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AP Economics Unit 3 Flashcards

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7663239368Gross Domestic Product (GDP)the total value of all goods and services produced within a country during a given year.0
7663241749Net Domestic Productgross domestic product minus depreciation1
7663244044Multiplierthe increase in equilibrium real GDP divided by the increase in autonomous expenditure2
7663244045Nominal GDPthe production of goods and services valued at current prices3
7663244046Real GDPthe value of final goods and services evaluated at base-year prices4
7663248510Price Indexa number that compares prices in one year with some earlier base year5
7663248511Business CycleAlternating periods of economic expansion and economic recession6
7663250988Unemployment Ratethe percentage of the nation's labor force that is unemployed *people not looking for a job are not counted towards unemployment rate7
7663250989Expected Rate of Returnreturn we expect on the investment use weighted average of the outcomes8
7663254994Frictional Unemploymenta type of unemployment caused by workers voluntarily changing jobs and by temporary layoffs; unemployed workers between jobs. Also called search and wait unemployment9
7663254995Structural Unemploymentunemployment of workers whose skills are not demanded by employers, who lack sufficient skill to obtain employment, or who cannot easily move to locations where jobs are available, last longer than frictional10
7663257536Cyclical Unemploymentunemployment that rises during economic downturns and falls when the economy improves11
7663257537Natural Rate of Unemploymentthe normal rate of unemployment around which the unemployment rate fluctuates12
7663261056GDP GapDifference of actual and potential GDP occurs due to cyclical unemployment13
7663263568Okun's Lawfor every 1% increase in unemployment, there is a 2% loss of potential GDP14
7663263569Demand-Pull Inflationexcess demand bids up the prices of the limited output15
7663268382Cost-Push Inflationinflation resulting from an increase in the cost of production16
7663273723Rule of 70time to double = 70/R (R= rate of growth)17
7663273724APCconsumption/income18
7663273725APSsaving / income19
7663273726MPCchange in consumption/change in income20
7663276249MPSchange in savings/change in income21
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AP Psych. Unit 7 Flashcards

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6079570509Motivationa need or desire that energizes and directs behavior0
6079570510Instincta complex behavior that is rigidly patterned throughout a species and is unlearned1
6079570511Drive-reduction theorythe idea that a physiological need creates an aroused tension state (a drive) that motivates an organism to satisfy the need2
6079570512Homeostasisa tendency to maintain a balanced or constant internal state; the regulation of any aspect of body chemistry, such as blood glucose, around a particular level3
6079570513Incentivea positive or negative environmental stimulus that motivates behavior4
6079570514Hierarchy of needsMaslow's pyramid of human needs, beginning at the base with physiological needs that must first be satisfied before higher-level safety needs and then psychological needs become active5
6079570515Glucosethe form of sugar that circulates in the blood and provides the major source of energy for body tissues. When its level is low, we feel hunger6
6079570516Set point basal metabolic rate anorexia nervosathe point at which an individual's "weight thermostat" is supposedly set. When the body falls below this weight, an increase in hunger and a lowered metabolic rate may act to restore the lost weight7
6079570517Bulimia nervosaan eating disorder characterized by episodes of overeating, usually of high-calorie foods, followed by vomiting, laxative use, fasting, or excessive exercise8
6079570518Binge-eating disordersignificant binge-eating episodes, followed by distress, disgust, or guilt, but without the compensatory purging, fasting, or excessive exercise that marks bulimia nervosa9
6079570519Sexual response cyclethe four stages of sexual responding described by Masters and Johnson—excitement, plateau, orgasm, and resolution10
6079570520Refractory perioda resting period after orgasm, during which a man cannot achieve another orgasm11
6079570521Estrogenssex hormones, such as estradiol, secreted in greater amounts by females than by males and contributing to female sex characteristics. In nonhuman female mammals, estrogen levels peak during ovulation, promoting sexual receptivity12
6079570522Testosteronethe most important of the male sex hormones. Both males and females have it, but the additional testosterone in males stimulates the growth of the male sex organs in the fetus and the development of the male sex characteristics during puberty13
6079570523Sexual orientationan enduring sexual attraction toward members of either one's own sex (homosexual orientation) or the other sex (heterosexual orientation)14
6079570524Emotiona response of the whole organism, involving (1) physiological arousal, (2) expressive behaviors, and (3) conscious experience15
6079570525James-Lange theorythe theory that our experience of emotion is our awareness of our physiological responses to emotion-arousing stimuli16
