| 6676294897 | Where is energy stored in glucose, starch, fat, etc | In the chemical bonds
-cells release energy when bonds are broken | | 0 |
| 6676303055 | bioenergetics | the study of how cells obtain, store and release energy | | 1 |
| 6676324478 | what happens to energy when bonds are formed | energy is used | | 2 |
| 6676328108 | what happens to energy when bonds are broken | energy is released
-but it takes energy to break the bonds | | 3 |
| 6676334115 | enzymes | -protein molecules that catalyze chemical reactions to speed up chemical reactions
-decrease the amount of energy the cell needs to expend | | 4 |
| 6676343003 | organic catalysts | -enzymes
-they speed up the rate of a reaction without altering the reaction itself | | 5 |
| 6676350370 | do enzymes change during the reactions they catalyze | no | | 6 |
| 6676350371 | exergonic reactions | -energy is released
-the products have more energy than the reactants | | 7 |
| 6676511077 | endergonic reaction | -require an input of energy
-products have more energy than reactants | | 8 |
| 6676523871 | activation energy | -the energy barrier
-the amount of energy required to get a reaction started |  | 9 |
| 6676535441 | do exergonic reactions require activation energy? | yes | | 10 |
| 6676766588 | what does it mean to catalyze a reaction | -to activatae a reaction and to lower the activation energy of a reaction, enabling the reaction to occur much faster than it would in the absence of a catalyst | | 11 |
| 6676776311 | enzyme specificity | -each enzyme only catalyzes one type of reaction
-shape determines function
-enzymes are named after the molecules they target | | 12 |
| 6676783673 | substrates | the molecules that are catalyzed by an enzyme | | 13 |
| 6676790119 | what does the suffix -ase mean | usually means enzyme | | 14 |
| 6676795757 | active site | the region on an enzyme where the substrates are brought together | | 15 |
| 6676798935 | enzyme-substrate complex | the structure formed by an enzyme and its substrates binded to the active site | | 16 |
| 6676809967 | what is the outcome of an enzyme-catalyzed reaction called | product | | 17 |
| 6676814824 | what happens to the enzyme when the substrate is released | it's ready for another substrate | | 18 |
| 6676823115 | are enzymes affected in any way by the reactions they catalyze | no | | 19 |
| 6676824997 | do enzymes change the reactions they catalyze | no | | 20 |
| 6676829940 | do enzymes make reactions occur that would otherwise not occur at all? | no
-just speed them up | | 21 |
| 6676829941 | induced fit | -enzyme has to slightly change its shape to accommodate the shape of the substrates'
-snug fit | | 22 |
| 6676856835 | coenzymes | factors that help enzymes in catalyzing a reaction
-they accept electrons and pass them along to another substrate
-ex. NAD+ and NADP+ | | 23 |
| 6677003958 | cofactors | inorganic elements that help catalyze reactions
-usually metal ions (Fe 2+) | | 24 |
| 6677696506 | what is an important cofactor of hemoglobin | Fe 2+ because it is important for binding with oxygen in bloodstream | | 25 |
| 6677705212 | three factors that can affect enzyme reaction rates | -pH
-temp
-relative amounts of enzyme and substrate | | 26 |
| 6677714334 | why does an increase in temperature usually increase the rate of a reaction | becuase up to a point, an increase in temp increases the chance of collisions among molecules | | 27 |
| 6677720766 | what can happen if an enzyme is exposed to too much heat | the heat can damage the enzyme
-the enzyme loses its 3d shape and becomes inactive | | 28 |
| 6677723250 | denature | -when an enzyme loses its shape and therefore its function | | 29 |
| 6677730531 | ideal temp | all enzymes operate at an ideal temperature | | 30 |
| 6677740429 | check the equation for Q10 on pg 135 | | | 31 |
| 6677743047 | what is the optimal pH for most enzymes | at or near 7 | | 32 |
| 6677746960 | what regulates the activity of enzymes | the cell can control enzymatic activity | | 33 |
| 6677749377 | how o cells regulate enzymatic activity | by regulating the conditions that influence the shape of the enzyme | | 34 |
| 6677750951 | allosteric site | a region of the enzyme other than the active site to which a substance can bind
-allosteric regulators can eithether inhibit or activate enzymes by binding to the allosteric site | | 35 |
