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AP DBG Proper Names Flashcards

6381079808	Aduatucī -ōrum m.	a tribe of the Belgae (originally Germans) living on the west bank of the Meuse	0
6381079809	Allobroges -um m.	Allobroges (a tribe)	1
6381079810	Ambiorīx -īgis m.	Leader of the Eburones Leads revolt in DBG 5 owes Caesar for kindness, deceiving, victory against Cotta and Sabinus, → Aduatuci, defeated	2
6381079811	Apollō -inis m.	(DBG 6) Apollo, a god	3
6381079812	Aquītānia -ae f.	Aquitania	4
6381079813	Aquītānus ī m.	an Aquitanian	5
6381079814	Ariovistus -ī m.	Ariovistus Caesar's main antagonist in second half of DBG 1. German leader/"friend" of Rome whose expansion into Gallic territory was stopped by Caesar King of the Germans, seized territories in Gaul, cruel, German, anti-Caesarian, king of the German tribe of the Suebi. He conquered the rival Aedui tribe and claimed the best land in Gaul. He was known for his terrible cruelty, often enslaving children. He refused Caesar's attempts at freeing the Gauls by saying that conquered people should be subject to any treatment from their conqueror. He was ultimately defeated by Caesar and his Germans driven back across the Rhine by Julius Caesar.	6
6381079815	Arpīnēius -ī m.	a Roman gentile name	7
6381079816	Atrebās -ātis	(adj.) Atrebatian, of the Atrebates	8
6381079817	Aulus -ī m.	Aulus (a name)	9
6381079818	Aurunculēius -ī m.	[Lucius] Aurunculeius [Cotta] a Roman name	10
6381079819	Balventius -ī m.	a Roman gentile name, only with Titus, a centurion in Caesar's army	11
6381079820	Belgae -ārum m.	the Belgians, a warlike people	12
6381079821	Belgium -ī n. or Belgica -ae f.	Belgium, a part of Gallia Belgica	13
6381079822	Bellovacī -ōrum m.	Bellovaci, a people in Gallia Belgica	14
6381079823	Bōiī -ōrum m.	a Celtic nation	15
6381079824	Britannia -ae f.	Britain	16
6381079825	Caesar Caesaris m.	[Gaius Iulius] Caesar	17
6381079826	Carnutēs -um m.	a Gallic people between the Loire and the Seine	18
6381079827	Casticus -ī m.	Casticus a chief of the Sequani, son of Catamantaloedes. Conviced (alongside Dumnorix) to take part in the conspiracy of Orgetorix as a bid for power (DBG 1.3)	19
6381079828	Catamantāloedēs -is m.	Catamantaloedes (Catamantaledes) former ruler of the Sequani, recognized as a "friend" by the Roman Senate. His son, Casticus, was later part of Orgetorix's conspiracy (DBG 1.3)	20
6381079829	Catuvolcus -ī m.	a chief of the Eburones, revolts alongside Ambiorix	21
6381079830	Celtae -ārum m.	a great race in Gaul and Britain	22
6381079831	Ceutronēs -um m.	a tribe in the Graian Alps	23
6381079832	Cicerō Cicerōnis m.	[Quintus Tullius] Cicero brother of Marcus,	24
6381079833	Commius -ī m.	Commius the Atrebatian. (DBG 4) King/leader of the Atrebates, a Belgian tribe friendly to Caesar. Sent by Caesar as an envoy to Britain in 55 B.C. where he was thrown into chains, but later released	25
6381079834	Cotta -ae m.	Cotta (a name)	26
6381079835	Crassus -ī m.	Crassus	27
6381079836	Dīs -ītis m.	Pluto, the ruler of Hades	28
6381079837	Dīviciācus -ī m.	a chief/leader of the Aedui, a leader of the Suessiones (DBG 1, 5) part of Aedui conspiracy, Dumnorix's Brother; pro-Roman but protective of his brother	29
6381079838	Druides -um or Druidae -ārum m.	the Druids, priests of the Gauls	30
6381079839	Dumnorīx -īgis m.	a leader of the Aedui, brother of Diviciacus, married Orgetorix's daughter (DBG 1, 5) Persuaded by Orgetorix to revolt, Caesar wanted to keep him on side because he knew he had influence and power over the Gauls. Caesar tried to learn of his plan but Dumnorix left with the Aeduan cavalry Caesar and Caesar had his troops find and kill him.	31
6381079840	Eburōnēs -um m.	a Belgian tribe, dependents of the Treveri	32
6381079841	Esuviī -ōrum m.	a Gallic tribe in the region of Normandy	33
6381079842	Gabīnius -iī m.	Gabinius	34
6381079843	Gāius -iī m.	Gaius Roman Praenomen	35