6079570526Cannon-Bard theorythe theory that an emotion-arousing stimulus simultaneously triggers (1) physiological responses and (2) the subjective experience of emotion17
6079570527Two-factor theorythe Schachter-Singer theory that to experience emotion one must (1) be physically aroused and (2) cognitively label the arousal18
6079570528Polygrapha machine, commonly used in attempts to detect lies, that measures several of the physiological responses accompanying emotion (such as perspiration and cardiovascular and breathing changes)19
6079570529Facial feedbackthe effect of facial expressions on experienced emotions, as when a facial expression of anger or happiness intensifies feelings of anger or happiness20
6079570530Catharsisemotional release. In psychology, the catharsis hypothesis maintains that "releasing" aggressive energy (through action or fantasy) relieves aggressive urges21
6079570531Feel-good, do-good phenomenonpeople's tendency to be helpful when already in a good mood22
6079570532Relative deprivationthe perception that one is worse off relative to those with whom one compares oneself23
6079570533Behavior medicinean interdisciplinary field that integrates behavioral and medical knowledge and applies that knowledge to health and disease24
6079570534Health psychologya subfield of psychology that provides psychology's contribution to behavioral medicine25
6079570535Stressthe process by which we perceive and respond to certain events, called stressors, that we appraise as threatening or challenging26
6079570536General adaptation syndrome (GAS)Selye's concept of the body's adaptive response to stress in three states—alarm, resistance, exhaustion27
6079570537Coronary heart diseasethe clogging of the vessels that nourish the heart muscle; the leading cause of death in many developed countries28
6079570538Type AFriedman and Rosenman's term for competitive, hard-driving, impatient, verbally aggressive, and anger-prone people29
6079570539Type BFriedman and Rosenman's term for easygoing, relaxed people30
6079570540Psychophysiological illnessliterally, "mind-body" illness; any stress-related physical illness, such as hypertension and some headaches31
6079570541Psychoneuroimmunology (PNI)the study of how psychological, neural, and endocrine processes together affect the immune system and resulting health32
6079570542Lymphocytesthe two types of white blood cells that are part of the body's immune system: B lymphocytes form in the b one marrow and release antibodies that fight bacterial infections; T lymphocytes form in the t hymus and other lymphatic tissue and attack cancer cells, viruses, and foreign substances33
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AP Psych. Unit 8 Flashcards

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6079577858developmental psychologya branch of psychology that studies physical, cognitive, and social change throughout the life span0
6079577859zygotethe fertilized egg; it enters a 2-week period of rapid cell division and develops into an embryo1
6079577860embryothe developing human organism from about 2 weeks after fertilization through the second month2
6079577861fetusthe developing human organism from 9 weeks after conception to birth3
6079577862teratogensagents, such as chemicals and viruses, that can reach the embryo or fetus during prenatal development and cause harm4
6079577863fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS)physical and cognitive abnormalities in children caused by a pregnant woman's heavy drinking. In severe cases, symptoms include noticeable facial mis-proportions5
6079577864habituationdecreasing responsiveness with repeated stimulation. As infants gain familiarity with repeated exposure to a visual stimulus, their interest wanes and they look away sooner6
6079577865maturationbiological growth processes that enable orderly changes in behavior, relatively uninfluenced by experience7
6079577866cognitionall the mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, remembering, and communicating8
6079577867schemaa concept or framework that organizes and interprets information9
6079577868assimilationinterpreting our new experience in terms of our existing schemas10
6079577869accommodationthe process by which the eye's lens changes shape to focus near or far objects on the retina11
6079577870sensorimotor stagein Piaget's theory, the stage (from birth to about 2 years of age) during which infants know the world mostly in terms of their sensory impressions and motor activities12
6079577871object permanencethe awareness that things continue to exist even when not perceived13
6079577872preoperational stagein Piaget's theory, the stage (from about 2 to 6 or 7 years of age) during which a child learns to use language but does not yet comprehend the mental operations of concrete logic14
6079577873conservationAbility to recognize that objects can be transformed in some way, visually or phycially, yet still be the same in number, weight, substance, or volume15
6079577874egocentrismin Piaget's theory, the preoperational child's difficulty taking another's point of view16
6079577875theory of mindpeople's ideas about their own and others' mental states—about their feelings, perceptions, and thoughts, and the behaviors these might predict17
