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AP Psychology Research Methods Flashcards

Terms : Hide Images
9563196409Hindsight BiasThe tendency to believe, after learning an outcome, that one would have foreseen it0
9563199891The Scientific Method (In order)*Question *Hypothesis *Experiment *Results *Conclusions *Theory1
9563203008Operational DefinitionA statement of the procedures (operations) used to define research variables2
9563204044ReplicationAbility to repeat a research study, with different participants in different situations3
9563206429PopulationAll the cases in a group being studied, from which samples may be drawn4
9563207704SampleSmall group of participants, out of a total population, that a researcher studies5
9563209471Random SampleA sample that fairly represents a population because each member has an equal chance of inclusion6
9563211908Naturalistic ObservationObservation of subject(s) in a natural setting without manipulating or controlling the situation7
9563214573Case StudyIntensive investigation of participant(s)8
9563215857SurveyInformation is obtained by asking many individuals a fixed set of questions9
9563217466Longitudinal StudyStudying a group of participants over a number of years10
9563218585Cross-Sectional Study:Studying groups of participants of different ages and comparing them to draw conclusions about age11
9563221870Postive CorrelationBoth factors increase and decrease together12
9563223707Negative CorrelationOne factor increases while other decreases13
9563228935ExperimentA research method in which an investigator manipulates one or more variables14
9563231309Independent VariableManipulated by experimenter to observe its effects15
9563232357Dependent VariableThe changes that occur in relation to the independent variable16
9563233077Confounding VariablesFactors other than independent variable that might produce an effect in an experiment17
9563234322Experimental GroupIndependent variable is applied18
9563235318Control GroupTreated the same way as exp.; however, independent variable is not applied19
9563238590Self Full-filling ProphecyResearcher's expectations influence behavior; ultimately influencing the participants behavior20
9563242914Placebo EffectChange in participant's behavior just by belief21
9563245767Single-Blind ProcedureParticipants unaware of which received treatment (Solves placebo)22
9563247250Double-Blind ProcedureParticipants and experimenters are unaware of participant that received treatment (solves fulfilling prophecy)23
9563251165Nominal DataCategorized24
9563252215Ordinal DataOrdered25
9563261552Interval DataEqual interval between points with no true zero point26
9563264175Ratio Dataequal interval between points with true zero point27
9563277835MeanArithmetic average of distribution28
9563277836MedianMiddle score of distribution29
9563279276ModeMost frequently occurring score in distribution30
9563281813Normal DistributionSymmetrical, Bell-Shaped distribution31
9563284645Positively and Negatively Skewed DistributionSkewed to left or right32
9563297909Standard DeviationA computed measure of how much scored vary around the mean33
9563299030Z-ScoreNumber of standard Deviations a score is from the mean Pos. Is above mean Neg. Is below mean34
9563301328Barnum EffectThe tendency for people to accept very general or vague characterizations of themselves and believe in its accuracy35
9563302917Descriptive, Correlation, Experimental3 types of research36
9563305773Descriptive ResearchAny research that observes and records37
9563307768False Consensus EffectTendency to overestimate the extent to which others share our beliefs and behaviors38
9563315437Correlation Coefficient(-1 to +1) A number that measures the strength of a relationship Weaker when closer to zero39
9563322085Hawthorne EffectJust the fact that you know you are in an experiment can cause change40
9563326687Statistically SignificantUnlikely to have occurred by chance41
9563336350Inferential StatisticsTo discover whether the finding can be applied to the larger population from which the sample was collected42
9563338139Central TendencyMean, median, and mode; watching out for outliers that affect mean the most43
9563343320IRBInternal Review Board44

AP Vocabulary for ELLs 003 Flashcards

Terms : Hide Images
9232973321incredulousunable or unwilling to believe something0
9232979168impedimentsthings that get in the way of success or progress1
9232989922introspectivethinking deeply about your thoughts, feelings, and actions2
9232998650-cred-believe3
9233000901in- or im-not; opposite4
9233005400-spec-to see; look5
9233012572vitalitygreat energy or eagerness to do something; full of life6
9233026971complianceobeying a rule, request, or demand7
9233036295sprightlysomething that is old but still active and full of energy8
9233045451dappledhaving spots of color, light, or shade9
9233048302deigndo something you think is beneath you10
9233058279appellationsnames or titles11
9233123635cleaveto use a tool to cut or split into two separate pieces12
9233204139inadequacythe condition of not feeling or being good enough13
9233219266maidena woman who is not married; a first attempt14
9233232490inconstancythe condition of not always being faithful to a person or task15
9233244919discernmentthe ability to see or understand something al.)16
9233258525infirmitya weakness or illness17
9233271843hypocriticaldoing something you say you do not believe in doing.18
9233281196hypo-less than usual; too little of something.19
9233287280hyper-more than usual; too much of something.20
9233295618busybodya gossip with his nose in everyone's business21
9233300686matrimonymarried; marriage22
9233309141patri-pater-pertaining to a father23
9233311987matri-, mater-pertaining to a mother24
9233313701-cidethe killing of25
9233335940vanitythe condition of being too proud of yourself or your appearance26
9233349390self-effacingnot wanting to attract attention to yourself or your achievement.27
9233376007concessionsgiving in to a point or points; giving in to requests or demands to end an argument28
9233385917deviationa difference from what is expected or acceptable. also used in mathematics to indicate the difference from the expected to the result.29