6381079844	Gallia Galliae f.	Gaul	36
6381079845	Gallus -ī m.	a Gaul, a Gallic person	37
6381079846	Garumna -ae f.	The Garumna River a river of southwest Gaul, now called the Garonne	38
6381079847	Geidumnī -ōrum m.	a Belgian tribe, dependents on the Nervii	39
6381079848	Genava -ae f.	Genava	40
6381079849	Germānī -ōrum m.	Germans	41
6381079850	Gnaeus -ī m.	Gnaeus	42
6381079851	Grudiī -ōrum m.	a Belgian people, dependents of the Nervii	43
6381079852	Helvēticus -a -um	Helvetian	44
6381079853	Hispānia -ae f.	Spain	45
6381079854	Indūtiomārus -ī m.	a chief of the Treveri	46
6381079855	Italia Italiae f.	Italy	47
6381079856	Iuppiter Iovis m.	Jupiter	48
6381079857	Iūra -ae m.	a chain of mountains in Gaul, running northeast from the Rhone to the Rhine, separating the Sequani and the Helvetii	49
6381079858	Kalendae -ārum f.	The Kalends First day of the Roman month	50
6381079859	Labiēnus Labiēnī m.	[Titus] Labienus Caesar's legate "with praetorian power" (legatus pro praetore), lieutenant/right-hand-man Usually seen as a model soldier/subordinate	51
6381079860	Latobrīgī -ōrum m.	a German tribe, neighbors of the Helvetii	52
6381079861	Lemmanus -ī m.	the lake of Geneva, Lake Leman	53
6381079862	Levacī -ōrum m.	a tribe of Belgian Gaul, dependents on the Nervii	54
6381079863	Lūcānius -ī m.	a Roman gentile name	55
6381079864	Lūcius -iī m.	Lucius	56
6381079865	Marcus Marcī m.	Marcus	57
6381079866	Mārs Mārtis m.	Mars	58
6381079867	Matrona -ae m.	a river of Gaul, joining the Seine near Paris, the Marne	59
6381079868	Mercurius -iī m.	Mercury, an Italian god, identified with the Greek Hermes, son of Jupiter and Maia, and messenger of the gods	60
6381079869	Messāla -ae m.	Messala (a name)	61
6381079870	Minerva -ae f.	Minerva	62
6381079871	Morinī -ōrum	the Morini	63
6381079872	Mosa -ae m.	a river in Belgic Gaul, now the Meuse	64
6381079873	Mūniātus -ī m.	Muniatus (a name)	65
6381079874	Nammēius -ī m.	a Helvetian sent as ambassador to Caesar	66
6381079875	Nervicus -a -um	of the Nervii	67
6381079876	Nōrēia -ae f.	a city of the Norici	68
6381079877	Orgetorīx -īgis m.	a nobleman of the Helvetii	69
6381079878	Padus -ī m.	Padus, a major river in northern Italy; modern Po	70
6381079879	Petrosidius -ī m.	a Roman gentile name	71
6381079880	Pīsō -onis m.	cognomen of the Gens Calpurnia	72
6381079881	Plancus -ī m.	a Roman family name	73
6381079882	Pleumoxiī -ōrum m.	a people of Belgic Gaul, clients of the Nervii	74
6381079883	Pompēius -iī m.	Pompey	75
6381079884	Pullō -ōnis m.	a Roman family name	76
6381079885	Quintus -ī m.	Quintus Roman Praenomen	77
6381079886	Rauracī -ōrum m.	a tribe on the upper Rhine	78
6381079887	Rēmī -ōrum m. pl.	the Remi	79
6381079888	Rhēnus -ī m.	Rhine	80
6381079889	Rhodanus -ī m.	Rhodanus, a major river in southern Gaul modern Rhone	81
6381079890	Rōmānī Rōmānōrum m.	Romans	82
6381079891	Rōscius -a -um	of the Roscii	83
6381079892	Samarobrīva -ae f.	a city of the Ambiani	84
6381079893	Sēquana -ae f.	the Sequana (a river in Gaul)	85
6381079894	Sēquanī -ōrum m.	dwellers on the Sequana	86
6381079895	Tarusātēs -ium m.	a tribe of Aquitania	87
6381079896	Titūrius -ī m.	a Roman praenomen	88
6381079897	Titus -ī m.	Titus	89
6381079898	Trebōnius -ī m.	Trebonius (a name)	90
6381079899	Trēverī -ōrum m.	a people in Gaul, originally German, on the Moselle	91
6381079900	Tulingī -ōrum m.	a German tribe	92
6381079901	Verticō -ōnis m.	one of the Nervii	93
6381079902	Verucloetius -ī m.	Verucloetius (a name)	94
6381079903	Vorēnus -ī m.	a Roman family name	95
6421214854	Liscus	Aeduan Chief/Magistrate (DBG 1) tattled on Dumnorix to Caesar like a good little subjugated Gallic "friend" should (DBG 5) Chief of the Aedui, reveals conspiracy of the Gauls within camp telling Caesar's plans.	96
6421274643	Considius	DBG 1 (first half) Roman soldier who mistakenly identifies Labienus's troops on a hill as enemy soldiers, botches Caesar's plans	97