6079577876concrete operational stagein Piaget's theory, the stage of cognitive development (from about 6 or 7 to 11 years of age) during which children gain the mental operations that enable them to think logically about concrete events18
6079577877formal operational stagein Piaget's theory, the stage of cognitive development (normally beginning about age 12) during which people begin to think logically about abstract concepts.19
6079577878autismAutism is one of three disorders in Autism Spectrum disorder. It is related to brain abnormalities, but the cause is debated.20
6079577879stranger anxietyAlthough many people might get anxious around strangers, this term refers to a developmental situation in which infants become anxious and fearful around strangers.21
6079577880attachmentAttachment can pertain to all people, regardless of age, but typically relates to the attachment between children and caregivers22
6079577881Critical Periodan optimal period shortly after birth when an organism's exposure to certain stimuli or experiences produces proper development23
6079577882imprinting(of a young animal) come to recognize (another animal, person, or thing) as a parent or other object of habitual trust.24
6079577883temperamentTemperament refers to the characteristics and aspects of personality that we are born with.25
6079577884basic trustchildren who have secure attachments with their parents have a general sense that the world is predictable and reliable (this is basic trust)26
6079577885self conceptan idea of the self constructed from the beliefs one holds about oneself and the responses of others.27
6079577886gender typing. Gender typing is when children acquire these masculine and/or feminine roles and identify with these roles.28
6079577887social learning theoryThis theory, made famous by Albert Bandura, states that social behavior (any type of behavior that we display socially) is learned primarily by observing and imitating the actions of others.29
6079577888genderthe state of being male or female (typically used with reference to social and cultural differences rather than biological ones).30
6079577889aggressionaggression is any form of behavior that is intended to harm or injure some person, oneself, or an object.31
6079577890x chromosomethe sex chromosome found in both men and women. Females have two X chromosomes; males have one. An X chromosome from each parent produces a female child32
6079577891y chromosomethe sex chromosome found only in males. When paired with an X chromosome from the mother, it produces a male child33
6079577892testosteronetestosterone is a very important male sex hormone. Although it is considered a male sex hormone, women do have it, just in lesser quantities than men.34
6079577893gender roleGender role is a set of expectations held by society about the ways in which men and women are supposed to behave based on their gender.35
6079577894gender identityGender identity is one's own perception or sense of being male or female.36
6079577895adolescenceThe developmental stage that occurs from puberty to maturity, lasting from about ages 12 to 18 (there is some debate about the exact age range, but 12-18 is a commonly accepted range)37
6079577896pubertyPuberty is the time period between childhood and adulthood when physical changes allow for reproduction38
6079577897primary sex characteristicsprimary sex characteristics are body structures that are specific to sex. Females have ovaries whereas men have testes.39
6079577898secondary sex characteristicsThese are the physical features other than reproductive orgrans that distinguish men from women. Unlike primary sex characteristics which are the main sex-specific reproductive organs (i.e., ovaries and testes), secondary sex characteristics are nonreporductive sexual characteristics such as breasts (on females) and an adam's apple on men.40
6079577899menarcheThis is a very straight forward one - menarche is a female's first menstrual cycle...when a girl has her first "period".41
6079577900social identityThis theory addresses the ways in which people perceive and categorize themselves. According to social identity theory, individuals form self-conceptions that are based on two parts: 1) personal or self identity, and 2) collective identity.42
6079577901intimacyThis term comes from Erikson's theory of development, and refers to a person's ability form close, loving relationships, which he stated is the primary developmental task of early adulthood.43
6079577902emerging adulthoodEmerging adulthood is a developmental phase that spans between adolescence and adulthood.44
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AP Psychology Unit 2 Flashcards

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8852318435hindsight biasThe tendency to believe, after learning an outcome, that one would have foreseen it- "I knew it all along"0
8852318436critical thinkingIs rationally deciding what to believe or what to do. When one rationally decides something, he or she evaluates information to see if it makes sense, whether it's coherent, and whether the argument is well founded on evidence.1
8852318437validitythe extent to which a test or experiment measures or predicts what it is supposed to do2
8852318438theoryA hypothesis that has been tested with a significant amount of data3
