AP World Final Review Flashcards
This took me hours but I hope it helps you, and many others pass this AP World final. There's a lot, yes, but in the end it can prove itself worth it for the AP Exam as well (that way you don't have to pay 20 bucks for a 1,000 term one!)
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| 5698251480 | What were early humans known for being? | Hunters and gatherers, moved around a lot (nomadic). | 0 | |
| 5698264916 | What revolution had the development of farming? | The Neolithic Revolution. | 1 | |
| 5698294220 | What was the cause of job specializations in 8000 BCE? | Due to farming, animal breeding, settlements, stability, and food surplus. | 2 | |
| 5698312553 | What was part of the craft industry? | Pottery, metallurgy, textiles. | 3 | |
| 5698320072 | What's the early beginnings of metal? | Copper was the earliest, lead to bronze (tin and copper, 3000 BCE), and iron. Carbon came around 1000 BCE. | 4 | |
| 5698335016 | When did civilizations start to develop? | 3500 BCE, which led to population growth and cities. | 5 | |
| 5698362282 | What did early civilizations, overtime, have? | Organized governments, complex religions, social structures, writing, job specialization, and marketplaces. | 6 | |
| 5698371105 | Where were early civilizations developed? | Along rivers. | 7 | |
| 5698378814 | Which classical civilizations considered organization to a high level? | Greece, Rome, China, and India. | 8 | |
| 5698382336 | What caused collapses for early civilizations? | Internal - Corrupt government, high taxes, poor leaders External - Famine, over extensions | 9 | |
| 5698410714 | For classical civilizations, what order was the recovery rate for each civilization? | China (quickest), India, and Rome (most severe). | 10 | |
| 5698416172 | Where was Mesopotamia? | Tigris and Euphrates river, fertile crescent. | 11 | |
| 5698423392 | What was the first civilization? | Sumer (3500 BCE). | 12 | |
| 5698426270 | What did Sumer use first? | The wheel. | 13 | |
| 5698430588 | What were Sumerian temples called? | Ziggurats. | 14 | |
| 5698433979 | What writing system did Sumerians use? | Cuneiform. | 15 | |
| 5698446442 | In Sumer, who ruled their city states? What was their social class system? | Kings ruled. Then, priests, commoners, and slaves were below. | 16 | |
| 5698451910 | What currency did Sumerians use? | Silver. | 17 | |
| 5698451911 | What did Sumerians contribute to history? | Calendar and astronomy. | 18 | |
| 5698464779 | What code did Babylonians contribute? | Hammurabi's Code 1st written law: eye for an eye. | 19 | |
| 5698471159 | Where were early Egyptian's located? | Along the Nile River. | 20 | |
| 5698475516 | What were Egyptian rulers called? | Pharaohs, or god-like kings. | 21 | |
| 5698482054 | What were tombs in early Egyptian civilizations? | Tombs. | 22 | |
| 5698484686 | What was mummification? | The preservation of human or animal remains, a common practice for Egyptian rituals. | 23 | |
| 5698505582 | How did the Egyptian calendar contribute to history? | The Egyptian calendar is similar to our modern calendars, 12 months with 30 day incriments, following up with about 365 days in their years. | 24 | |
| 5698527607 | What are hieroglyphics? | Ancient Egyptian writings made up of stylized pictures of an object representing a word, syllable, or sound. | 25 | |
| 5698547476 | When did the Phoenicians reign? | 1300 BCE. | 26 | |
| 5698556563 | What was the language of Phoenicians? | Simplified alphabet, predecessor to Greek and Latin. | 27 | |
| 5698617516 | What nomadic group moved from Mesopotamia to Palestine? | Early Judaism followers. | 28 | |
| 5698644902 | What religion from 2000 BCE follows a monotheistic belief? | Judaism. | 29 | |
| 5698647818 | What religion had a "covenant" with God? | Judaism. | 30 | |
| 5698650273 | What did the ten commandments emphasize? | Living a moral life. | 31 | |
| 5698653362 | When did the Romans drive out Jewish settlers? | The Diaspora, 135 CE. | 32 | |
| 5698655413 | What is the Torah? | The law of God as revealed to Moses and recorded in the first give books of the Hebrew scriptures. | 33 | |
| 5698674445 | Origins of Jesus? | He was Jewish, born in Judea. | 34 | |
| 5698676631 | What did Jesus preach? | He preached the Kingdom of God at hand. | 35 | |
| 5698686278 | What is Christian teachings derived from? | Jewish teachings. | 36 | |
| 5698704592 | What did the Old Testament teach? | Equality of souls came before God, and emphasized eternal life. | 37 | |
| 5698709633 | According to the bible, who crucified Jesus? | Romans in 30 CE. | 38 | |
| 5698735760 | How was Christianity spread? | Apostle Paul. | 39 | |
| 5698738033 | Where was the Shang Dynasty? | Along the Huang He (Yellow) River in China. | 40 | |
| 5698758909 | What writing system was used during the Shang Dynasty (1500 BCE)? | Oracle bones, developed ideographic symbols, or pictograph writing. | 41 | |
| 5714007238 | True or False: The Zhou Dynasty was considered a "long lasting" dynasty. | True! | 42 | |
| 5714013741 | Where did the Zhou emperor received power from? | The Mandate of Heaven. | 43 | |
| 5714017476 | Where did the Zhou Dynasty expand to? | The Middle Kingdom, between the Huanghe and Yangtze rivers. | 44 | |
| 5714042898 | True or False: The Zhou dynasty had a strong central government. | False, the dynasty's government was not powerful. | 45 | |
| 5714051480 | Who was Confucius? | A philosopher who wanting to bring order to end warring states. | 46 | |
| 5714071802 | What did Confucianism entail for "order to warring states"? | 1. Ren (appropriate feelings) 2. Li (correct actions) 3. Filial piety (respect for parents, elders, need to know proper role and relationship to others) | 47 | |
| 5714099927 | What were five key Confucian relationships? | Ruler-subject, father-son, husband-wife, older brother-younger brother, friend-friend. | 48 | |
| 5714115651 | Who was the founder of Daoism (Taoism)? | Laozi, the founder of "School of Thought". | 49 | |
| 5714131987 | What was the main belief in Daoism? | Humans should coexist in harmony; a way of nature. | 50 | |
| 5714161888 | Which concept were Daoists taught? | Act by not acting -Wu Wei | 51 | |
| 5714190875 | Which of the following did Daoists believe in regards to war? a. War is the best method for harmony. b. War should never be used. c. Defensive tactics are important, shouldn't involve war. d. War can only be used for defensive purposes. | D! | 52 | |
| 5714195048 | Who was the first emperor of the Qin dynasty? | Shi Huangdi. | 53 | |
| 5714199240 | True or False: Shi Huangdi was known for being extremely brutal. | True. | 54 | |
| 5714250682 | What did Shi Huangdi help with in early Chinese civilization history? | He brought order after the Era of Warring States. | 55 | |
| 5714256786 | Which Chinese emperor started the Great Wall? | Shi Huangdi. | 56 | |
| 5714276098 | Which Chinese emperor built the Terracotta army? | Shi Huangdi. | 57 | |
| 5714280909 | Which Chinese emperor used Legalism to teach his people? | Shi Huangdi | 58 | |
| 5714308332 | What did Shi Huangdi enforce for a better society? | Strict laws, punishment to behave, strong central government, an absolute leader, and heavy taxes. | 59 | |
| 5714339544 | Which rule did the Han dynasty retain? | Imperial rule. | 60 | |
| 5714361225 | Which important Chinese emperor built roads and started civil service exams based on Confucianism? | Wu Di (Wu Ti). | 61 | |
| 5714368334 | Which dynasty started the flourish for the silk road? | The Han Dynasty. | 62 | |
| 5714386229 | True or False: the Han dynasty was a patriarchal society. | True. | 63 | |
| 5714396421 | What inventions were created during the Han dynasty? | Wheel barrow, watermills, rudder, compass, and paper. | 64 | |
| 5714418155 | When did Polynesian people reach Fiji and Samoa? | 1000 BCE. | 65 | |
| 5714422525 | How did Polynesian people reach Hawaii? | Outrigger canoes. | 66 | |
| 5714427205 | What did Polynesian people bring to Hawaii? | Pigs and a caste system ruled by local kings. | 67 | |
| 5714448347 | What was formed along the Indus river in 2500 BCE? | The River Valley civilization, which supported several large cities including Harrapa and Mohenjo Daro. | 68 | |
| 5714581751 | Were river valley civilizations monotheistic or polytheistic? | Polytheistic - belief in more than one God. | 69 | |
| 5714626101 | Where did Nomadic Aryan migrants enter from? | The north. | 70 | |
| 5714641243 | What did Nomadic Aryans bring to the North? | Hymns, songs, prayers (Vedas). | 71 | |
| 5714650129 | What language were Vedas written in? | Sanskirt. | 72 | |
| 5714653072 | What did the Vedas lead to? | A caste system. 1. Varnas ; Brahmins (priests and scholars) 2. Ksatriyas (rulers and warriors) 3. Vaisyas (merchants) 4. Shudras (servants) 5. The Untouchables. | 73 | |
| 5714680492 | True or False: Hinduism has a founder. | False, no known founder of Hinduism. | 74 | |
| 5714689008 | What do Hindus have to do? | Dharmas, or duties to perform in life. | 75 | |
| 5714695050 | What happens if Hindus perform their Dharma? | Good Karma, allows them to move up level of Samsara in next life because of reincarnation after death. | 76 | |
| 5714702049 | What is reincarnation? | The rebirth after death in Hindu religion. | 77 | |
| 5714713119 | What is the ultimate goal of Hinduism? | Moksha - oneness with the universe. |  | 78 |
| 5714743702 | What are some gods in the Hindu faith? | Brahma (creator) Vishnu (preserver) Shiva (destroyer) | 79 | |
| 5714759364 | Who was the founder of Buddhism? | Siddhartha Gautama. | 80 | |
| 5714770460 | What encouraged Siddhartha Guatama towards enlightenment? | The amount of suffering he saw in everyday life. | 81 | |
| 5714776892 | What are the four noble truths of Buddhism? | 1. All life is suffering. 2. Suffering is caused by desire. 3. There is always a way out of suffering. 4. The way out of suffering is to follow the 8 fold path and live in a righteous manner. | 82 | |
| 5714801263 | What's the goal of Buddhism? | Nirvana, similar to the ultimate goal of Hinduism which is Moksha. | 83 | |
| 5714813521 | True or False: Buddhism thrives on the cycle of rebirth. | False, Buddhism's goal is to reach Nirvana and not worry about the rebirth cycle. | 84 | |
| 5714826698 | What are some beliefs of Buddhism? | You don't need Gods and you will seek enlightenment on your own. | 85 | |
| 5715082413 | What is one thing Buddhism had about their believers that was different from other religions? | There was equality of all believers. | 86 | |
| 5715085894 | Who spread the message of Buddhism? | Missionaries. | 87 | |
| 5715142285 | After Buddha's death, how did the classes split? | Theravada (way of elders) Hinayana (lesser vehicle) Mahayana (greater vehicle) | 88 | |
| 5715345349 | Who founded the Mauryan Empire? | Chanragupta Maurya | 89 | |
| 5715366668 | What did Chanragupta Maurya end? What did he enforce? | A long period of decentralized rule. He enforced regional kingdoms. | 90 | |
| 5715382970 | Who was the most famous Mauryan ruler? | Ashoka, grandson of Chanragupta Maurya. | 91 | |
| 5715391777 | Which religion did Ashoka convert to, then later spread? | Buddhism. | 92 | |
| 5715396874 | What new found kings established the empire named after them? | The Guptas. | 93 | |
| 5715413663 | What did the Guptas do in their new empire? | Left local government intake and reestablished Hinduism. | 94 | |
| 5715434371 | What did the Mauryan and Gupta empires trade through the silk road? | Cotton and pepper. | 95 | |
| 5715437780 | What math systems did the Guptas use? | Algebra, pi, arabic numbers. | 96 | |
| 5715443132 | Who conquered both the Guptas and the Mauryans? | Nomads (white Huns). | 97 | |
| 5715448385 | What was Sub Saharian Africa made up of? | Mostly stateless cities. | 98 | |
| 5715451555 | What was the most important trade corridor on the Nile? | Nubia. | 99 | |
| 5715456340 | What empire battled Egyptians in the upper Nile? | Kush empire. | 100 | |
| 5715461121 | Which kingdom defeated Kush? | Kingdom of Axum, which eventually fell to Ethiopia. | 101 | |