| 6677753652 | two types of allosteric regulators | -allosteric inhibitor
-allosteric activator | | 36 |
| 6677765822 | allosteric inhibitor | -binds to an allosteric site and keeps the enzyme in its inactive form | | 37 |
| 6677769137 | allosteric activator | binds to an enzyme and induces its active form | | 38 |
| 6677772438 | feedback inhibition | the formation of an endproduct inhibits an earlier reaction in the sequence | | 39 |
| 6677778926 | how do allosteric enzymes relate to feedback inhibition | -when there is excess product, the allosteric inhibitor will inactivate the enzyme that produces that product | | 40 |
| 6677790190 | competitive inhiition | -when chemical substances that fit into the active site of an enzyme compete with the substrate and effectively inactivate the enzyme
-structurally similar to the normal substrate | | 41 |
| 6678479746 | noncompetetive inhibition | -the inhibitor binds with the enzyme at a site OTHER than the active site and inactivates the enzyme by altering its shape
-prevents the enzyme from binding witht he substrate at the active site | | 42 |
| 6678487774 | first law of thermodynamics (fundamental principle of energy) | energy cannot be created nor destroyed. sum of the energy in the universe is constant | | 43 |
| 6678490589 | second law of thermodynamics | states that energy transfer leads to less organization
-the universe tends toward disorder | | 44 |
| 6678495058 | entropy | disorder | | 45 |
| 6678497520 | Gibbs Free energy | delta G= delta H- TdeltaS | | 46 |
| 6678502302 | enthalpy | the measure of energy in a thermodynamic system | | 47 |
| 6678504285 | favorable reaction | -spontaneous, and negative free energy | | 48 |
| 6678505246 | unfavorable reaction | nonspontaneous, positive free energy | | 49 |
| 6678508645 | what is the gibbs free energy equation used for | to figure out if the reactants of a reaction will stay as they are or be converted to products | | 50 |
| 6678513109 | spontaneous reactions | -occur without a net addition of energy
-have a negative delta G
-occur with energy to spare
-exergonic | | 51 |
| 6678516927 | nonspontaneous reactions | -positive delta G
-require energy to be added
-endergonic | | 52 |
| 6678525362 | what is the source of energy in living things | ATP | | 53 |
| 6678525363 | ATP acronym | adenosine triphosphate | | 54 |
| 6678527398 | structure of ATP | -consists of a molecule of adenosine bonded to three phosphates
-lots of energy packed into the third phosphate bond | | 55 |
| 6678532252 | How does a cell harvest energy from ATP when it needs energy | -it takes a molecule of ATP and splits off the third phosphate, forming adenosine diphosphate, and one loose phosphate, while releasing energy in the process | | 56 |
| 6678539456 | equation of breaking ATP | ATP --> ADP + Pi + energy | | 57 |
| 6678545036 | what are two ways that ATP is produced | 1. cellular respiration
2. photosynthesis | | 58 |
| 6678546137 | photosynthesis | -involves the transformation of solar energy inot chemical energy
-plants take co2 h20, and energy (sunlight) and use them to produce glucose | | 59 |
| 6678550178 | overall reaction of photosynthesis | 6CO2 + 6H20 + sunlight --> C6H12O6 + 6O2 | | 60 |
| 6678555467 | cellular respiration | -performed by all organisms
-ATP is produced through the breakdown of nutrients | | 61 |
| 6678559486 | equation of cellular respiration | C6H12O6 + 6O2 --> 6CO2 + 6H2O + ATP | | 62 |
| 6678566144 | two different forms of cellular respiration | aerobic respiration
anaerobic respiration | | 63 |
| 6678568470 | whats the difference between aerobic and anaerobic respiration | aerobic cellular respiration occurs in the presence of oxygen. anaerobic respiration occurs when oxygen isn't present | | 64 |
| 6678571646 | four stages of aerobic cellular respiration | 1. glycolysis
2. formation of acetyl CoA
3. the Krebs cycle (Citric Acid cycle)
4. oxidative phosphorylation | | 65 |
| 6678575251 | whats another name for the krebs cycle | citric acid cycle | | 66 |
| 6678578789 | Glycolysis | -splitting glucose
-glucose is a six-carbon sugar and it gets broken down into two 3-carbon molecule | | 67 |
| 6678581849 | what are the products of glycolysis | 2 pyruvic acids (3-carbon molecule)
2 NADH | | 68 |
| 6678585837 | how much NET atp is produced during glycolysis | net production of 2 atp | | 69 |
