving experimental treatment receives placebo	22
9759464089	experimental group	receiving treatment/drug	23
9759464090	independent variable	drug/procedure/treatment	24
9759464091	dependent variable	outcome of using the drug/treatment	25
9759464092	confounding variable	can affect dependent variable beyond experiment's control	26
9759464093	scientific method	theory hypothesis operational definition revision	27
9759464094	theory	general idea being tested	28
9759464095	hypothesis	measurable/specific	29
9759464096	operational definition	procedures that explain components	30
9759464097	mode	appears the most	31
9759464098	mean	average	32
9759464099	median	middle	33
9759464100	range	highest - lowest	34
9759464101	standard deviation	how scores vary around the mean	35
9759464102	central tendency	single score that represents the whole	36
9759464103	bell curve	(natural curve)	37
9759464104	ethics of testing on animals	need to be treated humanly basically similar to humans	38
9759464105	ethics of testing on humans	consent debriefing no unnecessary discomfort/pain confidentiality	39
9759464106	sensory neurons	travel from sensory receptors to brain	40
9759464107	motor neurons	travel from brain to "motor" workings	41
9759464108	interneurons	(in brain and spinal cord) connecting motor and sensory neurons	42
9759464301	neuron		43
9759464109	dendrites	receive messages from other neurons	44
9759464110	myelin sheath	protects the axon	45
9759464111	axon	where charges travel from cell body to axon terminal	46
9759464112	neurotransmitters	chemical messengers	47
9759464113	reuptake	extra neurotransmitters are taken back	48
9759464114	excitatory charge	"Let's do it!"	49
9759464115	inhibitory charge	"Let's not do it!"	50
9759464116	central nervous system	brain and spinal cord	51
9759464117	peripheral nervous system	somatic nervous system autonomic nervous system	52
9759464118	somatic nervous system	voluntary movements	53
9759464119	autonomic nervous system	involuntary movements (sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems)	54
9759464120	sympathetic nervous system	arousing	55
9759464121	parasympathetic nervous system	calming	56
9759464122	neural networks	more connections form with greater use others fall away if not used	57
9759464123	spinal cord	expressway of information bypasses brain when reflexes involved	58
9759464124	endocrine system	slow uses hormones in the blood system	59
9759464125	master gland	pituitary gland	60
9759464126	brainstem	extension of the spinal cord responsible for automatic survival	61
9759464127	reticular formation (if stimulated)	sleeping subject wakes up	62
9759464128	reticular formation (if damaged)	coma	63
9759464129	brainstem (if severed)	still move (without purpose)	64
9759464130	thalamus	sensory switchboard (does not process smell)	65
9759464131	hypothalamus	basic behaviors (hunger, thirst, sex, blood chemistry)	66
9759464132	cerebellum	nonverbal memory, judge time, balance emotions, coordinate movements	67
9759464133	cerebellum (if damaged)	difficulty walking and coordinating	68
9759464134	amygdala	aggression, fear, and memory associated with these emotions	69
9759464135	amygdala (if lesioned)	subject is mellow	70
9759464136	amygdala (if stimulated)	aggressive	71
9759464137	hippocampus	process new memory	72
9759464138	cerebrum	two large hemispheres perceiving, thinking, and processing	73
9759464139	cerebral cortex	only in higher life forms	74
9759464140	association areas	integrate and interpret information	75
9759464141	glial cells	provide nutrients to myelin sheath marks intelligence higher proportion of glial cells to neurons	76
9759464142	frontal lobe	judgement, personality, processing (Phineas Gage accident)	77
9759464143	parietal lobe	math and spatial reasoning	78
9759464144	temporal lobe	audition and recognizing faces	79
9759464145	occipital lobe	vision	80
9759464146	corpus callosum	split in the brain to stop hyper-communication (eliminate epileptic seizures)	81
9759464147	Wernicke's area	interprets auditory and hearing	82
9759464148	Broca's area	speaking words	83
9759464149	plasticity	ability to adapt if damaged	84
9759464150	sensation	what our senses tell us	85