| 5715463447 | What is Bantu? | An important language based group that emerged in the Niger River Basin, then migrated throughout Africa. | 102 | |
| 5715477345 | What were Greek city states called? | Polis. | 103 | |
| 5715480778 | What type of democracy was found in Athens? | A direct democracy. | 104 | |
| 5715492409 | Who had military rule in Greece (1000 BCE)? | Spartans. | 105 | |
| 5715502718 | Due to fighting together during the Persian war and winning, what was formed? | The Delian League, which was an alliance of Greek city-states led by Athens and formed in 478 BCE to liberate eastern Greek cities from Persian rule. | 106 | |
| 5715516035 | What war caused the Delian League to fight against each other? | Peloponnesian War. | 107 | |
| 5715531521 | Who was the king of Macedonia? | King Phillip II. | 108 | |
| 5715539957 | What did King Phillip II's son contribute to Macedonia? | His son, Alexander, set up empire, spread Greek culture (Hellenism), which was polytheistic. | 109 | |
| 5715554408 | What great philosophers emerged from Greece? | Socrates, Plato, and Aristotle. | 110 | |
| 5715559066 | What famous Epic Poem author came from Greece? | Homer, wrote (spoke) the Illiad and the Odyssey. | 111 | |
| 5715573507 | What was the first American civilization? | Olmecs, or the "mother civilization" (1200 - 400 BCE) in Mesoamerica. | 112 | |
| 5715577857 | What was the next society in early American history? | Teotihuacan, near Mexico city. | 113 | |
| 5715593552 | Where did the Mayans establish their empire? | Yucatan peninsula. | 114 | |
| 5715595926 | Where did the Chavins establish? | Andes mountains. | 115 | |
| 5715604445 | What is a republic? | Government in which people elect representatives. | 116 | |
| 5715610760 | Which government changed from a monarchy to a republic? | Rome. | 117 | |
| 5715614220 | What is the name of the wealthy class that dominated Rome? | Patricians. | 118 | |
| 5715616224 | Who were the common people of Rome? | Plebeians. | 119 | |
| 5715626639 | How did Rome gain their position? | By winning the Punic Wars with Cartage. | 120 | |
| 5715630849 | Who lead the conquest of Gaul? | Julius Caesar. | 121 | |
| 5715635458 | Who was claimed as "dictator for life"? | Julius Caesar. | 122 | |
| 5715638473 | Who is Octavian? | The nephew of Julius Caesar who took over Roman rule, earning the title Augustus. | 123 | |
| 5715649928 | What laws did Augustus write? | Twelve Tables. | 124 | |
| 5715657200 | What culture did Rome derive during Augustus's rule? | Greek. | 125 | |
| 5715660353 | What was a great architectural achievement of Romans? | Their roadways. | 126 | |
| 5715733086 | What is the Edit of Milan? | Emperor Constantine's bill to grant legal status for Christians. | 127 | |
| 5715761024 | Due to the collapse of the Roman empire, which two directions did Christianity split into? | Roman Catholic (west_ and Eastern Orthodox. | 128 | |
| 5715774322 | What society did Islam spring from? | Bedouin (nomads) | 129 | |
| 5715778774 | What did the Kaaba's find important? | Idol worship. | 130 | |
| 5715783457 | What is the story of Muhammad? | A merchant who was 40 years old when he was visited by angel Gabriel. He received revelation that Allah was the only true God. He was God's messenger, and preached all equal before god. Said that you must face judgement (heaven or hell). | 131 | |
| 5715799142 | Where did Muhammad flee to? | Medina (Hijra). | 132 | |
| 5715808587 | True or False: Muhammad was the last in the long line of Jewish and Christian prophets. | True! | 133 | |
| 5715823308 | What did Muhammad do when he returned to Mecca? | He captured the city and after his death, his followers wrote down revelations in their holy book, the Quran. | 134 | |
| 5715837880 | What were some attributes of Islam? | It was a universal religion, open to all, appealed to the poor and women. | 135 | |
| 5715841258 | What are the five pillars of Islam? | 1. No God but Allah. 2. Pray 5 times, facing Mecca. 3. Give alms. 4. Fast during Ramadan. 5. Make pilgrimage to Mecca. | 136 | |
| 5715851440 | What happened after Mohammed's death? | There was a battle over the successor (caliph) and Sunni (most worthy) and Shiite (descendant of Ali) split. | 137 | |
| 5715876963 | What did the Sunni begin? | Umayyad Caliphate, moved their capital to Damascus, eventually extending their empire around the Mediterranean. | 138 | |
| 5715890056 | True or False: Jews and Christians (Dhimmi, people of the book) were tolerated as long as they paid taxes. | True! | 139 | |
| 5715893788 | What was the official language of the Muslim world? | Arabic! | 140 | |
| 5715898281 | Who followed the Umayyad Caliphate? | Abbasid Caliphate, moved their capital to Baghdad. | 141 | |
| 5715910187 | What were some highlights in Islamic culture? | Pottery, rugs, Algebra, The Thousand and One Nights, Ibn Battuta, and kept Greek ideas alive. | 142 | |
| 5715918000 | Who captured caliph in 1258 and took over? | The Mongols (Ilkhan, Hulegu). | 143 | |
| 5715922763 | Who reunified at the end of period under Islamic rule? | The Ottomans. | 144 | |
| 5715929468 | What was reunified after 350 year Era of Division? | The Sui Dynasty, under Wendi, which later became Yangdi. | 145 | |
| 5715938498 | What dynasty reestablished the exam system and the Silk Road? | Sui Dynasty. | 146 | |
| 5715941404 | Which dynasty built the Grand Canal? | Sui Dynasty. | 147 | |
| 5715955213 | Which dynasty expanded borders by setting up a tributary system? | Tang Dynasty. | 148 | |
| 5715959403 | What did the Tang Dynasty increase? | The silk industry and trade over the Silk Road and the Indian Ocean trade network. | 149 | |
| 5715967509 | Who is Empress Wu? | She supported and spread Buddhism after her anti Buddhist campaign and growth of Neo-Conficuanism. | 150 | |
| 5715981829 | Who was the famous Chinese poet during the Tang Dynasty? | Li Bou. | 151 | |
| 5715987208 | What was the Song Dynasty? | The most technologically advanced society of its time. | 152 | |
| 5715993552 | What was a difference between the Tang and Song dynasty? | The Song dynasty did not have as strong of a military as the Tang dynasty. | 153 | |
| 5716000341 | What did the Song dynasty develop? | Working compass, paper money, flying cash (credit), gunpowder, and block printing. | 154 | |
| 5716006548 | What is foot binding? | The compressing of the feet of girls with tight bandages (as formerly in China) so as to keep the feet from being over three or four inches long. | 155 | |
| 5716017872 | Who was a great rival of the Song Dynasty? | Neo-Confucianism. | 156 | |
| 5716025967 | What emperor's rule did the Mongols attack under? | Chingis Khan. | 157 | |
| 5716028678 | After Khan's death, who took over? | His grandson, Kublai Khan. | 158 | |
| 5716041649 | What became the official language of the Yuan dynasty? | Mandarin. | 159 | |
| 5716044387 | What religion did the Yuan dynasty adopt? | Buddhism. | 160 | |
| 5716047345 | What other achievements were completed by the Yuan dynasty? | They restarted trade, rebuilt China's roads, canals, and the Great Wall. | 161 | |
| 5716055943 | What explorer (has a game named after him) visited the Yuan dynasty? | Marco Polo. | 162 | |
| 5716063059 | After Kublai Khan's death, what lead to the Yuan dynasty overthrow? | Poor leadership and the bubonic plague. | 163 | |
| 5716080685 | Who was Zhu Yuanzhang? | A soldier who became Emperior Hongwu of the Ming Dynasty. | 164 | |
| 5716086203 | What did Emperior Hongwu revive? | Scholar-gentry: civil servants appointed by the emperor of China to perform day-to-day governance from the Han dynasty to the end of the Qing dynasty in 1912, China's last imperial dynasty. | 165 | |
| 5716096441 | How was did the army of the Ming dynasty? | Very strong, including their navy. | 166 | |
| 5716099680 | Who did the Ming dynasty send on long voyages to Africa? | Zheng He, where he traded porcelain. | 167 | |
| 5716108949 | What was the emperior of the Hein period considered? | Descendant from the Shinto God. | 168 | |
| 5716113020 | What was the Tale of Genji? | A story written by Lady Muraski, who wrote about the court life. | 169 | |
| 5716121751 | What war led to the medieval period in Japan? | Taira-Minamoto war. | 170 | |
| 5716127496 | What is a sho-gun? | A great general, that shared their power with the daimyo (warlords). | 171 | |
| 5716132590 | What are samurais? | The "one who serves", or Japanese warriors. | 172 | |
| 5716140956 | What was the code of Bushito? | A code that held that the true warrior must hold that loyalty, courage, veracity, compassion, and honor as important, above all else. | 173 | |
| 5716150724 | What was the new form of Buddhism? | Zen. | 174 | |
| 5716155375 | What kingdom allied with Tang? | The Silla Kingdom, in order to defeat Koguryo and Paekce kingdoms. | 175 | |
| 5716164781 | What part of Asia fell under Chinese influence? | Vietnam. | 176 | |
| 5716166985 | What's the Khmer civilization? | A civilization that emerged in Cambodia and Laos, the city of Angkor Wat. | 177 | |
| 5716172314 | What was Malacca? | An economic powerhouse in the Indian Ocean Sea trading network. | 178 | |
| 5716179566 | When did Polynesians reach New Zealand? | The 8th century, the Maori. | 179 | |
| 5716189585 | When did India disunite? | 600-1200. | 180 | |
| 5716196676 | What did Muslim invaders unite? | A large part to Establish Delhi Sultanate. | 181 | |
| 5716203134 | Who was Timur? | A Mongol warlord that conquered part of India, Middle East, and Russia. | 182 | |
| 5716215690 | What were the three zones of the Indian Ocean Trade Network and what did they trade at each post? | Arab - goods from Africa (ivory, timber, gold, slaves) to the Middle East - (textiles, carpets, glass, horses) The middle zone offered Indian gems, elephants, salt, cotton cloth, and cinnamon (Sri Lanka). The east had wood (Indonesia) and silk, porcelain, paper, (China), and silver (Japan). | 183 | |
| 5716237298 | In Africa, what was most common? | Stateless societies. | 184 | |
| 5716243258 | What were small community characteristics in Africa? | Hunting, gathering, metalwork, lineage that was sometimes matrilineal, animistic, and had oral tradition. | 185 | |
| 5716255834 | Who eventually fell to Muslim invaders? | Ghana. | 186 | |
| 5716261311 | Who were the most dedicated converts? | Berbers (desert nomads, jihad). | 187 | |
| 5716265158 | What became a strong Muslim empire along the Niger River? | Mali, which was founded by Sundiata. | 188 | |
| 5716268152 | Who was the most power ruler of Mali? | Mansa Musa, who went on a famous hajj spreading gold, also bringing back Muslim scholars and artisans to Timbuktu. | 189 | |
| 5716281449 | How was East Africa part of Indian Ocean Trading Network? | Through Swahili city states. | 190 | |
| 5716288106 | What did Central Africa have? | Great Zimbabwe, a city of 20,000 people. | 191 | |
| 5716299403 | Which empire centered around Constantinople? | The Byzantine Empire. | 192 | |
| 5716306334 | What was the center of Eastern orthodox church? | The Byzantine Empire. | 193 | |
| 5716308418 | Which missionaries spread religion? | Cyril and Methodius, who spoke Greek. | 194 | |
| 5716309946 | Who was Justinian? | The most famous Byzantine emperor, who issued a code based off the Roman 12 tables. | 195 | |
| 5716317597 | What were Justinian's achievements? | The Hagia Sophia and used Greek fire. | 196 | |
| 5716326400 | Who took the Byzantine land? | Seljuk Turks, that eventually lost it to the Ottoman Empire. | 197 | |
| 5716329836 | Who established Kiev Rus? | Danish Prince Rurik. | 198 | |
| 5716332017 | Who as Vladimir I? | A man who began a separate Russian Orthodox church, who was highly decentralized under Boyars (aristocrats). | 199 | |
| 5716341277 | Who was Yaroslav? | The last great Kievan prince, who established law codes. | 200 | |
| 5716358396 | Who were under Batu and the golden horde? | Mongols (Taters). | 201 | |
| 5716363004 | Who did the power shift to as Mongol's increased trade? | Moscow. | 202 | |
| 5716365626 | What battle defeated the Golden Horde? | The Battle of Kulikova in 1380. | 203 | |
| 5716376105 | Who followed the Mayans? | The Toltecs. | 204 | |