8852318439hypothesisA testable prediction, often implied by a theory4
8852318440operational definitionA statement of the procedures used to define research variables5
8852318441replicationreplicate the original study6
8852318442case studyAn observation technique in which one person is studied in depth in the hope of revealing universal principles.7
8852318443surveyA study, generally in the form of an interview or questionnaire, that provides researchers with information about how people think and act.8
8852318444populationthe whole group that you want to study and describe9
8852318445random sampleA sample that fairly represents a population because each member has an equal chance of inclusion10
8852318446sampling biasflawed sampling process that produces an unrepresentative sample11
8852318447naturalistic observationObserving and recording behavior in naturally occurring situations without trying to manipulate and control the situation12
8852318448correlationA measure of the relationship between two variables13
8852318449correlation coefficientA statistical index of the relationship between two things (from -1 to +1)14
8852318450scatterplotA graphed cluster of dots, each of which represents the values of two variables.15
8852318451illusory correlationThe perception of a relationship where none exists16
8852318452experimentA research method in which an investigator manipulates one or more factors to observe the effect on some behavior or mental process17
8852318453random assignmentAssigning participants to experimental and control conditions by chance, thus minimizing preexisting differences between those assigned to the different groups18
8852318454double-blind studyAn experiment in which neither the participant nor the researcher knows whether the participant has received the treatment or the placebo19
8852318455placebo effectExperimental results caused by expectations alone; any effect on behavior caused by the administration of an inert substance or condition, which is assumed to be an active agent.20
8852318456experimental groupA subject or group of subjects in an experiment that is exposed to the factor or condition being tested.21
8852318457control groupIn an experiment, the group that is not exposed to the treatment; contrasts with the experimental group and serves as a comparison for evaluating the effect of the treatment.22
8852318458independent variable(statistics) a variable whose values are independent of changes in the values of other variables23
8852318459confounding variableA factor other than the independent variable that might produce an effect in an experiment.24
8852318460dependent varibalethe outcome factor the cariable that may change in response to manipulations of the independent variables --what you are measuring (ex. obesity rates)25
8852318461modeMeasure of central tendency that uses most frequently occurring score.26
8852318462meanAverage27
8852318463medianA measure of center in a set of numerical data. The median of a list of values is the value appearing at the center of a sorted version of the list - or the mean of the two central values if the list contains an even number of values.28
8852318464rangeDistance between highest and lowest scores in a set of data.29
8852318465standard deviationA computed measure of how much scores vary around the mean score.30
8852318466normal curvethe symmetrical bell-shaped curve that describes the distribution of many physical and psychological attributes. Most scores fall near the average, and fewer and fewer scores lie near the extremes.31
8852318467statistical significanceA statistical statement of how likely it is that an obtained result occurred by chance32
8852318468cultureBeliefs, customs, and traditions of a specific group of people.33
8852318469informed consentA written agreement to participate in a study made by an adult who has been informed of all the risks that participation may entail.34
8852318470debriefingA verbal description of the true nature and purpose of a study35
8852318471sampleA part of the population you are studying.36
8852318472how does overconfidence relate to everyday thinking?we tend to be more confident than correct and believe we know more than we actually do37
8852318473how do hindsight bias and overconfidence relate to intuition?leads us to overestimate our intuition38
88523184743 main components of scientific attitudecuriosity skepticism humility39
8852318475how do operational definitions keep biases in check?make sure that everyone is going by the same standards and is not changing how they see the data being studied40
8852318476a theory is useful if :- it effectively organizes a range of self-reports / observations and leads to a clear hypothesis that anyone can use to check a theory - it stimulates research to lead to a revised theory that better organizes and predicts what we know41
8852318477wording effect of a surveythe way a question or situation is presented affects how people feel about the matter (ex. better wording = more desired results)42
8852318478case studies, surveys, and naturalistic observations do not explain behavior, but rather ________ behaviordescribes43
8852318479positive correlationtwo variable rise and fall together, such as height and weight44
8852318480negative correlationvariables are related inversely, one goes up and the other goes down, such as inner speech and psychological distress45