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AP Biology Cardiovascular System Flashcards

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6530487622	Apex	Bottom, pointed region of the heart; points to the left hip	0
6530487623	Base	Top, broad region of the hear; points to the right shoulder	1
6530487624	Pericardium	Double layered membrane surrounding the heart	2
6530487625	Visceral pericardium	Membrane that lies on the heart	3
6530487626	Parietal pericardium	Membrane that lines the region of the thoracic cavity that the heart is in (called he mediastinum)	4
6530487627	Epicardium	The thin serous membrane comprising the outer surface of the heart (the epicardium is the same structure also called the visceral pericardium)	5
6530487628	Myocardium	Thick middle layer comprised of cardiac muscle tissue; pumps	6
6530487629	Endocardium	Smooth inner surface of the heart chambers; reduces friction for smooth flow	7
6530487630	Septum	Wall on the interior of the heart that separates the right and left sides.	8
6530487631	Chambers	Hollow areas of the heart	9
6530487632	Right atrium	receives deoxygenated blood from the vena cava (from the body); small; not very muscular, because it simply holds blood	10
6530487633	Right ventricle	receives deoxygenated blood from the right atrium; muscular to pump blood to the lungs	11
6530487634	Left Atrium	received oxygenated blood from the pulmonary veins (from the lungs); small; not very muscular, because it simply holds blood	12
6530487635	Left ventricle	receives oxygenated blood from the left atrium; very muscular to pump blood to the body	13
6530487636	Chordae tendineae	The heart strings; anchor the valve flaps	14
6530487637	Valves	Prevent backflow	15
6530487638	Right atrioventricular valve (Tricuspid)	has 3 flaps; empties the right atrium into the right ventricle	16
6530487639	Left atrioventricular valve (Bicuspid; mitral valve)	has 2 flaps; empties the left atrium into the left ventricle	17
6530487640	Right semilunar valve (Pulmonary semilumar valve)	3 flaps; allows the blood to pass from the right ventricle into the pulmonary artery	18
6530487641	Left semilunar valve (aortic semilunar valve)	3 flaps; allows blood to pass from the left ventricle to the aorta	19
6530487642	Vessels	Transport blood throughout the body	20
6530487643	Veins	Carry deoxygenated blood from the body to the heart (*exception the pulmonary vein carries oxygenated blood from the lungs to the heart)	21
6530487644	Arteries	Carry oxygenated blood from the heart to the body (*exceptionthe pulmonary artery carries blood to the lungs from the heart)	22
6530487645	Capillaries	Where gas exchange takes place; connects arteries to veins	23
6530487646	Venule	Smallest vein	24
6530487647	Arteriole	Smallest artery	25
6530487648	Vena cava	Largest vein	26
6530487649	Aorta	Largest Artery	27
6530487650	Tunica intima	Innermost layer; membranous and smooth to reduce friction of the blood (only layer found in capillaries)	28
6530487651	Tunica media	Middle layer; muscular to contract or dilate	29
6530487652	Tunica externa	Outermost layer; fibrous to support	30
6530487653	Blood flows from the aorta to the	Arteries	31
6530487654	Blood flows from the Arteries to the	Arterioles	32
6530487655	Blood flows from the Arterioles to the	Capillaries of the body	33
6530487656	Blood flows from the capillaries of the body to the	Venules	34
6530487657	Blood flows from the Venules to the	Veins	35
6530487658	Blood flows from the Veins to the	Vena Cava	36
6530487659	Blood flows from the Vena Cava to the	Right atrium	37
6530487660	Blood flows from the Right atrium to the	Tricuspid	38
6530487661	Blood flows from the Tricuspid to the	Right ventricle	39
6530487662	Blood flows from the Right ventricle to the	Pulmonary semilunar valve	40
6530487663	Blood flows from the Pulmonary semilunar valve to the	Pulmonary artery	41
6530487664	Blood flows from the pulmonary artery to the	Capillaries of the lungs	42
6530487665	Blood flows from the capillaries of the lungs to the	Pulmonary veins	43
6530487666	Blood flows from the pulmonary veins to the	Left atrium	44
6530487667	Blood flows from the left atrium to the	Bicuspid	45
6530487668	Blood flows from the bicuspid to the	Left ventricle	46
6530487669	Blood flows from the left ventricle to the	Aortic semilunar valve	47
6530487670	Blood flows from the aortic semilunar valve to the	Aorta	48
6530487671	Lubb	Is from the AV valves closing; it is a longer and louder sound	49
6530487672	Dupp	Is from the SL valves closing; it is a shorter and softer sound	50
6530487673	Sphygmomanometer	Measures blood pressure	51
6530487674	Intrinsic Conduction System	Controls the pumping of the heart in conjunction with the autonomic nervous system	52
6530487675	Sinoatrial node (SA node)	The pacemaker; jumps starts the impulse that makes the heart beat; located on the right atrium	53
6530487676	Atrioventricular node (AV node)	Between the right atrium and right ventricle	54
6530487677	Bundle of His	Leaves the AV node and lead to the septum	55
6530487678	Bundle branches	Divisions of the Bundle of His that travel down the septum of the heart	56
6530487679	Purkinje fibers	Smaller divisions that travel throughout the heart	57
6530487680	The heart muscle contracts from the bottom up	As the impulse leaves the purkinje fibers __________________________________________	58
6530487681	Fetal Ciculation	In the umbilical cord between the mom and the baby , there is one large umbilical vein and two small umbilical arteries. The vein carries nutrient rich blood and oxygen to the baby and the arteries carry wastes and carbon dioxide from the baby.	59
6530487682	Pulse	The expansion and recoil of the arteries with each beat of the left ventricle; average adult is 70-76 beats per minute at rest	60
6530487683	Common pulse points	common pulse points: temporal artery: in the temple on the side of the head carotid artery: in the neck brachial artery: in the upper arm femoral artery: in the upper leg popliteal artery: behind the knee	61
6530487684	Blood Pressure	Pressure exerted by the blood on the inner wall of the vessel; it is highest in the aorta and lowest in the vena cava; this is why cut arteries spurt blood and cut veins flow	62
6530487685	Systolic pressure	Is from the ventricles contracting	63
6530487686	Diastolic pressure	Is from the ventricles relaxing	64
6530487687	Average blood pressure	120/80 (top # is systole; bottom # is diastole)	65
6530487688	Factors that affect blood pressure	• friction in the vessels (from plaque build up) • age • weight • exercise/activity • emotions • diet • body temperature • drugs	66
6530487689	Hypotension	Low blood pressure; systolic below 100	67
6530487690	Hypertension	High blood pressure; systolic above 140	68
6530487691	Vasodilator	Alcohol is an example	69
6530487692	Vasoconstrictors	Nicotine and caffeine are examples	70
6530487693	Atherosclerosis	Narrowing of the arteries on the inside, due to deposits on the inner walls (early arteriosclerosis)	71
6530487694	Arteriosclerosis	Reduced elasticity of the arteries; hardening of the arteries	72
6530487695	Aneurysm	Ballooning of a vessel; can rupture and cause death	73
6530487696	Varicose Veins	Weakening of the valves in a vein causing backflow and blood pooling; causes sagging of the vessel and weakening of the vessel wall	74
6530487697	Fibrillation	Rapid shaking of the heart muscle, that makes it useless as a pump; can lead to heart attack	75
6530487698	Tachycardia	Rapid heart rate (usually more than 100 beats per minute); symptoms include sweating, palpitations, chest pain	76
6530487699	Bradycardia	Slow heart rate (usually less than 60 beats per minute); symptoms include dizziness, tired, short of breath	77
6530487700	Angina	pain from the myocardium being deprived of oxygen	78
6530487701	Myocardial infarction	heart attack; death of heart cells from severe angina	79
6530487702	Congestive heart failure	Heart gets worn out from: old age; hypertension; arteriosclerosis; heart attack	80