9759464151	bottom-up processing	senses to brain	86
9759464152	perception	what our brain tells us to do with that information	87
9759464153	top-down processing	brain to senses	88
9759464154	inattentional blindness	fail to "gorilla" because attention is elsewhere	89
9759464155	cocktail party effect	even with tons of stimuli, we are able to pick out our name, etc.	90
9759464156	change blindness	giving directions and person is changed and we don't notice	91
9759464157	choice blindness	when defending the choice we make, we fail to notice choice was changed	92
9759464158	absolute threshold	minimum stimulation needed in order to notice 50% of the time	93
9759464159	signal detection theory	we notice what is more important to us (rather hear a baby crying)	94
9759464160	JND (just noticeable difference)	(Weber's law) difference between different stimuli noticed in proportion	95
9759464161	sensory adaptation	tired of noticing (Brain says, "Been there, done that. Next?"	96
9759464162	rods	night time	97
9759464163	cones	color	98
9759464164	parallel processing	notice color, form, depth, movement, etc.	99
9759464165	Young-Helmholtz trichromatic theory	3 corresponding color receptors (RGB)	100
9759464166	Hering's opponent-process theory	after image in opposite colors (RG, YB, WB)	101
9759464167	trichromatic + opponent-process	Young-Helmholtz -> color stimuli Hering -> en route to cortex	102
9759464168	frequency we hear most	human voice	103
9759464169	Helmoltz (hearing)	we hear different pitches in different places in basilar membrane (high pitches)	104
9759464170	frequency theory	impulse frequency (low pitches)	105
9759464171	Helmholtz + frequency theory	middle pitches	106
9759464172	Skin feels what?	warmth, cold, pressure, pain	107
9759464173	gate-control theory	small fibers - pain large fibers - other senses	108
9759464174	memory of pain	peaks and ends	109
9759464175	smell	close to memory section (not in thalamus)	110
9759464176	grouping	Gestalt make sense of pieces create a whole	111
9759464177	grouping groups	proximity similarity continuity connectedness closure	112
9759464178	make assumptions of placement	higher - farther smaller - farther blocking - closer, in front	113
9759464179	perception =	mood + motivation	114
9759464180	consciousness	awareness of ourselves and the environment	115
9759464181	circadian rhythm	daily biological clock and regular cycle (sleep and awake)	116
9759464182	circadian rhythm pattern	- activated by light - light sensitive retinal proteins signal brains SCN (suprachiasmatic nucleus) - pineal gland decreases melatonin	117
9759464183	What messes with circadian rhythm?	artificial light	118
9759464184	The whole sleep cycle lasts how long?	90 minutes	119
9759464185	sleep stages	relaxed stage (alpha waves) stage 1 (early sleep) (hallucinations) stage 2 (sleep spindles - bursts of activity) (sleep talk) stage 3 (transition phase) (delta waves) stage 4 (delta waves) (sleepwalk/talk + wet the bed) stage 5 (REM) (sensory-rich dreams) (paradoxical sleep)	120
9759464186	purpose of sleep	1. recuperation - repair neurons and allow unused neural connections to wither 2. making memories 3. body growth (children sleep more)	121
9759464187	insomnia	can't sleep	122
9759464188	narcolepsy	fall asleep anywhere at anytime	123
9759464189	sleep apnea	stop breathing in sleep	124
9759464190	night terrors	prevalent in children	125
9759464191	sleepwalking/sleeptalking	hereditary - prevalent in children	126
9759464192	dreaming (3)	1. vivid bizarre intense sensory experiences 2. carry fear/survival issues - vestiges of ancestors' survival ideas 2. replay previous day's experiences/worries	127
9759464193	purpose of dreaming (5 THEORIES)	1. physiological function - develop/preserve neural pathways 2. Freud's wish-fulfillment (manifest/latent content) 3. activation synthesis - make sense of stimulation originating in brain 4. information processing 5. cognitive development - reflective of intelligence	128
9759464194	1. Can hypnosis bring you back in time? 2. Can hypnosis make you do things you wouldn't normally do? 3. Can it alleviate pain? 4. What state are you in during hypnosis? 5. Who is more susceptible?	1. cannot take you back in time 2. cannot make you do things you won't do 3. can alleviate pain 4. fully conscious ((IMAGINATIVE PEOPLE MORE SUSCEPTIBLE))	129