88523184811 standard deviation68%46
88523184822 standard deviations95%47
88523184833 standard deviations99%48
8852318486descriptive statisticsnumerical data used to measure and describe characteristics of groups, including measures of central tendency and variation49
8852318487measures of central tendencyrefers to how the data measures the center of a set of data50
8852318488skewed graphmode, median, and mean are different51
8852318489normal graphmode, median, and mean are same52
8852318490positive skewhigh outlier53
8852318491negative skewlow outlier54
8852318492measures of variabilitydepict diversity of the distribution (range, standard deviation)55
8852318493higher standard deviation =scores are less similar56
8852318494normal curve57
8852318495inferential statisticsnumerical data that allows one to generalize (T-tests, chi square, ANOVAS)58
8852318496descriptive stats vs. inferential statsd : allows us to summarize info about the sample studied i : determine whether or not findings can be applied to a larger population from which the sample was selected59
8852318497statistically significanthow likely it is that an obtained result occurred by chance (p-value) averages are reliable differences between averages is relatively large implies importance of results60
8852318498culture (behavior)enduring behaviors ideas, attitudes, and how people perceive different situations, such as body shape, early sex, etc.61
8852318499collectivist culturegroup goals62
8852318500individualist culturesindividual goals63
8852318501ethics in researchinformed consent protection from harm/discomfort maintain confidentiality debriefing64
8852318502IRB (Institutional Review Board)any academic research needs to be proposed to their IRB, review for ethical violations and/or procedural errors65
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AP Terms Flashcards

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7670407873allusiona well-known reference to a historical or cultural figure, artwork, event, piece of writing, etc.0
7670407874alliterationrepeated consonant sounds at the beginning of words, phrases or clauses1
7670407875analogyA comparison of two different things that are similar in some way2
7670410440anecdotea brief story used as part of a larger text3
7670410441antithesisplacing two contradicting or opposite ideas together in parallel structure to emphasize a point4
7670410442colloquialismslang or informal speech5
7670414665cumulative sentencea sentence in which the main clause is at the beginning of the sentence6
7670414666epiphanya revelation or "a-ha" moment7
7670416971euphemisma milder way of saying something harsh8
7670416972hyperboleextreme exaggeration; overstatement9
7670416973metaphorcomparison of two things that does not use "like" or "as"10
7670420497onomatopoeiaA word that imitates the sound it represents.11
7670420498parallelismsimilarity of structure in a pair or series of related words, phrases, or clauses12
7670423444periodic sentencea sentence in which the main clause is at the end of the sentence13
7670423445personificationgiving human qualities to nonhuman things14
7670426581dictionword choice15
7670426582syntaxsentence structure16
7670426583tonethe attitude of the speaker conveyed by stylistic choices and diction17
7670426584imagerydescriptive writing that appeals to the five senses18
7670429136figurative languagewriting or speech not meant to be interpreted literally19
7670429137point of viewperspective from which a story is told; in literature it can be first person, third person omniscient or limited, second person20
7670429138detailThis is a piece of information that is used to support a main idea.21
7670431990pacingThe speed or tempo of an author's writing.22
7670431991shiftmovement from one point to another or in the tone of a piece of writing23
7670431992connotationemotional association of a word24
7670435068denotationdictionary definition of a word25
7670435069themeCentral idea of a work of literature; THEMEssage26
7670435070ethoscredibility/ethics of speaker27
7670437347pathosemotional appeal28
7670437348logoslogical appeal29
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AP Statistics (Chapter 10) Flashcards

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9391592417RandomAn outcome is random if we know the possible values it can have, but not which particular value it takes0
9391592418Generating random numbersRandom numbers are hard to generate. Nevertheless, several internet sites offer and unlimited supply of equally likely random values1
9391592419SimulationA simulation models a real-world situation by using random-digit outcomes to mimic the uncertainty of a response variable of interest2
9391592420Simulation componentA component uses equally likely random digits to model simple random occurrences whose outcomes may not be equally likely.3
9391592421TrialThe sequence of several components representing events that we are pretending will take place4
9391592422Response VariableValues of the response variable record the results of each trial with respect to what were interested in knowing.5
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AP Biology: Chapter 6 Flashcards

Vocabulary words from the AP Edition of Campbell Biology, Chapter 6.