Ap Flashcards

Terms : Hide Images
5386797267Ax-Axis0
5386797268Dendr-Tree1
5386797269Funi-Small cord2
5386797270Gangli-A swelling3
5386797271-lemmRind or peel4
5386797272Mening-Membrane5
5386797273Moto-Moving6
5386797274Peri-Around7
5386797275Plex-Interweaving8
5386797276Sens-Feeling9
5386797277Syn-Together10
5386797278Ventr-Belly or stomach11
5386797279ChoroidSkinlike12
5386797280CochleaSnail13
5386797281IrisRainbow14
5386797282LabyrinthMaze15
5386797283Lacri-Tears16
5386797284MaculaSpot17
5386797285Olfact-To smell18
5386797286Scler-Hard19
5386797287Tympan-Drum20
5386797288Vitre-Glass21
5386797289SensationA feeling resulting from the brain's interpretation of sensory nerve impulses22
5386797290ProjectionProcess by which the causes a sensation to seem to cone from the region of the body being stimulated23
5386797291AdaptationAbility of the nervous system to become less responsive to a sustained stimulus24
5386797292Referred painPain that feels as if it is originating from a part other than the site being stimulated25
5386797293Static equilibriumMaintenance of balance when the head and body are motionless26
5386797294Dynamic equilibriumMaintenance of balance when the head and body are suddenly moved or rotated27
5386797295AccommodationAdjustment of the lens of the eye for close or distant vision28
5386797296RefractionBending of light as it passes between media of different densities29
5386797297Fovea centralisDepressed region of the retina, consisting of densely packed cones, that provides the greatest visual acuity30

AP Lang Flashcards

Terms : Hide Images
8527858877speakerthe person or group who creates a text0
8527859471audiencethe listener, viewer, or reader of a text1
8527859472subjectthe topic of the text (what the text is about)2
8527860890contextthe circumstances, atmosphere, attitudes, and events surrounding a text3
8527860891occasionthe time and place a speech is given or a piece is written4
8527861649personathe face or character that a speaker shows to his or her audience5
8527861650purposethe goal the speaker wants to achieve6
8527873037authora person who writes a text7
8527873038narratorA person who gives an account of events or experiences *Note: Do not assume the narrator in a text is the author.8
8527873731first person point of viewa mode of narration that uses "I" and gives the perspective of one speaker9
8527873732second person point of viewa mode of narration that uses "you"10
8527875573third person point of viewa mode of narration that uses the pronouns "he" "she"11
8527875574hyperboledeliberate exaggeration or overstatement12
8527877274syllogismA logical structure that uses the major premise and minor premise to reach a necessary conclusion. Example: Exercise contributes to health. Yoga is a form of exercise. Yoga contributes to better health13
8527877275paradoxA statement of situation that is seemingly contradictory on the surface, but delivers a possible or ironic truth14
8527878183analogyA comparison between two seemingly dissimilar things. Often an analogy uses something simple or familiar to explain something unfamiliar or complex.15
8527878184simileA figure of speech used to explain or clarify an idea by comparing it explicitly to something else, using the words like, as, or as though16
8527878701metaphorA figure of speech that compare two things without using like or as17
8527878702zeugmaA parallel use of a single word with two different meanings (usually in a surprising or jarring way) "For man holds in his mortal hands the power to abolish all forms of human poverty and all forms of human life."--JFK18
8527879401tropesfigures of speech that deal with the meaning of words19
8527880271schemesfigures of speech that deal with the word order/syntax20
8527901460anecdoteA brief story used to illustrate a point or claim21
8527901461first-hand evidenceEvidence based on something the writer knows, whether it's from personal experience, observations, or general knowledge of events22
8527902467second-hand evidenceEvidence that is accessed through research, reading, and investigation. It includes factual and historical information, expert opinion, and quantitative data23
8527904308primary sourceA primary source provides direct or firsthand evidence about an event, object, person, or work of art24
8527905212secondary sourceSecondary sources describe, discuss, interpret, comment upon, analyze, evaluate, summarize, and process primary sources25
8527913072allusionA brief reference to a person, event, place, or work of art26
8527916501parallelisma similarity of structure in a pair/series of words, phrases, or clauses27
8527916502repetitionrepeating a word, a phrase, or an idea to achieve emphasis28
8527916996anaphorarepetition of a word or phrase at the beginning of successive phrases, clauses, or lines29
8527916997epistropherepetition of a word or phrase coming at the end of successive phrases, clauses, or lines30
8527918890epanalepsisRepeating a word from the beginning of a clause at the end of a clause31
8527921682anadiplosisRepeating the last word of a clause at the beginning of the next clause32
8527923054antimetaboleRepetition of words in reverse order "Ask not what your country can do for you; ask what you can do for your country." -- JFK33
8527924549a seriesa technique that presents several items in rapid sequence34
8527926191asyndetonthe omission of conjunctions in a series "By simple living, by an illimitable soul, you inspire, you correct, you instruct, you raise, you embellish all." --Emerson "Let every nation know...that we shall pay any price, bear any burden, meet any hardship, support any friend, oppose any foe...." --JFK35
8527927378polysyndetonthe deliberate use of multiple conjunctions between coordinate phrases, clauses, or words "Not less delightful is the mutual pleasure of teaching and learning the secret of algebra, or of chemistry, or of good reading and good recitation of poetry or of prose, or of chosen facts in history or in biography."36
8527929920alliterationThe close repetition of initial consonant sounds37
8527930723antithesisThe opposition or contrast of ideas or words in a parallel construction The parallel structure creates a clear comparison between two things in order to emphasize the difference between them. "We shall support any friend, oppose any foe." --JFK38
8527931663inversionthe inverted order of words in a sentence (a variation of the subject-verb-object order) "Appetite and indolence they have, but no enthusiasm." --Emerson "United there is little we cannot do in a host of cooperative ventures. Divided there is little we can do." --JFK39
8527937794imperative sentencesentence used to command or enjoin40
8527938859interrogative sentenceA sentence that asks or poses a question41
8527939575rhetorical questionA question asked only to emphasize a point, introduce a topic, or provoke thought, not to elicit an answer42
8527940427hortative sentenceA sentence designed to encourage or urge people to some course of conduct or action43