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AP Human Geography - Religion Flashcards

Vocabulary flashcards from chapter 6 on religion

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5759657362	Religion	a system of beliefs and practices that attempts to order life in terms of culturally perceived ultimate priorities	0
5759657364	Monotheistic Religion	belief system in which one supreme being is revered as creator and arbiter of all that exists in the universe	1
5759657365	Polytheistic Religion	belief system in which multiple deities are revered as creators and arbiters of all that exists in the universe	2
5759657366	Animistic Religion	the belief that inanimate objects, such as hills, trees, rocks, rivers, and other elements of the natural landscape, possess souls and can help or hinder human efforts on Earth	3
5759657367	Universalizing Religion	A religion that appeals to all people and in some cases great effort is undertake in evangelism and missionary work.	4
5759657368	Ethnic Religion	a religion that is particular to one, culturally distinct, group of people.	5
5759657369	Hinduism	one of the oldest religions in the modern world, dating back over 4000 years, and originating in the Indus River Valley of what is today part of Pakistan... is unique among the world's religions in that it does not have a single founder, a single theology, or agreement on its origins.	6
5759657370	Caste System	the strict social segregation of people—specifically in India's Hindu society—on the basis of ancestry and occupation	7
5759657371	Buddhism	religion founded in the sixth century BCE and characterized by the belief that enlightenment would come through knowledge, especially self-knowledge; elimination of greed, craving, and desire; complete honesty; and never hurting another person or animal.	8
5759657374	Confucianism	a philosophy of ethics, education, and public service based on the writings of Confucius and traditionally thought of as one of the core elements of Chinese culture.	9
5759657375	Judaism	religion with its roots in the teachings of Abraham (from Ur), who is credit with uniting his people to worship only one God.	10
5759657376	Diaspora	a term describing forceful or voluntary dispersal of a people from their homeland to a new place. Originally denoting the dispersal of Jews.	11
5759657377	Zionism	the movement to unite the Jewish people of the diaspora and to establish a national homeland for them in the promised land	12
5759657378	Christianity	religion based on the teachings of Jesus. According to Christian teaching, Jesus is the son of God, placed on Earth to teach people how to live according to God's plan	13
5759657379	Eastern Orthodox Church (eoc)	one of the three major branches of Christianity, In 1054 CE, Christianity was divided along that same line when the church, centered in Constantinople; and the Roman Catholic Church, centered in Rome, split.	14
5759657381	Protestant	one of three major branches of Christianity, many adherents to the Catholic church began to question the role of religion in their lives and opened the door to the Protestant Reformation in 1517	15
5759657382	Islam	the youngest of the major world religions, Islam is based on the teachings of Muhammad, born in Mecca in 571 CE. According to the teaching, Muhammad received the truth directly from Allah in a series of revelations during which Muhammad spoke the verses of the Qu'ran (Koran), the Islamic holy book.	16
5759657383	Sunnis	Adherents to the largest branch of Islam, called the orthodox or traditionalist. They believe in the effectiveness of family and community in the solution of life's problems, and they differ from the Shiites in accepting the traditions of Muhammad as authoritative	17
5759657384	Shiites	adherents of one of the two main divisions of Islam.... represent the Persian (Iranian) variation of Islam and believe in the infallibility and divine right to authority of the Imams, descendants of Ali (based largely in Iraq & Iran)	18
5759657385	Indigenous Religions	belief systems and philosophies practiced and traditionally passed from generation to generation among peoples within a ... tribe or group	19
5759657388	Minarets	tower attached to a Muslim mosque, having one or more projecting balconies from which a crier call Muslims to prayer	20
5759657389	Hajj	the Muslim pilgrimage to Mecca, the birthplace of Muhammad	21
5759657394	Religious Fundamentalism	religious movement whose objectives are to return to the foundations of the faith and to influence state policy	22
5759657395	Religious Extremism	religious fundamentalism carried to the point of violence	23
5759657396	Shari'a Laws	The system of Islamic law, sometimes called Quranic law. Unlike most western systems of law that are based on legal precedence, sharia is based on varying degrees of interpretation of the Quran.	24
5759657397	Jihad	a doctrine within Islam. Commonly translated as "Holy War," Jihad represents either a personal or collective struggle on the part of Muslims to live up to the religious standards set by the Qu'ran	25