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7782961255organellesmembrane-enclosed structures within a eukaryotic cell0
7782961256cytosola jellylike substance where organelles and other components are found1
7782961257eukaryotic cellCell with a nucleus and membrane bound organelles2
7782961258prokaryotic cellCell with no nucleus nor membrane bound organelles3
7782961259nucleoid regiona non-membrane-enclosed region of the cell where prokaryotic DNA is found4
7782961260cytoplasmthe region in a cell between the cell membrane and nucleus; it contains the cell structures and oganelles5
7782961261plasma membraneThe selective barrier that surrounds a cell; it controls what enters and leaves the cell6
7782961262nucleuschromosome-containing part of a eukaryotic cell7
7782961263nuclear envelopeencloses the nucleus to separate its contents from the cytoplasm8
7782961264nuclear laminaa netlike array of protein filaments that maintains the shape of the nucleus by mechanically supporting the nuclear envelope, lines the nuclear side of the nuclear envelope9
7782961265chromosomestightly coiled structures that carry the genetic information (can be seen during nuclear division)10
7782961266chromatinloosly coiled genetic material that makes up chromosomes, a complex of proteins and DNA11
7782961267nucleoluslocated in the nucleus, makes, synthesizes, and partially assembles ribosomes12
7782961268ribosomesmade of ribosomal RNA and protein, synthesize proteins13
7782961269endomembrane systemmembranes that divide the cell into organelles such as the nuclear membrane, the endoplasmic reticulum, the Golgi apparatus, lysosomes, vesicles, and the cell membrane.14
7782961270endoplasmic reticulum (ER)accounts for more than half of total membrane in many eukaryotic cells, continuous with the nuclear envelope15
7782961271smooth ERportion of the endoplasmic reticulum free of ribosomes, synthesize lipids, detoxifies the cell, and regulates calcium levels16
7782961272rough ERportion of the endoplasmic reticulum studded with ribosomes, produce and transport membrane and secretory proteins17
7782961273glycoproteinsproteins with covalently-bonded carbohydrates that play a role in cell to cell interaction18
7782961274transport vesiclesvesicles in transit from one part of the cell to another19
7782961275Golgi apparatusstack of membranes that modifies, sorts, and packages proteins from the endoplasmic reticulum20
7782961276lysosomemembranous sac of hydrolytic enzymes, which the cell uses to digest unwanted materials21
7782961277phagocytosisthe process by which a cell engulfs a solid particle22
7782961278autophagylysosomes break down damaged organelles23
7782961279food vacuolesformed by phagocytosis, pinches off from plasma membrane and encloses a food particle24
7782961280contractile vacuolespump excess water out of the cell to maintain a suitable concentration of ions and molecules in the cell25
7782961281central vacuolethe largest organelle in a plant cell. It is surrounded by the tonoplast and functions to hold materials and wastes. It also functions to maintain the proper pressure within plant cells26
7782961282mitochondriachemically convert chemical (food) energy into usable ATP energy through cellular respiration27
7782961283chloroplastscontain chlorophyll which help absorb solar energy in order to convert carbon dioxide and water into sugars during photosynthesis28
7782961284cristaeinfoldings in the inner membrane of the mitochondria29
7782961285mitochondrial matrixcompartment of the mitochondrion, enclosed by the inner membrane, contains enzymes and substrates for the citric acid cycle30
7782961286plastidsmanufacture and store important chemical compounds used by the cell such as pigments, oils, and starches31
7782961287thylakoidsflattened and interconnected sacs found in chloroplasts. The light dependent stage of photosynthesis occurs on the membranes of these sacs32
7782961288granumstacks of thylakoids33
7782961289stromafluid outside the thylakoids, contains chloroplast DNA, ribosomes, and enzymes. The light independent stage of photosynthesis occurs in this area34
7782961290cytoskeletona network of fibers bracing the cytoplasm35
7782961291microtubuleshollow rods of protein, support the cell and moves organelles within the cell36
7782961292centrosomea region located near the nucleus where micro-tubules grow from; important in cell division37
7782961293centriolescylindrical organelle near the nucleus in animal cells, occurring in pairs and involved in the development of spindle fibers in cell division38
7782961294flagellaa long tail-like structure that aids in cell movement39
7782961295ciliaa short hair-like structures that enable movement of cells or movement of materials outside a cell, utilizes a back-and-forth motion40
7782961296microfilamentsthe thinnest part of the cytoskeleton, are used to give shape to the cell and support all of its internal parts41
7782961297actina globular protein that makes up microfilaments42
7782961298pseudopodiacellular extensions that enable a cell to crawl along a surface43
7782961299cytoplasmic streamingthe circular flow of cytoplasm within cells44
7782961300intermediate filamentsdiverse class of cytoskeletal elements that bear tension like microfilaments45
7782961301cell wallextracellular structure specific to plant cells, protects the cell, maintains its shape, and prevents excessive water uptake46
7782961302primary cell walla relatively thin and flexible layer in plant cells, first secreted by a young cell47