9759464195	depressants	slows neural pathways	130
9759464196	alcohol	((depressant)) disrupts memory formation (REM) lowers inhibition expectancy effect	131
9759464197	barbituates (tranquilizers)	((depressant)) reduce anxiety	132
9759464198	opiates	((depressant)) pleasure reduce anxiety/pain	133
9759464199	stimulants	hypes neural processing	134
9759464200	methamphetamine	((stimulant)) heightens energy euphoria affects dopamine	135
9759464201	caffeine	((stimulant))	136
9759464202	nicotine	((stimulant)) CNS releases neurotransmitters calm anxiety reduce pain affects (nor)epinephrine and dopamine	137
9759464203	cocaine	((stimulant)) euphoria affects dopamine, serotonin, and norepinephrine	138
9759464204	hallucinogen	excites neural activity	139
9759464205	ecstasy	((hallucinogen)) reuptake is blocked affects dopamine and serotonin	140
9759464206	LSD	((hallucinogen)) affects sensory/emotional "trip" (+/-) affects serotonin	141
9759464207	marijuana	((hallucinogen)) amplify sensory experience disrupts memory formation	142
9759464208	learning	organism changing behavior due to experience (association of events)	143
9759464209	types of learning	classical operant observational	144
9759464210	famous classical psychologists	Pavlov and Watson	145
9759464211	famous operant psychologist	Skinner	146
9759464212	famous observational psychologists	Bandura	147
9759464213	classical conditioning	outside stimulus	148
9759464214	Pavlov's experiment	Step 1: US (food) -> UR (salivation) Step 2: NS (bell) -> US (food) -> UR (salivation) Later... CS (bell) -> CR (salivation)	149
9759464215	Watson's experiment	white rat was given to Little Albert Step 1: US (noise) -> UR (cry) Step 2: NS (rat) -> US (noise) -> UR (cry) Later... CS (rat) -> CR (cry)	150
9759464216	generalization	any small, white fluffy creature will make Albert cry now	151
9759464217	discriminate	any large, white fluffy creature won't make Albert cry	152
9759464218	extinction	stop "treating" with conditioned response	153
9759464219	spontaneous recovery	bring stimulus back after a while	154
9759464220	operant conditioning	control by organism	155
9759464221	Skinner's experiment	operant chamber / Skinner box (lead to shaping)	156
9759464222	shaping	get animal closer to doing what you want them to do	157
9759464223	reinforcers	want to continue behavior (positive reinforcement: give money to do laundry) (negative reinforcement: do to avoid nagging)	158
9759464224	punishments	want to stop behavior (positive reinforcement: smack) (negative reinforcement: take away phone)	159
9759464225	fixed ratio	happens a certain number of times (Starbucks punch card)	160
9759464226	variable ratio	happens an unpredictable number of times (winning the lottery)	161
9759464227	organism must do these (2 times)	fixed ratio and variable ratio	162
9759464228	fixed interval	happens at a certain time (mailman comes to the house at 10:00 AM)	163
9759464229	variable interval	happens at any time (receive texts from friends)	164
9759464230	these things happen regardless (2 times)	fixed interval and variable interval	165
9759464231	Which (fixed/variable) conditions better?	variable	166
9759464232	criticisms of Skinner	doesn't take into account intrinsic motivation	167
9759464233	intrinsic motivation	doing something for yourself, not the reward	168
9759464234	extrinsic motivation	doing something for reward	169
9759464235	Skinner's legacy	use it personally, at school, and at work	170
9759464236	famous observational experiment	Bandura's Bobo doll	171
9759464237	famous observational psychologist	Bandura	172
9759464238	mirror neurons	"feel" what is observed happens in higher order animals	173
9759464239	Bobo doll experiment legacy	violent video games/movies desensitize us see good: do good see evil: do evil	174
9759464240	observational learning	biological behaviors work best	175
9759464241	habituation	get used to it -> stop reacting	176
9759464242	examples for observational learning	lectures and reading	177
9759464243	serotonin involved with memory	speeds the connection between neurons	178