| 5716379493 | What was Tenochtitlan? | The chief city, that was built on a lake with little floating islands called chinampas to feed their people. | 205 | |
| 5716384824 | What was built for human sacrifice in Mesoamerica? | Pyramids. | 206 | |
| 5716390039 | Where did the Incas live? | Rugged terrain (Andes Mountains) | 207 | |
| 5716394930 | What were contributions from the Incas? | Built roads with way stations called tambos, terrace farming, irrigation, bred Llamas, large cities like Machu Picchu, used labor tribute system (mita). | 208 | |
| 5716401760 | True or False: The Incas had a written language. | False. | 209 | |
| 5716410229 | What are quipu? | Knotted strings the Incas used to record information. | 210 | |
| 5716431732 | When were the dark ages? | 50-1000. | 211 | |
| 5716438285 | Who awarded land (fiefs) to loyal vassals? | Monarchs and Lords (nobles). | 212 | |
| 5716440718 | What was manorialism? | Serfs worked the land and a portion had to be given to the lord in exchange for protection. | 213 | |
| 5716445993 | Who controlled learning in Western Europe? | Monks. | 214 | |
| 5716461327 | What Pope launched crusades to recapture the Holy Land? | Pope Urban II. | 215 | |
| 5716463762 | Who was Charles Martel? | A man who defeated Muslims in Spain and Portugual (Battle of Tours, 732) | 216 | |
| 5716471292 | Who was crowned the Holy Roman Emperor? | Charlemagne. | 217 | |
| 5716473781 | What was a trade later in Western Europe? | Urbanization. | 218 | |
| 5716476754 | What is the Renaissance? | A cultural rebirth in Western Europe that had an emphasis on humanism and classicism. | 219 | |
| 5716481628 | Who is Prince Henry? | The man who established of navigation school and sponsored voyages. | 220 | |
| 5716496342 | What was the Colombian Exchange? | A global trade network in America where goods, diseases, and culture was traded. | 221 | |
| 5716512701 | What did the Sultan Memed II lead? | The capture of Constantinople, which expanded after Mongols declined. | 222 | |
| 5716516869 | Who is Suleyman? | The most famous Sultan in the Middle East. | 223 | |
| 5716561665 | Who led troops in battle of Chaldiran? | Ismail, lost because he had no muskets for his army. | 224 | |
| 5716565898 | What did Abbas the Great contribute to the Safavid empire? | Gunpowder, built public work projects, mosques, and school. | 225 | |
| 5716575537 | What did European's establish in China? | trading ports, trading with silver. | 226 | |
| 5716577356 | What caused revolts in China? | Ming rulers being weak, famine, Manchus (;ed by Nurhaci) | 227 | |
| 5716590630 | In China, what did Canton have at their trade port? | Silk, porcelain, and tea. | 228 | |
| 5716593397 | Most famous ruler from East China? | Kangxi - skilled general and lawgiver. | 229 | |
| 5716601856 | Who gained influence in Japan? | European missionaries such as Francis Xavier. | 230 | |
| 5716603596 | Who reunified Japan after they went to chaos? | Tokugawa Ieyasu, who appointed himself shogun and moved capital to Edo. | 231 | |
| 5716609824 | In southeast Asia and Oceania, what were dominant religions? | Buddhism and Hinduism were dominant religions, with Islam import and in Indonesia and the southern part of the Philippines. | 232 | |
| 5716615861 | What happened to Indonesia's economic importance? | European's came and conquered what they could, traded elsewhere. | 233 | |
| 5716623556 | Who was Babur? | A mongol warlord who began the Mughal empire and led a multitude of invasions. | 234 | |
| 5716629832 | When did south asia reach its peak? | During the rule of Akbar, the grandson of Babur. | 235 | |
| 5716632405 | Who built the Taj Mahal? | Shah Jahan, in memory of his wife. | 236 | |
| 5716635162 | Who is Aurangzeb? | Akbar's great grandson, who was extremely intolerant of non-Muslim. | 237 | |
| 5716646465 | What happened in West Africa? | Portuguese pushed down the coast of west Africa and established forts and trading posts with African merchants. | 238 | |
| 5716651427 | What was El Mina? | The most important factory on the Gold coast. | 239 | |
| 5716655472 | What did Europeans do in Africa? | Changed character of slave trade form east (Arab, Female) to West (Atlantic, Male), working with local powerful kingdoms named Asante and Dahomey. | 240 | |
| 5716663148 | What did east africa trade? | Gold, ivory, and slaves. | 241 | |
| 5716668445 | Where was the Dutch East India company? | The cape of good hope, where Boers (Settlers) began to arrive. | 242 | |
| 5716672936 | What was done by Ivan the Great? What about Ivan the Terrible? | Helped end Mongol rule and free moscow. Ivan the terrible killed many boyars. | 243 | |
| 5716682474 | What happened with Spanish conquistadors? | They led invasion of Aztecs (Hernan Cortes) and Incas (Francisco Pizarro), and eventually created New Spain. | 244 | |
| 5716688852 | What happened to Native American Populations? | Many died due to diseases such as smallpox and measles and others died because of forced labor in gold and silver mines. | 245 | |
| 5716694164 | What's an encomienda? | A system that forced natives to work as slaves, which reduced their numbers and led to escalation of the Atlantic slave trade for workers. | 246 | |
| 5716701064 | How did the system for New Spain go? | 10 audiencias, peninsularies, creoles, then mestizos, mulattos, and zambos. The bottom had slaves as well. | 247 | |
| 5716710800 | Who were some explorers from Western Europe? | Christopher Columbus - sponsored by King Ferdinand and Queen Isabella of Spain. Ferdinand Magellan - goes around the world Vasco da Gama - reached India from Portugual | 248 | |
| 5716674929 | How did Renaissance affect the North? | It spread influence, such as intellectual thought, human reason, and accumulated in the Scientific revolution. | 249 |
AP macromolecules Flashcards
Terms : Hide Images
| 7318575198 | carbohydrates monomers | monosaccharides | 0 | |
| 7327080343 | monosaccharides (2) | simple 1 monomer sugars glucose | 1 | |
| 7327093366 | disaccharides (2) | 2 monomers sucrose | 2 | |
| 7327097223 | polysaccharides (3) | polymers of sugars cost little energy to build easily reversible = release energy | 3 | |
| 7327131422 | polysaccharides functions (6) | energy storage -starch (plants) -glycogen (animals) (in livers and muscles) structure -cellulose (plants) -chitin (arthropods & fungi) | 4 | |
| 7327153278 | cellulose (6) | most abundant organic compound on Earth herbivores have an evolved a mechanism to digest cellulose -have bacteria that lives in their digestive systems & help digest cellulose-rich meals most carnivores have not evolved -thats why they eat meat to get their nutrient & energy cellulose = undigestible roughage | 5 | |
| 7327101254 | dehydration synthesis | a reaction in which water is removed to create a covalent bond or polymer from/between two monomers | 6 | |
| 7327117924 | Hydrolysis | Breaking down complex molecules by the chemical addition of water | 7 | |
| 7318656777 | carbohydrates elements | oxygen, hydrogen, carbon | 8 | |
| 7318659353 | carbohydrates function (4) | storage, structure, energy, raw materials | 9 | |
| 7327051583 | carbohydrates examples (4) | glucose, starch, cellulose, glycogen | 10 | |
| 7327055596 | sugar (5) | most names for sugar ends in -ose classified by number of carbons -6C=hexose (glucose) -5C=pentose (ribose) -3C=triose (glyceraldehyde) | 11 | |
| 7318662727 | carbohydrates structure | ratio of 1:2:1 & 5 carbon ring | 12 | |
| 7318622032 | protein monomers (2) | amino acids 20 different amino acids | 13 | |
| 7318681417 | protein polymers (5) | polypeptides protein can be one or more polypeptide chains folded and bonded together large & complex molecules complex 3-D shape twisted, folded, coiled into unique shape | 14 | |
| 7318666847 | protein elements | carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen | 15 | |
| 7318668120 | protein function (8) | most structurally & functionally diverse group -enzymes (pepsin, DNA polymerase) -structure (keratin, collagen) -carries & transports (hemoglobin, aquaporin) -cell-communication signals (insulin & other hormones) receptors -defense (antibodies) -movement (actin & myosin) -storage ( bean seeds protein) | 16 | |
| 7327309053 | protein denaturation (9) | unfolding a protein conditions that disrupt H bonds, ionic bonds, disulfide bridges. -temperature -pH -salinity alter 2° & 3° structure -alter 3-D shape destroy functionality -some protein can return to their functional shape after denaturation, many cannot | 17 | |
| 7327222882 | amino acids structure (2) | amino acids consist of a central carbon atom, an amino group, carboxyl group(acid), and an R group (side chain). The R group is a separate side chain that determines the function for the amino acids. | 18 | |
| 7327285859 | peptide bonds | Bonds between amino acids covalent bond between NH2 (amine) of one amino acid & COOH (carboxyl) of another C-N bond |  | 19 |
| 7327259488 | disulfide bridges (4) | sulfur containing amino acids form disulfide bridges -covalent cross links between sulfhydryls -stabilizes 3-D structure covalent bonds that may further reinforce the shape of a protein | 20 | |
| 7318738890 | lipids monomers (3) | no true monomers dont form polymers either. big molecules made of smaller subunits not a continues chain | 21 | |
| 7327436933 | lipids family groups (3) | fats, phospholipids, steroids | 22 | |
| 7318752613 | lipids elements | carbon, hydrogen, oxygen | 23 | |
| 7318756573 | lipids structure (2) | glycerol (3c alcohol + fatty acid) fatty acid = long HC "tail" with carboxyl (COOH) group "head" | 24 | |
| 7327555802 | long HC chain (2) | non-polar & hydrophobic | 25 | |
| 7318767542 | lipids function (3) | energy storage(2 times more than carbohydrates), cushions organ, insulates body | 26 | |
| 7327563712 | saturated fats (6) | all C bonded to H no C=C double bonds -long, straight chain -most animal fats -solid at room temperature -contributes to cardiovascular disease (atherosclerosis) = plague deposits | 27 | |
| 7327582028 | unsaturated fats (5) | C=C double bonds in the fatty acids -plants & fish fats -vegetable oils -liquid at room temperature -the kinks made by double C prevents the molecules from packing tightly together | 28 | |
| 7327609285 | phospholipids structure (2) | glycerol + 2 fatty acids + PO4(phosphate group) PO4 is negatively charged |  | 29 |
| 7327627642 | phospholipids in water (5) | hydrophilic heads "attracted" H2O hydrophobic tails "hide" from H2O -can assemble into "bubbles" -bubbles = "micelle" -can also form a phospholipid bilayer | 30 | |
| 7327769010 | steroids | 4 fused C rings + ?? different steroids created by attaching different functional groups to rings different structure creates different function ex) cholesterol, sex hormones | 31 | |
| 7327781247 | cholesterol (4) | important cell component animal cell membranes precursor(a substance from which another is formed, especially by metabolic reaction) of all other steroids -including vertebrates sex hormones -high levels in blood may contribute to cardiovascular disease | 32 | |
| 7318794612 | nucleic acids monomer | nucleotides | 33 | |
| 7327407353 | nucleotides structure (11) | nitrogen base (C-N ring) pentose sugar (5C) -ribose in RNA -deoxyribose in DNA phosphate (PO4) group nitrogen base in DNA - adenine, guanine, cytosine, thymine double helix deoxyribonucleic acid nitrogen base in RNA -adenine, guanine, cytosine, uracil single helix ribonucleic acid | 34 | |
| 7318794613 | nucleic acids elements | hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, phosphorus | 35 | |
| 7318797423 | nucleic acids functions (8) | genetic material stores information -genes -blueprint for building proteins -DNA=> RNA => protein transfers information -blueprint for new cells -blueprint for next generation | 36 |
APES Week 08 Vocabulary Flashcards
Terms : Hide Images
| 5125100012 | Terrestrial biome | A geographic region categorized by a particular combination of average annual temperature, annual precipitation, and distinctive plant growth form on land. | 0 | |
| 5125100013 | Aquatic biome | An aquatic region characterized by a particular combination of salinity, depth, and water flow. | 1 | |