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AP Unit 5 Flashcards

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5361873339	afficionado	enthusiastic and usually expert follower	0
5361873789	browbeat	to bully	1
5361873792	commensurate	comparable	2
5361874329	diaphonous	gossamer	3
5361874748	emolument	salary	4
5361874749	foray - noun	a quick raid	5
5361875906	foray - verb	to make a quiz raid	6
5361875908	genre	a type or class of literary composition	7
5361876701	homily	a moralizing lecture	8
5361877239	immure	incarcerate	9
5361877240	insouciant	carefree	10
5361877910	matrix	mold or surrounding environment	11
5361879353	obsequies	funeral rites	12
5361879851	panache	verve, style	13
5361880461	persona	outward character or character in a literary work	14
5361881181	philippic	a bitter verbal attack	15
5361881892	prurient	lascivious, salacious	16
5361882340	sacrosanct	sacred	17
5361882341	systemic	of or pertaining to the entire system	18
5361882925	tendentious	promoting a particular point of view	19
5361883880	vicissitude	change or variation	20

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AP Psychology - Research Methods Flashcards

Advanced Placement Psychology
Enterprise High School, Redding, CA
All terms from Myers Psychology for AP (BFW Worth, 2011)

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5208136126	Hindsight Bias	The tendency to believe, after learning an outcome, that one would have foreseen it. (Also known as the I-knew-it-all-along phenomenon.)	0
5208136127	Critical Thinking	Thinking that does not blindly accept arguments and conclusions. Rather, it examines assumptions, discerns hidden values, evaluates evidence, and assesses conclusions.	1
5208136128	Theory	An explanation using an integrated set of principles that organizes observations and predicts behaviors or events.	2
5208136129	Hypothesis	A testable prediction, often implied by a theory.	3
5208136130	Operational Definition	A statement of the procedures used to define research variables, or how we make the variables measurable; i.e., extroversion could be operationally defined by a score on a personality test. Necessary for replication of the study.	4
5208136131	Replication	Repeating the essence of a research study, usually with different participants in different situations, to see whether the basic finding extends to other participants and circumstances.	5
5208136132	Case Study	An observation technique in which one person is studied in depth in the hope of revealing universal principles.	6
5208136133	Survey	A technique for ascertaining the self-reported attitudes or behaviors of a particular group, usually by questioning a representative, random sample of the group.	7
5208136134	Population	All the cases in a group being studied, from which samples may be drawn.	8
5208136135	Random Sample	A sample that fairly represents a population because each member has an equal chance of inclusion.	9
5208136136	Naturalistic Observation	Observing and recording behavior in naturally occurring situations without trying to manipulate and control the situation.	10
5208136137	Correlation	A measure of the extent to which two factors vary together, and thus of how well either factor predicts the other.	11
5208136138	Correlation Coefficient	A statistical index of the relationship between two things (from -1 to +1).	12
5208136139	Scatterplot	A graphed cluster of dots, each of which represents the values of two variables. The slope of the points suggests the direction of the relationship between the two variables.	13
5208136140	Illusory Correlation	The perception of a relationship where none exists.	14
5208136141	Experiment	A research method in which an investigator manipulates one or more factors (independent variables) to observe the effect on some behavior or mental process (the dependent variable). By random assignment of participants, the investigator aims to control other relevant factors.	15
5208136142	Random Assignment	Assigning participants to experimental and control groups by chance, thus minimizing preexisting differences between those assigned to the different groups.	16
5208136143	Double-Blind Procedure	An experimental procedure in which both the research participants and the research staff are ignorant (blind) about whether the research participants have received the treatment or a placebo. Commonly used in drug-evaluation studies.	17
5208136144	Placebo Effect	Experimental results caused by expectations alone; any effect on behavior caused by the administration of an inert substance or condition, which the recipient assumes is an active agent.	18
5208136145	Experimental Group	In an experiment, the group that is exposed to the treatment, that is, to one version of the independent variable.	19
5208136146	Control Group	In an experiment, the group that is not exposed to the treatment; contrasts with the experimental group and serves as a comparison for evaluating the effect of the treatment.	20
5208136147	Independent Variable	The experimental factor that is manipulated; the variable whose effect is being studied.	21
5208136148	Confounding Variable	A factor other than the independent variable that might produce an effect in an experiment.	22
5208136149	Dependent Variable	The outcome factor; the variable that may change in response to manipulations of the independent variable.	23
5208136150	Mode	The most frequently occurring score(s) in a distribution.	24
5208136151	Mean	The arithmetic average of a distribution, obtained by adding the scores and then dividing by the number of scores.	25
5208136152	Median	The middle score in a distribution; half the scores are above it and half are below it.	26
5208136153	Range	The difference between the highest and lowest scores in a distribution.	27
5208136154	Standard Deviation	A computed measure of how much scores vary around the mean score.	28
5208136155	Normal Curve	A symmetrical, bell-shape that describes the distribution of many types of data; most scores fall near the mean (68 percent fall within one standard deviation of it) and fewer and fewer near the extremes.	29
5208136156	Statistical Significance	A statistical statement of how likely it is that an obtained result occurred by chance.	30
5208136157	Culture	The enduring behaviors, ideas, attitudes, values and traditions shared by a group of people and transmitted from one generation to the next.	31
5208136158	Informed Consent	An ethical principle that research participants be told enough to enable them to choose whether they wish to participate.	32
5208136159	Debriefing	The post-experimental explanation of a study, including its purpose and any deceptions, to its participants.	33

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AP Psychology - Development Psychology Flashcards