3 Wohnwelten Flashcards

Terms : Hide Images
7959319520Almhütte (die, Pl. Almhütten)alpine hut0
7959319521Atmosphäre (die (nur Sg.))atmosphere1
7959319522Baumhaus (das, Pl. Baumhäuser)treehouse2
7959319523Großraumwohnung (die, Pl. Großraumwohnungen)open-plan apartment3
7959319524Hausboot (das, Pl. Hausboote)houseboat4
7959319525Höhenangst (die (nur Sg.))vertigo, fear of heights5
7959319526angenehmpleasant(ly)6
7959319527außerbesides, other than7
7959319528Einfamilienhaus (das, Pl. Einfamilienhäuser)single-family home8
7959319529Großstadt (die, Pl. Großstädte)big city9
7959319530herrlichwonderful, marvelous10
7959319531Hochhaus (das, Pl. Hochhäuser)tall building, skyscraper11
7959319532Höhlenhaus (das, Pl. Höhlenhäuser)cave house12
7959319533Kuh (die, Pl. Kühe)cow13
7959319534kühlcool14
7959319535Nachbardorf (das, Pl. Nachbardörfer)neighboring village15
7959319536Reihenhaus (das, Pl. Reihenhäuser)row house16
7959319537schaukelnto rock17
7959319538Stadtrand (der, Pl. Stadtränder)city limit18
7959319539Strom (der (nur Sg.))electricity19
7959319540Wohnblock (der, Pl. Wohnblöcke)city block20
7959319541Wohnform (die, Pl. Wohnformen)type of living arrangement21
7959319542Wunder (das, Pl. Wunder)wonder22
7959319543Zentrum (das, Pl. Zentren)city center23
7959319544alleevery24
7959319545allerdingshowever25
7959319546Amt (das, Pl. Ämter)office, department26
7959319547Bewohner (der, Pl. Bewohner)inhabitant27
7959319548Ecke (die, Pl. Ecken)corner28
7959319549Einkaufszentrum (das, Pl. Einkaufszentren)shopping mall29
7959319550Grundschule (die, Pl. Grundschulen)elementary school30
7959319551Karate (das (nur Sg.))karate31
7959319552Kiosk (der, Pl. Kioske)kiosk, newsstand32
7959319553Metzgerei (die, Pl. Metzgereien)butcher33
7959319554Millionenstadt (die, Pl. Millionenstädte)city of over a million inhabitants34
7959319555nördlichnorth of35
7959319556nur nochhere: instead only36
7959319557Reitverein (der, Pl. Reitvereine)equestrian club37
7959319558Sportverein (der, Pl. Sportvereine)sports club38
7959319559Stadtteil (der, Pl. Stadtteile)neighborhood39
7959319560Taxi (das, Pl. Taxis)taxi, cab40
7959319561Verkehr (der (nur Sg.))traffic41
7959319562verpassento miss (a bus, an appointment, etc.)42
7959319563Vorort (der, Pl. Vororte)suburb43
7959319564Abgas (das, Pl. Abgase)exhaust fumes44
7959319565Boot (das, Pl. Boote)boat45
7959319566Bürger (der, Pl. Bürger)citizen46
7959319567Fahrer (der, Pl. Fahrer)driver47
7959319568Freizeitmöglichkeit (die, Pl. Freizeitmöglichkeiten)leisure opportunity48
7959319569Kanal (der, Pl. Kanäle)canal49
7959319570Million (die, Pl. Millionen)million50
7959319571Stau (der, Pl. Staus)traffic jam51
7959319572Ansicht (die, Pl. Ansichten)opinion, outlook52
7959319573Argument (das, Pl. Argumente)argument, rationale53
7959319574besprechen(*)to discuss54
7959319575Diskussion (die, Pl. Diskussionen)discussion55
7959319576Erste (der/die, Pl. Ersten)first56
7959319577Unsinn (der (nur Sg.))nonsense57
7959319578widersprechen(*)to contradict58
7959319579zustimmento agree, to concur59
7959319580hineinkönnen(*)to be allowed in60
7959319581irgend-some61
7959319582irgendein, irgendeinesome kind of, any62
7959319583irgendwannsometime63
7959319584irgendwassomething64
7959319585irgendwelcheany65
7959319586irgendwersomeone66
7959319587irgendwiesomehow67
7959319588irgendwosomewhere68
7959319589kontrollierento check, to verify69
7959319590Schublade (die, Pl. Schubladen)drawer70
7959319591Altenheim (das, Pl. Altenheime)retirement home71
7959319592Baumarkt (der, Pl. Baumärkte)hardware store72
7959319593besprühento spray over73
7959319594dabeithereby74
7959319595dankbarthankful75
7959319596Graffiti (die (nur Pl.))graffiti76
7959319597Hammer (der, Pl. Hammer)hammer77
7959319598hämmernto hammer78
7959319599Holz (das, Pl. Hölzer)wood79
7959319600Lärm (der (nur Sg.))noise80
7959319601Live-Musik (die (nur Sg.))live music81
7959319602Nagel (der, Pl. Nägel)nail82
7959319603nebenannext door83
7959319604nunnow84
7959319605renovierento renovate85
7959319606Renovierung (die, Pl. Renovierungen)renovation86
7959319607Senior (der, Pl. Senioren)senior citizen87
7959319608Sofa (das, Pl. Sofas)sofa88
7959319609Sponsor (der, Pl. Sponsoren)sponsor89
7959319610stattfinden(*)to take place90
7959319611streichen(*)here: to paint91

