| 6371326398 | shoot system | the aerial portion of a plant body, consisting of stems, leaves. and flowers. | | 0 |
| 6371326399 | root | an organ in vascular plants that anchors the plant and enables it to absorb water and minerals from the soil |  | 1 |
| 6371326400 | ground tissue system | plant tissues that are neither vascular nor dermal, fulfilling a variety of functions, such as storage, photosynthesis, and support | | 2 |
| 6371326401 | vascular tissue | plant tissue consisting of cells joined into tubes that transport water and nutrients throughout the plant body |  | 3 |
| 6371326402 | apical meristem | embryonic plant tissue in the tips of roots and the buds of shoots. The dividing cells of an apical meristem enable the plant to grow in length |  | 4 |
| 6371326403 | lateral meristem | a meristem that thickens the roots and shoots of woody plants. The vascular cambium and cork cambium are lateral meristems | | 5 |
| 6371326404 | vascular cambium | a cylinder of meristematic tissue in woody plants that adds layers of secondary vascular tissue called secondary xylem (wood) and secondary phloem | | 6 |
| 6371326405 | cork cambium | a cylinder of meristematic tissue in woody plants that replaces the epidermis with thicker, tougher cork cells. | | 7 |
| 6371326406 | parenchyma | a relatively unspecialized plant cell type that carries out most of the metabolism, synthesizes and stores organic products, and develops into more differentiated cell type | | 8 |
| 6371326407 | collenchyma | a flexible plant cell type that occurs in strands or cylinders that support young parts of the plant without restraining growth | | 9 |
| 6371326408 | sclerenchyma | type of ground-tissue cell with an extremely thick, rigid cell wall that makes ground tissue tough and strong | | 10 |
| 6371326409 | pectin | any of various water-soluble colloidal carbohydrates that occur in ripe fruit and vegetables | | 11 |
| 6371326410 | xylem | the woody part of plants: the supporting and water-conducting tissue, consisting primarily of tracheids and vessels | | 12 |
| 6371326411 | phloem | vascular plant tissue consisting of living cells arranged into elongated tubes that transport sugar and other organic nutrients throughout the plant | | 13 |
| 6371326412 | lignin | a complex polymer | | 14 |
| 6371326413 | tracheids | A water-conducting and supportive element of xylem composed of long, thin cells with tapered ends and walls hardened with lignin. | | 15 |
| 6371326414 | vessel members | xylem cells shorter and wider than tracheids, long and tapered | | 16 |
| 6371326415 | sieve-tube cells | cylindrical cells lacking nuclei and with perforated sides and end walls that allow the movement of phloem sap between cells | | 17 |
| 6371326416 | companion cells | a type of plant cell that os connected to a sieve- tube element by many plasmodesmata and whose nucleus and ribosomes may serve one or more adjacent sieve-tube elements | | 18 |
| 6371326417 | epidermis | the dermal tissue system of non-woody plants, usually consisting of a single layer of tightly packed cells. | | 19 |
| 6371326418 | cuticle | a waxy covering on the surface of stems and leaves that acts as an adaptation that prevents desiccation in terrestrial plants. | | 20 |
| 6371326419 | stomata | the small openings on the undersides of most leaves through which oxygen and carbon dioxide can move |  | 21 |
| 6371326420 | guard cells | The two cells that flank the stomatal pore and regulate the opening and closing of the pore. |  | 22 |
| 6371326421 | periderm | the protective coat that replaces the epidermis in woody plants during secondary growth, formed of the cork and cork cambium | | 23 |
| 6371326422 | pith | ground tissue that is internal to the vascular tissue in a stem; in many monocot roots, parenchyma cells that form the central core of the vascular cylinder | | 24 |
| 6371326423 | mesophyll | specialized ground tissue that makes up the bulk of most leaves; performs most of a plant's photosynthesis |  | 25 |
| 6371326424 | taproot system | A root system common to eudicots consisting of one large, vertical root (the taproot) that produces many smaller lateral, or branch, roots. |  | 26 |
| 6371326425 | fibrous root system | fiber: a lignified cell type that reinforces the xylem of angiosperms and functions in mechanical support; a slender, tapered sclerenchyma cell that usually occurs in bundles |  | 27 |
| 6371326426 | vascular cylinder | central region of a root that includes the vascular tissue-xylem and phloem | | 28 |
| 6371326427 | root cap | thimble-shaped mass of cells covering and protecting the growing tip of a root |  | 29 |
| 6371326428 | root hairs | tiny hair-like extensions that increase the surface area of the root allowing it to absorbs more water and nurtients |  | 30 |
| 6371326429 | pericycle | the outermost layer in the vascular cylinder from which lateral roots arise | | 31 |
| 6371326430 | endodermis | the innermost layer of the cortex in plant roots; a cylinder one cell thick that forms the boundary between the cortex and the vascular cylinder | | 32 |
| 6371326431 | bark | all tissues external to the vascular cambium, consisting mainly of the secondary phloem and layers of periderm | | 33 |
| 6371326432 | lenticels | Small raised areas in the bark of stems and roots that enable gas exchange between living cells and the outside air. |  | 34 |
| 6371326433 | heartwood | the older inactive central wood of a tree or woody plant |  | 35 |
| 6371326434 | sapwood | newly formed outer wood lying between the cambium and the heartwood of a tree or woody plant | | 36 |
| 6371326435 | casparian strip | a water impermeable ring of was in the endodermal cells of plants that blocks the passive flow of water and solutes into the stele by way of cell walls | | 37 |
| 6371326436 | root nodules | swellings on roots; contain nitrogen-fixing bacteria | | 38 |