9759464244	LTP	((long-term potentiation)) strengthens potential neural forming (associated with speed)	179
9759464245	CREB	protein that can switch genes on/off with memory and connection of memories	180
9759464246	glutamate involved with memory	neurotransmitter that enhances LTP	181
9759464247	glucose involved with memory	released during strong emotions ((signaling important event to be remembered))	182
9759464248	flashbulb memory	type of memory remembered because it was an important/quick moment	183
9759464249	amygdala (memory)	boosts activity of proteins in memory-forming areas to fight/flight	184
9759464250	cerebellum (memory)	forms and stores implicit memories ((classical conditioning))	185
9759464251	hippocampus (memory)	active during sleep (forming memories) ((information "moves" after 48 hours))	186
9759464252	memory	learning over time contains information that can be retrieved	187
9759464253	processing stages	encoding -> storage -> retrieval	188
9759464254	encoding	information going in	189
9759464255	storage	keeping information in	190
9759464256	retrieval	taking information out	191
9759464257	How long is sensory memory stored?	seconds	192
9759464258	How long is short-term memory stored?	less than a minute	193
9759464259	How many bits of information is stored in short-term memory?	7	194
9759464260	How many chunks of information is stored in short-term memory?	4	195
9759464261	How many seconds of words is stored in short-term memory?	2	196
9759464262	short term memory goes to ______________	working memory	197
9759464263	working memory	make a connection and process information to mean something	198
9759464264	working memory goes to _________________	long-term memory	199
9759464265	How much is stored in long-term memory?	LIMITLESS	200
9759464266	implicit memory	naturally do	201
9759464267	explicit memory	need to explain	202
9759464268	automatic processing	space, time, frequency, well-learned information	203
9759464269	effortful processing	processing that requires effort	204
9759464270	spacing effect	spread out learning over time	205
9759464271	serial position effect	primary/recency effect	206
9759464272	primary effect	remember the first things in a list	207
9759464273	recency effect	remember the last things in a list	208
9759464274	effortful processing (4 things)	1. recency effect 2. spacing effect 3. testing effect 4. serial position effect	209
9759464275	semantic encoding (1) meaning (2) how to	make meaning out of something --- chunk, hierarchy, or connect to you	210
9759464276	if we can't remember a memory...	1. change memory to suit us 2. fill in the blanks with logical story	211
9759464277	misinformation effect	not correct information	212
9759464278	imagination inflation	imagine or visualize something that isn't real	213
9759464279	source amnesia	what is the truth? (is it a dream, story, memory, etc.?)	214
9759464280	priming	association (setting you up)	215
9759464281	context	environment helps with memory	216
9759464282	state-dependency	you may remember something if you go back to the state you were in (go back to high)	217
9759464283	mood-congruency	emotion will bring back similar emotional memories	218
9759464284	forgetting curve	forget after 5 days forget after 5 years	219
9759464285	the forgetting curve was created by	Ebbinghaus	220
9759464286	proactive interference	old information interferes with the new	221
9759464287	retroactive interference	new information interferes with the old	222
9759464288	children can't remember before age __	3	223
9759464289	Loftus	connected to abuse cases/childhood	224
9759464290	prototypes	generalize	225
9759464291	problem-solving (4)	trial + error algorithms heuristic (representative + availability) insight - "AHA!"	226
9759464292	against problem-solving	fixation	227
9759464293	mental set	what has worked in the past	228
9759464294	functional fixedness	only way to do this is with this	229
9759464295	Chomsky (nature or nurture?)	"born with language" (nature)	230
9759464296	Skinner (nature or nurture?)	language is learned (nurture)	231
9759464297	grammar is _________	universal	232
9759464298	phonemes	smallest sound unit	233
9759464299	morphemes	smallest meaning unit	234