| 5125100014 | Tundra | A cold and treeless biome with low-growing vegetation. | 2 | |
| 5125100015 | Permafrost | An impermeable, permanently frozen layer of soil. | 3 | |
| 5125100016 | Boreal Forest | A forest made up primarily of coniferous evergreen trees that can tolerate cold winters and short growing seasons. | 4 | |
| 5125100017 | Temperate Rainforest | A coastal biome typified by moderate temperatures and high precipitation. | 5 | |
| 5125100018 | Temperate Seasonal Forest | A biome with warmer summers and colder winters than temperate rainforests and dominated by deciduous trees. | 6 | |
| 5125100019 | Shrubland | A biome characterized by hot, dry summers and mild, rainy winters. Also known as chaparral or woodland. | 7 | |
| 5125100020 | Temperate Grassland/Cold Desert | A biome characterized by cold, harsh winters, and hot, dry summers. | 8 | |
| 5125100021 | Tropical Rainforest | A warm and wet biome found between 20 degrees north and 20 degrees south of the equator with little seasonal temperature variation and high precipitation. | 9 | |
| 5125100022 | Tropical Seasonal Forest & Savannah | A biome marked by warm temperatures and distinct wet and dry seasons. | 10 | |
| 5125100023 | Subtropical Desert | A biome prevailing at approximately 30° N and 30° S, with hot temperatures, extremely dry conditions, and sparse vegetation. | 11 | |
| 5125100024 | Ecosystem Diversity | The variety of ecosystems within a given region. | 12 | |
| 5125100025 | Species Richness | The number of species in a given area. | 13 | |
| 5125100026 | Species Evenness | The relative proportion of different species in a given area. | 14 | |
| 5125100027 | Phylogeny | The branching patterns of evolutionary relationships. | 15 |
AP Macroeconomics "Match It" Flashcards
Study for AP Exam May 10
Terms : Hide Images
| 9414401928 | Movement on Short-Run Phillips Curve | Shift in AD (graph movement is in opposite direction) |  | 0 |
| 9414401929 | Shift of Short-Run Phillips Curve | Shift in SRAS (shift is in opposite direction) |  | 1 |
| 9414401930 | Factors of Production | 1. Land 2. Labor 3. Capital 4. Entreprenuership |  | 2 |
| 9414401933 | Shifters of Money Supply | Monetary Policy Federal Reserve Bank |  | 3 |
| 9414401934 | Shifters of Money Demand | 1. Price Level 2. Income 3. Fiscal Policy | 4 | |
| 9414401935 | Shifters of Long-Run Aggregate Supply | Factors of Production | 5 | |
| 9414401936 | Shifters of Short-Run Aggregate Supply | 1. Factors of Production (LRAS) 2. Input Costs 3. Supply Shock | 6 | |
| 9414401937 | Shifters of Aggregate Demand | 1. GDP (or its components) 2. Monetary Policy 3. Fiscal Policy | 7 | |
| 9414401938 | PPC Graph | Illustrates the production possibilities of 2 products based on amount of resources available |  | 8 |
| 9414401940 | Demand and Supply Graph |  | 9 | |
| 9414401941 | Business Cycle |  | 10 | |
| 9414401942 | AD/AS Graph |  | 11 | |
| 9414401943 | Money Market Graph |  | 12 | |
| 9414401944 | Loanable Funds Graph |  | 13 | |
| 9414401945 | GDP = C + I + G + Xn | The expenditure approach to measuring GDP correlates well with aggregate demand (AD) | 14 | |
| 9414401947 | Calculating Nominal GDP | The quantity of various goods produced in a nation times their current prices, added together. | 15 | |
| 9414401950 | Real Interest Rate | the interest rate corrected for the effects of inflation; |  | 16 |
| 9414401951 | Unemployment Rate | 16 or older, actively seeking employment. |  | 17 |
| 9414401954 | MPC + MPS = 1 | The fraction of an increase in disposable income that is spent (MPC) plus the fraction that is saved (MPS) must equal 1. |  | 18 |
| 9414401955 | Spending Multiplier | = 1/(1-MPC) or 1/MPS. This tells you how much total spending an initial interjection of spending in the economy will generate. For example, if the MPC = .8 and the government spends $100 million, then the total increase in spending in the economy = $100 x 5 = $500 million. | 19 | |
| 9414401956 | Tax Multiplier = MPC/MPS X Tax decrease | This tells you how much total spending will result from an initial change in the level of taxation. It is negative because when taxes decrease, spending increases, and vice versa. The tax multiplier will always be smaller than the spending multiplier. | 20 | |
| 9414401957 | Absolute Advantage | Produces more than the other guy or when the country/individual can produce the good using fewer resources (inputs) than another country/individual. | 21 | |
| 9414401958 | Appreciation | An increase in the value of one currency relative to another, resulting from an increase in demand for or a decrease in supply of the currency on the foreign exchange market. | 22 | |
| 9414401959 | Balance Of Payments | Measures all the monetary exchanges between one nation and all other nations. Includes the current account and the capital account. | 23 | |
| 9414401960 | Bonds | A certificate of debt issued by a company or government to an investor. | 24 | |
| 9414401961 | Budget Deficit | When a government spends more than it collects in tax revenues in a given year. | 25 | |
| 9414401962 | Physical Capital | Human-made resources (machinery and equipment) used to produce goods and services; |  | 26 |
| 9414401963 | Capital Account (AKA Financial Account) | Measures the flow of funds for investment in real assets (such as factories or office buildings) or financial assets (such as stocks and bonds) between a nation and the rest of the world. | 27 | |
| 9414401965 | Circular Flow Diagram | A model of the macroeconomy that shows the interconnectedness of businesses, households, government, banks, and the foreign sectors. Money flows in a circular direction, and goods, services, and resources flow in the opposite circular direction. |  | 28 |
| 9414401967 | Comparative Advantage | When an individual, a firm, or a nation is able to produce a particular product at a lower opportunity cost than another individual, firm, or nation. Comparative advantage is the basis on which nations trade with one another. |  | 29 |
| 9414401968 | Consumer Price Index (CPI) | An index that measures the price of a fixed market basket of consumer goods bought by a typical consumer. The CPI is used to calculate the inflation rate in a nation. |  | 30 |
| 9414401969 | Consumption. | A component of a nation's aggregate demand; measures the total spending by domestic households of goods and services. | 31 | |
| 9414401970 | Contractionary Fiscal Policy | A policy whereby government increases taxes or decreases its spending in order to reduce aggregate demand. Could be used in a period of high inflation to bring down the inflation rate. | 32 | |
| 9414401971 | Contractionary Monetary Policy | A demand-side policy whereby the central bank 1. Increase Reserve Requirements 2. Decrease Discount Rates 3. Sell Open-Market Operations (Government Bonds/Securities)reduces the supply of money, increase interest rates and reducing aggregate demand. Could be used to bring down high inflation rates. | 33 | |
| 9414401972 | Cost-Push Inflation | Inflation resulting from a decrease in AS (from higher wage rates and raw material prices, such as the price of oil) and accompanied by a decrease in real output and employment. Also reffered to as "stagflation" or "adverse aggregate supply shock". | 34 | |
| 9414401973 | Crowding-Out Effect | The rise in interest rates and the resulting decrease in investment spending in the economy caused by increased government borrowing in the loanable funds market. Seen as a disadvantageous side effect of expansionary fiscal policy. | 35 | |
| 9414401974 | Current Account | Measures the balance of trade in goods and services and the flow on income between one nation and all other nations. Equal to a country's net exports (its exports minus its imports). | 36 | |
| 9414401975 | Cyclical Unemployment | Unemployment caused by a fall in aggregate demand in a nation. Not included in the natural rate of unemployment. When a nation is in a recession, there will be cyclical unemployment. | 37 | |
| 9414401976 | Demand Deposit | A deposit in a commercial bank against which checks may be written. Also known as a "checkable deposit". | 38 | |
| 9414401977 | Depreciation | A decrease in the value of one currency relative to another, resulting from a decrase in demand for or an increase in the supply of the currency on the foreign exchange market. | 39 | |
| 9414401978 | Devaluation | When a government intervenes in the market for its own currency to weaken it relative to another currency. | 40 | |
| 9414401979 | Discount Rate | One of the three tools of monetary policy, it is the interest rate that the federal government charges on the loans it makes to commercial banks. | 41 | |
| 9414401980 | Economic Growth | An increase in the potential output of goods and services in a nation over time. | 42 | |
| 9414401981 | Economic Resources | Land, labor, capital, and entrepreneurial ability that are used in the production of goods and services. They are "economic" resources because they are scarce (limited in supply and desired). Also known as "factors of production". | 43 | |
| 9414401982 | Excess Reserves | The amount by which a bank's actual reserves exceed its required reserves. Banks can lend excess reserves; when they do, they expand the money supply. The amount of excess reserves in the banking system determines equilibrium interest rate. | 44 | |
| 9414401983 | Exchange Rate: | The price of one currency in terms of another currency, determined in the forex market. | 45 | |
| 9414401984 | Exports | The spending by foreigners on domestically produced goods and services. Counts as an injection into a nation's circular flow of income. |  | 46 |
| 9414401985 | Federal Funds Rate | The interest rate banks charge one another on overnight loans made out of their excess reserves. The FFR is the interest rate targeted by the Fed Res Bank through it's open market operations. | 47 | |
| 9414401986 | Fiscal Policy | Changes in government spending and tax collections implemented by government with the aim of either increasing or decreasing aggregate demand to achieve the macroeconomic objectives of full employment and price-level stability. | 48 | |
| 9414401987 | Floating Exchange Rate System: | When a currency's exchange rate is determined by the free interaction of supply and demand in international forex markets. | 49 | |
| 9414401988 | Forex Markets (Foreign Exchange Market) | The market in which international buyers and sellers exchange foreign currencies for one another to buy and sell goods, services, and assets from various countries. It is where a currency's exchange rate relative to other currencies is determined. | 50 | |
| 9414401989 | Fractional Reserve Banking | A banking system in which banks hold only a fraction of deposits as required reserves and can lend some of the money deposited by their customers to other borrowers | 51 | |
| 9414401990 | Full Employment | When an economy is producing at a level of output at which almost all the nation's resources are employed. The unemployment rate when an economy is at full employment equals the natural rate, and includes only frictional and structural unemployment. Full-employment output is also referred to as "potential output". | 52 | |
| 9414401991 | GDP (Gross Domestic Product) | The total market value of all final goods and services produced during a given time period within a country's borders. | 53 | |
| 9414401992 | Human Capital | The value skills integrated into labor through education, training, knowledge, and health. An important determinant of aggregate supply and the level of economic growth in a nation. | 54 | |
| 9414401993 | Imports | Spending on goods and services produced in foreign nations. Counts as a leakage from a nation's circular flow of income. | 55 | |
| 9414401994 | Inflation | A rise in the average level of prices in the economy over time (percentage change in the CPI) | 56 | |
| 9414401996 | Investment | A component of aggregate demand, it includes all spending on capital equipment, inventories, and technology by firms. Also includes household purchasing of newly constructed residences. | 57 | |