APES Flashcards

Terms : Hide Images
7223424258Biodiversitythe variety of life in the world or in a particular habitat or ecosystem.0
7223424259Biodegradable pollutantsharmful materials that can be broken down by natural processes1
7223424260ecological footprintshows the productive area of earth needed to support one person in a particular country2
7223424261ecological tipping pointpart of the human-environment system that can lever far-reaching change in the system.3
7223424262EcologyThe study of how living things interact with each other and their environment4
7223424263Economic Developmentan effort to use economic growth to improve living standards5
7223424264Economic growththe ability of the economy to increase the production of goods and services6
7223424265Environmentevery nongenetic influence, from prenatal nutrition to the people and things around us7
7223424266Environmental degradationdamage to or destruction of the natural environment8
7223424267Environmental EthicsHuman beliefs about what is right or wrong with how we treat the environment.9
7223424268Environmental Sciencethe study of the impact of humans on the environment10
7223424269Environmental wisdom worldviewWe are part of and dependent on nature and it exists for all species, not just us. Success depends on how well we sustain the earth.11
7223424270environmental worldviewhumans are the most important species and steward of the earth.12
7223424271Environmentalisman ideology that emphasizes conservation and protection of the environment13
7223424272Environmentally sustainable societyprotect natural capital and live of the resources and services it provides14
7223424273exponential growthGrowth pattern in which the individuals in a population reproduce at a constant rate15
7223424274Gross Domestic Product (GDP)the total value of goods produced and services provided in a country during one year16
7223424275Input pollution controlDevice or process that prevents a potential pollutant from forming or entering the environment or sharply reduces the amount entering the environment17
7223424276natural capitalThe natural resources of Earth, such as air, water, and minerals.18
7223424277natural incomeRenewable resources such as plants, animals, and soil provided by natural capital.19
7223424278natural resourcesraw materials supplied by nature20
7223424279natural servicesprocesses in nature which support life and human economies21
7223424280nondegradable pollutantmaterial that is not broken down by natural processes22
7223424281Nonpoint sourcesA diffuse area that produces pollution23
7223424282nutrient cyclingThe recycling of nutrients between living organisms and the environment.24
7223424283OrganismsAny living thing25
7223424284output pollution controlDevice or process that removes or reduces the level of a pollutant after it has been produced or has entered the environment26
7223424285per capitaby or for each person.27
7223424286perpetual resourcehas a never-ending supply such as solar energy, tidal energy, and wind energy28
7223424287planetary management worldviewbelieve that humans are the world's most important species and thus should manage Earth's resources for our own benefit29
7223424288point sourcesA distinct location from which pollution is directly produced.30
7223424289PollutionThe contamination of Earth's land, water, or air31
7223424290Pollution cleanupDevice or process that removes or reduces the level of a pollutant after it has been produced or has entered the environment32
7223424291Pollution preventionThe reduction or elimination of pollutants at the source33
7223424292social capitalthe economic or productive potential of strong, trusting, and cooperative relationships34
7223424293SpeciesA group of similar organisms that can breed and produce fertile offspring.35
7223424294Stewardship worldviewwe have an ethical responsibility to be caring managers, or stewards of the Earth and its finite resources36
7223424295Sustainabilitythe ability to continue a defined behavior indefinitely37
7223424296sustainable yieldReplacement of renewable resources at the same rate at which they are consumed38
7223424297Acidity (pH)the level of acid in substances such as water, soil, or wine39
7223424298atomic numberThe number of protons in an atom40
7223424299atomic theorythe idea that everything is made of small particles, by Dalton41
7223424300CellsBasic unit of life42
7223424301chemical changeA change in which one or more substances combine or break apart to form new substances.43
7223424302chemical elementa pure substance that consists entirely of one type of atom44
7223424303chemical formulaA combination of symbols that represents the elements in a compound.45
7223424304chemical reactionprocess that changes, or transforms, one set of chemicals into another set of chemicals46
7223424305Chromosomestructure made of DNA and associated proteins on which genes are located47
7223424306electromagnetic radiationThe energy transferred through space by electromagnetic waves.48
7223424307ElementsAny substance that cannot be broken down into simpler substances49
7223424308EnergyThe ability to do work or cause change50
7223424309energy qualitya measure of the capacity of a type of energy to do useful work51
7223424310Feedbackresults back into system to change rate of that process whether positive or negative52
7223424311feedback loopA circular process in which a system's output serves as input to that same system.53
7223424312first law of thermodynamicsenergy cannot be created or destroyed54
7223424314fossil fuelsCoal, oil, natural gas, and other fuels that are ancient remains of plants and animals.55
7223424315frontier sciencePreliminary science data, hypotheses, and models that have not been widely been tested and accepted56
7223424316GenesChemical factors that determine traits57
7223424317high-quality energyEnergy that is concentrated and has great ability to person useful work i.e. High temperature and energy in electricity, coal, oil, gas, sunlight, and nuclei of uranium58
7223424318high-quality matterMatter that is concentrated and contains a high concentration of a useful resource.59
7223424319Inorganic compoundsCompounds that do not contain carbon60
7223424320InputsMatter, energy, or information entering a system.61
7223424321IonAn atom or group of atoms that has a positive or negative charge.62
7223424322IsotopesAtoms of the same element that have different numbers of neutrons.63
7223424323Law of Conservation of EnergyEnergy cannot be created or destroyed64
7223424324Law of Conservation of MatterMatter is not created nor destroyed in any chemical or physical change65
7223424325low-quality energyenergy that is dispersed and has little ability to do useful work66
7223424326low-quality matterMatter that s dilute or dispersed or contains a low concentration of useful resource67
7223424327mass numberthe total number of protons and neutrons in the nucleus of an atom68
7223424328MatterAnything that has mass and takes up space69
7223424329matter qualityMeasure of how useful a matter resource is, based on its availability and concentration.70
7223424330MoleculeA group of atoms bonded together71
7223424331nuclear changea change in matter within the nuclei of its atoms: radioactive decay, fission, fusion.72
7223424332NucleusCenter of an atom73
7223424333organic compoundscompounds that contain carbon74
7223424334pHIndicates relative acidity or alkalinity of substance in a scale of 0 to 14, neutral point of 7. Acid solutions: lower than 7. Basic or alkaline solutions: greater than 7.75
7223424335physical changeA change in a substance that does not involve a change in the identity of the substance76
7223424336reliable scienceConcepts and ideas that are widely accepted by experts in a particular field of natural or social sciences.77
7223424337ScienceAn organized way of gathering and analyzing evidence about the natural world.78
7223424338scientific hypothesisAn educated guess that attempts to explain a scientific law or certain scientific observation79
7223424339Scientific natural lawDescription of what scientists find happening in nature repeatedly in the same way without known exception80
7223424340scientific theoryA well-tested explanation for a wide range of observations or experimental results.81
7223424341second law of thermodynamicsEvery energy transfer or transformation increases the entropy of the universe.82
7223424342synergistic interactionsRisks that cause more harm together than expected based on separate individual risks.83
7223424343Synergythe power that results from the combination of two or more forces84
7223424344Systeman organized group of related parts that interact to form a whole85
7223424345ThroughputsRate or flow of matter, energy, or information through a system.86
7223424346tipping pointthe point at which a fundamental shift in the behavior of a system occurs87
7235507130Flowinvolves a mixing of particles within a moving mass88