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AP Flashcards

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6583357330	Al Qaeda	a network of Islamic terrorist organizations, led by Osama bin Laden, that carried out the attacks on the US embassies in Tanzania and Kenya in 1998, the USS Cole in Yemen in 2000, and the World Trade Center and the Pentagon in 2001	0
6583362139	islamic state	radical Sunni Islam group who wants to establish a state governed by strict Islamic law	1
6583364466	NAFTA	A trade agreement between Canada, the United States and Mexico that encourages free trade between these North American countries.	2
6583369381	European Union	..., an international organization of European countries formed after World War II to reduce trade barriers and increase cooperation among its members	3
6583374295	McDonaldization	George Ritzer's term describing the spread of bureaucratic rationalization and the accompanying increases in efficiency and dehumanization.	4
6583377020	GATT	A United Nations agency created by a multinational treaty to promote trade by the reduction of tariffs and import quotas	5
6583379343	G7	Group of seven leading industrial countries: Canada, France, Germany, Italy, Japan, United Kingdom, United States	6
6583381533	Green Protocol	A vouluntary agreement est. between UNICA, ORPLANA, and the Gov. of state of Sao Paulo to end the use of fire in sugarcane harvesting	7
6583398520	Kyoto Protocol	controlling global warming by setting greenhouse gas emissions targets for developed countries	8
6583401132	Arab Spring	A revolutionary wave of protests and demonstrations overtaking dictators in the Middle East (2011)	9
6583404620	Beijing women's conference	The 4th World Conference on Women: Action for Equalitity, Development and peace was the name given for a conference convened by the UN during sept. 4-15 1995 in Beijing China	10

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6572600992	virago, voraginis	deep hole	0
6572606353	quaestus	profit	1
6572609821	aestuo, aestuare, aestuavi, aestuatus	foam, boil	2
6572622284	coniuratio, coniurationis	conspiracy, plot	3
6572628993	caedes, caedis	murder	4
6572632645	deficio, deficĕre, defeci, defectus	fail, defect	5
6572638020	noceo, nocēre, nocui, nocitus	harm, injure	6
6572640829	morsus	bite, pain, teeth	7
6572645610	cubitus, cubiti	elbow, forearm	8
6572651836	ramus, rami	branch	9
6572657828	habena, habenae	straps, reins	10
6572661421	fetus, feta, fetum	full of, pregnant with	11
6572667353	pristinus, -a, -um	original, former	12
6572766956	sententia, sententiae	opinion, purpose	13
6572770405	mollis, molle	soft, pliable	14
6572774843	vigilia, vigiliae	watch	15
6572784733	tormentum, tormenti	missile	16
6572804590	funda, fundar	sling	17
6572810510	fas	right, correct	18
6572818314	ingens, ingentis	really really big	19
6572823387	orior, ori, ortus sum	to rise, be born	20
6572831299	moribundus, -a, -um	dying, about to die	21
6572835332	increpo, increpare, increpui, increpitus	rattle, crash	22
6572841316	dimico, dimicare, dimicavi, dimicatus	fight, battle	23
6572844148	proelium, proeli(i)	fight, battle	24
6572848667	latrocinium, latrocinii	robbery	25
6572851779	prodo, prodĕre, prodidi, proditus	reveal, betray	26
6572855592	scando, scandĕre, scansi, scansus	climb	27
6573813340	consuesco, consuescĕre, consuevi, consuetus	become accustomed to	28
6573813341	foveo, fovēre, fovi, fotus	cherish, nurture	29
6573858030	calcar, calcaris	spur	30
6573862946	alacritas, alacritatis	eagerness, swiftness	31
6581339788	puppis	poop deck	32
6581344202	effero, effere, extuli, elatus	bring up, raise	33
6581349128	palus, paludis	swamp	34
6589717689	dilabor, dilabi, dilapsus sum	fall apart, disintegrate	35
6589720268	vimen, viminis	twig	36
6589722838	fungor, fungi, functus sum	perform	37
6589725598	turma, turmae	squadron	38
6589731427	lividus, -a, -um	upset, spiteful	39
6589734056	occasus, occasus	end, setting (of the sun)	40
6589737173	munus, muneris	gift, service	41
6589741130	deinde	then, next	42
6589744229	septentriones, septentrionum	north	43
6589886962	desum, deesse, defui, defuturus		44

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