| 9414401998 | Loanable Funds Market | The market in which the demand for private investment and the supply of household savings intersect to determine the equilibrium real interest rate. |  | 58 |
| 9414401999 | Long Run | The period of time over which the wage rate and price level of inputs in a nation are flexible. In the long run, any changes in AD are cancelled out due to flexibility of wages and prices and an economy will return to its full employment level of output. Sometimes referred to as the "flexible wage period". | 59 | |
| 9414402000 | Long Run Aggregate Supply (LRAS) | The level of output to which an economy will always return in the long run. The LRAS curve intersects the horizontal axis at the full employment or potential level of output. | 60 | |
| 9414402001 | M1 | A component of money supply including currency and checkable deposits | 61 | |
| 9414402002 | M2 | A more broadly defined component of money supply, equal to M1 plus savings deposits, money-market deposits, mutual funds, and small-time deposits. | 62 | |
| 9414402003 | M3 | The broadest component of the money supply. Equal to M2 plus large time deposits. | 63 | |
| 9414402004 | Macroeconomics | The study of entire nations economies and the interactions between households, firms, government, and the foreigners | 64 | |
| 9414402005 | Macroeconomics Equilibrium | The level of output at which a nation is producing at any particular period of time. May be below its full employment level (if the economy is in a recession) or beyond its full employment level (if economy is overheating). | 65 | |
| 9414402006 | Managed or Fixed Exchange Rate System | When a government or central bank takes action to manage or fix the value of its currency relative to another currency on the forex market | 66 | |
| 9414402007 | Marginal Propensity To Consume (MPC) | The fraction (percentage) of any change in income spent on domestically produced goods and services; equal to the change in consumption divided by the change in disposable income. | 67 | |
| 9414402008 | Marginal Propensity To Save (MPS) | The fraction of any change in income that is saved, equal to the change in savings divided by the change in disposable income. | 68 | |
| 9414402009 | Monetary Policy | The central bank's manipulation of the supply of money aimed at raising or lowering interest rates to stimulate or contract the level of aggregate demand to promote the macroeconomic objectives of price-level stability and full employment | 69 | |
| 9414402010 | Money | Any object that can be used to facilitate the exchange of goods and services in a market. | 70 | |
| 9414402011 | Money Demand | The sum of the transaction demand and the asset demand for money. Inversely related to the nominal interest rate. | | 71 |
| 9414402012 | Money Market | The market where the supply of money is set by the central bank; includes the downward sloping money-demand curve and a vertical money-supply curve. The "price" of money is the nominal interest rate. | 72 | |
| 9414402013 | Money Supply | The vertical curve representing the total supply of excess reserves in a nation's banking system. Determined by the monetary policy actions of the central bank. | | 73 |
| 9414402014 | Multiplier Effect | The increase in total spending in an economy resulting from an initial interjection of new spending. The size of the multiplier effect depends upon the spending multiplier. | 74 | |
| 9414402015 | Natural Rate of Unemployment (NRU) | The level of unemployment that prevails in an economy that is producing at a full employment level of output. Includes structural and frictional unemployment. While countries NRUs can vary, the NRUs in the US tend to be close to 5 percent. | 75 | |
| 9414402016 | Official Reserves | To balance the two accounts in the balance of payments (current and financial accounts), a country's official foreign exchange reserves measures the net effect of all the money flows from the other accounts. | 76 | |
| 9414402017 | Open-Market Operations | The central bank's buying and selling of government bonds on the open market from commercial banks and the public. | 77 | |
| 9414402018 | Opportunity Cost | What must be given up to have anything else. Opportunity costs are not neccesarily monetary costs, but rather include what you could do with the resources you use to undertake any activity or exchange. | 78 | |
| 9414402019 | Phillips Curve (long run) | A curve vertical at the NRU showing that in the long run there is no trade-off between the price level and level of unemployment in an economy. |  | 79 |
| 9414402020 | Phillips Curve (short run) | A downward-sloping curve showing the short-run inverse relationship between the level of inflation and the level of unemployment. |  | 80 |
| 9414402021 | Production Possibilities Curve (PPC) | A graph that shows the various combinations of output that the economy can produce given the available factors of production and the available production technology. | | 81 |
| 9414402022 | Productivity | The output per unit of input of a resource. An important determinant of the level of aggregate supply in a nation. | 82 | |
| 9414402023 | Protectionism | The use of tariffs, quotas, or subsidies to give domestic producers a competitive advantage over foreign producers. Meant to protect domestic production and employment from foreign competition. | 83 | |
| 9414402024 | Recession | A contraction in total output of goods and services in a nation between two periods of time. Could be caused by a decrease in aggregate demand or in aggregate supply. | 84 | |
| 9414402025 | Recessionary Gap | The difference between an economy's equilibrium level of output and its full employment level of output when an economy is in a recession. |  | 85 |
| 9414402026 | Self-Correction | The idea that an economy producing at an equilibrium level of output that is below or above its full employment will return on its own to its full employment level left to its own devices. Requires flexible wages and prices and is associated with classical economic views. | 86 | |
| 9414402027 | Stagflation | A macroeconomic situation in which both inflation and unemployment increase. Caused by a negative supply shock. |  | 87 |
| 9414402028 | Sticky Wage and Sticky Price Model | The short run Aggregate-Supply Curve is sometimes referred to as the "sticky wage and price model", because worker's wage demands take time to adjust to changes in the overall price level, and therefore, in the short run an economy may produce well below or beyond its full employment level of output. | 88 | |
| 9414402029 | Structural Unemployment | Unemployment caused by changes in the structure of demand for goods and in technology; workers who are unemployed because they do not match what is in demand by producers in the economy or whose skills have been left behind by economic advancement | 89 | |
| 9414402030 | Supply Shock | Anything that leads to a sudden, unexpected change in aggregate supply. Can be negative (decreases AS) or positive (increases AS). May include a change in energy prices, wages, or business taxes, or may result from a natural disaster or a new discovery of important resources. | 90 | |
| 9414402031 | Trade Deficit | When a country's total spending on imported goods and services exceeds its total revenues from the sale of exports to the rest of the world. Synonymous with a surplus in the current account of the balance of the payments and with a negative net export component of the GDP. | 91 | |
| 9414402032 | Trade Surplus | When a country's sale of exports exceeds its spending on imports. Synonymous with a surplus in the current account of the balance of payments. | 92 | |
| 9414402033 | Wealth | An important determinant of consumption. Wealth is the total value of a household's assets minus all its liabilities. | 93 | |
| 9414402034 | aggregate demand curve | a curve depicting the relationship between real GDP demanded (i.e., expenditures) and the price level in the economy; the aggregate demand curve slopes downward from left to right. |  | 94 |
| 9414402035 | surplus | the difference between the maximum price a consume is (or would be) willing to pay and the price he or she actually pays. |  | 95 |
| 9414402036 | demand-pull inflation | inflation that follows from an increase in aggregate demand, which will cause equilibrium real GDP (Y) to increase and the equilibrium price level (P) to increase. |  | 96 |
| 9414402037 | depression | period in which a recession becomes prolonged and deep, involving high unemployment. | 97 | |
| 9414402038 | expansion | period in which the economy moves from a trough to a peak and a real GDP is increasing; also called a boom. | 98 | |
| 9414402039 | expansionary fiscal policy | enacted when the government deliberately increases its deficit to stimulate the economy; the government increases its spending (increases G), cuts taxes (decreases T), or both, and stimulates the economy by expanding aggregate demand (AD). | 99 | |
| 9414402040 | expansionary monetary policy | monetary policy methods by which the Fed aims to increase the money supply and lower interest rates, thereby creating an increase in output; in pursuit of expansionary policy goals, the Fed can lower the required reserve ratio, lower the discount rate, or purchase government securities on the open market. | 100 | |
| 9414402041 | hyperinflation | This is caused by printing too much money too fast. a very high rate of inflation, under which prices go up very rapidly, often more than 1,000 percent in a year. This causes money to become a poor store of value. | 101 | |
| 9414402042 | import quotas | restrictions on the quantity of a good that can be imported | 102 | |
| 9414402043 | inferior good | a good for which there is less demand as income rises; a good the demand for which falls as income rises and rises as income falls; consumer income rises while demand decreases. (eg. Spam instead of ham) | 103 | |
| 9414402044 | labor force | the group of individuals who are either working or actively looking for work; the labor force includes the unemployed: labor force = number of individuals in labor force/number of individuals in the adult population, expressed as a percentage. |  | 104 |
| 9414402045 | law of demand | states that as prices rise, people are willing and able to buy less of a good and, hence, the quantity demanded decreases; as prices fall, people are willing and able to buy more, so the quantity demanded increases and the demand curve slopes downwards. | 105 | |
| 9414402046 | law of supply | states that as the price of a good increases, the quantity supplied of a good increases, and as the price of a good decreases, the quantity supplied of the good decreases. | 106 | |
| 9414402047 | marginal revenue | the addition to total revenue created by selling one additional unit of ouput. | 107 | |
| 9414402048 | market equilibrium | occurs when supply and demand are balanced such that the market price and the quantity exchanged are under no market pressure to change. |  | 108 |
| 9414402049 | movement along a demand curve | movement up or down a single demand curve, contrasted with movement of the demand curve itself. |  | 109 |
| 9414402050 | nominal GDP | the gross domestic product calculated using current-year prices (not adjusted for inflation); for example, the nominal GDP for 2001 would calculate the value of production using 2001 prices for goods and services. Nominal GDP can vary widely from year to year, due to forces such as inflation. | 110 | |
| 9414402051 | peak | the highest point of a business cycle. | 111 | |
| 9414402052 | Phillips curve | graphic representation of an inverse relationship between wage growth (percentage change in price level, such as inflation) and unemployment. |  | 112 |
| 9414402053 | real GDP | nominal GDP corrected for inflation; - real GDP is calculated using prices from a given base year, which may not be the same as the year being measured or the year in which the calculations are made. Real GDP allows economists to compare changes in production realistically across years, creating a stable price index so that rising prices in general do not increase real GDP. Nominal GDP/GDP Deflator x 100 | 113 | |