Advanced Placement Psychology

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5889428993	Developmental Psychology	a branch of psychology that studies physical, cognitive, and social change throughout the life span.	0
5889428994	Zygote	the fertilized egg; it enters a 2-week period of rapid cell division and develops into an embryo.	1
5889428995	Embryo	the developing human organism from about 2 weeks after fertilization through the second month.	2
5889428996	Fetus	the developing human organism from 9 weeks after conception to birth.	3
5889428997	Teratogens	agents, such as chemicals and viruses, that can reach the embryo or fetus during prenatal development and cause harm.	4
5889428998	Fetal Alcohol Syndrome (FAS)	physical and cognitive abnormalities in children caused by a pregnant woman's heavy drinking. In severe cases, symptoms include noticeable facial misproportions.	5
5889428999	Habituation	decreasing responsiveness with repeated stimulation. As infants gain familiarity with repeated exposure to a visual stimulus, their interest wanes and they look away sooner.	6
5889429000	Maturation	biological growth processes that enable orderly changes in behavior, relatively uninfluenced by experience.	7
5889429001	Cognition	all the mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, remembering, and communicating.	8
5889429002	Schema	a concept or framework that organizes and interprets information.	9
5889429003	Assimilation	interpreting our new experience in terms of our existing schemas.	10
5889429004	Accommodation	Development - adapting our current understandings (schemas) to incorporate new information.	11
5889429005	Sensorimotor Stage	in Piaget's theory, the stage (from birth to about 2 years of age) during which infants know the world mostly in terms of their sensory impressions and motor activities.	12
5889429006	Object Permanence	the awareness that things continue to exist even when not perceived.	13
5889429007	Preoperational Stage	in Piaget's theory, the stage (from 2 to about 6 or 7 years of age) during which a child learns to use language but does not yet comprehend the mental operations of concrete logic.	14
5889429008	Conservation	the principle (which Piaget believed to be a part of concrete operational reasoning) that properties such as mass, volume, and number remain the same despite changes in the forms of objects.	15
5889429009	Egocentrism	in Piaget's theory, the preoperational child's difficulty taking another's point of view.	16
5889429010	Theory of Mind	people's ideas about their own and others' mental states—about their feelings, perceptions, and thoughts, and the behaviors these might predict.	17
5889429011	Concrete Operational Stage	in Piaget's theory, the stage of cognitive development (from about 6 or 7 to 11 years of age) during which children gain the mental operations that enable them to think logically about concrete events.	18
5889429012	Formal Operational Stage	in Piaget's theory, the stage of cognitive development (normally beginning about age 12) during which people begin to think logically about abstract concepts.	19
5889429013	Autism	a disorder that appears in childhood and is marked by deficient communication, social interaction, and understanding of others' states of mind.	20
5889429014	Stranger Anxiety	the fear of strangers that infants commonly display, beginning by about 8 months of age.	21
5889429015	Attachment	an emotional tie with another person; shown in young children by their seeking closeness to the caregiver and showing distress on separation.	22
5889429016	Critical Period	an optimal period shortly after birth when an organism's exposure to certain stimuli or experiences produces proper development.	23
5889429017	Imprinting	the process by which certain animals form attachments during a critical period very early in life.	24
5889429018	Temperament	a person's characteristic emotional reactivity and intensity.	25
5889429019	Basic Trust	according to Erik Erikson, a sense that the world is predictable and trustworthy; said to be formed during infancy by appropriate experiences with responsive caregivers.	26
5889429020	Self-Concept	all our thoughts and feelings about ourselves, in answer to the question, "Who am I?"	27
5889429021	Gender	in psychology, the biologically and socially influenced characteristics by which people define male and female.	28
5889429022	Aggression	physical or verbal behavior intended to hurt someone.	29
5889429023	X Chromosome	the sex chromosome found in both men and women. Females have two of these; males have one. One chromosome from each parent produces a female child.	30
5889429024	Y Chromosome	the sex chromosome found only in males. When paired with an X chromosome from the mother, it produces a male child.	31
5889429025	Testosterone	the most important of the male sex hormones. Both males and females have it, but the additional levels in males stimulates the growth of the male sex organs in the fetus and the development of the male sex characteristics during puberty.	32
5889429026	Role	a set of expectations (norms) about a social position, defining how those in the position ought to behave.	33
5889429027	Gender Role	a set of expected behaviors for males or for females.	34
5889429028	Gender Identity	our sense of being male or female.	35
5889429029	Gender Typing	the acquisition of a traditional masculine or feminine role.	36
5889429030	Social Learning Theory	the theory that we learn social behavior by observing and imitating and by being rewarded or punished.	37
5889429031	Adolescence	the transition period from childhood to adulthood, extending from puberty to independence.	38
5889429032	Puberty	the period of sexual maturation, during which a person becomes capable of reproducing.	39
5889429033	Primary Sex Characteristics	the body structures (ovaries, testes, and external genitalia) that make sexual reproduction possible.	40
5889429034	Secondary Sex Characteristics	nonreproductive sexual characteristics, such as female breasts and hips, male voice quality, and body hair.	41
5889429035	Menarche	the first menstrual period.	42
5889429036	Identity	our sense of self; according to Erikson, the adolescent's task is to solidify a sense of self by testing and integrating various roles.	43
5889429037	Social Identity	the "we" aspect of our self-concept; the part of our answer to "Who am I?" that comes from our group memberships.	44
5889429038	Intimacy	in Erikson's theory, the ability to form close, loving relationships; a primary developmental task in late adolescence and early adulthood.	45
5889429039	Emerging Adulthood	for some people in modern cultures, a period from the late teens to mid-twenties, bridging the gap between adolescent dependence and full independence and responsible adulthood.	46
5889429040	Menopause	the time of natural cessation of menstruation; also refers to the biological changes a woman experiences as her ability to reproduce declines.	47
5889429041	Cross-Sectional Study	a study in which people of different ages are compared with one another.	48
5889429042	Longitudinal Study	research in which the same people are restudied and retested over a long period.	49
5889429043	Crystallized Intelligence	our accumulated knowledge and verbal skills; tends to increase with age.	50
5889429044	Fluid Intelligence	our ability to reason speedily and abstractly; tends to decrease during late adulthood.	51
5889429045	Social Clock	the culturally preferred timing of social events such as marriage, parenthood, and retirement.	52