| 6678587747 | equation of glycolysis | glucose + 2ATP +2NAD+ --> 2 Pyruvic acid +4ATP + 2NADH | | 70 |
| 6678592281 | What coenzyme is used in cellular respiration | NADH and NAD+ | | 71 |
| 6678595316 | phosphorylated | means to attatch an inorganic phosphate from ATP, and it gives energy | | 72 |
| 6678597523 | does glycolysis happen in one step | -no
-takes multiple reactions that are each catalyzed by a different enzyme
-ATP is required to phosphorylate glucose
-NADH is used to transfer electrons | | 73 |
| 6678628027 | how is NADH produced in glycolysis | -the transfer of H+ to the hydrogen carrier NAD+, which becomes NADH
-NADH will be used later to make ATP | | 74 |
| 6678631420 | where does glycolysis occur | -in hte cytoplasm of hte cell | | 75 |
| 6678635000 | what are the cell's two options in cellular respiration after glycolysis is completed | -it can continue anaerobic cellular respiration
-or it can switch to aerobic cellular respiration | | 76 |
| 6678637329 | is glycolysis aerobic or anaerobic | anaerobic bc no oxygen required | | 77 |
| 6678653918 | membrane of the mitochondria | has a double membrane with intermembrane space | | 78 |
| 6678645350 | where does cellular respiration occur after glycolysis | in the mitochondria | | 79 |
| 6678646915 | mitochondria matrix | inner part of the inner membrane | | 80 |
| 6678650628 | inner mitochondrial membrane | the inside membrane of the mitochondria | | 81 |
| 6678656592 | cristae | the folds of the inner membrane | | 82 |
| 6681843794 | outer membranne | the outer membrane of the mitochondria | | 83 |
| 6681849848 | formation of acetyl CoA | When oxygen is present, pyruvic acid is transported to the mitochondrion, each pyruvic acid is converted to acetyl coenzyme A and CO2 is released | | 84 |
| 6681864033 | acetyl coenzyme A | a two carbon molecule that is produced form pyruvic acid | | 85 |
| 6681883948 | equation of the formation of acetyl coA | 2pyruvic acid + 2 Coenzyme A + 2NAD+ --> 2 Acetyl CoA + 2CO2 + 2NADH | | 86 |
| 6681898993 | transformation of carbon molecules from glycolysis to formation of acetyl coA | -one 6-carbon molecule (glucose)
- two 3-carbon molecules (pyruvic acid)
-two 3-carbon molecules + 2 CO2 | | 87 |
| 6681919951 | where do the two extra carbons from pyruvic acid go when acetyl coA is formed | they leave the cell in the form of CO2 | | 88 |
| 6681922564 | Krebs cycle | aka the citric acid cycle
-each of the two acetyl coA molecules enter the Krebs cycle, one at a time, and all the carbons ultimately are converted to CO2 | | 89 |
| 6681929185 | where does the Krebs cycle occur | in the matrix of the mitochondria | | 90 |
| 6681953783 | first step of the Krebs cycle | -each molecule of acetyl CoA combines with oxaloacetate to form a 6-carbon molecule, citric acid | | 91 |
| 6681960735 | how is citric acid formed | -acetyl coA combines with oxaloacetate | | 92 |
| 6681964075 | oxaloacetate | a four carbon molecule
-combines with acetyl CoA to form citric acid at the beginning of the Krebs cycle
-first molecule of the krebs cycle | | 93 |
| 6681993133 | after the formation of citric acid, how many carbons have to be lost to keep the cycle going | 2 carbons, because the cycle starts with oxaloacetate, a 4-carbon molecule, and citric acid is a 6-carbon molecule | | 94 |
| 6682013945 | how are carbons released during the citric acid cycle | as CO2 | | 95 |
| 6682018644 | what is produced at each turn of the citric acid cycle | - 1 ATP
- 3 NADH
- 1 FADH2 | | 96 |
| 6682028234 | how many cycles of the krebs cycle occur for each glucose molecule in cellular respiration | 2, becuase the krebs cycle starts with two acetyl coA molecules | | 97 |
| 6682041747 | How many total ATP are made during the krebs cycle from one glucose, how many ATP are made from one glucose by the Krebs cycle (aslo glycolysis) | - 2 during krebs cycle
- 4 total in krebs + glycolysis | | 98 |
| 6682048337 | oxidative phosphorylation | -electrons are transferred from electron carriers to oxygen, resulting in ATP synthesis | | 99 |
| 6682053133 | electron carriers | -NAD+ and FAD
-they carry electrons from different stages of cellular respiration
-also called hydrogen carriers | | 100 |
| 6682066395 | electron transport chain | -energy-rich electrons are taken from the hydrogen carriers to the electron transport chain via electron carriers