| 9414402054 | required reserve ratio (RR) | a specific percentage of checking account deposits that each bank must keep in liquid, zero-interest reserves; this amount is set by the Fed. | 114 | |
| 9414402055 | scarcity | the conflict between limited resources and unlimited human wants; the basic economic problem facing all societies. | 115 | |
| 9414402056 | simple money multiplier | 1/RR, where RR is the required reserve ratio expressed as a decimal; if the required reserve ratio is 10% (0.1), the money multiplier is 1/0.1 = 10. | 116 | |
| 9414402057 | SRAS curve | short-run aggregate supply curve | 117 | |
| 9414402058 | tariff | a special tax imposed on imported goods. | 118 | |
| 9414402059 | unemployed | a civilian, non-institutionalized adult is considered to be unemployed when he or she does not have a job but is actively looking for one; unemployment figures reflect the number of individuals meeting this definition who are parts of the labor force. | 119 | |
| 9414402060 | unemployment rate* | the percentage of the civilian labor force that is unemployed. The number of persons unemployed divided by the number of persons in the civilian labor force (expressed as a percentage). |  | 120 |
| 9414402061 | discouraged worker | a person who has been unemployed and searching for a job for so long, that they have given up on finding a job and therefore forfeit unemployment. | 121 | |
| 9414402062 | consumption expenditures | the dollar value of all the goods and services sold to house holds. | 122 | |
| 9414402063 | government expenditures | the dollar value of goods and services sold to governments. | 123 | |
| 9414402064 | trough | the transition point between economic recession and recovery; the lowest point of a business cycle | 124 | |
| 9414402065 | demand | the willingness and ability of buyers to purchase a good or service. | 125 | |
| 9414402066 | inverse relationship | a relationship between two factors in which the factors move in opposite directions. ex: price increases, then quantity decreases. | 126 | |
| 9414402067 | direct relationship | a relationship between two factors in which the factors move in the same direction. | 127 | |
| 9414402068 | demand schedule | a table showing quantities of a good demanded at varying prices; a table demonstrating the number of units of a good demanded at various points. | 128 | |
| 9414402069 | demand curve | the graphical representation of the law of demand. Shows the amount of a good buyers are willing and able to buy at various prices. | 129 | |
| 9414402070 | normal good | a good the demand for which rises as income rises and falls as income falls; consumer income rises and demand rises. (eg. the stuff you normally buy, opposite of an inferior good) | 130 | |
| 9414402071 | command economy | government officials make decisions about economy. (communism) | 131 | |
| 9414402072 | resource | anything that can be used to produce something else | 132 | |
| 9414402073 | land | anything from the land and/or nature. Ex: minerals, timber, petroleum, cotton. | 133 | |
| 9414402074 | Labor | the effort of workers. | 134 | |
| 9414402075 | entrepreneurship | the efforts of entrepreneurs in organizing resources for production taking risk to create new enterprises and innovating to develop new product. | 135 | |
| 9414402076 | microeconomics | the branch of economics that deals with human behavior and choices as they relate to relatively small units--the individual, the business firm, a single market. | 136 | |
| 9414402077 | economic aggregates | anything that shows the economy as a whole. (usually measured by GDP) | 137 | |
| 9414402078 | substitution effect | when consumers substitute a similar, lower priced product for a product which is relatively more expensive. | 138 | |
| 9414402079 | diminishing marginal utility | a law stating that as an additional unit of a particular food is consumed the utility (satisfaction) gained decreases. (one hot dog is great, after the 15th hot dog, you don't want anymore, even if they're free) | 139 | |
| 9414402080 | change in quantity demanded | a movement along the demand curve in response to a change in price, ceteris paribus; change in price means move along the demand curve; movement = money. | 140 | |
| 9414402081 | consumer good | an increase or decrease in consumer income will cause a shift in the Demand Curve. | 141 | |
| 9414402082 | demand curve shifts | will shift either to the left(decrease) in demand, or to the right(increase) in demand; shift is caused by a change in one of the non-price determinates for the good. | 142 | |
| 9414402083 | consumer income rise | results an increase in the demand for normal goods and a decrease in the demand for inferior goods. | 143 | |
| 9414402084 | complimentary goods | goods that go together, if price ↑ the demand for both that good and complimentary good ↓. (peanut butter and jelly) | 144 | |
| 9414402085 | susbtitute goods | goods that compete with one another. If the price for one goes up the demand for the other will go up. (apples instead of oranges) | 145 | |
| 9414402086 | changes in consumer expectations | a shift in the demand curve resulting from consumer expectations regarding future income or future price of Goods and Services. | 146 | |
| 9414402087 | consumer taste and preferences | a shift of the demand curve resulting from a change in consumer taste and preferences. | 147 | |
| 9414402088 | Aggregate Supply (AS) | The relationship between the price level and the quantity of goods and services supplied in an economy. AS curve looks different in the long run and short run. In the long run, it is a vertical line, as output is dictated by the factors of production alone. In the short run, it is upward sloping. |  | 148 |
| 9414402089 | automatic stabilizers | Government program that changes automatically depending of GDP and a person's income | 149 | |
| 9414402090 | economics | study of how people and societies use limited resources to satisfy unlimited wants; the management of scarcity and choice | 150 | |
| 9414402091 | price ceiling | A legal maximum on the price at which a good can be sold | 151 | |
| 9414402092 | price floor | A legal minimum on the price at which a good can be sold | 152 | |
| 9414402093 | depreciation vs. appreciation of a currency | depreciation - decrease in VALUE of currency app-The rise in value of one currency relative to another. | 153 | |
| 9414402094 | Excess reserves vs. Required reserves | -Reserves greater than the required amounts. -Reserves that a bank is legally required to hold, based on its checking account deposits | 154 | |
| 9414402095 | income approach to GDP | calculating GDP by adding up all earnings from resources used to produce output in the nation during the year | 155 | |
| 9414402096 | exports vs. imports | balance of trade | 156 | |
| 9414402097 | fiat money | Money that has value because the government has ordered that it is an acceptable means to pay debts |  | 157 |
| 9414402098 | liquidity | Availability of resources to meet short-term cash requirements. | 158 | |
| 9414402099 | neutrality of money | changes in the money supply affect nominal but not real variables | 159 | |
| 9414402100 | utility | Ability or capacity of a good or service to be useful and give satisfaction to someone. | 160 | |
| 9414402101 | factor market | Market in which firms purchase the factors of production from households | 161 | |
| 9414402102 | product market | the market in which households purchase the goods and services that firms produce | 162 | |
| 9414402103 | intermediate goods | Goods used in the production of final goods (not included in GDP) | 163 | |
| 9414402104 | price index | A measurement that shows how the average price of a standard group of goods changes over time | 164 | |
| 9414402105 | market basket of goods | another name for weighted composite of prices of a selection of goods | 165 | |
| 9414402106 | nominal interest rate | the interest rate as usually reported without a correction for the effects of inflation | 166 | |
| 9414402107 | interest rate effect | effect that decreases price level has on investment expenditures through the effect that a chance in price level has on interest rates | 167 | |
| 9414402108 | net export effect | the process of how expansionary fiscal policy decreases net exports due to rising interest rates and inflation | 168 | |
| 9414402109 | quota | A limit placed on the quantities of a product that can be imported | 169 | |
| 9414402110 | marginal analysis | Analysis that involves comparing marginal benefits and marginal costs | 170 | |
| 9414402111 | Open economy | an economy in which exports and imports constitute a large share of GDP. | 171 | |
| 9414402112 | Progressive tax | a tax in which the ratio of tax to income rises as income rises. | 172 | |
| 9414402113 | Mixed economy | an economy with some government influence over the workings of free markets. There may also be some public ownership mixed in with private property. | 173 | |
| 9414402114 | Efficiency | using all available resources to produce the maximum amount of output permitted by the current technology. | 174 | |
| 9414402115 | Market System | a form of economic organization in which resource allocation decisions are left to individual producers and consumers acting in their own best interests without government intervention. | 175 | |
| 9414402116 | Invisible Hand | a phrase coined by Adam Smith to describe how, by pursuing their own self-interests, people in a market system seem to be "led by an invisible hand" to promote societal well-being as a whole. | 176 | |
| 9414402117 | Quantity Demanded | the number of units that consumers want to buy over a specified period of time. | 177 | |
| 9414402118 | Shift in a Demand Curve | occurs when any variable other than price changes. If consumers want to buy more at any and all given prices than they wanted previously, the demand curve shifts to the right (or outward). If they desire less at any given price, the demand curve shifts to the left (or inward). |  | 178 |
| 9414402119 | Quantity Supplied | the number of units that sellers want to sell over a specified period of time. | 179 | |
| 9414402120 | Supply Curve | a graphical depiction of a supply schedule. It shows how the quantity supplied of some product during a specified period of time will change as the price of that product changes, holding all other determinants of quantity supplied constant. | 180 | |
| 9414402121 | Shortage | an excess of quantity demanded over quantity supplied. When there is a shortage, buyers cannot purchase the quantities they desire. | | 181 |
| 9414402122 | Surplus | an excess of quantity supplied over quantity demanded. When there is a surplus, sellers cannot sell the quantities they desire to supply. | | 182 |
| 9414402123 | Law of Supply and Demand | in a free market the forces of supply and demand generally push the price toward the level at which quantity supplied and quantity demanded are equal. | 183 | |
| 9414402124 | Aggregate | combining many individual markets into one overall market. (all of GDP) | 184 | |
| 9414402125 | Gross Domestic Product (GDP) | the sum of the money values of all final goods and services produced in the domestic economy and sold on organized markets during a specified period of time, usually a year. | 185 | |
| 9414402126 | Final Goods and Services | those that are purchased by their ultimate users. (included in GDP) | 186 | |
| 9414402127 | Real GDP per capita | the ratio of real GDP divided by the population. (the best way of comparing countries' GDPs | 187 | |
| 9414402128 | Stabilization Policy | government programs designed to prevent or shorten recessions and to counteract inflation. | 188 | |
| 9414402129 | Growth policy | government policies intended to make the economy grow faster in the long run. | 189 | |
| 9414402130 | Labor Productivity | the amount of output a worker turns out in an hour (or a week, or a year) of labor. | 190 | |
| 9414402131 | Potential GDP | the real GDP the economy could produce if the labor force and other resources were fully employed. | 191 | |