7782961303middle lamellaa thin layer between primary walls of adjacent cells that glues them together with pectin48
7782961304secondary cell walla strong and durable matrix in plant cells, often deposited in several laminated layers for cell protection and support49
7782961305extracellular matrixwhere animal tissue cells are embedded, consists of protein and polysaccharides50
7782961306collagenmost common glycoprotein in the ECM, forms strong fibers outside the cells51
7782961307plasmodesmatachannels that perforate cell walls, allow for connections between cells in plants52
7782961308tight junctionsintercellular junction in animal tissues where plasma membranes of neighboring cells are very tightly pressed against each other, bound by specific proteins53
7782961309desmosomesintercellular junction in animal tissues that function like rivets, fastening cells together into strong sheets54
7782961310gap junctionsintercellular junction in animal tissues that provide cytoplasmic channels from one cell to an adjacent cell, similar to plasmodesmata in plants55
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AP Statistics Unit 1 Flashcards

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7392331072variableholds information about the same characteristic for many subjects0
7392331073categorical variablewhere the data collected places the individuals in various categories or groups1
7392331074quantitative variablewhere the data collected is numerical and it makes sense to use it for numerical operations2
7392331075frequency tablelists the categories for a categorical variable and displays the counts for each category3
7392331076relative frequency tablelists the categories for a categorical variable and displays the percenatges for each category4
7392331077distributiondescribes how a quantitative variable behaves. Generally include shape, center, spread, & unusual features.5
7392331078bar charta display for categorical data that uses bar height to represent counts or percentages for each category6
7392331080histograma display for quantitative data that uses adjacent bars to represent counts or percentages of values falling in each interval7
7392331081stem & leaf or stemplota display for quantitative data that uses place values to reprensent the distributions8
7392331082dotplota display for either kind of data that uses a dot to represent each individual in the data set9
7392331083measures of centermean for distributions that are symmetric, median for all other distribution shapes10
7392331084measures of spreadstandard deviation for distributions that are symmetric, IQR for all other distribution shapes11
7392331085uniform distributiona distribution whose shape is evenly distributed throughout the values it takes12
7392331086symmetric distributiona distribution whose shape is unimodal and each side is roughly a mirror image of the other13
7392331087left skewed distributiona distribution that has a concentration of data on the upper end and the tail on the left14
7392331088right skewed distributiona distribution with a concentration of data on the lower end and the tail on the right15
7392331089outliersvalues that fall outside the overall pattern of the data16
7392331090meanthe average of the data values17
7392331091medianthe value in the center of an ordered data set18
7392331092rangethe maximum data value minus the minimum data value19
7392331093first quartilethe value where 25 % of the data fall below it in an ordered list20
7392331094third quartilethe value where 75% of the data falls below it in an ordered list21
7392331095Interquartile Range (IQR)the third quartile minus the first quartile22
7392331096percentilethe place in the data where a certain percentage of the data falls below that value23
73923310975 number summaryincludes the minimum, first quartile, median, third quartile, & the maximum24
7392331098modified boxplota display for quantitative data that graphs the five-number summary on an axis and shows outliers of they exist25
7392331099variancethe standard deviation squared, it is a measure of spread26
7392331100advantage of stemplotretains the actual data values from the data set27
7392331101advantage of histogrameasy to see shape of distribution & good for large data sets28
7392331102resistantvalues that are not strongly affected by extreme values, the median is more resistant that the mean. The standard deviation is most strongly affected by extreme values29
7392388732Explanatory VariableA variable that helps explain or influences changes in a response variable.30
7392396594Response VariableA variable that measures an outcome of a study.31
7392400673Conditional DistributionDeals with the rows inside the table32
7392403073Pie Graphused to show parts of a whole33
7392408035Bar Grapha graph that uses vertical or horizontal bars to show comparisons among two or more items34
7392411882Segmented Bar GraphUsed to compare the distribution of a categorical variable in each of several groups.35
7392414932HistogramA graph of vertical bars representing the frequency distribution of a set of data.36
7392417655Box and whisker plotshows the variability of a data set using quartiles37
7392425634Measure of centerMean - Is not resistant to extreme values Median - Is resistant to extreme values38
7392429569Measures of SpreadRange - not resistant to extremes Standard Deviation - Not resistant to extremes IQR - Is resistant to extremes39
7392432202SOCSS - Shape O - Outliers C - Center S - Spread40
7392436050Standard Deviationa computed measure of how much scores vary around the mean score41
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