AP Flashcards

Terms : Hide Images
7605560634What were the three great centers of classical civilization ?Mediterranean and middle east (Greece, Persia, and Rome) and China.0
7605587434Who dominated Indian society after the takeover of the Aryans?The Brahmans dominated Indian society, after the Gupta dynasty was committed to Brahmans.1
7605623473How were India and China different? What did they have in common?China was focused on politics and on social structures that would support the confucian order. India was focused on religion and social structures that would support a Hindu way of life. They both focused on social structures.2
7605672225Why was India more open to outside influences than China?They were more open to influences from the middle east and the mediterranean world. They brought new artistic styles and political concepts.3
7605749131What part did the Himalayas play in Indian history and culture?It linked India to other civilizations in the middle east. India was marked greater diversity than China's middle kingdom. Active trading and seafaring economy arose.4
7605803923Why was the unification of the entire Indian subcontinent difficult?India was marked by greater diversity than China's middle kingdom. India's separate regions explain economic diversity and racial language differences.5
7605844055What major change did the Aryan people make in the formative period?They had their own impact on the culture and social structure. Aryans used iron tools to clear away the dense vegetation.6
7606047120Why did a strict caste system develop in India?The age during the vedic and epic ages, as a means of establishing relationships between the Aryan invaders and the indigenous people, Aryans regarded as inferior.7
7606125542Which conqueror had a great influence on India in 327 BCE?Alexander the great having conquered Greece and much of the middle east, pushed into northwest India, established a border called Bactria.8
7606146835How large was the empire established by Chandragupta Maurya?It established in Indian subcontinent in 4th century BCE following invasion by Alexander the Great. They developed a substantial bureaucracy.9
7606165639How and how far did Ashoka expand the Mauryan Empire?He extended Mauryan conquests, gaining control of all but the southern tip of India through fierce fighting.10
7606179005What major change did Ashoka make? How did he expand Buddhism?He went from fighting fiercely to converting to Buddhism. He propagated Buddhism throughout India, sponsoring shrines for its worshippers.11
7606194473How did Ashoka improve the Indian economy?He worked to improve trade and communication, sponsoring road networks and rest stops for travelers.12
7606200606Who were Kushans?Kushans were new invaders pushed into central India from the northwest.13
7606212821What was the Gupta achievement?It gave classical India its greatest period of political stability. They expanded influence without constant fighting.14
7606221054What became the major theme in Indian political history?They involved in regionalism, plus considerable diversity in political forms. Autocratic kings and emperors dotted the history of classified India.15
7606240007Which services were provided by the Gupta ?They managed to create a demanding taxation system, seeking up to a sixth of all agricultural produce. They spread uniform law codes.16
7606253899What explains the limitations of political traditions in India?India was not very elaborate. There was few institutions or value other than regionalism that carried through from one period to the next.17
7606263804What was the value of the caste system?It regulated many social relationships and work roles. The religious encouragement in the performance of caste duties did for Indian life was more conventional government structures.18
7606278410How did Hinduism change over time?It developed gradually over a period of many centuries. Its fluidity, its ability to adapt to the different needs of various groups and to change with circumstance.19
7619158612What important concept was stressed by the Upanishads? What did the Upanishads attack?They advanced the idea of a mystical contact with a divine essence. "That is the true, that is the self". They attacked the Brahman view of what religion should be.20
7619188171According to Hinduism, what decides the fate of the soul?A divine force informing the whole universe, of which each individual creatures soul is thought to be part.21
7619300650What are some Hindu paths to salvation?The meditation and self-discipline of yoga, allows the the mind to concentrate on the divine spirit. There were rituals and rules of the Brahman. Symbolic sacrifices or gifts to the gods might also bring them salvation.22
7619323905What is the perplexed warrior in the Bhagavad Gita told by Krishna?He is a warrior sent to battle against his own relatives. Fearful of killing them, he is advised by an incarnation of Brahma (Krishna) that he must carry out his duties.23
7619490579Who was Buddha? Which aspects of Hinduism and the Indian society of his day did he reject?An Indian prince, Siddartha Gautama, lived as a Hindu mystic, fasting and torturing his body. He denied the caste system.24
7629829921According to Buddha, how does one find salvation? Is a priest or organized religion needed?He saw salvation as arising from the destruction of the self, whose annihilation25

AP Psychology - Learning Theory Flashcards

Terms : Hide Images
5700705883operant conditioninga type of learning based on a behavior followed by a consequence model; "operating" on the environment will be followed by a consequence0
5700705884Thorndike's "Law of Effect"if a behavior is followed by a pleasant consequence, likely to repeat behavior; if a behavior is followed by a pleasant consequence, likely to stop behavior1
5700705885punishment(aversive training) used to stop a behavior; in order to be effective, must be sufficiently aversive2