-hydrogen atoms are split into hydrogen ions and electrons | | 101 |
| 6682128532 | how many loaded electron carriers have been produced during krebs, formation of acetyl coA, and glycolysis | - 2 NADH from glycolysis
- 2 NADH from production of acetyl CoA
-6 NADH from the Krebs cycle
-2 FADH2 from the Krebs cycle
=12 | | 102 |
| 6682152596 | what happens to the hydrogens and electrons from the electron carriers in the electron transport chain | -hydrogen atoms are split into hydrogen ions and electrons | | 103 |
| 6682157551 | equation of splitting hydrogen atoms during electron transport chain | H2 --> 2H+ + 2e- | | 104 |
| 6682165502 | what is the electron transport chain made of | a series of protein carrier molecules that are embedded in the cristae and the the inner membrane of hte mitochondria | | 105 |
| 6682170731 | where does the electron transport chain occur | in the cristae and inner membrane of the mitochondria | | 106 |
| 6682174503 | cytochromes | -iron-containing carrier molecules in the electron transport chain | | 107 |
| 6682192657 | what happens to electrons as they travel down the electron transport chain | each carrier molecule hands down electrons to the next molecule in the chain, until the electrons meet the final electron acceptor | | 108 |
| 6682200949 | what is the final electron acceptor in oxidative phosphorylation | oxygen | | 109 |
| 6682204358 | what happens when oxygen combines with electrons from the electron transport chain | -oxygen , electorns, and some hydrogens combine to form WATER | | 110 |
| 6682213726 | what is the final product of the electron transport chain (before chemiosmosis) | water | | 111 |
| 6682215993 | chemiosmosis | happens at the same time that electrons go through the electron transport chain | | 112 |
| 6682239308 | what happens to the split Hydrogen ions that split from the electrons | -some of the energy from the electron transport chain is used to pump H+ ions across the inner mitochondrial membrane to the intermembrane space | | 113 |
| 6682247891 | pH gradient in chemiosmosis (aka) | -the pumpin of hydrogen ions into the intermembrane space creates a pH gradient
-aka proton gradient | | 114 |
| 6682268328 | where are the H+ ions when the split from the hydrogen atom | in the intermembrane space | | 115 |
| 6682272730 | where do H+ ions have to go TO to produce ATP | to the matrix, through the inner membrane | | 116 |
| 6682277153 | how is ATP produce by the proton pump | there is proton gradient, and the H+ molecules have to get from the low pH where there is a high H+ gradient in the intermembrane space to thte hight pH, where there is a low H+ concentration in the matrix
-to do this, they have to pass through channels in the innermembrane called ATP synthase | | 117 |
| 6682289625 | ATP synthase | -motor channel proteins in the inner membrane that allow H+ ions to go from the intermembrane space to the matrix
-ADP and Pi are in the matrix (other side from H+), and the flow of protons through ATP synthase produces ATP by combining ADP an dPi on the matrix side of the channel | | 118 |
| 6682305650 | what happens in oxidative phosphorylation | the production of ATP with ATP synthase and the H+ proton gradient | | 119 |
| 6682317375 | how many ATPs does each NADH yeild | -each NADH produces 3 ATP
-except the NADH from glycolysis only makes 2 ATP | | 120 |
| 6682323636 | how many ATP does each FADH2 produce | 2 ATP | | 121 |
| 6682328179 | what is the total number of ATP produced during oxidative phosphorylation and chemiosmosis | 32 | | 122 |
| 6682328180 | what is the overall net production of ATP during aerobic cellular respiration | 38 ATP | | 123 |
| 6682358187 | what happens if organisms dont have oxygen to do aerobic cellular respiration | they undergo anaerobic cellular resperation | | 124 |
| 6682364978 | why cant organisms undergo aerobic cellular respiration if there's no oxygen | because oxygen is required to be the final electron acceptor | | 125 |
| 6682371493 | how do anaerobic organisms get energy | -they can undergo glycolysis (make 2 ATP's)
-but instead of doing the Krebs cycle, electron transport chain, and oxidative phosphorylation, they do fermenttion | | 126 |
| 6682401728 | fermentation | pyruvic acid is converted to either lactic acid or ethyl alcohol and co2 | | 127 |