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AP Spanish-idioms #5 Flashcards

Idioms w/dar

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6598397278	dar a	to face	0
6598397279	dar a luz un niño	to give birth	1
6598397280	dar asco	to disgust	2
6598397281	dar calabazas	to jilt; to flunk	3
6598397282	dar carta blanca a uno	to give someone a free hand	4
6598397283	dar cuerda a	to wind	5
6598397284	dar con	to find; run into	6
6598397285	dar de comer	to feed	7
6598397286	dar de beber	to give a drink to	8
6598397287	dar el golpe de gracia	to finish someone off	9
6598397288	dar gritos	to shout	10
6598397289	dar guerra	to cause, make trouble	11
6598397290	dar la hora	to strike the hour	12
6598397291	dar la lata	to make a nuisance of oneself	13
6598397292	dar las gracias	to thank	14
6598397293	dar por sentado	to take for granted; regard as settled	15
6598397294	dar rienda suelta a	to give free rein to	16
6598397295	dar un abrazo	to hug, embrace	17
6598397296	dar un paseo	to take a walk, ride	18
6598397297	dar una vuelta	to take a walk, ride	19
6598397298	dar vueltas a algo	to think something over, thoroughly examine	20
6598397299	darse cuenta de	to realize	21
6598397300	darse la mano	to shake hands	22
6598397301	darse por vencido	to give up	23
6598397302	darse prisa	to hurry	24

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AP WORLD - 600-1450 Flashcards

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5537727979	Silk Road	An ancient trade route between China and the Mediterranean Sea extending some 6,440 km (4,000 mi) and linking China with the Roman Empire. Marco Polo followed the route on his journey to Cathay.	0
5537727980	Tang Dynasty	(618-907 CE) The Chinese dynasty that was much like the Han, who used Confucianism. This dynasty had the equal-field system, a bureaucracy based on merit, and a Confucian education system.	1
5537727981	Empress Wu	the only woman to rule China in her own name, expanded the empire and supported Buddhism during the Tang Dynasty.	2
5537727982	Buddhism	A religion founded in India by Siddhartha Gautama which teaches that the most important thing in life is to reach peace by ending suffering.	3
5537727983	Song Dynasty	During this Chinese dynasty (960 - 1279 AD) China saw many important inventions. There was a magnetic compass; had a navy; traded with india and persia (brought pepper and cotton); paper money, gun powder; landscape black and white paintings	4
5537727984	tribute system	A system in which defeated peoples were forced to pay a tax in the form of goods and labor. This forced transfer of food, cloth, and other goods subsidized the development of large cities. An important component of the Aztec and Inca economies.	5
5537727985	Song economic revolution	A major economic quickening that took place in China (960-1279 CE); marked by rapid population growth, urbanization, economic specialization, the development of an immense network of internal waterways, and a great increase in industrial production and innovation	6
5537727986	Hangzhou	Capital of later Song dynasty; located near East China Sea; permitted overseas trading; population exceeded 1 million.	7
5537727987	magnetic compass	Chinese invention that aided navigation by showing which direction was north	8
5537727988	foot-binding	painful process of wrapping Chinese girls' feet to make them very small	9
5537727989	Allah	Arabic word for God	10
5537727990	Muhammad	Arab prophet; founder of religion of Islam.	11
5537727991	Mecca	City in western Arabia; birthplace of the Prophet Muhammad, and ritual center of the Islamic religion.	12
5537727992	Quran	The holy book of Islam	13
5537727993	Umayyad clan	great Muslim dynasty to rule the empire of the Caliphate (661-750 ce), sometimes referred to as the Arab kingdom	14
5537727994	Abbasid clan	overthrew Umayyad in 750, moved capital from Damascus to Baghdad.	15
5537727995	Eastern Roman Empire	aka... the Byzantine Empire	16
5537727996	Justinian's Code	An organized collection and explanation of roman laws for use by the byzantine empire	17
5537727997	Eastern Orthodox Church	The eastern portion of the Catholic church after the great schism	18
5537727998	Charlemagne	King of the Franks (r. 768-814); emperor (r. 800-814). Through a series of military conquests he established the Carolingian Empire, which encompassed all of Gaul and parts of Germany and Italy.	19
5537727999	feudal system	A political and social system based on the granting of land in exchange for loyalty, military assistance, and other services	20
5537728000	manor	A large estate, often including farms and a village, ruled by a lord.	21
5537728001	serfs	A person who lived on and farmed a lords land in feudal times	22
5537728002	shogun	Supreme military commander in Japan	23
5537728003	daimyo	A Japanese feudal lord who commanded a private army of samurai	24
5537728004	Zen Buddhism	a Buddhist sect that emphasizes enlightenment through meditation and stresses simplicity and discipline	25
5537728005	Vikings	Invaders of Europe that came from Scandinavia	26
5537728006	Tale of Genji	thought of the first full-length novel in the world, one of Japan's greatest novels, written by Lady Murasake Shikibu.	27
5537728007	Shinto	"Way of the Kami"; Japanese worship of nature spirits	28
5537728008	Asian steppes	sparse, dry treeless grassland	29
5537728009	Seljuk Turks	the invasion of the Byzantine Empire by these people led to the Crusades in 1000 AD	30
5537728010	Delhi Sultanate	The first Islamic government established within India from 1206-1520. Controlled a small area of northern India and was centered in Delhi.	31
5537728011	Genghis Khan	Founder of the Mongol Empire.	32
5537728012	Kublai Khan	(1215-1294) Grandson of Genghis Khan and founder of the Mongol Yuan Dynasty in China.	33
5537728013	Mamluks	Muslim slave warriors; established a dynasty in Egypt; defeated the Mongols halted their advance	34
5537728014	Ghana Empire	West African state that supplied the majority of the world's gold and salt from 500 CE-1400's	35
5537728015	trans-Saharan trade	trade between peoples north and south of the Sahara	36
5537728016	Islam	A religion based on the teachings of the prophet Mohammed which stresses belief in one god (Allah), Paradise and Hell, and a body of law written in the Quran. Followers are called Muslims.	37
5537728017	Sundiata	the founder of Mali empire. He crushed his enemies and won control of the gold trade routes	38
5537728018	Mansa Musa	Emperor of the kingdom of Mali in Africa. He made a famous pilgrimage to Mecca and established trade routes to the Middle East.	39
5537728019	Swahili	A Bantu language with arabic words, spoken along the east african coast	40
5537728020	Pope Urban II	Leader of the Roman Catholic Church who asked European Christians to take up arms against Muslims, starting the Crusades	41
5537728021	Theravada	This school of Buddhism is very strict and conservative. Followers are known as monks	42
5537728022	Mahayana	one of two great schools of Buddhist doctrine emphasizing a common search for universal salvation especially through faith alone	43
5537728023	Nestorian	Taught that Christ exists as two persons - the man Jesus and the divine Son	44
5537728024	Sufis	a mystical Muslim group that believed they could draw closer to God through prayer, fasting, and a simple life	45
5537728025	Ibn Battuta	Moroccan Muslim scholar, the most widely traveled individual of his time. He wrote a detailed account of his visits to Islamic lands from China to Spain and the western Sudan.	46
5537728026	Zheng He	Chinese admiral during the Ming Dynasty, he led great voyages that spread China's fame throughout Asia	47
5537728027	Black Plague	Diseases from fleas carried by rats. Killed 25 million people in Europe alone	48
5537728028	Anti-Semitism	Prejudice against Jews	49
5537728029	civil service exam	In China, it was an exam based on Confucian teachings that was used to select people for various government service jobs in the bureaucracy.	50
5537728030	neo-confucianism	a philosophy that emerged in Song-dynasty China; it revived Confucian thinking while adding in Buddhist and Daoist elements	51
5537728031	Jesuits	Also known as the Society of Jesus; founded by Ignatius Loyola (1491-1556) as a teaching and missionary order to resist the spread of Protestantism.	52
5537728032	Aztec	A Mesoamerican civilization of Mexico who created a strong empire that flourished between the 14th and 15th century. The arrival of Hernando Cortez and the Spanish Conquistadores ended their empire.	53
5537728033	Mayans	1500 B.C. to 900 A.D. This is the most advanced civilization of the time in the Western Hempishere. Famous for its awe-inspiring temples, pyramids and cities. A complex social and political order.	54