5700705886reinforcementused to increase behavior3
5700705887shapinga process in which successive approximations (steps towards a goal) are reinforced4
5700705888chaininga process in which a sequence of behaviors are shaped5
5700705889behaviorism(1920-1960) a school of thought where every behavior is linked to experience of consequences6
5700705890tabula rasa"blank slate" (John Locke); every human is a blank slate at birth, to be influenced and changed by experiences7
5700705891John B. Watsonfather of behaviorism8
5700705892B. F. Skinnerbehaviorist; believed free will does not exist and that people are the products of the consequences they've experienced9
5700705893acquisitionstage in shaping where behavior is acquired10
5700705894generalizationstage in shaping where the subject believes that all similar behaviors will result in the same consequences11
5700705895discriminationstage in shaping where the subject recognizes that only one specific behavior will result in consequence12
5700705896extinctionstage in shaping where behavior is deconditioned13
5700705897spontaneous recoverybehavior is immediately reacquired as if by flashback14
5700705898contingency in operant conditioningif this behavior is done, it will consistently be followed by this consequence (if you do A, then B will consistently follow)15
5700705899immediacyconsequence must follow behavior immediately16
5700705900overjustification effectoffering an extrinsic reward for a behavior an individual is already willing to do can reduce their original intrinsic motivation17
5700705901Premack principleonce you know what is reinforcing for a particular individual, you can use it as a reward for a behavior you wish them to perform18
5700705902positive reinforcementa desired stimulus is presented19
5700705903positive punishmentan aversive stimulus is presented20
5700705904negative punishment/omission traininga desired stimulus is removed21
5700705905negative reinforcementan aversive stimulus is removed22
5700705906escape learning(negative reinforcement) behavior removes an unpleasant experience23
5700705907avoidance learning(negative reinforcement) behavior exhibited because subject recognizes that an unpleasant experience is about to happen24
5700705908continuous schedule of reinforcementa consequence occurs every time a behavior is performed (shaping)25
5700705909fixed ratioa partial/intermittent schedule of reinforcement; contingent upon a set, specific number of times the behavior is performed26
5700705910variable ratioa partial/intermittent schedule of reinforcement; contingent upon a changing, unpredictable number of times the behavior is performed27
5700705911fixed intervala partial/intermittent schedule of reinforcement; contingent upon a set, specific amount of passing time28
5700705912variable intervala partial/intermittent schedule of reinforcement; contingent upon a changing, unpredictable amount of passing time29
5700705913Chimp-o-matan experiment where chimps where shaped to value poker chips that could be used to get food, water, a ride, etc.30
5700705914token economyan idea where useless things gain value if they can be used to get a reward31
5700705915primary reinforcernaturally reinforcing things (food, water)32
5700705916secondary reinforcersubject has to learn to value these (money)33
5700705917learned helplessness(Martin Seligman) a process in which one tries to do something, continually fails, and then quits trying altogether; if an individual believes that no matter what they do they cannot control outcomes, they will conclude that they are helpless to effect change34
5700705918insight learning(Wolfgang Kohler) a process in which an organism ruminates on a problem and then has a relatively sudden solution come to mind35
5700705919latent learning(Edward Tolman) learning that is acquired but is not demonstrated until the subject is reinforced for doing so36
5700705920cognitive mapa mental representation that can be called up if there is an incentive to do so37
5700705921classical conditioninga type of learning in which one associates two (or more) stimuli, resulting in a new "stimulus = response" connection38
5700705922unconditioned stimulusstimulus that causes a natural response39
5700705923unconditioned responseinstinctual reaction40
5700705924conditioned stimulusstimulus associated with UCS41
5700705925conditioned responselearned reaction42
5700705926Pavlovphysiologist studying digestion and salivation in dogs; dogs began salivating before getting food43
5700705927Watsonstudied phobias; conditioned Little Albert to fear white rats44
5700705928contingency in classical conditioningthe conditioned stimulus must reliably predict the arrival of the unconditioned stimulus45
5700705929Robert Rescorlabelieved that there is a thought component (cognitive) to conditioning46
5700705930aversive conditioningthe use of antabuse to induce nausea with alcohol to help rid people of alcoholism47
5700705931taste aversion(John Garcia) associating sickness with food after one pairing; immediacy is not necessary48
5700705932second order conditioninglinking a new CS to the original CS (weaker connection)49
5700705933blockingthe learning of a new CS can be blocked by the first CS50
5700705934observational/social learninga type of learning in which the subject imitates the behavior of a model51
5700705935Albert Bandurastudied aggression in children; in "Bobo" doll study, children would exhibit aggressive behavior towards a doll after seeing adults doing it52
5700705936self-efficacyone knows they can successfully/safely control the outcome of a behavior53
5700705937pro-social behaviorhelping acts54
5700705938positive transfer of learninglearning one thing will help you learn another55
5700705939negative transfer of learninglearning one thing impedes learning of another56
5700705940instinctual driftwhen in doubt, animals revert to behaviors that come naturally; their innate tendencies may interfere with their conditioning57