| 9414402132 | Frictional Unemployment | unemployment that is due to normal turnover in the labor market. It includes people who are temporarily between jobs because they are moving or changing occupations, or for similar reasons. (the good kind) | 192 | |
| 9414402133 | Unemployment insurance | a government program that replaces some of the wages lost by eligible workers who lose their jobs. | 193 | |
| 9414402134 | Purchasing Power | the volume of goods and services that a given sum of money will buy. (purchasing power decreases as inflation increases) | 194 | |
| 9414402135 | Real Wage Rate | the wage rate adjusted for inflation. | 195 | |
| 9414402136 | Relative Price | the price of one good in terms of another good rather than in terms of dollars. | 196 | |
| 9414402137 | Real Rate of Interest | the percentage increase in purchasing power that the borrower pays to the lender for the privilege of borrowing. (r% = i% - inflation) | 197 | |
| 9414402138 | Nominal Rate of Interest | the percentage by which the money the borrower pays back exceeds the money that he borrowed, making no adjustment for any fall in purchasing power of this money that results from inflation. | 198 | |
| 9414402139 | Index Number | expresses the cost of a market basket of goods relative to the cost of the same basket in a base period. | 199 | |
| 9414402140 | Deflating | a sustained decrease in the general price level. | 200 | |
| 9414402141 | Property Rights | laws and conventions that assign owners the rights to use their property as they see fit while they own it. | 201 | |
| 9414402142 | Foreign direct investment | purchase or construction of real business assets—such as factories, offices, and machinery—in a foreign country. | 202 | |
| 9414402143 | Aggregate Demand (AD) | The total amount that all consumers, business firms, and government agencies are willing to spend on final goods and services at various price levels at a given period of time. | 203 | |
| 9414402144 | Consumer Expenditure (C) | the total amount spent by consumers on newly produced goods and services (excluding purchases of new homes, which are considered investment goods). | 204 | |
| 9414402145 | Investment Spending (I) | the sum of the expenditures of business firms on new plant and equipment and households on new homes. | 205 | |
| 9414402146 | Government Purchases (G) | the goods and services purchased by all levels of government. | 206 | |
| 9414402147 | Net Exports (X - IM) | the difference between U.S. exports and U.S. imports. It indicates the difference between what we sell to foreigners and what we buy from them. | 207 | |
| 9414402148 | Disposable Income (DI) | the sum of the incomes of all the individuals in the economy after all taxes have been deducted and all transfer payments have been added. | 208 | |
| 9414402149 | Transfer Payments | sums of money that the government gives certain individuals as outright grants rather than as payments for services rendered to employers. | 209 | |
| 9414402150 | Inflationary Gap | the amount by which equilibrium real GDP exceeds the full-employment level of GDP. |  | 210 |
| 9414402151 | Aggregate Supply Curve | shows for each possible price level the quantity of goods and services that all the nation's businesses are willing to produce during a specified period of time, holding all other determinants of aggregate quantity supplied constant. | | 211 |
| 9414401939 | Taxation | there are three types of taxation: progressive, recessive, and proportional. | 212 |
[AP Chinese] Chinese Sayings Flashcards
Terms : Hide Images
| 4738336197 | 不经一事，不长一智 | Nothing ventured, nothing learned. | 0 | |
| 4738336198 | 有一利，必有一弊 | Every advantage brings a corresponding disadvantage. | 1 | |
| 4738336199 | 三人一条心，黄土变成金 | Three men with one mind will turn the dirt into gold. | 2 | |
| 4738336200 | 不听老人言，吃亏在眼前 | He who doesn't listen to the advice of his elders is in for a hard knock or two. | 3 | |
| 4738336201 | 一人做事，一人当 | He who does it assume the responsibility for it. | 4 | |
| 4738336202 | 一个巴掌，拍不响 | You can't clap with one hand. (It takes two to win a quarrel.) | 5 | |
| 4738336203 | 耳不听，心不烦 | What doesn't enter the ear doesn't disturb the heart (mind). | 6 | |
| 4738336204 | 心要热，头要冷 | The heart should be warn and the head should be cool (calm). | 7 | |
| 4738336205 | 不怕人穷，就怕志短 | Pverty isn't a obstacle, only lack of ambition is. | 8 | |
| 4738336206 | 放长线，钓大鱼 | To put out a long line to catch a big fish. (Use a long term or far reaching plan to obtain greater results.) | 9 | |
| 4738336207 | 羊毛出在羊身上 | The wool comes off the lamb's back. (There is no free lunch; you pay whatever you get.) | 10 | |
| 4738336208 | 人死留名，豹死留皮 | A dead man leaves his reputation; a dead panther leave its skin. (Reputation is important.) | 11 | |
| 4738336209 | 一言既出，驷马难追 | One words have left a man's mouth, he can't take it back. (One should honor his words.) | 12 |
APES Water Vocabulary Flashcards
Terms : Hide Images
| 7455993960 | Evaporation | conversion of a liquid into a gas |  | 0 |
| 7455993961 | transpiration | Process in which water is absorbed by the root systems of plants, moves up through plants, passes through pores (stomata) in their leaves or other parts, and evaporates into the atmosphere as water vapor |  | 1 |
| 7456004382 | condensation | conversion of a gas into a liquid |  | 2 |
| 7456004383 | precipitation | water in the form of rain, sleet, hail, and snow that falls from the atmosphere onto land and bodies of water |  | 3 |
| 7456004384 | infiltration | downward movement of water through soil |  | 4 |
| 7456007214 | percolation | passage of a liquid through the spaces of a porous material such as soil |  | 5 |
| 7456007215 | watershed | Land area that delivers water, sediment, and dissolved substances via small streams to a major stream (river) |  | 6 |
| 7456007216 | runoff (stormwater runoff) | freshwater from precipitation and melting ice that flows on the earth's surface into nearby streams, lakes, wetlands, and reservoirs |  | 7 |
| 7456007217 | aquifer | Porous, water saturated layes of sand, gravel, or bedrock that can yield an economically significant amount of water |  | 8 |
| 7456013545 | confined aquifer | bounded above and below by less permeable beds of rock, and its water is confined under pressure |  | 9 |
| 7456013546 | unconfined aquifer | an aquifer with a permeable water table |  | 10 |
| 7456013547 | wetland | land that is covered all or part of the time with salt water or fresh water, excluding streams, lakes, and the open ocean |  | 11 |
| 7456015407 | Lake Turnover | process of a lake's water turning over from top (epilimnion) to bottom (hypolimnion). During the summer, the epilimnion, or surface layer, is the warmest. It is heated by the sun. The deepest layer, the hypolimnion, is the coldest. The sun's radiation does not reach this cold, dark layer. |  | 12 |
| 7456019983 | Zone of Saturation | zone where all available pores in soil and rock in the earth's crust are filled by water |  | 13 |
| 7456019984 | Zone of Aeration | zone in soil that is not saturated with water and that lies above the water table |  | 14 |
| 7456022482 | water table | Upper surface of the zone of saturation in which all available pores in the soil and rock in the earth's crust are filled with water |  | 15 |
| 7456022483 | littoral | top layer called the littoral zone is near the shore and consist of the shallow sunlit waters to the depth penetrated by sunlight |  | 16 |
| 7456022484 | limnetic zone | the open sunlit surface layer away from the shore that extends to the depth penetrated by sunlight |  | 17 |
| 7456025220 | profundal zone | the deep open water where it is too dark for photosynthesis to occur |  | 18 |
| 7456025221 | benthic zone | bottom of the lake inhabited mostly by decomposers, detritus feeders, and some fishes |  | 19 |
| 7456025222 | brackish water | Brackish water or briny water is water that has more salinity than fresh water | 20 | |
| 7456028341 | photic vs aphotic | Photic Zone: the upper layer of a body of water delineated by the depth to which enough sunlight can penetrate to permit photosynthesis. Aphotic Zone: The aphotic zone is the portion of a lake or ocean where there is little or no sunlight. | 21 | |
| 7456032403 | estuary | partially enclosed coastal area at the mouth of a river where its fresh water, carrying fertile silt and runoff from land, mixes with salty seawater |  | 22 |
AP Test Words Flashcards
Terms : Hide Images
| 8571539972 | Omnipotent | Having unlimited power, able to do anything | 0 | |
| 8571542375 | Reverence | Deep respect for someone or something | 1 | |
| 8571544565 | Excerpt | A short extract from a film, broadcast, or piece of music or writing | 2 | |
| 8571550754 | Corporal | a low ranking noncommissioned officer in the armed forces | 3 | |
| 8571554072 | Provision | The action of providing or supplying something for use | 4 | |
| 8571557409 | Irregularity | The state or quality of being irregular | 5 | |
| 8571565271 | Subjugation | The action of bringing someone or something under domination or control | 6 | |
| 8571567362 | Endowed | Give or bequeath an income or property to ( a person or institution) | 7 | |
| 8571570703 | Poised | Having a composed and self-assured manner | 8 | |
| 8571573531 | Anarchy | A state of disorder due to absence or nonrecognition of authority | 9 | |
| 8571580499 | Eradicate | Destroy completely; put an end to | 10 | |
| 8571585713 | Outgrowth | Something that grows out of something else | 11 | |
| 8571588546 | Perpetual | Never ending or changing | 12 | |
| 8571591034 | Influx | An arrival or entry of large numbers of people or things | 13 | |
| 8571594857 | Pandemic | Prevalent over a whole country or the world of disease | 14 | |
| 8571600011 | Displaced | Take over the place, position, or role of (someone or something) | 15 | |
| 8571604108 | Endemic | (of a disease or condition) regularly found among particular people or in a certain area | 16 | |
| 8571609580 | Aristocracy | The highest class in certain societies, especially those holding hereditary titles or offices | 17 | |
| 8571615884 | Legislation | Laws, considered collectively | 18 | |
| 8571620248 | Standard of living | the degree of wealth and material comfort available to a person or community | 19 | |
| 8571624780 | Secular | Denoting attitudes, activities, or other things that have no religious or spiritual bias | 20 | |
| 8571632177 | Impetus | The force or energy with which a body moves | 21 | |
| 8571637375 | Contention | Heated Disagreement | 22 | |
| 8571639708 | Lithograph | print by lithography | 23 | |
| 8571642209 | Narrative | a spoken or written account of connected events; a story | 24 | |
| 8571646227 | Extensive | covering or affecting a large area | 25 | |
| 8572399999 | Monetary | Relating to money or currency. It is used to trade | 26 | |
| 8572402470 | Initial | An informal signature signed on the treaty by the nation which created the treaty | 27 | |
| 8572413080 | Endeavor | An enterprise or undertaking | 28 | |
| 8572415994 | Hub | The center fro transportation, city or anything else. It means the most important part of the system | 29 | |
| 8572425245 | Port | A place that has a harbor, and ships load and unload here. The ports are often considered as the hub of national logistics | 30 | |
| 8572434056 | Illicit | To describe a thing that is out of the laws, rules or custom | 31 | |
| 8572444694 | Circa | (abbreviated c., ca or ca.) It means approximately. IT is used when the dates of events are not accurately known | 32 | |
| 8572454125 | Venture | When you are doing something but it is very risky | 33 | |
| 8572461669 | Exalt | Use something to praise others and makes then do better in the next time | 34 | |
| 8572465368 | Progressive | (carry on social reform?) Developing step by step, become better and better | 35 | |
| 8572472982 | Confiscation | Government collects the land or other production of individual or collective ownership in according with the law | 36 | |
| 8572486929 | Analogous | Two things are similar and have some connections | 37 | |
| 8572489849 | Fictionalized | Describe a thing that is not exist in the world. It is unreal | 38 | |