| 6371326437 | mycorrhizae | symbiotic relationships between fungal hyphae and plant roots |  | 39 |
| 6371326438 | transpiration | the passage of gases through fine tubes because of differences in pressure or temperature |  | 40 |
| 6371326439 | cohesion-tension theory | cohesion: the binding together of like molecules. often by hydrogen bonds | | 41 |
| 6371326440 | translocation | The process by which organic substances move through the phloem of a plant | | 42 |
| 6371326441 | pressure flow theory | the best-supported theory to explain the movement of food through the phloem. A high concentration of organic substance inside cells of the phloem at a source, such as a leaf, creates a diffusion gradient that draws water into the cells. Movement occurs by bulk flow; phloem sap moves from sugar sources to sugar sinks by means of turgor pressure. | | 43 |
| 6371326442 | flower | reproductive organ of angiosperm plants especially one having showy or colorful parts | | 44 |
| 6371326443 | stamen | the pollen-producing reproductive organ of a flower, consisting of an anther and a filament |  | 45 |
| 6371326444 | filament | in an angiosperm the stalk portion of the stamen, the pollen0producing reproductive organ of a flower |  | 46 |
| 6371326445 | anther | in an angiosperm, the terminal pollen sac of a stamen, where pollen grains containing sperm-producing male gametophytes form |  | 47 |
| 6371326446 | carpel | the ovule producing organ of a flower, consisting of the stigma, style and ovary |  | 48 |
| 6371326447 | stigma | the sticky part of a flower's carpel, which traps pollen grains |  | 49 |
| 6371326448 | style | the stalk of a flower's carpel, with the ovary at the base and the stigma at the top |  | 50 |
| 6371326449 | ovary | in flowers, the portion of a carpel in which the egg-containing ovules develop |  | 51 |
| 6371326450 | ovule | a structure that develops within the ovary of a seed plant and contains the female gametophyte |  | 52 |
| 6371326451 | sepal | a modified leaf in angiosperms that helps enclose and protect a flower bud before it opens |  | 53 |
| 6371326452 | pollen grain | in seed pants a structure consisting of the male gametophyte enclosed within a pollen wall | | 54 |
| 6371326453 | microspore | a spore from a heterosporous plant species that develops into a male gametophyte | | 55 |
| 6371326454 | megaspore | a spore from a heterosporous plant species that develops into a female gametophyte | | 56 |
| 6371326455 | pollination | the transfer of pollen from male reproductive structures to female reproductive structures in plants | | 57 |
| 6371326456 | cotyledon | a seed leaf of an angiosperm embryo. Some species have one cotyledon, others two. | | 58 |
| 6371326457 | fruit | a mature ovary of a flower. the fruit protects dormant seeds and often aids in their dispersal | | 59 |
| 6371326458 | endosperm | in angiosperms a nutrients-rich tissue formed by the union of a sperm with two polar nuclei during double fertilization. the endosperm provides nourishment to the developing embryo in angiosperm seeds | | 60 |
| 6371326459 | vegetative growth | vegetative reproduction: cloning of plants by asexual means, One stage of plant development, production of nonreproductive leaves, stems, and roots | | 61 |
| 6371326460 | germination | the process whereby seeds or spores sprout and begin to grow | | 62 |
| 6371326461 | imbibition | the physical adsorption of water onto the internal surfaces of structures | | 63 |
| 6371326462 | gibberellins | any of a class of related plant hormones that stimulant growth in the stem and leaves, trigger the termination of seeds and breaking of bud dormancy, and with auxin stimulate fruit development | | 64 |
| 6371326463 | auxins | a term that primarily refers to indoleacetic acid (IAA), a natural plant hormone that has a variety of effects, including cell elongation, root formation, secondary growth, and fruit growth. | | 65 |
| 6371326464 | cytokinins | any of a class of related plant hormones that retard aging and act in concert with auxin to stimulate cell division, influence the pathway of differentiation, and control apical dominance | | 66 |
| 6371326465 | abscisic acid | a plant hormone that slows growth, often antagonizing actions of growth hormones. two of its many effects are to promote seed dormancy and facilitate drought tolerance | | 67 |
| 6371326466 | ethylene | the only gaseous plant hormone. among its many effects are response to mechanical stress, programmed cell death, leaf abscission, and fruit ripening | | 68 |
| 6371326467 | apical dominance | concentration of growth at the tip of a plant shoot, where a terminal bud partially inhibits ancillary bud growth | | 69 |
| 6371326468 | plant tropism | A plant response in which the direction of the response is related from which the stimulus comes. | | 70 |
| 6371326469 | gravitropism | a response of a plant or animal to gravity | | 71 |
| 6371326470 | phototropism | growth of a plant shoot toward or away from the light | | 72 |
| 6371326471 | thigmotropism | plant growth in response to touch | | 73 |
| 6371326472 | photoperiodism | a physiological response to photoperiod, the relative lengths of night and day. and example of photoperiodism is flowering. | | 74 |
| 6371326473 | long-day plants | a plant that flowers only when the light period is longer than critical length | | 75 |
| 6371326474 | short-day plants | a plant that flowers only when the light period is shorter than a critical length | | 76 |
| 6371326475 | day-neutral plants | a plant in which flower formation is not controlled by the photoperiod or day length | | 77 |
| 6371326476 | abscission | a plant hormone that slows growth, often antagonizing actions of growth hormones, two of its many effects are to promote seed dormancy and facilitate drought tolerance. | | 78 |
| 6371326477 | dormancy | a condition typified by extremely low metabolic rate and a suspension of growth and development | | 79 |