AP Human Geography Agriculture Flashcards

Terms : Hide Images
9398042348AgribusinessSystem of food production involving everything from the development of the seeds to the marketing and sale of food products at the market.0
9398042349Cash CropsPlanting large amounts of profitable crops for mass production and sell.1
9398042350Commercial AgricultureAgriculture undertaken primarily to generate products for sale off the farm.2
9398042351GMOsFoods that\have their genes altered in a laboratory for specific purposes, such as disease resistant, increased productivity, or nutrients value3
9398042352Intensive Subsistence FarmingA form of subsistence agriculture in which farmers must expend a relatively large amount of effort to produce the maximum feasible yield from a parcel of land.4
9398042353MonocultureDependence on a single agricultural commodity.5
9398042354MechanizationIn agriculture, the replacement of human labor with technology or machines.6
9398042355Primary Economic ActivityAny economic activity pertaining to the collecting, harvesting, and obtaining of raw materials.7
9398042356Plantation AgricultureRaising a large amount of a 'cash crop' for local sale or export.8
9398042357TranshumanceMovement of animal herd to cooler highland areas in the summer to warmer lowland areas in the winter.9
9398042358Von Thunen ModelTheory that a commercial farmer will decide which crops to grow and which livestock to raise depending on the proximity to market.10
9398042359Green RevolutionAn outgrowth of the 3rd agricultural revolution, this effort began in the 1940s and developed new strains of hybrid seeds and fertilizers that dramatically increased the crop output possible from each farm.11
9398042360Examples of Primary Economic ActivitiesRaising livestock Mining Quarrying Crude oil extraction Lumbering Wheat growing Cotton12
9398042361Examples of Secondary Economic ActivitiesMilk, Cheese Diamonds Petroleum Furniture Bread, Beer Textiles13
9398042362Examples of Tertiary Economic ActivitiesCorporation Doctors Attorneys Tourism Scientist14
9398042363NomadismDry Areas Same climate as livestock ranching(commercial farms in MDCs) Marginalized land15
9398042364Mixed livestock and grainRaise domesticated animals and growing feed16
9398042365Commercial Grain FarmingWheat belt Bread-basket US Corn belt17
9398042366Mediterranean AgricultureAn agricultural system practiced in the Mediterranean-style climates of Western Europe, California, and portions of Chile and Australia, in which diverse specialty crops such as grapes, avocados,18
9398042367Agrarianrelating to land; relating to the management or farming of land19
9398042368Agricultural IndustrializationThe use of machinery in agriculture, like tractors etc. - makes it easier for farmers to have higher crop yields.20
9398042372Dairy Farmsspecialized in dairy products, N. America, Europe, NOT Africa, South America, Asia21
9398042373DesertificationDegradation of land, especially in semiarid areas, primarily because of human actions like excessive crop planting, animal grazing, and tree cutting.22
9398042374Extensive Commercial AgricultureA crop or livestock system in which land quality or extent is more important than capital or labor inputs in determining output23
9398042375Feedlota plot of land on which livestock are fattened for market24
9398042376Food DesertAn area in a developed country where healthy food is difficult to obtain25
9398042377Food ManufacturingThe processes that are used to convert raw materials into finished food products26
9398042378Hunting and Gatheringthe killing of wild animals and fish as well as the gathering of fruits, roots, nuts, and other plants for sustenance27
9398042379Intensive Commercial AgricultureIntensive farming in a commercial economy, crops have high yields and market value28
9398042380Livestock Ranchingan extensive commercial agricultural activity that involves the raising of livestock over vast geographic spaces typically located in semi-arid climates like the American West29
9398042381Long-Lot Survey SystemA distinct regional approach to land surveying whereby land is divided into narrow parcels stretching back from rivers, roads, or canals30
9398042382Luxury CropsNon-subsistence crops such as tea, cacao, coffee, and tobacco31
9398042383Metes and Bounds Systema system of land surveying east of the Appalachian Mountains. The system relies on descriptions of land ownership and natural features such as streams or trees.32
9398042384PastoralismA type of agricultural activity based on nomadic animal husbandry or the raising of livestock to provide food, clothing, and shelter.33
9398042385Organic AgricultureApproach to farming and ranching that avoids the use of herbicides, pesticides, growth hormones, and other similar synthetic inputs.34
9398042386PesticidesChemicals used on plants that do not harm the plants, but kill pests and have negative repercussions on other species who ingest the chemicals.35