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AP Lit Terms #2 Flashcards

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5236528372	Indirect characterization	The author reveals to the reader what the character is like by the way he/she looks, dresses, speaks, & thinks. Also, by how other characters respond to them.	0
5236575784	Direct characterization	The author tells us directly what a character is like ( ex.: sneaky, mean, etc...)	1
5236599250	Static character	A character who doesn't change much.	2
5236606437	Dynamic character	A character who changes in some important way.	3
5236612010	Flat character	A character with only 1 or 2 personality traits.	4
5236617112	Round character	A complex character (has more dimensions to his/her personality.	5
5236805182	Chiasmus	In poetry, a rhetorical balance such as, "Flowers are lovely, love is flowerlike."	6
5236907567	Cliche'	An overused word or phrase.	7
5236912212	Colloquialism	Every day words or phrases which are considered informal & inappropriate for formal writing.	8
5236919607	Comedy	A story that ends with a happy resolution of the conflicts faced by the characters.	9
5236930126	Conceit	An elaborate, extended metaphor.	10
5236939348	Confessional poetry	Poetry that uses intimate material from the poet's life.	11
5236945201	Conflict	The struggle between opposing forces or characters in a story.	12
5236951283	External conflict	Conflicts between 2 people or man vs. nature or man vs. society.	13
5236961195	Internal conflict	Conflict within a person's mind (man vs. himself).	14
5236967448	Connotation	Associations & emotional overtone attached to a word or phrase.	15
5236975272	Couplet	2 consecutive rhyming lines of poetry.	16
5236985264	Dialect	A way of speaking that has become associated with a certain social group.	17
5236994174	Diction	A speaker or writer's choice of words.	18
5237001648	Didactic	A form of fiction or non-fiction that teaches a specific lesson or moral.	19

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List 5 AP November Flashcards

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5562302687	reverent	feeling or showing profound respect	0
5562302688	sanguine	confidently optimistic or cheerful	1
5562305937	saturnine	bitter or scornful	2
5562309175	somber	grave or even gloomy in character	3
5562314329	supercilious	having or showing arrogant superiority to	4
5562317138	unctuous	unpleasantly and excessively suave or ingratiating	5
5562317139	undermine	weaken or impair, especially gradually	6
5562320358	unprecedented	novel or new; having no earlier occurence	7
5562320359	vehement	marked by extreme intensity of emotions or convictions	8
5562320360	vexed	troubled persistently especially with petty annoyances.	9
5562323176	vituperative	marked by harshly abusive criticism	10
5562323177	wistful	showing pensive sadness	11
5562324752	zealous	marked by active interest and enthusiasm	12
5562324753	zeitgeist	the defining spirit or mood of a particular period of history as shown by the ideas and beliefs of the time	13
5562324754	zephyr	a soft gentle breeze	14