| 8572495054 | Assert | State your opinion absolutely. Sometimes you don't even have any evidence but you still state your opinion absolutely | 39 | |
| 8572506403 | Primary | Describe the order of development or mean the base of a subject | 40 | |
| 8572510177 | Conscription | Fore people to join the military or call people to join the army | 41 | |
| 8572516320 | Benevolent | Describe a person that is easy going and kind to everyone | 42 | |
| 8572520597 | Innumerable | When something that is too much to be counted | 43 | |
| 8572524586 | Deteriorated | Describe a thing that is going worse and worse. It can also describe diseases | 44 | |
| 8572535871 | Dynastic | A nation in a period of time that is controlled by a monarch and it is powerful | 45 | |
| 8572548719 | Crucial | The key point that decides a thing to go better or worse | 46 | |
| 8572556255 | Relativity | A theory created by Einstein. IT is talking about the space and the time | 47 | |
| 8572568788 | Grievance | A real or imagined wrong or other cause for compliant or protest especially unfair treatment | 48 | |
| 8572580577 | Affinity | A spontaneous or natural liking or sympathy for someone or something. | 49 | |
| 8572590403 | Inequity | Have a different treatment between different people | 50 | |
| 8572595202 | Disparity | A great difference between subjects. One is better and the other is much worse | 51 | |
| 8572608094 | Fidelity | A thing that has guarantee to prove it is real | 52 | |
| 8572618126 | Assertion | Has confidence to state a statement or a belief | 53 | |
| 8572622413 | Problematic | A way to pose a problem and difficult to solve or decide | 54 | |
| 8572626150 | Reliance | Depend on or have trust in someone or something. A thing that can be relied on. | 55 | |
| 8572631272 | Instability | Describe a thing that sometimes goes up and sometimes goes down. It is unstable. | 56 |
AP Biology - Macromolecules Flashcards
Terms : Hide Images
| 4869215642 | polymer | A large molecule composed of repeating structural units or monomers. |  | 0 |
| 4869215643 | monomer | A molecule of any compound that can react with other molecules of the same or different compound to form a polymer. Each biological macromolecule has characteristic monomers. |  | 1 |
| 4869215644 | carbohydrate | "Compound containing carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen in the approximate ratio of C:2H:O (e.g., sugars, starches, and cellulose)" |  | 2 |
| 4869215645 | protein | Class of nutrients made up of amino acids. They are needed to build and repair body structures, and to regulate processes in the body |  | 3 |
| 4869215646 | lipid | Organic molecules made of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen and store food energy until needed (Fats) |  | 4 |
| 4869215647 | nucleic acid | A biological macromolecule (DNA or RNA) composed of the elements C, H, N, O, and P that carries genetic information. |  | 5 |
| 4869215648 | amino acid | Building blocks of protein |  | 6 |
| 4869215649 | monosaccharide | A simple sugar that is the basic subunit of a carbohydrate |  | 7 |
| 4869215650 | nucleotide | Monomer of nucleic acids made up of a 5-carbon sugar, a phosphate group, and a nitrogenous base |  | 8 |
| 4869215651 | fatty acid | Building Blocks of Lipids |  | 9 |
| 4869215652 | macromolecule | A very large molecule (as of a protein, nucleic acid, or carbohydrate) built up from smaller chemical structures |  | 10 |
| 4869215653 | enzyme | A protein that makes a reaction happen QUICKER; decreases activation energy of a reaction. |  | 11 |
| 4869215654 | dehydration synthesis | A chemical reaction in which two molecules covalently bond to each other with the removal of a water molecule. |  | 12 |
| 4869215655 | hydrolysis | Breaking down complex molecules (polymers) by the chemical addition of water. Used in digestion. |  | 13 |
| 4869215656 | polysaccharide | a carbohydrate that is composed of many monosaccharide units joined together |  | 14 |
| 4869215657 | glucose | A simple sugar that is an important source of energy. |  | 15 |
| 4869215658 | -ase | Used in naming enzymes |  | 16 |
| 4869215659 | -ose | What is the common ending of the name of most simple sugars? |  | 17 |
| 4869215660 | Functional group | the portion of a molecule that is active in a chemical reaction and that determines the properties of many organic compounds | 18 | |
| 4869215661 | Hydroxyl | Functional group found in carbohydrates A chemical group consisting of an oxygen atom bonded to a hydrogen atom (-OH). |  | 19 |
| 4869215662 | Carboxyl Group | -COOH Organic acids contain this functional group |  | 20 |
| 4869215663 | Amino group | A functional group that consists of a nitrogen atom bonded to two hydrogen atoms |  | 21 |
| 4869215664 | Active site | Region of an enzyme into which a particular substrate fits. |  | 22 |
| 4869215665 | Substrate | A substance on which an enzyme acts during a chemical reaction. |  | 23 |
| 4869215666 | Product | A substance produced in a chemical reaction |  | 24 |
| 4869215667 | Condensation reaction | A reaction in which two molecules become covalently bonded to each other through the loss of a small molecule, usually water; also called dehydration reaction. | | 25 |
| 4869215668 | Carbon | non-metal that can from 4 bonds with other elements |  | 26 |
| 4869215669 | Hydrocarbon | an organic compound composed only of carbon and hydrogen |  | 27 |
| 4869215670 | Triglyceride | Circulate in the blood and are made up of three fatty acids attached to a glycerol. |  | 28 |
| 4869215671 | Glucose | A simple sugar that is an important source of energy. | | 29 |
| 4869215672 | Glycerol | A three-carbon alcohol to which fatty acids are covalently bonded to make fats and oils. |  | 30 |
| 4869215673 | Catalyst | A substance that speeds up the rate of a chemical reaction. | | 31 |
| 4869215674 | polymer | A long molecule consisting of many similar or identical building blocks linked by covalent bonds | | 32 |
| 4869215675 | macromolecule | A very large organic molecule composed of many smaller molecules | | 33 |
| 4869215676 | organic compound | a covalently bonded compound that contains carbon |  | 34 |
| 4869215677 | disaccharide | A molecule composed of two monosaccharides. Common disaccharides include maltose, sucrose, and lactose. |  | 35 |
| 4869215678 | polysaccharide | A polymer of thousands of simple sugars formed by dehydration synthesis. a carbohydrate that is composed of many monosaccharide units joined together | | 36 |
| 4869215679 | monosaccharide | A simple sugar that is the basic subunit of a carbohydrate |  | 37 |
| 4869215680 | polypeptide | A polymer (chain) of many amino acids linked together by peptide bonds. |  | 38 |
| 4869215681 | peptide | Bonds that connect amino acids. | | 39 |
| 4869215682 | denature | A change in the shape of a protein (such as an enzyme) that can be caused by changes in temperature or pH (among other things). |  | 40 |
| 4869215683 | fatty acid | Building Blocks of Lipids |  | 41 |
| 4869215684 | enzyme-substrate complex | The combination of the enzyme and substrate |  | 42 |
| 4869215685 | saturated fatty acid | A fatty acid with a carbon chain full of hydrogen atoms, meaning no carbon-carbon double bonds; usually from animal sources and solid at room temperature. | | 43 |
| 4869215686 | unsaturated fatty acid | A fatty acid with a carbon chain that includes one or more carbon-carbon double bonds; usually from plant sources and liquid at room temperature. Monounsaturated fatty acids have one carbon-carbon double bond and polyunsaturated fatty acids have two or more double bonds. |  | 44 |
| 4869215687 | Protein structure | -The function of a protein depends on the protein's 3D shape |  | 45 |
| 4869215688 | Activation energy | The minimum amount of energy needed to start a chemical reaction |  | 46 |
| 4869215689 | Biochemical reaction | Chemical reactions that take place inside the cells of living things. | 47 | |
| 4869215690 | enzyme | A type of protein that speeds up a chemical reaction in a living thing | | 48 |
| 4869215691 | active site | Region of an enzyme into which a particular substrate fits. |  | 49 |
| 4869215692 | substrate | The reactant on which an enzyme works. |  | 50 |
| 4869215693 | product | A substance produced in a chemical reaction | 51 | |
| 4869215694 | catalyst | A substance that speeds up the rate of a chemical reaction. | 52 | |
| 4869215695 | protein structure | the structure of a protein determines its function |  | 53 |
| 4869215696 | primary protein structure (honors only) | amino acid sequence |  | 54 |
| 4869215697 | secondary protein structure (honors only) | Areas of folding or coiling within a protein; examples include alpha helices and pleated sheets, which are stabilized by hydrogen bonding. |  | 55 |
| 4869215698 | tertiary protein structure (honors only) | intricate, 3-D shape (conformation) of a protein that is superimposed on its secondary structure; determines protein specificity |  | 56 |
| 4869215699 | quaternary protein structure | 2+ protein chains forming functional protein |  | 57 |
APES Flashcards
Terms : Hide Images
| 5556063546 | commensalism | one species benefits from the relationship while the other in unaffected | 0 | |
| 5556068925 | amensalism | one species suffers from the relationship while the other is unaffected | 1 | |
| 5556076502 | saprotrophism | living off eating dead organisms | 2 | |
| 5556083527 | trophic cascade | each level controls the level above it | 3 | |
| 5556089651 | habitat facilitation | one species indirectly improves the habitat of third species by its interaction with the second | 4 | |
| 5556095259 | exploitation competition | one predator eats prey, causing the other predator of that prey to go down | 5 | |
| 5556104551 | wild biosphere | 23% of land as of 2000 (cold and xeric land) | 6 | |
| 5556114767 | ecosystem processes | a function of population density and land use | 7 | |
| 5556128104 | cline | change in ecosystems as you change elevation or latitude | 8 | |
| 5556130186 | ecotone | gradient between any two adjacent ecosystems or biomes (no straight dividing line between a swamp and a meadow) | 9 | |
| 5556141078 | photosynthesis | 6CO2 + 6H2O → C6H12O6 + 6O2 | 10 | |
| 5556147143 | net primary productivity | the rate at which an ecosystem's producers convert solar energy to chemical energy minus the rate at which producers use energy for aerobic respiration | 11 | |
| 5556154564 | species diversity | number and abundance of species present in different communities | 12 | |
| 5556156945 | ecological diversity | variety of terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems found in an area or on earth | 13 | |
| 5556160344 | functional diversity | biological and chemical processes such as energy flow and matter recycling needed for the survival of species, communities, and ecosystems | 14 | |
| 5556162822 | genetic diversity | variety of genetic material within a species or a population | 15 | |
| 5556165316 | theory of island biogeography | island size up, # of species up; distance from the mainland up, # of species down; species richness seems to increase productivity and stability or sustainability, and provide insurance against catastrophe | 16 | |
| 5556176783 | directional selection | population shifts towards one extreme | 17 | |
| 5556179557 | stabilizing selection | populations shifts towards the mean or intermediate phenotype | 18 | |
| 5556183574 | disruptive selection | population splits towards both extremes | 19 | |
| 5556185667 | allopatric speciation | population is isolated by physical, geographic barriers | 20 | |
| 5556185668 | sympatric speciation | populations remain in the same area but isolate due to other mechanisms | 21 | |
| 5556199327 | edge effects | the changes in population or community structures that occur at the boundary of two habitats | 22 | |
| 5556211182 | r selected organisms | prey animals and plants: have a lot of offspring to try and compete | 23 | |
| 5556211183 | doubling time for a population | 70/percent | 24 | |
| 5556233186 | total fertility rate (TFR) | average number of children born to women in a population | 25 |
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