9398042387Plant Domesticationgenetic modification of a plant such that its reproductive success depends on human intervention36
9398042388Primogenitureright of inheritance belongs exclusively to the eldest son right of inheritance belongs exclusively to the eldest son37
9398042389Quaternary Economic Activitiesservice sector industries concerned with the collection, processing, and manipulation of information and capital. Examples include finance, administration, insurance, and legal services.38
9398042390Quinary Economic Activitiesservice sector industries that require a high level of specialized knowledge or technical skill. Examples include scientific research and high-level management.39
9398042391Rectangular Survey SystemA system used to divide public domain lands in the United States in which land is divided into 6-mile square townships and subdivided into sections, portions of sections, or irregular lots.40
9398042392Carl SauerDefined the concept of cultural landscape as the fundamental unit of geographical analysis.41
93980423932nd Agriculture RevolutionInnovations led to agricultural surpluses, food surpluses, let people move from farms to factories, growth of cities increased.42
9398042394Secondary Economic Activityeconomic activity involving the processing of raw materials and their transformation into finished industrial products; the manufacturing sector43
9398042395Seed Cropscrop that is reproduced by cultivating the seeds of the plants. crop that is reproduced by cultivating the seeds of the plants.44
9398042396SpecializationThe concentration of the productive efforts of individuals and firms on a limited number of activities45
9398042397Slash and Burn Agriculturea farming technique in which trees are cut down and burned to clear and fertilize the land46
9398042398Tertiary Economic Activityeconomic activity associated with the provision of services--such transportation, banking, retailing, education, and routine office-based jobs.47
9398042399Township and Range SystemA rectangular land division scheme designed by Thomas Jefferson to disperse settlers evenly across farmlands of the U.S. interior.48
9398042400Third Agriculture Revolution'green revolution' rapid diffusion of new ag techniques between 1970's and 1980's, especially new high-yield seeds and fertilizers49
9398042401Soil Erosionthe wearing away and removal of rock and soil particles from exposed surfaces by agents such as moving water, wind, or ice50

AP Government Ch. 11 Flashcards

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5132245190incumbentsthose already holding office; usually win reelections0
5132245191case workactivities to help constituents as individuals, particularly cutting through red tape to get people what they think they have a right to1
5132245192pork barrelfed projects, grants, and contracts available to local and state govts, businesses, colleges, and other institutions in a congressional district2
5132245193bicameral legislaturelegislature divided into two houses3
5132245194House Rules Committeecommittee in the House that reviews most bills coming from a House committee before they go to the full house4
5132245195filibusteropponents of a piece of legislation can use their right to unlimited debate to prevent the Senate from ever voting on a bill; can be stopped by 60 members present and a vote5
5132245196Speaker of the Housemandated by Constitution; chosen by majority party; formal and informal powers; second in presidential line of succession6
5132245197majority leaderprincipal partisan ally of the Speaker; party's manager in the Senate7
5132245198whipsparty leaders who work with majority leaders to count votes beforehand and lean on waverers who votes are crucial to the passing of the bill8
5132245199minority leaderprincipal leader of the minority party in the House or Senate9
5132245200standing committeesseparate subject-matter committees that handle bills in different policy areas10
5132245201joint committeessubject-matter committees with membership from both houses11
5132245202conference committeesformed when Senate and House pass a particular bill in different forms; party leadership chooses members from each house to iron out the differences12
5132245203select committeesappointed for a specific purpose13
5132245204legislative oversightmonitoring of the bureaucracy and its administration of policy; performed mainly through hearings14
5132245205committee chairsmost important influencers of agenda15
5132245206seniority systemin effect until the late 1970s; whoever served on committee longest and whose party was in power became committee chair16
5132245207caucusinformal group of members of Congress who share some interest or characteristic17
5132245208billproposed law; can be drafted by anyone, but only a member of Congress can formally submit one for consideration18

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